2.8255

535

540

260

265

275

280

285

290

295

300

305

310

315

320

270

325

330

335

345

350

355

360

365

370

375

380

385

390

340

395

400

405

415

420

425

430

435

440

445

450

455

460

410

465

470

475

485

490

495

500

505

510

515

520

525

530

480

Pen

n-sy

lvan

ian

Mis

siss

ippi

an

Car

boni

fero

usD

evon

ian

Silu

rian

Ord

ovic

ian

Per

mia

nC

ambr

ian

Late

Late

Mid

dle

Ear

ly

Middle

Early

PALEOZOIC

PHANEROZOIC

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Eoc

ene

Pal

eoce

neO

ligoc

ene

Danian

Selandian

Thanetian

Ypresian

Lutetian

Bartonian

Priabonian

RupelianE

E

E

M

M

L

L

L

Chattian

5

0

10

15

20

AGE(Ma)

AGE(Ma)Stage

Mio

cene

Plioc

ene

E

E

M

L

L

Aquitanian

Burdigalian

Langhian

Serravallian

Tortonian

Messinian

Zanclean

Piacenzian

Pleisto-cene

Epoch

Gelasian

PolarityChron

1.81

0.781.01

1.73

1.92

4.35

2.05

2.32

4.46

2.6

5.37

5.5

3.3

3.2

8.2

7.2

2.9

3.0

3.8

Durationm.y.

Neo

gene

Pal

eoge

ne

CENOZOICPeriod AGE(Ma)

AGE(Ma)

PridoliLudlow

Wenlock

Llandovery

Lopingian

Guada-lupian

Cisuralian

Furongian

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Late

Middle

Early

Epoch PolarityChronPolarityChron

Durationm.y.Period

AGE(Ma)

AGE(Ma)StageEpoch

Durationm.y.

MESOZOICPeriod

411.2416.0418.7

422.9

428.2

501

318.1

345.3

326.4

374.5

385.3

391.8

397.5

407.0

443.7445.6

260.4

265.8

275.6

284.4

294.6

303.9306.5

311.7

421.3

426.2

436.0439.0

455.8460.9

468.1471.8

478.6

488.3

513

542.0

268.0270.6

299.0

65.5

58.7

55.8

37.2

28.4

61.7

48.6

40.4

33.9

23.03

20.43

15.97

13.65

5.33

3.60

7.25

11.61

1.812.59

6.6

5.42.22.6

5

8.8

10.2

4.44.92.65.2

6.4

3

8.3

18.9

13.9

15.3

10.8

6.5

5.7

9.5

4.24.82.72.61.6

3.32

7.8

4.71.9

5.1

10.2

7.2

3.7

6.8

9.7

10

29

14.7

70

75

80

85

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

90

145

150

155

165

170

175

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

160

215

220

225

235

240

245

250

230

Cre

tace

ous

Campanian

Santonian

Turonian

Coniacian

Albian

Aptian

Berriasian

Tithonian

Kimmeridgian

Oxfordian

CallovianBathonian

Bajocian

Aalenian

Toarcian

Pliensbachian

Sinemurian

Hettangian

Rhaetian

Norian

Carnian

Ladinian

Anisian

Barremian

Valanginian

Hauterivian

Olenekian

Maastrichtian

Cenomanian

Jura

ssic

Tria

ssic

Carboniferous Devonian Silurian OrdovicianPermian CambrianNeogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic

Late

Late

Late

Middle

Middle

Early

Early

Early

65.5

70.6

83.585.8

89.3

93.5

99.6

112.0

125.0

130.0

136.4

140.2

145.5

150.8

155.7

161.2

164.7

167.7

171.6

175.6

183.0

189.6

196.5

199.6

203.6

216.5

228.0

237.0

245.0

249.7

5.1

12.9

2.3

3.5

4.2

6.1

12.4

13.0

5.0

6.4

3.8

5.3

5.3

3.7

6.7

3.5

3.0

3.9

4.0

7.4

6.6

6.9

3.1

4.0

12.9

11.5

9.0

8.0

4.7

1.3251.0

416 443.7359.2 488.3 542 Ma29965.523 145.5 199.6 251

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

Paleogene

0

CanadianArctic

Greece,Italy,

Austriaand

Turkey

Famennian

Givetian

Eifelian

Tremadocian

LochkovianPragian

Darriwilian

Changhsingian

Wuchiapingian

CapitanianWordianRoadian

Kungurian

Artinskian

Sakmarian

AsselianGzhelianKasimovian

Moscovian

Bashkirian

Serpukhovian

Visean

Tournaisian

Frasnian

Emsian

Homerian

Telychian

Aeronian

Rhuddanian

Paibian

Stage

Sheinwoodian

LudfordianGorstian

Induan

ICS

251.0

For details see "A Geologic Time Scale 2004" by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, A. G. Smith, et al. (2004) with Cambridge University Press, and the official website of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) under www.stratigraphy.org .

"Say

an (

Rn)

hyp

erch

ron"

253.8

359.2

nodata

mixedpolarity

mixedpolarity

mixedpolarity

W- A

ustr

alia

(sch

emat

ic)

Tik

hvin

ian

Sup

erzo

neD

ebal

tsev

ian

Sup

erzo

neK

arta

mys

hian

Sup

erzo

ne

C30

Cre

tace

ous

Nor

mal

-Pol

arity

Sup

er-C

hron

("C

reta

ceou

s Q

uiet

Zon

e")

M"-1r"(ISEA)

M0rM1M3

M5/M10

M11

M16M17

C31

C32

C33

C34

M12/M15

M18/M21M22M23/M25

S-S

witz

er-

land

,N

-Ital

y

Fran

ce,

Spa

in,

Sw

itzer

land

westernAustria

M26/M32M33/M37

E24/E18

E17E16E15E14E13E12/E10E9E8E7

E6/E2

Albania,Greece,Poland

EnglandFrance

SouthernSpain

SouthernSwitzer-

land

C1

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10

C11

C12

C17

C18

C20

C22

C23

C25

C26

C27

C28

C29

C19

C21

C24

C2

C13/C16

Holocene

Copyright 2004 International Commission on Stratigraphy

This chart is copyright protected; no reproduction of anyparts may take place without written permission by the ICS.

Hirnantian