28265667 Bureaucracy

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/28265667-bureaucracy 1/128

bureaucracy

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T k

T H: A

: T TH A: A T T : A

, , :

H TT A- : A A

A B x

A

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


ludwig von mises

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


B

LUDWIG VON MISES

B B

liberty fund Indianapolis

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T k , ., .

T -k

“” (amagi), “.” k 2300 b.c. - .

Y ,© 1944 Y .© 1972 , . © 2007 , . , A, A B B

A

A

11 10 09 08 07 c 5 4 3 2 111 10 09 08 07 p 5 4 3 2 1

-- , , 1881–1973.

B / ; B B .. .

: H: Y , 1944. . x.isbn-13: 978-0-86597-663-4 (: k. )isbn-10: 0-86597-663-5 (: k. )isbn-13: 978-0-86597-664-1 (k.: k. )isbn-10: 0-86597-664-3 (k.: k. )1. . 2. . 3. B.

i. , B B. ii. T.jf1351 .v6 2007351—22 2006030672

, .8335 A T, 300, 46250-1684

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Contents

’ x

x

1962 x

1. T 12. T A ’ 2

3. T “’” 94. B 125. T :

15

Chapter i 1. T k 172. 183. 264.

k 30

chapter II B 1. B 332. B 343. T 374. T x 39

5. B 43

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


chapter IiI B

1. T - 47

2. k 49

chapter IV B 1. H

53

2. 543. 57

4. 59

chapter V T B

1. T 612. B 633. T 66

4. T 675. ? 72

chapter VI T q B

1. T 762. T

793. A 824. T 845. T 85

chapter VII T A R A?1. 892. 903. T

94

99

x 103

contents

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Editor’s Foreword

k 1944, .

B, , R. , - . “ ,” , “ .” A , “T - k . A x x . A

x ” ( . x).B 1962, Bureaucracy ,

, .., “- ,” . . : “[] 1944 . B . T - [] k. T,” , “ - ” ( . x).

, 1962.T k, k - . , —

q ; x ; “ -” ; ; k; ; - ;

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, , ; , , x k; .

A . Y k, k , . T -k . . T “” “,” x , , , q

. A , , , q:“A k , — ’ ’ — ” (Human Action, . 858).

A A

. - ’ — k , , . “T k - . T - q . . . . ” (Human Action, . 665).

Planning or Freedom ; -. A , - x k . T , , . “ -k,

x . A ” (Human Action, . 150).

x editor’s foreword

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


A , q ,

q . ’ x , , k . - ( ) , k, x.

Bettina Bien Greaves

September 2006

editor’s foreword x

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Preface to the First Edition

T -

, , - , . - ? subject, - , ? ?

. A B , H, : “ .” A - B , , . . A . A A k.

T k . A x x . A x .

A , A , , .

. A

1. . . . T, A Shortened History o England (, 1942), . 510.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. x-

—, , R.

H x, , A . T A Obrigkeit, , k. x x

, , , A , Obrig-keit Obrigkeits-Staat . q .

J 15, 1838, , . A. R. R, : “ k

, , .” T , .

H . T K’Sozialpolitik, , . R q : “ . . . ’ , k . k - . T — .”

A. .

2. K A, 1, 1891. T . T q . 86 1909 DieLandarbeiter in Knechtschat und Freiheit.

x preface to the first edition

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Preface to the 1962 Edition

T

, .., . - , .

k . x - —.., — - k . B . T

k , - .T ’

q . A . A k — — ; — — k’. A “”; -, , , k x .

T . . .

-

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


.

T x q

q ’ -, k . ’ “ whole k ,” k “ ,” all “ .”*

T 1944. . T -

1944 . B - . T k . T .

New York City

January 1962

* . , State and Revolution (1917; 1932 , Yk),. 44, 83, 84.

x preface to the 1962 edition

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


bureaucracy

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


1. T T B

T bureaucrat, bureaucratic, bureaucracy -. - . T . T , -, . x .

T q

A . . , , . T k’ wirklicher gehei-mer Ober-Regierungsrat* . H . H - . B . H , , , ’ -, .

“” - k - . , “” . , , . B, ,

* [’ : T k’ “ .”]

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


2 introduction

- x . T

. , - , .T ; k . - k.

T . B -

. T . k x. H k ?

2. T A ’ B

A A, k - , k :“ A

, x, .T , x, . T , , ., . T - .

“B , , - . T . H . - k -

’ . ; k -

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. B q-, , , q . T

.T . - ; .

“T - , , -A, , H. .

. B q ’ . .

A , . k ; k -. T . .”

T , , -

q - A- . B k . B q .

T - . - k , , . T . T - . , .

T - . T , ,

. . K x “ x .”

american citizen's indictment of bureaucratism 3

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


4 introduction

, , , . T “ ” . T

“” . A - “” k — — .

B “” k . T x , , ’ . , .., “” “-

,” , - . B . T , -, . T“,” , .

. . T -. T . . T - . . T q . B k . .

, A : . , x - x, A- . T . R A -

. B . A , , ,

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


hitherto .

,

. H . B B . q- . B . k k . T

. , .

- . . T q-

q . T q, . q , , . , . q . , k . - . A k , .

-. T


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


6 introduction

. - , , .

T k k k . k ’ , , .

- k ,

. k - q- q .

k , x , , . T A. B

substantially . , x . T k x - A. A . q k .

q , , ’ .T - . T k

, , k k. B

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, q . T -

.

. T .T R H “-.” , .

. x x. H k. - k . k , , . k. -

. k .

q , - , q ’ . . B . ’ k . T . A .

- . B

-. - , . T


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8 introduction

.

,

, -, A, - , -A. B “” . T k ’. x , , x-

. “” A , , “ - .” T “ -, - k, k .” T

A “-- ,” R x .

T - (, k ) (, , ). , - , . ’ . T . , . T , A , A R .

1. . . , A New American History ( Yk, 1938), . 808. k k : “A -k , ,

B A .” -A .2. . 96–97.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


k . H . k

. - . .

3. T “’ ” B

T “” k

. T :

“ . T - k . H . H - . H k

.“B x , - . T . ; , k-, . T k - . T . T .

“T - k . T k q x - . T q k . , . . , , - ;

q.“

. T -

the “progressives’” view of bureaucratism 9

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


10 introduction

. A , ’.”

T . T “-” . . “ -.” .

T k -k , ,

. T . . k ’ .

k -. B, , “ k ,

.”

“ .”T k , , . ü .

, - . T , , , , , - k - . . . H .

3. . . k H K. H, Bureaucracy and Trusteeship in Large Corpora-tions, T . 11, . 36.

4. . k H, loc. cit., . 44, q .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


x k - A. A .

x . - . A k .

- . A . T . A ,

. A , ; -. H . B, , .

T . k - , x. . ; ,

. , , . T qk. H . H .T .T . , .

B x 80 -’ . H ; x ; . H . T . x , . H -

. T x . T -. T

the “progressives’” view of bureaucratism 11

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


12 introduction

k . T , , . T x k x -

. T . x

x - . T . T “” k k -. k .

A.

4. B T

k -

. T . . . . T , , , -

k, , . k k. T -. .

k . Ax Tq- B k -

5. T q x. T x, , - x .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


.* R k . k,

. ; . ’ - . — A-x — x k .

k , , . k , “” K, x. H - x . H A.

T - - - A -A.

T q A-x - . B B A . H, x - -. T A-x . A “” R -

.

* [’ : L’ Ancien Regime (1856); The Old Regime and the Revolution, . ç ç é, . A . K (: , 1998).]

bureaucratism and totalitarianism 13

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


14 introduction

T . - ’ , k, . -

. . x . -— — — . A k . k , H , ,

A k . T , , k . T . . . . A “”

. T State .T k, , . T k .

B x . B . T . T . T , . A . A k , . - , . T . .

. .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, , - — . T

, .

5. T A: B

,

k . T k . , , -. - . “ ,” -

-- . x. “ ” k .T , , x R k R k .

T . . k q , k,

.

-

profit management or bureaucratic management 15

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


16 introduction

: ’ -. -

-k . .

B, , k , k .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


I

1. T k

k . T , . T , , - .

. T — — k .T , ,

. T .B . T , , ’ .T .

- . T . T k. T . , . H . , . .

T , k ,

. T, , . T q q. T -

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


18 profit management

. T k . T . T , . T

. A k , . - . T k .

- A ? A

q , x . T - - ’. T A . .

k . k , A, . T .

T . T . T , , ’ . , , , k , . T k . k .

2.

T

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


k k , , k k. T -

k q k .

T :T k , - . T

k k. T , , ’ . ? - ? x-

x- ? q -

k. k .

k . - . T . B - , , , , . T k . Tk q x P , , x

q P.

q

economic calculation 19

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, .., k , k -

, -. T . - , , k ’ -, , k , .

T x . , , , B

, -k , x Ersatz. T x- .

. - ’ k . T ’

. , , , , -, , . ’ k . . T q, , .

. A k , . T q B A ,

, . A k k

. A B x . B

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, x . .

k k .T , , A B , . T A-x , , , , .

- 1941, J - 1942, . - x. T , ,

. A . , -

. T - k , H’ , . k A x- . k q k, —— , , k.

. ,


1. T B A . k 1941–43 k . , .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, , x- , . T . B

k “.” k . T -. k, . H k . T - . , -. H k , ,

.T

’ . .

- . H, , ’ .

k x- . T , . J . T k . H, k , , “.” ’ , x -— — , , -, , , .

k - ’ q . T

k . “ ” -

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


: ’ k

k . k -. , , . k q k , .

.

. , - , q q .T , ,

. . . A , , , , , ’ ’ , , .

B . , , , - x. . T .

T k k . A - , .

, k . B k . A ,


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



q , , . k .

H k . A , .

k . T . T x . T - , -,

. A , , . B ’ , . T q ’ . T

. T ’ . T , x , k - k . A , , k .

B -. T : ’ , k , . B . T .T

. q k q . B , .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. , q

; k. T - k x . , , . . A k .

k q - . k , q . T q , , , x . T -

.T k x.

x , . ( x) , . T , , -, x k, .

H, x -

k. , , - . - . T


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, k - . T k

x . k q k - . k .

3.

A x . . k . T -- , , . T

. B , x. T q -- .

T kk, , . H . k . T , , . B , . T k - . T ’ .

T kk

. . kk - “ .” B , ,

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, x .

’ . T

.

T . . B , -

. - , . “” , , x , . T

’ . T ’. T ’ “” . T , , : k . A x x .

- - - . T . T - . H q:

management under the profit system 27

2. Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, Bk , . X.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



k? ?

T, k -k , -

. k . , . H x ’. , . H x -, . A . k ,

. k ’ . H . k , k .

- . ,

, . , -. x ’ . T - q - : k . , .

T .- - , , ’ . T . T - . T .

Yk A, B A, B, , -

x’ . A q ’ . T q-

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


’ . k ,

q ’ ’ q. B . , -, . , ’ . H

k , k. H , - , . H - .

B , . H . H k;

- . H : . : . T , - . A — — , .

T k . T - . R k. T - ’ .

; -

management under the profit system 29

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, , x. - .

4. k

T - k k. T -

, , . T . H, .

, , , , , . , - . T , -

. T . T ’ . A k. T . T q . T -. A k . H x . H . H .

T x , , . - , . T q

’ . . k .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. . q q . H

. H . T , k ’. A , - , k .

k -’ -

k. T k , . T - . - . . k q q k .

, , -. T k ’ . .

T , , k . k , , , -. B ’ ; . T -. A , .

, , k within an unhampered capitalist sys-tem . T , , k ,

k. , , , k k , . T

personnel management 31

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



k , q q. T , , k k

.T , ,

. T ’ , . ; “.” . ’ ’ .

A k, , k, x k .

B k . - ,.., .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


II

B

1. B

T , , . H . H x .

B x . A k q, . T , , , .

.T , . T k . B . T . —— , , , ; k .

? T - : k . T , - k , k ’ -. B ,

, : “B ,” k ’

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


34 bureaucratic management

. H , , .

k ’

. , , - . T ; . . B . T ; x -

. T , . T . H .

2. B

T . q - . T . . , . T .

’ q . Nulla poena sine lege, . - q . H das gesunde Volksempfnden, .., . A

1. T

q . T : A , , x x x.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, k .

k -

. B . k q, . T , ; , , . , , x , k .

x . . welarestate, k . T -

. ( - q .) T .T ’ . T k -. .

T , , . .T ’ k . . x - .

B , , . q

bureaucracy within a democracy 35

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. T k , , . T, , ,

x . -k.

, , ,

or the people. T . H, , . A o the people by the people. .

T x. .T . H , , , k?

, A k - .

, , , .

T . - . T , , , - q . , x . T x q ’, - - . , k .

T A. T

. x

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


’ . A .

3. T B

T , , k - k. .

k , - . . T . T .

T k . q -

. T k k ’ x . T - . A - . k .

B x .T k - . H .

B . T k . A -

,

essential features of bureaucratic management 37

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. R . T - - , , .

T k . Tk k B. T k x x. T x - .

x, . x k x - . x , , .

. H , , ; ’ , ’ . B . - , , . T .

x. T ; - ( x, ) . T x “-” . , x . x . T q x

x . k .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T k - .

-

: B - k. R: , k, k q x .

, A T, :

, , , , - . , , x, .B . T . k

. T x . A . A - . B T , , k .

B k .

4. T x B

T k , . T , , , . H .

- ?H, . T -

the cru of bureaucratic management 39

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. T - -k .

. A -k ; k -; k -. q . k k k .

T , , ’ -

k . k . B , k . T . A ,

, k .

. T q ; k -k . A . H , . A . B ’ .

. H, - .

k k , - . x -k . H --

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. T .

-k -

’ . H k k k k q . B k. .

x. A

. . T - x . B q : k? T k: , , , k. A - . T

q x . T .

k B R - x . . T ; k .

A x ’ . - ? H . — q— k k qk . B q . x k . k .

“” -. A k. T .

the cru of bureaucratic management 41

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



B . T k . T

. , ,

, , “ q ” “ q .” A q q k .

k. Y “-” x .

A “” .

x , - q. B q

. T - , k, . k . k x x . x x x .T . . k “ - ” ’ . “ . . . .”

T . - , . B ,

2. J. . J, Bureaucracy, a Challenge to Better Management ( Yk, 1944), . 75.3. J, loc. cit., . 34, 76.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. T . B

.T -

, , . . A -’ k , x ’ - . k

’ .* B k q k.

T . , . B . A -k . T

k -- . . T - .

5. B

A k- ’ . T k , , - q . B x, , , “” . .

bureaucratic personnel management 43

* [’ : q ’ “ whole k ,” 1962 k (. x k). ’ State and Revolution (1917; Yk: , 1932, . 44,83, 84).]

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



k , , . B , ,

, k , . , - , . T -x - -k - . . T ’. B . T x . T

’ , k. A k , k k’ . B .

T A k - . T , , . B

k x . T . - - . A x . . B - .

. T . . T . T -k . T - . T . T . — — -

—— Staatsbeamter onctionnaire. x

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. A .

T -

. A k . B x .

A . x ,, , A, R, q.

- . q , , x-. k k x q. q . T , x,

q . T . B k . T .

- k . T k . H -, . T . T k q. T . T k x . : T , .

k - .

bureaucratic personnel management 45

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. T - .

.T k x - .

x . .

. , k . B k .

T - . k- . T k , q ,

’ . k , q. k k , .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


III

B

1. T A-

, , , k - : . T -. A . k -. .

T x. x’ - - . K x k “.”

“” , x , . T “” . T k k.

k x Verboten . T -

. - k. T .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


48 management of publicly owned enterprises

, x . T -

. B -. , R - . T . k .T

.

- x - k. A , , ,

- . B k .

T R k . T . , k k, k . q . T .

1. , , Socialism: An Economicand Sociological Analysis, A. K ( Yk, 1936; Y, 1951; ,1980), 5, 3; 6, 2; x; , Nationalökonomie (,1940), . 188–223, 634– 45. ’ Human Action (1949 ), 3, “- .” Hk, Collectivist Economic Planning (, 1935); Hk,

“ : T ” (Economica , 125– 49), Indi-vidualism and Economic Order (, 1949), 181–208. [ . .]2. , Omnipotent Government ( H, 1944), . 55–58.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


2. k

T - . .

k - , , . . T

. T k . T k .

, - . - ,

x. , , - , x .

B , k , . .

A k , .T : not . T .

k ?T

q : T ’ . B . k’ k - . B ? , , ? A

: H , ..,

public enterprise within a maret economy 49

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



?

-k

. T - k . T - k . T k . x , , x

. k , . T . T k .

B , -.

, ? H ? A ?

A . . T , , k. T x x . B ; .

. H . T . , , . B -

x , ’.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


.

k . q . x. H x - , , k , k q .

. T . T k x -. k . k

. B , . H x’ . A q, . q q ; - . A ’ , k , , . x , k . , , . A x , , . T

x . T .

public enterprise within a maret economy 51

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, -

. B - . T ; . T . H k , . H x -k , , .

T -k -. . - k .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


IV

B

1. H B B

k .

, , - q .

B k . x . x - “” .

. T . q . T -. T Betriebsührer ( ). T ; B , Reichswirtschatsministerium, . T

k, , - ;

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


54 management of private enterprises

, .T , , k . -

, Zwangswirtschat. R , , . A , , k R , .

. A-x . B . A

.

2. H

T . T q - :

1. T k k . A (, ) - .

2. T - . x- .

3. T x .

4. T k ; x .

. . B k

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. T k - . T

. , ,

. , , . , -. k

. x ?

. T . H - . H k . H

. k x . A . : k ’ . . , . . T x. T ; .

T . k . k. , x- ,

. k k .

interference with the height of profit 55

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. , ,

. x . T . , , .., q, .

T , “B ,” .

. ; .

T k k. , q- .

B

. ; . T - . .

k k, , k x . T k x . H - . . T . B k ’ ’ ’ q .

B . A , . T , ,

. , ’ .T k . k

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


x ’. ’ “”, ’.

. - , . k , k- x , , -, . T : T .

, — — . , - q . . T .

x - . T , ,

. B . , B R , , , .T , k , x q x. T R .

3.

k - q. . -. x .

, ,

.

interference with the choice of personnel 57

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. B . .

T q ’ . B q . , , --,, . x q.

T . A . B . . T .

x

. - “ .” q - . “x” x , , -. , , x .

x ’ . T ’ . ? , , . A

. -

. x-

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


’ x.

A . A -

, A “k” . q k* : “ .” B , , - .

4. B

A q : T , - q. T

. B q - .

. T . ,

. T k . , k .

T . x . x x . , x; - x. k

dependence on the discretion of bureaus 59

1. The New York Times Magazine, J 16, 1944, . 9.* [’ : H . k, .. 1933 1946.]

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



q, , , - , . T x

. T x . ; k.

: . H , - . - k -;

. B . A , , .

T , , - . T . B

x . .

k . k . Y -. .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


V

T B

1. T B

T . T ; . T . T q : ? ? T ? T - ?

T Statolatry . T . T , . T , - , “” . . T

, , , . T , .

“ ” x “,” . H B?

X k : .T . H : ;, , . Y B

k, . T , , 1. . . 96–97.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


62 the social and political implications of bureaucratization

. B , .

q - .

H . H , , . H morally . , . T , , . H . B q

“.” “” . B . H k .

T . T , , . “”

? x x ? k ? ’ k ? , ,, , ! ! H “” !

H.

T . T : Y x , . q . B “ .”

Y , . , . k,

. , , , k . T .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T k x x , k -

. R , . T . T , . -. T k .

T . T . -

x . T x . B .

2. B

T ’ k . H -— —

. H x . - , . q. T , x ’ . A k, ’ k q .

, . T ’k -, , - . T ’ , , , , .T

. k ’ .

bureaucratic complacency 63

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, x , k . B ,

, , x. k . T k .T k

pillar o society ., , .

T , , . k - .

-, , k . T - . T k k , .

- -. , k k , , ’ , H k ü. T Staatsbeamte k q - . q k . . ,

, .

2. . , Das Staatsrecht des Deutschen Reiches (5 . Tü, 1911), , 500.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Beamtengehalt ( ’ ) , .

, , ’ - . H .

A . - x -. T . .

T ; , , k . A x . B, . A k . , R, , x

. T k , , , . , k .

T A x. k , . , A-H , q —k, , , , , , — x- q . T - . , .

A , . T k x .

bureaucratic complacency 65

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



3. T B

T . H , , , . H : H . A , .

T ’ . T - k . H

.T ,

, x - . T , (.., , , , ), ,

. T . T “” k ,, , . T k , . , , k . T .

x . B -. B . B .T “” , q “.”

R .

x , , , , , .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T - . .

A

, , , .

4. T B

T

q .

. . T k k . , .

.B - . T . , k.

T . T .T , -, .

, , k k . - .

. T . T k

. - - . B

the bureaucratization of the mind 67

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, , , ’

. A , - -

. - B-R 1870 R B A : “, B, q- K’ , , ,

H H.” T , , .T k . , - , . T

-. T wirtschatlicheStaatswissenschaten ( ) . T q q k . K x - - -; R .

, , . k - . k . T - . B

, , . .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


.

. T - x . . .

T k . A ; x x . x, -

, - . T k , x k . k, , , , . B — — .

k . . B , . T -’ . T . B . T - - . B , real k k , .

A . T . B

q . T - , . T


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



q q.T , x

. , -

. k -’ . T , k . T .B ’

, . , — , , — q . A x .

T .T -

. T ’ k . - (k “-” ) .T k k. B k . ’ B. - k k k . T q R’ .*

A

,

* [’ : 1923 1923–29.]

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


R. T , k . T

x q . A - , x , - x, . T

x .

. T - École Normale Supérieure ; ,, . T x . R

“” . B, , x “” x, .., k . T x.

’ - . T .

T R - . , , , k, , - , , gleichgeschaltet. B , , k Journal or Marxist-Leninist Natural Sciences “ ” “ x- ” Soviet Heraldo Venereology and Dermatology .


3. . , Die gegenwärtige Krise der deutschen Volkswirtschatslehre (2 . , 1921). 4. B , Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? ( Yk, 1936),, 1000.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



5. B ?

- . T ’ . , ’ .

k . . T - . T k k .

q ’, . . H, .

T q. T

. B . q

. . H , q, . T k . T , . ’ ; . . .

- . k . T k.

-. T . H

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


k . B . .

- . : , - , , . . B ’ . k . T -

. . q k . . x , .

A , ,

’ . x- , , k . T k - “” . T - x .

T ; — — - . T k k k k . H . A . H . T

.T

- . , , k

who should be the master 73

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



; - k -; x, , k ;

. B, k, k ? : , , x. H - , , .

, - , . H

, . . T H.

. T , , . orces , k . T -

k k. Y Abie’s Irish Rose Hamlet . Y . B .

T x - . H . H . T k - . T . k . , ,, . H k , , . H ,

. T .T q : ?

k k ?

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


k, , ?

x

. B k . T x . B . -, k; . B q : ? T ?

- . B

q . .T x . H -. - . q .

A ’

. T “ .” H .

who should be the master 75

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


VI

T q B

1. T Y

H H A’ . Y A . q ; -. , , k.

. B k . A . H . H - . A , .H . .

A A. - k ancien régime. , - . B A k A. , . H . T A H - .

. T , k - . T ,

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. T ; . T k ;

. T “”; q.T k. T .

B q -. . R . T . H k

. H , k -. T q . H . B k . H k . H k . H . H -

. , - , : . T , k k . - . A , , ; . B gerontocracy, - . H . T , , q , .

T k . T

: ; - ; ; . A

the german youth movement 77

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


78 the psychological conseuences of bureaucratization

k , k : .

k k .

B . T - k . . T - . T - ; .

.T -

. x, x. x . T ; k x . B k q . T :

. T k - Zwangswirtschat. T H. B H’ , .

. - k . , “-,” . x k q . B k-- . k - x B.T : “,” , “ - . q B

B .”T x

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. B - - . T

- . T , .

T . R, , - .

. - , k q. “” . T .T . .

2. T R B

T . k , . x , . T k .

-. T . . T “” k -, . T : Mankind has reached the stage o maturity, .

? ?

the fate of the rising generation 79

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. T .

A —

, — . T . T k , . A , , q -. H .

q . .

x ’ -. T K x . . T . .

T k

x x. Communist Maniesto x k . T x . B k - . A - . A k , x x - k . , - Communist Maniesto, , Capital, . A, , k x . x x , .

, . T q

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


k-. T q x x,

x. x social class , k .

T . T , x x , , , x.

T . x -? A - x? A . . B k , -

.T - k . T , , x ’ .

. , , x class x, . B .T x. T ; k x .

T - . A . T

. T , , . k .

the fate of the rising generation 81

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, , . T k . ( - k ; , -

, .) . T k . T .

. T x . B H . A

k .

A :“ .” . T - , , . T .

T . . k .

3. A

, , , .

’ .T , - . - k ’ : . T x , . T

k , . . T k,

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


, , - ’ . A ’ x

.’

. T R , T -R, . , x. T . T x

; B’ ; , , , . T . B . T , q , ,k, . T , , .

, , , . x. T - : H - A. B , . .

H, . T B . -. T x . T .T . T , -. T .

B . -

authoritarian guardianship and progress 83

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. T . B k

. T . , . T - . k , . T x - .

. B k -q .

B - . B . - “.” ,

; . x :

, . T ’ , . - - .

4. T

A q . T .

, .T - .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


R - ü . T . H q

, . T : T, H, A , A. B , - , , . T . A , , . T, , .

H A, . H , , - , , - . H, k , . T ü

. A - . T . :T purges. T . T - - . T .

5. T

T , ’ , k ’ . , , . ’

- x . B . A, ,

the vanishing of the critical sense 85

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. , .

H, . A

, . . A , . T q k x.

T k . T

“” .T , , ,

. B . . , “ .” T x . T

X ü

, . -. A Ak

: “ - , - , , , k, - . , , , , . , k, x.” A - .

J J - ’ x , - , ( ) . B

1. A q . H. , Collectivism, a False Utopia ( Yk, 1937), . 43.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


’ Yk R , q

A . Téè

, H,B, . B - R - .

T q

. T q . T ’ k . k ’ k. k

k . k k , , , . R , , x. . k k . .

-. , . A k

2. T ’ ’ . A -x k .

the vanishing of the critical sense 87

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



q . - . T k .

T ., .

A -k . . B q “.” T .

.

T - . k qk . k . T x, , , . T k .

. k- H, , , , -, A . -R , A?

T k - . . T k . T x .

3. A k q k : , ? , ?

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


VII

T A R A?

1.

k . - A k , - . . A , , “.” k

. T . x -

. T -k . B .

k - . —B, k, , , -— k . AHx k ’ . T . B .

k k x

1. q k : The New Despotism H B, J ( Yk, 1929), Our Wonderland o Bureaucracy J . Bk, ( Yk, 1932). k .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


90 is there any remedy available

. ’ — B H A—

k “ .” B . T , , k .

A . B . T : ?

?T -

x, x , , . , k . A ?T q.

2. T

T . . T , -, , , kx . k , - . . A k . T qk. T

.

T - q k .T .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T ; . A k x

k -. k . B intelligent .

T k “-” - x

k. T . A . A, , .

, , . T “” -. T x.

k, - -x , . ; . .B k . “-” - .

T x “” “.” K x - k. T x x . T .

, , ’ ’ . ’ , , x-

economics versus planning and totalitarianism 91

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



, . , , k

k, , , real . T : - . T .

T

. x - . commonsense . . q x . k .

. . , , . Truth does notneed any propaganda; . T k , .., k . T . .

T . . . T . B . . -. T . T .

H k , , ,

. T , , . T .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T B Bk

. H k k - ’ . , - , “ A”, , , . B , “” , . -

; J. A “ ,” “ k .” T B “ ” B B q “ q, .., -, , , .” J R

, K K , . “ .” “ , , .” . R , , -, , . A , , x “ k.” A B ,J. . , k q-

economics versus planning and totalitarianism 93

2. k, Democracy in Crisis (, 1933), . 87. k’ - . R, The Crisis o Democracy (, 1938), . 213–16.3. . J T A, “ ” Barron’s National Business and Financial Weekly J 31, 1944, . 3.

4. .5. J R, Private Enterprise or Public Control (Hk , -

A .),. 13–14. k A “ ” “ q .”

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



. !

T

.

B .

3. T B

T k . T q - .

T , , . . .

, , , - , . k , -, . , -, , , .

. T x . A x - , . T q . T , ’ k k .

, -

. T , ,

6. J. . , Social Relations o Science (, 1941), . 331, 333.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


’ ’ . T - , , x

k . T “” , - , x x . T , , .

T . . , , k: “T ’ -

k -, , ü, . q - .” T , . H k . H . T k k , , . H . B

. . T : “T k red .” A .H k - k ? H - .

T x ’ , , - R, k . - R. T , , . - R - , k , . B

k “.” k

.

plain citizen versus professional propagandist 95

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



x- . T -

. k. T ’ k. T .

T ’ k . H k - q —

— . A , k : . T q . T - , , . T , ,

. B - ; - x . T , , . A - k- . T k , , , k- , .

Y, . T -

. T x . T

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. T k , q,

x . They do not recommendcapitalism or the sake o selfsh interests o the entrepreneurs and capital-ists but or the sake o all members o society. T ’ k q ; .

- . T . T

, — — . , , , , - , , q .

A

, “” . T - : “ , . . .” k - . T .

-. B , . T x ,, k x . T k . T k.

B x . A - , -

. ,

plain citizen versus professional propagandist 97

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy



x. . T . B

- : “T ; ; x,” . . A - . T .

T k

; . T - . A x. B , , , , .

, k : , B, . T , .

-. H k - ? - . , , q .

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T -

, , - .

, , -. ’ . k. , -

, k k k , , k . (T , , .) q k x -k . ’ - . -

x k.T , , k .

x-. B x . H k. H .

A k . -

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


100 conclusion

-k . T - “”

. B . x - -k .

Y k q . ’ k - ’ ’ k -

k k - . T k x , , . B , k .

- k . T x , , . B .

, . A x , , , . . B .

T k

1. , State and Revolution (1917; Yk ., 1935), . 44.

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


. - , , , -,

, . T , k , . T - . T - k, k , , , , - . T

J. T -k . .

k -. - k . k ’ , - k . T

k , k . -, . B A . . B q R .

T , k . T , . T , . T , k -. T , . k , ! !

A :. J .

conclusion 101

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


Inde

:

, 38; ,26–27, 28–29, 30, 40–41. See also

x, 73–74 , 55 , 24

, , 58

kk. See

: ,50–52; ,35–36

: , 40–43, 49–51, 99–100;, 39; , 35–36; , 12–13; ,37, 51–52, 99; ,1–2; , 43–45; , 2–9, 14–15,

89–90, 100–101. See also

, , 61–63 . See

,

q, 5–6

x, 11–12, , 94–98

, : , 1–2; , 80;, 5, 20, 85–86; ,

15; , 91–92; ,

55. See also , 80, 81 , 83–84 x, 87 , 90–91, 94–98 , 44–46, 63–67 , x ,

80–82, 24, 85–88: , 41;

, 5–7; k, 97–98; , 4–5, 35

, , 17–18, 24, 29–30,50, 88

, , 9–10, 59–60- , 57- x, 74, , 93

, 85–88, 92, J. ., 93–94

: , 41; , 20

: ,5–7; , 90–91, 94–98; , 4–5;, 33–36; ,

18; vs. , 72–75; - , 66–67; ’, 22

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


104 inde

, 33–34, 82, 84–85- kk, 26–27. See

also

B-R, , 68 vs. , 72–75

: , 40–43; ,18–26; ’ , 47–48.See also

: , 94, 97–98; , 67–71, 90, 92, 94

, 40–43

, 5, 7- ,

, 66–67, 91–92, 97, 10–11, 17, 55–57. See

also

B x, 38 x, 59–60, 12–13, 61, 66, 71

, 92–94

, 11: , x, 5, 13,

66; ,53–54; , 34–35; , 20–21; ,68, 70–71; , 76–79

H, , x

x, 21–22

k, H ., 59 , 87–88 x, 11–12

, 30–32 k, 91–92k, H, 93: ,

37, 40, 49–52, 62; , 34–35, 37; ,33–34, 61–62

, 10–11 X, 61

k : ,17–18, 29–30; , 18–26x, 47–48, 71, 80–82, 91 , 55

, 4–5

Obrigkeit, x , 61–63

, 30–32, 43–46,57–59

, , 22, 82–83 , 38, 41, , 5, 33–34:

, 54, 69–70; k, 18–26

. See

:

, 26–27, 30, 40–41; , 37–38; , 17–18, 29–30, 72–74, 88; ,54–60; q , 38–43, 100; q, 10–11; k , 18–26; , 30–32;

-k, 28–30: ,

82–84; ,55–56; ,76–82

“,” :, 1–2; , 9–10; , 7–8; , 10, 12;’ , 3–4

vs. , 92, 94–95 , 72. See

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


inde 105

, -x , 38–39,

40–42

x, 73, 26 vs. , 72–75R, J, 93R , , 85 , 20–21, , 84–85R, 71

: , 94–98; , 80–82; , 85–86; , 47–48; , 92–94,93–94; , 3–4;k q, 24–25; , 82, 84; , 5,7–9

,68–69

: , 63–67; q,86–88; , 61–63,74–75; , 67–71

, 69

, 59–60x, 11–12, 41, 54, 57, 86–87

, , 89–90. See also x, 73 vs. , 92, 94–95

, 91–92, 97, 67–71

, k , 22 R, . A. R., x

, , 66–67

, 30–32, 55, 69, 91–92 x, 20–21, 25–26

, B, 71 , , 71 , ,

35–36 , . ., 81

, 76–82

8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


8/8/2019 28265667 Bureaucracy


T k , 1935

A A . H . k ( “ ”), , , “” .

, , ,

. T k , “” x. , italic — “” — , .

T k

Documents

28265667 Bureaucracy