28 Leket Taube Vos and Postmodifiers A

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Jiddistik heute

ה סעידו ש עשיד יי

Yiddish Studies Today

לק



J i d d i s t i k

E d i t i o n amp F o r s c h u n g

Y i d d i s h

E d i t i o

n s amp R e s e a r c h

ג

שרא

ןא

א

א

ש

דיי

ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4

9 783943 460094

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Band 1

ו ש ר א ס און ע ב א סיוא יש ד יי

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Herausgegeben von

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Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg


ישע שטודיעס ה ט ד יי לקט

Jiddistik heute



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Band 1

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Leket


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ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4 ISSN 2194-8879URN urnnbndehbz061-20120814-125211-1

Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube

On the Relative Marker Vos and Yiddish Postmodi8520701048681ers

Introduction

The distribution of the interrogative pronoun vos ( lsquo what rsquo ) in Yiddish has

considerably expanded under the in9831421048684uence of the co-territorial Slav-ic languages and the form has spread into several new environmentsand acquired a number of additional functions not attested in GermanThese include the use of vos as an invariant relative marker 1 and as acomplementizer or subordinating conjunction2 Here I would like topresent a few other functions of vos within the noun phrase which tomy knowledge the grammars of Yiddish do not treat at all3 althoughthey are well attested in the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries as well as in the spoken language4 Before going into the details of theseinnovations let us start with a brief survey of the constituent structureof the Yiddish noun phrase

The Noun Phrase in Yiddish

Like the constituent languages of two of its three major componentsGermanic and Slavic Yiddish is an 983137983150 language ie the default constit-uent structure of the noun phrase is 983140983141983156 Adj Noun with the attribu-tive adjective preceding its head e g a geler hunt lsquo a yellow dog rsquo andder geler hunt lsquo the yellow dog rsquo Adjectives that follow their head nounobligatorily preceded by the appropriate 983140983141983156 e g a hunt a geler vs derhunt der geler 5 are considered ldquo separate 983150983152s in apposition rdquo 6 Modi8520701048681ersother than adjectives may appear after the head In the postmodi8520701048681er

1 This type is marginally attested in German with neuter nouns as heads ( see Behaghel1928 726 )2 See Krogh 2001 46 ndash 50 Jacobs 2005 188 232 ndash 238 and literature cited there3 Zaretski ( 1926 172 ) is the only one to mention one of these functions vos + preposition-al phrase supported by a single example4 Here I draw upon my knowledge as a native speaker5 The Semitic determinant of Yiddish has the order 983150983137 De8520701048681niteness is marked both onthe head and the adjective6 Jacobs 2005 242



468 ה סעידו ש עשי ד יי לק

position we encounter relative clauses with both 8520701048681nite and non-8520701048681nite verb forms adverbs and prepositional phrases

Noun Phrases containing vos + postmodi8520701048681er may occur in varioussyntactic positions in the clause including subject predicate and com-plement The types of postmodi8520701048681ers introduced by vos ( other than rel-ative clauses ) are

A vos + Past ParticipleUnlike full-9831421048684edged relative clauses introduced by vos which will

not be treated here since they are amply discussed in grammars and inspecial studies7 the present type in which vos introduces as modi8520701048681er

a reduced clause consisting of a past participle without a 8520701048681nite verb-form is not mentioned anywhere in the linguistic literature The intro-ductory vos in this type is obligatory and cannot be deleted just as it isindelible with a full-9831421048684edged relative clause8

The 8520701048681rst two examples come from the rather 9831421048684orid prose of thepoet Avrom Sutzkever ( 1913 ndash 2010 )

( 1 )983161983141983150983141 983152983137983154983155983144983151983161983150983141983150 983158983151983155 okersht 983150983141983148983141983149 983143983141983158983151983154983150 kon ikhthose persons what just now vanished become-983152983152983152 know Initnot

lsquo Those persons who rsquo ve just vanished I don rsquo t know rsquo( Sutzkever 1989 132 )

The past participle attested here derives from the periphrastic verbnelem vern with Hebrew-origin invariant nelem lsquo vanished rsquo and Ger-man-origin auxiliary vern lsquo become rsquo A full-9831421048684edged relative clause wouldrequire a 3983152983148 form of the auxiliary zayn lsquo be rsquo in the present tense vos 983162983137983161983150983141983150 okersht nelem gevorn

( 2 )983157983150 tsvishn alte briv ( tsvishn zey a briv geshribn

and among old letters among them a letter writtenoyf 983147983151983154983141 983158983151983155 983137983154983151983152983143983141983155983144983157983150983140983150 fun a beryoze-boymhellip )on bark what skinned-983152983152983152 from a birch-treehot oyfgetsaplt a beygele papir mit gel-grin-fyoletove has startled a sheet-983140983145983149 paper with yellow-green-violet

7 E g Lowenstamm 1977 Prince 1989 Diesing 19908 Pace Jacobs 2005 238 quoting Lowenstamm 1977 214 The constructed examples giventhere der man oslash ikh ze lsquo the man ( whom ) I see rsquo and der bokher oslash ikh ze lsquo the lad that I see rsquoare nothing but plain anglicisms not attested and unacceptable in Yiddish



Moshe Taube Vos and Postmodi8520701048681ers 469

ayngeziglte plyamesin-sealed stainslsquo and among old letters ( among them a letter written on barkskinned from a birch-treehellip ) startled a small sheet of paper with yellow-green-violet stains rsquo( Sutzkever 1989 126 )

The past participle here derives from the complex verb arop-shindnlsquo skin offf rsquo ( lit lsquo skin down rsquo ) A full-9831421048684edged relative clause would requirea 3sg form of the auxiliary zayn lsquo be rsquo in the present tense vos 1048681983162 arop- geshundn fun a beryoze-boym

The intimate aff8520701048681nity of this type with relative subordinationis clearly visible in the following example from Sholem Aleichem rsquo s( Sholem Rabinovitsh 1859 ndash 1916 ) Tevye the Milkman where the 983150983152 with vos is part of the predicate

( 3 )ikh bin dakht mir 983140983141983154 983141983161983143983141983150983141983154 T983141983158983161983141 zog ikh 983158983151983155 983143983141983158983141983150 nishtI am thinks me-983140 the same Tevye say I what been notgeminert a horreduced a hairlsquo I am it seems to me the same Tevye I say as before not a hairmissing rsquo

( Sholem Aleichem 1927 106 )

The next example comes from the autobiography of Sholem Aleichemtitled Funem yarid ( From the Fair )

( 4 )du vest makhn a shtarb veln kumen mentshn vos meynen az you will-sg make a die will-3983152983148 come people what think as zey kenen dikh un veysn dikh un veln oystrakhtn 983162983137983147983144983150they know thee and wit thee and will-983152983148 invent things vos nit 983143983141983155983144983156983151983161983143983150 nit 983143983141852070983148983151983161983143983150 what not risen-983152983152983152 not 9831421048684own-983152983152983152lsquo Should you die suddenly there will come people who think theyknow you and will invent things that are completely untrue rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 c 17 )

This sentence relates the argument raised by the author in trying toconvince himself to write his autobiography The two negated 983152983152983152s lsquo nei-ther risen nor 9831421048684own rsquo ( although the regular form of the 8520701048681rst in Yiddish




is geshtign) deriving respectively from the verbs shtaygn lsquo rise rsquo and 983142lien lsquo 9831421048684y rsquo form a 8520701048681xed collocation with the meaning lsquo completely untrue rsquo

A similar example with the same collocation truncated is at-tested in Mendele Moykher-Sforim rsquo s ( Sholem-Yankev Abramovitsh1835 ndash 1917 ) novel Fishke der Krumer 8520701048681rst published in 1868

( 5 )dort vert oykh zeyer oft geshlosn 983137983162983141983148983147983144983141 9831491048681983150983141983161there becomes too very often concluded such-983152983148 kinds-of 98315598314410486819831409831579831479831441048681983149 vos nisht geshtoygnmatches what not risen-983152983152983152lsquo There too such kinds of unlikely marriages are very often arranged rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 37 )

B vos + Adverb A second group of postmodi8520701048681ers consists of adverbs The introduc-

tory vos may sometimes in noun phrases denoting lsquo the same 983150 as 983137983140983158 rsquoalternate with the conjunction vi lsquo as rsquo ( ex 8 ) When the noun phrasedenotes lsquo the 983150 of 983137983140983158 rsquo vos may alternate with the preposition fun lsquo of rsquo( ex 10 )

( 6 ) vehasheynis bin ikh dokh epes haynt mit gots hilf

and secondly am I obviously somehow today with God rsquo s helpnit der Tevye 983158983151983155 983137983149983151983148 kon ikh dokh shoyn greykhn tsumnot the Tevye what once can I obviously already reach to+theshenstn shidekh a1048678983145le in Yehupets ndash ha vi zogt irnicest match even in Yehupets eh how say youlsquo And secondly I rsquom today am I not with God rsquo s help not the sameTevye as I once was so I can attain the best match even in Yehupetsright What do you think rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 a 67 )

( 7 )

ikh hoyb oyf di oygn ikh tu a kuk ndash Khave hellip di eygene Khave 983158983151983155I lift up the eyes I do a look Khave the same Khave what 8520709831541048681983141983154 nisht geminert a hor a1048678983145le di malbushim nisht ibergebitn hellipearlier not reduced a hair even the clothes not changedlsquo I lift my eyes up I take a look ndash Khave hellip the same Khave as beforenot a hair missing hasn rsquo t even changed her clothes hellip rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937a 136 f )




( 8 )nishto di mentshn 983158983151983155 983137983149983151983148 gor nisht dos merkhets 9831581048681 8520709831541048681983141983154not+here the people what once at all not the bathhouse as earlierlsquo Gone are the people of old it is not at all the same bathhouse asbefore rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 34 )

( 9 )s rsquo iz geven a gemlokhete ldquo in di hayzer arumgeyn rdquo gor nisht derit rsquo s been an arti8520701048681cial in the houses going-around at all not thetam 983158983151983155 983137983150 983137983150983140983141983154983155983144 983149983151983148taste what an other time

lsquo It was a sham kind of ldquo going begging rdquo not at all the same feeling ason other occasions rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 84 )

( 10 )un ikh dermon mikh on yener Beylke 852070983157983150 983137983149983151983148 un ikh farglaykh zi and I recall me on that-1048678 Beylke of once and I compare hermit der Beylke 983158983151983155 9831379831569831551048681983150983140 un es tut mir hartsedik bang with the Beylke what now and it does me heartily regretlsquo And I recall the Beylke of old and compare her with the Beylke oftoday and I feel deep regret rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 a 180 )

It is remarkable that vos here is interchangeable with the possessivecarried by the preposition fun both marking attribution9

Demonstrative adverbs such as do lsquo here rsquo and dortn lsquo there rsquo whenserving as postmodi8520701048681ers may appear without introductory vos All ex-amples come from Mendele rsquo s 8520701048681rst novel Dos kleyne mentshele ( 1864 )

( 11 ) 983137983148983141 983140983151 in shtub hobn zikh lib gehat hobn gehat gute all here in house have 9831549831411048678983148 love had have had goodhofenungen oyf shpeter

hopes on laterun mit der hofenung gelebt dervayl zeyer gliklekhand with this hope lived meanwhile very happily lsquo Everyone here at home loved each other had good hopes for thefuture and with that hope lived very happily meanwhile rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1913 148 )

9 For the history of the term and its equivalents see Goldenberg 1998 46 f




( 12 )di hakhnoses fun 9831401048681 983147983148983141983161983156983150 983140983151983154983156 un a teyl protsent funemthe revenues from the shops there and a part percent from+thekapital vos ikh loz iber oyf oylomes zoln geyn oyf capital what I leave over on endowment shall go on tooystsuhaltn di beyde shulnmaintain the both synagogueslsquo The revenues of the shops there and some percentage of the capitalthat I leave as an endowment shall be used to sustain the two syna-gogues rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1913 129 )

( 13 ) Leyzer iz geven farrekhnt in Bezlyudev far eynem fun di beste Leyzer is been considered in Bezludyev for one from the bestshnayder vos neyen nokh zhurnaln 983157983150 983140983141983154 983137983154983141983150983140983137983154 983140983151983154983156 iz geventailors what sew after journals and the lease holder there is beeneyner fun di greste negidimone from the greatest rich-983152983148lsquo In Bezludyev Leyzer was considered one of the best tailors those who sew from magazine patterns and the tenant farmer there wasone of the wealthiest men rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1913 33 f )

( 14 )di 983158983137983161983138983141983154 983140983151983154983156 in der vaybersher shul hobn zikh shtark the women there in the womens rsquo synagogue have 9831549831411048678983148 strongdershrokn un in eyn otem geton a geshrey oy es brent hellipscared and in one breath done a shout oy it burnslsquo The women there in the women rsquo s section of the synagogue were very frightened and shouted in one voice ldquo Oy 8520701048681re hellip rdquo rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1913 40 )

C vos + Prepositional PhrasePrepositional phrases ( without vos ) regularly serve as postmodi-

8520701048681ers in Yiddish as they do in German ( as well as in Slavic languagesand Hebrew ) For example Der yid fun Bovl lsquo The Jew from Babylon rsquo ( ti-tle of a story by Isaac Bashevis Singer ) A mentsh fun Buenos-ayres lsquo AMan from Buenos Aires rsquo ( title of a story by Sholem Aleichem ) Di froymitn ponim fun a tsveyter lsquo The Woman with the Face of Another rsquo ( titleof a story by Avrom Sutzkever ) Beside these however we also haveequivalent 983152983152s preceded by vos which raises two questions 1 Is there a




functional or semantic diffference between the two and 2 What are therules of distribution of the two patterns

In order to examine these questions let us look at the followingpairs of examples

( 15 )ndash vi983142l meynt ir veln mir do khapn ndash fregt a vaybl a rabetine how much think you will we here catch asks a woman a freckly 983138983137983161 983137 [ sic ] 983137983150983140983141983154983150 983158983137983161983138983148 9831491048681983156 983137 852070983151983161983143983141983148983155983144 9831529831519831501048681983149 983157983150 983138983141983161983140983141by an other woman with a bird-983137983140983146 face and both 983147983137983156983155983144983141983150 983143983141983155983144983149983137983147 roll heartily ndash ikh rekhn tsu fertelekh ndash entfert ir 983140983151983155 983137983150983140983141983154983141 983158983137983161983138983148 983158983151983155

I reckon to quarters answers her the other woman what 9831491048681983156 rsquo983150 852070983151983161983143983141983148983155983144 9831529831519831501048681983149 with+the bird-983137983140983146 facendash far vos nit tsu halbe kerblekh ndash zogt dos ershte vaybl di rabetine for what not to half-983152983148 rubles says the 8520701048681rst woman the freckly ndash meshuge vet zi vern tseteyln nayn kerblekh ndash zogt 983161983141983150983141

crazy will she become distribute nine rubles says that-1048678983158983151983155 9831491048681983156 rsquo983150 852070983151983161983143983141983148983155983144 9831529831519831501048681983149 what with+the bird+983137983140983146 facendash far vos nit krank iz zi ndash zogt di rabetine for what not sick is she says the freckly

ndash loz zi zayn krank far mir un far ale yidn ndash zogt 9831401048681 983158983151983155 let she be sick for me-983140 and for all Jews says this-1048678 what

9831491048681983156 rsquo983150 852070983151983161983143983141983148983155983144 9831529831519831501048681983149 un tselakht zikh with+the bird-983137983140983146 face and laughs 9831549831411048678983148lsquo ldquo How much d rsquo you 8520701048681gure will we get rdquo a young freckly woman asksanother woman with a birdlike face and both go on rolling [ thedough ] with gustoldquo I reckon a quarter each rdquo replies the other young woman with thebirdlike faceldquo Why not half a ruble each rdquo says the 8520701048681rst woman the freckly oneldquo Do you think she rsquoll go mad Mete out nine rubles rdquo says the one with the birdlike face

ldquo Why not Is she too sick to affford it rdquo says the freckly oneldquo May she be sick for me and for all Jews rdquo says the one with the bird-like face and bursts out laughing rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 f 78 )

( 16 )tsum ershtn mol oyf zayn lebn hot undzer held derzen azoy 1048678983145l to+the 8520701048681rst time on his life has our hero glimpsed so many




mentshn in shvartse frakn mit groyse portfeln hellip ale loyfn mit people in black tail-coats with large briefcases all run with portfeln der aher der ahin vi di meshugoim eynem 983137 983149983137983150briefcases this hither that thither as the madmen one-983137983139983139 a manon a shvartsn frak nor 9831491048681983156 983137 983143983154983151983161983155983150 983143983141983148983150 983152983151983154983156852070983141983148 un mit without a black tailcoat but with a large yellow briefcase and with zeyer a simpatish ponim hot er gevagt optsushteln un a freg ton very a pleasant face has he dared to-stop and an ask doldquo vu iz do kupernik rdquo hot er bakumen funem man an entfer where is here Kupernik has he received from+the man an answerldquo tsu vos darft ir kupernikn rdquo to what need you Kupernik

[ hellip ] er derzet 983140983141983149 983149983137983150 983158983151983155 9831491048681983156983150 983143983141983148983150 983152983151983154983156852070983141983148 he spots the man what with+the yellow briefcaselsquo For the 8520701048681rst time in his life did our hero see so many people in blacktail coats with large briefcases Everyone is running with a briefcaseone in this direction one in the other like madmen One guy with-out a black tailcoat but with a large yellow briefcase he did dare tostop and ask ldquo Where is Kupernik here rdquo and got from the man theanswer ldquo What do you need Kupernik for rdquo[ hellip ] He spots the man with the yellow briefcase lsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 d 247 )

( 17 )

epes eyner 983137 9831529831519831541048681983156983155983148 9831491048681983156 983138983148983151983161983141 9831389831541048681983148983150 krimt ir iber un zogt some one a dandy with blue glasses grimaces over her and saysir nokh mitn eygenem nign Motl Motl her after with+the same melody Motl Motler tsit zikh oys vi lang er iz un ruft zikh on 983156983155983157983149 9831529831519831541048681983156983155983148he draws 9831549831411048678983148 out as long he is and calls 9831549831411048678983148 on to+the dandy 983158983151983155 9831491048681983156 9831401048681 983138983148983151983161983141 9831389831541048681983148983150 what with+the blue glasseslsquo Some dandy with blue glasses mimics her and repeats after her withthe same melody bdquoMotl Motl ldquo He stretches to his full length andanswers the dandy with the blue glasses rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 b 171 )

In all these pairs we encounter 8520701048681rst a 983152983152 as postmodi8520701048681er in an inde8520701048681nitenoun phrase followed by a second occurrence of the same 983152983152 this timein a de8520701048681nite 983150983152 The rule to be derived from these examples is

The head noun and the 983152983152 agree in de8520701048681niteness the head of the 983152983152is inde8520701048681nite when the head of the whole 983150983152 is inde8520701048681nite and de8520701048681nite when the head of the whole 983150983152 is de8520701048681nite

The possible variants are thus the following




a yid ( vos ) mit a ( der ) bord lsquo a Jew with a beard rsquo ndash lsquo a bearded Jew rsquoder yid vos oslash mit der ( a) bord lsquo the Jew with the beard rsquo ndash lsquo thebearded Jew rsquo

The relativizing vos introducing the 983152983152 may thus appear only in a de8520701048681-nite 983150983152 We will however see further on that its appearance is optional

We observe an apparent deviation from the de8520701048681niteness alignmentprinciple in cases where the head is an inde8520701048681nite pronoun modi8520701048681edby a de8520701048681nite 983152983152 with the preposition fun lsquo from rsquo which in Yiddish hasalso assumed the partitive function previously carried by the obsoletegenitive e g eyner fun di negidim lsquo one of the rich rsquo This deviation is ap-

parent only since the 983150983152 as a whole is inde8520701048681nite In such cases howevera further modifying 983152983152 inde8520701048681nite in agreement with its head may beintroduced by vos Thus in Mendele rsquo s 8520701048681rst novel we 8520701048681nd the two follow-ing examples

( 18 )ndash far vayber sforim ndash tut a shmeykhl 983141983161983150983141983154 852070983157983150 9831401048681 98315098314198314310486819831401048681983149 vos for women books does a smile one from the rich-983152983148 whatmit a farkrimte esik-zoyere tsure with a slanted vinegar-sour facelsquo ldquo Holy books for women rdquo smiles one of the rich the one with a sourface like vinegar rsquo

( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1910 76 )

( 19 )ndash nishkoshe reb Fayvish s rsquoiz far aykh meyn ikh nokh oykh genug not-hard R Fayvish it is for you think I still also enoughibergeblibn ndash treyst im mit a biter shmeykhele 983141983161983150983141983154 852070983157983150 9831401048681remained comforts him with a bitter smile one from the 98315098314198314310486819831401048681983149 983158983151983155 mit 983137 farkrimte esik-zoyere tsurerich-983152983148 what with a slanted vinegar sour facelsquo ldquo Take it easy R Fayvish there remains I think enough for you too rdquoone of the rich the one with a sour face like vinegar comforts him rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1910 81 )

The presence of vos before a de8520701048681nite 983152983152 as has been said is permis-sible not obligatory Thus comparing the two great classics Sholem Aleichem and Mendele we observe that the former is consistent in pre-ceding de8520701048681nite 983152983152s with vos whereas the latter is not This could re9831421048684ectdialectal diffferences Compare the following examples




Sholem Aleichem

( 20 )ldquo ot-o 983161983141983150983141983154 zogt zi 983158983151983155 9831491048681983156983150 983144983141983149983140983148 der iz gor a tatns a kind here that says she what with-the shirt this is all a dad rsquo s a childer hot zogt zi avekgevorfn raykhe tate-mame in Yehupetshe has says she thrown-away rich-983152983148 dad-mom in Yehupets vil nisht nemen bay zey keyn tsebrokhenem groshn rdquo wants not take by them 983150983141983143-983137983154983156 broken-983137983139983139 penny lsquo That one over there she says the one with the shirt is would youbelieve it a child of a good family has left his parents and does not want to take from them even a broken penny rsquo

( Sholem Aleichem 1937 a 109 )

As against Mendele Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152

( 21 )trogt der ruekh on 983137 983161983157983150983143983141 983151983154983148983156983141 a mekhoyeres 9831491048681983156 983137 983156983141983152983148brings the devil on a young gentile-1048678 a ugly-1048678 with a pot 983152104868198314810486819831501048681983156983155983141983155 dos beste laketke maynsstrawberries the best treat mine-983150983141983157983156lsquo Then the devil brings on a young gentile woman a beauty with a

pot of strawberries my favorite treat rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 19 )

De8520701048681nite 983152983152 without vos

( 22 )983161983141983150983141 9831491048681983156 983140983141983149 983156983141983152983148 pilinitses gib ikh a blik iz shoyn nishtothat with the-983140 pot strawberries give I a look is already not-here vi oysgetriknt gevornas drained becomelsquo The one with the pot of strawberries I notice is gone as if evaporat-ed rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 20 )

Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152

( 23 )in shtub dreyt zikh arum a dike a breyte 983137 983144983151983154983141983152983137983155983144983150983141 983149983151983161983140 9831491048681983156in house turns 9831549831411048678983148 around a fat a broad a toiling maiden with




983137 983152983151983154 983138983137983147983150 vi di pampeshkes oyfn kop zeyer veynik hor una pair cheeks as the doughnuts on-the head very little hair andtsvey kleyne tsepelekh fun hintntwo small pigtails from behindlsquo In the house there hangs around a fat broad toiling maiden with apair of cheeks like doughnuts very little hair on her head and twosmall pigtails in the back rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 54 )


( 24 )dervayl rukt zikh arayn 983161983141983150983141 983138983154983141983161983156983141 983149983151983161983140 9831491048681983156 9831401048681 meanwhile slides 9831549831411048678983148 into that-1048678 broad maiden with the 983152983137983149983152983141983155983144983147983141983155 oysgeputst shabesdik un zetst zikh oykh tsum tishdoughnuts dressed up festive and seats 9831549831411048678983148 also to+the tablelsquo Meanwhile that young broad maiden with the doughnuts alldressed up festively slides in too and sits down at the table rsquo( Mendele Moykher-Sforim 1953 54 )

The distinction of de8520701048681niteness cuts across that of attribution predi-cation Thus a prepositional phrase following an inde8520701048681nite 983140983141983156 is notnecessarily attributive Compare the following pair of examples

( 25 )ikh hoyb on gut ayntsukukn zikh in di tsvey nefashes nekeyves I heave on good look-into 9831549831411048678983148 in the two creatures females 983141983161983150983141 983137983150 983141983148983156983141983154983141 9831491048681983156 983137 983162983137983161983140983150 9831561048681983147983144983148 oyfn kop di andereone-1048678 an older with a silken kerchief on+the head the other-1048678 983137 9831611048681983150983143983141983154983141 9831491048681983156 983137 9831529831379831541048681983147a younger-1048678 with a wiglsquo I start having a good look at the two persons females one of themolder with a silk headscarf the other a younger one with a wig rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 a 21 )

Here the 983152983152 stands in apposition to a predicative 983137983140983146983152 and is to be con-sidered predicative as well

A few pages afterwards the same 983152983152 appears as modi8520701048681er followinga de8520701048681nite 983140983141983156 head with de8520701048681niteness marked on the preposition Hereagain we encounter the optional preceding vos






In the following pair of examples the 8520701048681rst carries the quotation as partof the predicate whereas the second has it embedded as an attributivemodi8520701048681er into a 983150983152

( 29 )er hot gekoyft a bukh far a rubl 983140983151983155 983138983157983147983144 983144983141983161983155983156 ldquo 852070983137983154 983137 983154983157983138983148he has bought a book for a ruble the book is-called for a ruble 983144983157983150983140983141983154983156 rdquo er zitst un lernt im oyf oysnvenikhundred he sits and learns it on outsidelsquo He has bought a book for a ruble The book is called For a Ruble a Hundred Rubles He sits and learns it by heart rsquo( Sholem Aleichem 1937 b 107 )

( 30 )az dos fesl iz gevorn onge1048678983145lt hekher halb hot mayn bruder elyeas the barrel is become 8520701048681lled-up higher half has my brother Elyea zog geton ldquo genug rdquo un hot zikh genumen 983156983155983157983149 983138983157983147983144 983158983151983155 ldquo 852070983137983154 983137a say done enough and has 9831549831411048678983148 taken to+the book what for a 983154983157983138983148 ndash 983144983157983150983140983141983154983156 rdquoruble hundredlsquo When the barrel was over half 8520701048681lled-up my brother Elye said ldquo Enough rdquo and turned to consult the book called For a Ruble ndash a Hundred Rubles rsquo

( Sholem Aleichem 1937 b 109 )

To sum up the examples show the degree of grammaticalization ofthe interrogative pronoun vos in Yiddish which by far exceeds what we 8520701048681nd in German Some of these developments are clearly related tothe in9831421048684uence of the Slavic co-territorial languages 11 but there is also

11 Thus modi8520701048681ers consisting of 983152983152s are introduced byco lsquo what rsquo in Polish що schcho lsquo what rsquoin Ukrainian and што shto lsquo what rsquo in Belorussian Here are some samples adduced from theInternet Polish Szopka świąteczna czyli życzenia dla tych 983139983151 983150983137 szczycie

lsquo Christmas nativity scene or wishes for those at the top rsquohttp wwwwiadomosci24plartykulszopka_swiateczna_czyli_zyczenia_dla_tych_co_na_ szczycie_53264html

Po tym poszliśmy do mesy o8520701048681cerskiej i wznieśliśmy toast za panią porucznik i za tych 983139983151983150983137 morzu lsquo After that we went to the Off8520701048681cers rsquo Mess and raised a toast to Mrs Lieutenant and to those( who are ) at sea rsquohttp kobiety-kobietomcomopowiadaniaartphp art=762




an important amount of originality in Yiddish enlarging its range offunctions and turning vos into a lsquo universal rsquo marker of attributive statusequivalent to the status of az as lsquo universal rsquo complementizer 12 the kindof originality that makes the study of Yiddish grammar so attractive andrewarding to linguists

Primary literature

M983141983150983140983141983148983141 M983151983161983147983144983141983154-S1048678983151983154983145983149 ( Sholem-Yankev Abramovitsh ) 1910 Dos

kleyne mentshele In Ale verk fun Mendele Moykher Sforim Vol 2 War-

saw Farlag Mendelendash 1913 Dos kleyne mentshele In Ale verk Vol 6 Warsaw Farlag Mendelendash 1953 Fishke der krumer In Oysgeveylte verk Vol 1 Warsaw Yidish BukhS983144983151983148983141983149 A983148983141983145983139983144983141983149 ( Sholem Rabinovitsh ) 1937a Tevye der milkhiker In

Ale verk Vol 1 New York Morgn-frayhaytndash 1937 b Motl Peysi dem khazns In Ale verk Vol 13 New York Morgn-fray-

haytndash 1937 c Funem yarid Ershter teyl In Ale verk Vol 15 New York

Morgn-frayhaytndash 193 7d Funem yarid Tsveyter teyl In Ale verk Vol 16 New York Morgn-fray-

hayt

Ukrainian Убито директора черкаського ринку 984137984126 984125984112 вул Сєдоваlsquo Director of Circassian Market on Sedov Street Murdered rsquohttp pres-centrckuaforum3viewtopicphp t=954

Їх привезли із села Новосілки 984137984126 984131 Золочівському районіlsquo They were brought from the vil lage No vosilky in the Zolochiv region rsquohttp ukrainainkognitaorguaUkrIstoryko-kulturzolochivampzamokzamok_ukrhtm

Belorussian Сёння 28 жніўня у кнігарні laquoКніжныя крыніцыraquo 984136984130984126 984125984112 вул Бузковай 2 у Львовеадкрылася фотавыстава laquoЗнішчаныя і забытыя львоўскія кнігарніraquolsquo Today August 28 [ a photo exhibition ldquo Destroyed and Forgotten Lviv Bookstores rdquomdashei-ther ldquo the photo exhibition rdquo or ldquo a photo exhibition lsquo Destroyed and Forgotten Lviv Book-

stores rsquo rdquo ] opened at the bookstore laquoBook Sourcesraquo at 21 Buzkov Street Lviv rsquohttp 8916119580node3662

Хоць прырода амаль тая самая 984136984130984126 984158 Літве [ ] ёсьць у Беларусі атракцыі нязнаныяпостсацыялістычным смаркачамlsquo Although the nature is almost the same as in Lithuania [ hellip ] there are in Belarus attrac-tions unknown to the post-Socialist snotty-nosed upstarts rsquohttp 8916119580hachu-na-narach12 Cf Mark 1978 93 ndash 95




ndash 193 7e ldquo Elyohu hanovi rdquo In Ale verk Vol 18 New York Morgn-frayhayt 119 ndash 124

ndash 193 7f ldquo Der meylekh mit der malke rdquo In Ale verk vol 27 New York Mor-gn-frayhayt 74 ndash 88

S983157983156983162983147983141983158983141983154 Avrom 1989 Di nevue fun di shvartsaplen dertseylungen Jeru-salem The Magnes Press

Secondary literature

B983141983144983137983143983144983141983148 Otto 1928 Deutsche Syntax Eine geschichtliche Darstellung

Vol 3 Die Satzgebilde Heidelberg WinterB983151983148983145983150983143983141983154 Dwight 1967 ldquo Adjectives in English Attribution and Predication rdquo

In Lingua 18 1 ndash 34D983145983141983155983145983150983143 Molly 1990 ldquo Verb Movement and the Subject Position in Yiddish rdquo

In Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8 41 ndash 79G983151983148983140983141983150983138983141983154983143 Gideon 1995 ldquo Attribution in Semitic Languages rdquo In Langues

Orientales Anciennes Philologie et Linguistique 5 ndash 6 1 ndash 20 Reprinted inGoldenberg 1998 46 ndash 65

ndash 1998 Studies in Semitic Linguistics Selected Writings Jerusalem TheMagnes Press

J983137983139983151983138983155 Neil G 2005 Yiddish A Linguistic Introduction Cambridge Cam-bridge

K983154983151983143983144 Stefffen 2001 Das Ostjiddische im Sprachkontakt Deutsch im Span-

nungsfeld zwischen Semitisch und Slavisch Tuumlbingen NiemeyerL983151983159983141983150983155983156983137983149983149 Jean 1977 ldquo Relative clauses in Yiddish A case for movement rdquo

Linguistic Analysis 3 197 ndash 216M983137983154983147 Yudl 1978 Gramatik fun der yidisher klal-shprakh New York Con-

gress for Jewish CultureP983154983145983150983139983141 Ellen F 1989 ldquo Yiddish Wh- clauses Subject-Postposing and Topical-

ization rdquo In Joyce P983151983159983141983154983155 and Ken 983140983141 J983151983150983143 eds Proceedings of the

5th Eastern States Conference on Linguistics ( 983141983155983139983151983148 rsquo88 ) Columbus 983151983144 Ohio State University 403 ndash 415

Z983137983154983141983156983155983147983145 Ayzik 1926 Praktishe yidishe gramatik far lerer un studentn Mos-

cow Shul un bukh





J i d d i s t i k

E d i t i o n amp F o r s c h u n g

Y i d d i s h

E d i t i o

n s amp R e s e a r c h

ג

שרא

ןא

א

א

ש

דיי

ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4

9 783943 460094

Der vorliegende Sammelband לeroumlffnet eine neue Reihe wissenschaftli-cher Studien zur Jiddistik sowie philolo-

gischer Editionen und Studienausgaben

jiddischer Literatur Jiddisch Englisch

und Deutsch stehen als Publikationsspra-

chen gleichberechtigt nebeneinander

Leket erscheint anlaumlsslich des

Symposiums fuumlr Jiddische Studien

in Deutschland ein im Jahre von

Erika Timm und Marion Aptroot alsfuumlr das in Deutschland noch junge Fach

Jiddistik und dessen interdisziplinaumlren

Umfeld ins Leben gerufenes Forum

Die im Band versammelten Essays zur

jiddischen Literatur- Sprach- und Kul-

turwissenschaft von Autoren aus Europa

den Kanada und Israel vermitteln

ein Bild von der Lebendigkeit und Viel-

falt jiddistischer Forschung heute




Band 1








Herausgegeben von





Jiddistik heute





Band 1


Leket








Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh






Band 1








Herausgegeben von





Jiddistik heute





Band 1


Leket








Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh







Herausgegeben von





Jiddistik heute





Band 1


Leket








Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh





Herausgegeben von





Jiddistik heute





Band 1


Leket








Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh







Band 1


Leket








Printed in Germany



Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh





Moshe Taube


Introduction










































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh







































( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh
























( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh













( 7 )







































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh








































( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh




























( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh




















( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh








( 17 )



















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh

















Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh






Sholem Aleichem








Inde8520701048681nite 983152983152





























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh






























Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh




















Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh


















Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh







Primary literature







hayt



























cow Shul un bukh
























cow Shul un bukh





Documents

28 Leket Taube Vos and Postmodifiers A