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(TACAN)TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION

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• TACAN stands for “Tactical Air Navigation”

• Works between U.H.F. band 962 - 1,214 Mhz

• Gives continuous information about range and bearing from a beacon

• Airborne equipment consists of an interrogating transmitter and a receiver

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION• Provides distance info, from distance

measuring eqpt (DME), & Brg (azimuth) info• Info is usually provided by two meters

– Distance in nautical miles from the surface beacon

– Direction of flight, in degrees-of-brg, to surface beacon

• By using the TACAN equipment installed in the aircraft and TACAN ground equipment installed aboard a particular surface ship or shore station, bearing to and distance from that location can be obtained: – To fly directly to that particular location, or– Use the bearing and distance from a specific

beacon to fix geographic location

4TACAN Aircraft Indication

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TACAN PRINCIPLE• Radar-ranging determines distance by

measuring the round-trip travel time of pulsed RF energy. The return signal (echo) of the radiated energy depends on the natural reflection of the radio waves. However, TACAN beacon-transponders generate artificial replies instead of depending on natural reflection

• Airborne eqpt generates timed interrogation pulse pairs that surface TACAN system receives and decodes. After a 50-µsec delay, the transponder responds with a reply. The airborne DME then converts the round-trip time to distance from the TACAN facility. The frequency and identification code provide the geographic location of the transmitting beacon

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Distance Measuring Round-Trip Travel Time

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TRANSPONDER RX GAIN

• If receiver gain is increased, more pulse-pairs will exceed pre-set amplitude level and trigger circuit will fire more frequently: the converse applies when the receiver gain is decreased. Therefore number of pulse-pairs transmitted by the beacon varies directly with the gain and is continuously and automatically adjusted to produce 2,700 pulse pairs per sec. These pulse pairs are of constant amplitude and shape, but have a random recurrence frequency

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TACAN PULSE PAIRS

• TACAN transponders use twin-pulse decoders to pass only those pulse pairs having proper spacing. The purpose of this twin-pulse technique is to increase the average power radiated and to reduce the possibility of false signal interference.

• After the receiver decodes an interrogation, the encoder generates the necessary pulse pair required for the transponder’s reply

9TACAN Pulse Train

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TRANSPONDER DUTY-CYCLE• TACAN transponder replies to aircraft

interrogations at 30 pulse pairs-per-second, per airborne eqpt, to supply necessary distance data. The total pulse output of the transmitter constantly varies, according to the number of interrogating aircraft. In addition, random noise may trigger the transmitter

• Receiver uses automatic gain & squitter (noise generated output) controls to maintain a constant pulse output to the transmitter. If few interrogations are being received, the gain and squitter of the receiver increase and add noise-generated pulses to the pulse train. If more interrogating aircraft come into range, gain and squitter decrease and reduce number of noise-generated pulses

11Transponder Output Pulse Train

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• If the beacon is interrogated by an airborne equipment, a 12 µsec pulse pair with an amplitude well above the pre-set level will appear at the receiver output as at X in the figure. The trigger circuit therefore will fire and a reply will be transmitted to the aircraft amidst the pulse pairs produced irregularly by the noise from the receiver

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DME TO 100 A/C• Since the beacon transmits a constant number

of pulses per second, the greater the number of interrogation pulses received, the fewer are the noise pulses used by the trigger circuit. This is because the gain will be reduced until the noise pulses with small amplitudes fail to satisfy the requirements of the trigger circuit. As the tracking rate of the interrogating pulses is 24 to 30 per sec, the trigger circuit will be saturated by the interrogations from about 100 aircraft. The receiver gain will be reduced until replies are generated only by strongest 100 interrogations

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ACCURACY

• DME accuracy varies from 3 % of total

distance (6 NM at 200 miles out) up to

being within 0.1 NM at all distances for

the higher end receivers

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BEARING MEASUREMENT

• The timing of the transmitted pulses supplies the actual distance information to the aircraft. TACAN beacon-transponder modulates the strength of the pulse to convey bearing info by producing a specific directional-radiating pattern rotated around a vertical axis. This signal, when properly referenced, indicates the aircraft’s direction from the TACAN facility. This signal and distance data give a two-piece fix (distance and direction) for determining specific aircraft location

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BEARING MEASUREMENT• The aircraft TACAN equipment obtains

bearing information by comparing the 15-Hz modulated signal with a 15-Hz reference burst signal it receives from the ground facility. The phase relationship between the 15-Hz modulated signal and the 15-Hz reference burst signal depends on the location of the aircraft in the cardioid pattern. The 15-Hz reference burst signals are transmitted when the maximum signal of the cardioid pattern aims due East. This group of 12 pulse pairs is commonly referred to as the North or main reference burst. An additional phase comparison of 135 Hz further reduces the error and improves accuracy.

17TACAN Modulation Envelope

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X & Y TACAN AND DME BEACONS

• The ground equipment is more correctly known as an X beacon (TACAN or DME). In order to increase the number of channels from 126 to 252 within the same freq allocation, modified beacons known as Y beacons are employed

• A Y beacon receiver operates on the same freq as an X beacon receiver of the same channel number, but the transmitter freqs are different. Where an X beacon transmitter is 63 MHz lower than the receiver freq (Ch Nos 1 to 63), the Y beacon transmitter is 63 MHz higher; and vice versa for (Ch Nos 64 to 126). DME beacons are distinguished by the final digit on the VHF setting freq ie a 5 for a Y beacon, and a 0 for an X beacon, eg 114.15, Y, and 114.20, X.

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USE OF TACAN AND DMENavigational Use• The maximum range of TACAN and DME primarily

depends on the aircraft height since radio waves in the 1,000 MHz band are quasi-optical in character.

• A TACAN ground beacon has a 70° cone above it in which the bearing function is inoperative. It should be remembered that the distance shown on the airborne equipment is slant range, not ground range, from the beacon.

• When TACAN bearing information is used it must be remembered that the arrowhead of the needle points towards the beacon. Therefore when plotting a position from the beacon, the tail end of the needle gives the required magnetic bearing.

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LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONSInterference• To overcome possible mutual interference, the

operational requirement for each beacon for coverage in range and altitude has been specified.

• Each ground installation has been protected against interference up to the stated range and altitude.

• Outside the protected range and altitude, interference may occur and navigational information may be unreliable.

Accuracy• Brg indications - ±0.5°• Distance - ±0.1 nm or ±1% of

distance, whichever is greater.

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AIR-TO-AIR TACANAIR-TO-AIR TACAN• Enables suitably equipped a/c to measure the range

between each other, up to a maximum of 195 nm; bearing information is not available.

• The changeover between air-to-ground and air-to-air operation is controlled by a selector switch on the airborne equipment.

• The maximum number of interrogating aircraft to which one responder can reply simultaneously is theoretically 33.

• To remain locked-on an aircraft must receive replies to 90% of its transmissions.

• If 33 were locked-on and a further interrogation was attempted, the responder would reply to this interrogation, but lock would be lost for one or more of the aircraft.

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TACAN DATA

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• TACAN CHANNELS– There are 126 Tx and Rx channels

• CHANNEL FREQUENCY– Total channels 126 for Tx and 126 for Rx

– Range 962 – 1213 Mc

– Transmitting Channel 1025 – 1150 Mc 1 Mc spacing

– Receiver channel 63 between 962 – 1024 and 63 between 1151 – 1213 Mc

• CONE OF SILENCE– AT 30,000 Feet 17 NM

– AT 50,000 Feet 29 NM

The distance indicator reads the slant range.

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TACAN OPERATING RANGE

ChannelAirborne Rx

Ground Tx

Airborne Rx

Ground Tx

Low Band

1 – 63962 – 1024 MHz 1025 – 1087 MHz

High Band

64 – 126 1151 – 1213 MHz 1088 – 1155 MHz

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TACAN AND DME

CAPABILITY TACAN DME

Bearing

Slant range

Range rate

Channel capacity

Off set capability

Channel selection

Yes

Yes

No

126

Yes

Numerical

No

Yes

Yes

100

No

By Veh Freq

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• Power source 28 volt ESS DC CP upper 115 volt ESS AC

• Total channel 126 X126 Y

• Max range 390 NM (In case of surface beacon)200 NM (In case of airborne beacon)

• FREQUENCY ALLOCATION– Low band 962 – 1024 MC 100 KC– High band 1151 – 1213 100 KC– Intermediate Freq 63 70 KC– Airborne Tx Freq 1025 - 1150 MC 100 KC

• COMPONENTS– Control panel flight control pedestal– R/T– ID 310 range indicator (B Model)– ID 307 bearing indicator (B Model)– 161 – B Couplers (2) (E Model)– Antenna

AN – ARN 118 (V)