27-1 The Middle East 27-1 The Middle East in Transitionin Transition

Political DirectionsPolitical Directions

From World Cultures A Global From World Cultures A Global Mosaic and Wagnall's Mosaic and Wagnall's

Encyclopedia Encyclopedia

ThemesThemes►Arab Nationalism and Islamic Arab Nationalism and Islamic

fundamentalism reflected the desire fundamentalism reflected the desire of the Muslim nations of the Middle of the Muslim nations of the Middle East to end western domination.East to end western domination.

Lesson QuestionsLesson Questions

►What role has pan-Arabism played in What role has pan-Arabism played in the Middle East?the Middle East?

►What different kinds of government What different kinds of government have emerged in the Middle East?have emerged in the Middle East?

►Why did civil war break out in Why did civil war break out in Lebanon?Lebanon?

►What changes do Islamic What changes do Islamic fundamentalists seek?fundamentalists seek?

Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser

►Code word “Lesseps Lesseps”Code word “Lesseps Lesseps”►Nasser, the leader of Egypt, said the Nasser, the leader of Egypt, said the

name of the French engineer who name of the French engineer who constructed the Suez Canal on the constructed the Suez Canal on the Egyptian radioEgyptian radio

►His military knew it was time to take over His military knew it was time to take over the Suez Canal from the British and the Suez Canal from the British and French officialsFrench officials

►This led to a war in 1956This led to a war in 1956►Egypt versus Britain, France, and IsraelEgypt versus Britain, France, and Israel

Lesseps (1805-94), French diplomat and Lesseps (1805-94), French diplomat and

engineer, born in Versailles.engineer, born in Versailles.

Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte deLesseps, Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de► He entered the consular service in 1825 and held He entered the consular service in 1825 and held

many diplomatic posts. While assistant vice-consul many diplomatic posts. While assistant vice-consul (1832-37) in Egypt, he began to plan a project for (1832-37) in Egypt, he began to plan a project for constructing a canal across the Isthmus of Suez. constructing a canal across the Isthmus of Suez. Work was begun on Work was begun on April 25, 1859April 25, 1859, and the canal , and the canal was formally opened on was formally opened on Nov. 17, 1869Nov. 17, 1869. De Lesseps . De Lesseps was awarded many honors for his remarkable was awarded many honors for his remarkable engineering and executive ability. Because of his engineering and executive ability. Because of his success with the Suez Canal, he was chosen success with the Suez Canal, he was chosen president of the French company that worked on president of the French company that worked on the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama from 1881 to 1888. The project was given Panama from 1881 to 1888. The project was given up for political and financial reasons. Scandals up for political and financial reasons. Scandals concerning the direction of affairs resulted in an concerning the direction of affairs resulted in an investigation. De Lesseps and his son Charles investigation. De Lesseps and his son Charles (1849-1923) were tried for mismanagement and (1849-1923) were tried for mismanagement and misappropriation of company funds. They were misappropriation of company funds. They were fined and sentenced to prison, but the sentences fined and sentenced to prison, but the sentences were never executed.were never executed.

Gamal Nasser, president of Egypt 1956-1970Gamal Nasser, president of Egypt 1956-1970

► First president of Egypt. This Egyptian army officer and political First president of Egypt. This Egyptian army officer and political leader became the first president of the republic of Egypt, 1956-leader became the first president of the republic of Egypt, 1956-1970, although he ruled as a dictator. Nasser nationalized the Suez 1970, although he ruled as a dictator. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company in 1956, an event that caused Britain and France Canal Company in 1956, an event that caused Britain and France to seize the canal. Nasser later led Egypt during the Six Day War, to seize the canal. Nasser later led Egypt during the Six Day War, in which Israel routed the combined forces of Egypt, Syria and in which Israel routed the combined forces of Egypt, Syria and Jordan, and seized the Sinai Peninsula Jordan, and seized the Sinai Peninsula

Gamal Abd al-Nasser (1918-1970)Gamal Abd al-Nasser (1918-1970)

► At the 1963 Organization of African Unity meeting in Addis At the 1963 Organization of African Unity meeting in Addis Ababa. An Egyptian army officer, Nasser helped engineer the Ababa. An Egyptian army officer, Nasser helped engineer the overthrow of King Farouk in 1952 and emerged after a power overthrow of King Farouk in 1952 and emerged after a power struggle as prime minister in 1954. He attempted unsuccessfully struggle as prime minister in 1954. He attempted unsuccessfully to unify the Arab world, and also sought to implement socio-to unify the Arab world, and also sought to implement socio-economic reforms in Egypt. The 1967 defeat by Israel was a economic reforms in Egypt. The 1967 defeat by Israel was a bitter humiliation for him. Nasser's death in 1970 evoked a huge bitter humiliation for him. Nasser's death in 1970 evoked a huge outpouring of emotion in Egypt and the Arab world. outpouring of emotion in Egypt and the Arab world.

Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser

President Nasser of Egypt Dies President Nasser of Egypt Dies (1970)(1970)

Pan ArabismPan Arabism► By 1950, most Middle Eastern nations had won By 1950, most Middle Eastern nations had won

independenceindependence► However, most still felt great effects from western However, most still felt great effects from western

imperialismimperialism► Muslims wanted western technology but not all Muslims Muslims wanted western technology but not all Muslims

wanted western culturewanted western culture► Pan Arabism sought to unite all Arab nations with Pan Arabism sought to unite all Arab nations with

a common language and customsa common language and customs► To promote this, the Arab League was formed in 1945 To promote this, the Arab League was formed in 1945

by nationalistsby nationalists

Flag of the Arab League

Arab League -1945Arab League -1945►Formal name the League of Arab Formal name the League of Arab

States, voluntary association of States, voluntary association of independent countries whose independent countries whose peoples are mainly Arabic-peoples are mainly Arabic-speaking. Its stated purposes are speaking. Its stated purposes are to strengthen ties among the to strengthen ties among the member states, coordinate their member states, coordinate their policies, and promote their policies, and promote their common interests.common interests.

The league was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, The league was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (now Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (now Jordan),

and Yemen.and Yemen.► Countries that later joined, listed alphabetically, are the following: Countries that later joined, listed alphabetically, are the following: ► Algeria (1962), Algeria (1962), ► Bahrain (1971),Bahrain (1971),► Comoros (1993), Comoros (1993), ► Djibouti (1977), Djibouti (1977), ► Kuwait (1961), Kuwait (1961), ► Libya (1953), Libya (1953), ► Mauritania (1973), Mauritania (1973), ► Morocco (1958), Morocco (1958), ► Oman (1971), Oman (1971), ► Qatar (1971),Qatar (1971),► Somalia (1974), Somalia (1974), ► Sudan (1956), Sudan (1956), ► Tunisia (1958), Tunisia (1958), ► United Arab Emirates (1971). United Arab Emirates (1971).

The League of Arab States The League of Arab States continuedcontinued

► Palestine (as represented by the Palestine Palestine (as represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization) was admitted in 1976. Liberation Organization) was admitted in 1976. Egypt's Egypt's membership was suspended in 1979, after membership was suspended in 1979, after it signed a peace treaty with Israel,it signed a peace treaty with Israel, and the and the league's headquarters was then moved to Tunis. league's headquarters was then moved to Tunis. The league voted in 1987 to allow its members to The league voted in 1987 to allow its members to restore diplomatic ties with Egypt; in 1990 the restore diplomatic ties with Egypt; in 1990 the league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo. league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo.

Remember that the Middle East is a cultural term the west uses to describe most of southwest Asia

The Arab LeagueThe Arab League► It has managed to settle some Arab It has managed to settle some Arab

disputes and to limit conflicts such as disputes and to limit conflicts such as the Lebanese civil wars of 1958 and the Lebanese civil wars of 1958 and 1975-76. The league has been more 1975-76. The league has been more effective in activities fostering effective in activities fostering economic, social, and cultural economic, social, and cultural cooperation among Arab states. cooperation among Arab states.

United Arab Republic (1958)United Arab Republic (1958)

► Egypt and Syria joined together but was Egypt and Syria joined together but was short-lived when Egypt dominated its short-lived when Egypt dominated its government.government.

United Arab Republic (1958)United Arab Republic (1958)

Obstacles To UnityObstacles To Unity► Nationalism – Countries Nationalism – Countries

were loyal to their own were loyal to their own nation and not an Arab nation and not an Arab nationnation

► No Geographic unityNo Geographic unity► Too many different Too many different

ethnic groupsethnic groups► Too many different types Too many different types

of governmentof government► Economic differences Economic differences

(Oil)(Oil)► Rich – Have Natural Rich – Have Natural

ResourcesResources► Poor – No Natural Poor – No Natural

ResourcesResources

Political Traditions- Forms of Political Traditions- Forms of GovernmentGovernment

►Most states built powerful Most states built powerful central governmentscentral governments

► Different types of governmentDifferent types of government► Republic – Egypt, Iraq, and Iran Republic – Egypt, Iraq, and Iran ► Monarchy – Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Monarchy – Saudi Arabia, Jordan,

and Kuwaitand Kuwait► Old Law – The teaching of the Old Law – The teaching of the

Koran Koran ► Modern Law – Western lawModern Law – Western law► Turkey and Israel have multiparty Turkey and Israel have multiparty

systemssystems

Political TraditionsPolitical Traditions► Iraq became a dictatorship under Iraq became a dictatorship under

Saddam Hussein and the Saddam Hussein and the Baath partyBaath party

Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein

King Faisal (ca.1906-1975), King of Saudi King Faisal (ca.1906-1975), King of Saudi

ArabiaArabia

► King Faisal (ca.1906-1975), King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to King Faisal (ca.1906-1975), King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975, meeting with President Richard Nixon in 1971. Faisal was 1975, meeting with President Richard Nixon in 1971. Faisal was the son of Ibn Saud, founder of the Saudi state, and oversaw the the son of Ibn Saud, founder of the Saudi state, and oversaw the Arabian kingdom during its rise to power as a major world exporter Arabian kingdom during its rise to power as a major world exporter of oil. Fiercely anti-communist, Faisal sought good relations with of oil. Fiercely anti-communist, Faisal sought good relations with the United States, as this photo illustrates, but was frustrated by the United States, as this photo illustrates, but was frustrated by American support for Israel. The U.S. government sought to keep American support for Israel. The U.S. government sought to keep oil policy separate from the Arab-Israeli conflict, and largely oil policy separate from the Arab-Israeli conflict, and largely succeeded until the 1973 war when the Arab oil embargo succeeded until the 1973 war when the Arab oil embargo occurred. Faisal was assassinated by one of his nephews in 1975. occurred. Faisal was assassinated by one of his nephews in 1975.

Saudi Arabia, an Absolute Saudi Arabia, an Absolute MonarchyMonarchy

Saudi Arabian leaders, Khalid and Saudi Arabian leaders, Khalid and FahdFahd

► Khalid ruled Saudi Arabia from Khalid ruled Saudi Arabia from 1975 until his death in 19821975 until his death in 1982; he ; he was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd. Despite the dizzying was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd. Despite the dizzying social changes brought about by huge oil revenues in recent social changes brought about by huge oil revenues in recent decades, the Saudi political system remained in its traditional decades, the Saudi political system remained in its traditional form, under the control of the Saudi ruling family. The Saudi form, under the control of the Saudi ruling family. The Saudi regime continued to affirm its Islamic identity, taking seriously its regime continued to affirm its Islamic identity, taking seriously its responsibility for the holy shrines of Mecca and Medina. responsibility for the holy shrines of Mecca and Medina. Nevertheless, the Islamic revolution in Iran and the war between Nevertheless, the Islamic revolution in Iran and the war between Iran and Iraq threatened to destabilize the Saudi government Iran and Iraq threatened to destabilize the Saudi government

King Abdullah (noted as prince King Abdullah (noted as prince in your textbook)in your textbook)

Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Riyadh, the capital of Saudi ArabiaArabia

► Not long ago a sleepy, mud-walled town, by 1974 Riyadh had Not long ago a sleepy, mud-walled town, by 1974 Riyadh had grown into a city of about 660,000 people. Its growth has been due grown into a city of about 660,000 people. Its growth has been due in large part to the development of the Arabian-American Oil in large part to the development of the Arabian-American Oil Company. Company.

The city of Jiddah, Saudi Arabia's major Red Sea The city of Jiddah, Saudi Arabia's major Red Sea port.port.

► It had more than a half million inhabitants in 1974. Oil revenues have It had more than a half million inhabitants in 1974. Oil revenues have allowed Saudi Arabia and the other states of the Persian Gulf to erect allowed Saudi Arabia and the other states of the Persian Gulf to erect modern buildings and to add urban refinements in their cities. modern buildings and to add urban refinements in their cities.

An old town in central Saudi Arabia.An old town in central Saudi Arabia.

► During the middle ages the people of Arabia who During the middle ages the people of Arabia who lived in cities built them in this fashion, using mud lived in cities built them in this fashion, using mud bricks. bricks.

Carved cliff tombs at Madain Salik, in present-day Saudi Carved cliff tombs at Madain Salik, in present-day Saudi Arabia.Arabia.

► These are the tombs of wealthy Nabataean merchants, who These are the tombs of wealthy Nabataean merchants, who controlled the caravan trade routes of the Near and Far East. controlled the caravan trade routes of the Near and Far East. These tombs are about 2000 years old. On the left is a "battlement These tombs are about 2000 years old. On the left is a "battlement tomb," so-called because of the shape of its frontispiece. At right is tomb," so-called because of the shape of its frontispiece. At right is a "staircase tomb." a "staircase tomb."

A closer view of the green dome of the Mosque at Medina, where A closer view of the green dome of the Mosque at Medina, where Muhammad is buried.Muhammad is buried.

► The four successors to Muhammad, known as the "Rightly Guided" The four successors to Muhammad, known as the "Rightly Guided" caliphs, consolidated and then expanded the Islamic state founded caliphs, consolidated and then expanded the Islamic state founded by Muhammad. Because Muhammad had left no clear process of by Muhammad. Because Muhammad had left no clear process of selecting his successor prior to his sudden death in 632 A.D., there selecting his successor prior to his sudden death in 632 A.D., there was dissension over who merited selection as caliph. Those who was dissension over who merited selection as caliph. Those who favored Ali became the founders of the Shi'ite faction. The four favored Ali became the founders of the Shi'ite faction. The four caliphs and dates of rule were Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar (634-caliphs and dates of rule were Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar (634-644), Uthman (644-656), and Ali (656-661). 644), Uthman (644-656), and Ali (656-661).

Pilgrims arriving at Mecca to perform Pilgrims arriving at Mecca to perform hajj.hajj.

Islamic LawIslamic Law► Islam in the past has been a religion and basis Islam in the past has been a religion and basis

of governmentof government► The Koran is held by Muslims to be the The Koran is held by Muslims to be the

revealed word of God.revealed word of God.► It is the highest authority of Islamic law.It is the highest authority of Islamic law.► Islamic Law is called Islamic Law is called ShariahShariah► It governs all aspects of life.It governs all aspects of life.► It provides guidance for political, social, and It provides guidance for political, social, and

economic life, as well as for private behavior.economic life, as well as for private behavior.

Islamic Law continuedIslamic Law continued

►Saudi Arabia and Iran rely on Shariah.Saudi Arabia and Iran rely on Shariah.►Most Middle Eastern countries have Most Middle Eastern countries have

western style law codes.western style law codes.►Nonetheless, the legal ideas of Shariah Nonetheless, the legal ideas of Shariah

effect the region.effect the region.

A Koranic school in Cairo in the late 19th centuryA Koranic school in Cairo in the late 19th century

Literacy has been highly prized throughout the Islamic world. Literacy has been highly prized throughout the Islamic world. The educational system was founded on the Quran, as the The educational system was founded on the Quran, as the source of law and wisdom. Here the master is teaching the source of law and wisdom. Here the master is teaching the students Arabic, utilizing the Koran as the text. students Arabic, utilizing the Koran as the text.

Challenges to StabilityChallenges to Stability

►ReasonsReasons Minority ethnic groups such as the Kurds Minority ethnic groups such as the Kurds

have demanded self-rule.have demanded self-rule. Rapid Population growthRapid Population growth UrbanizationUrbanization Widespread povertyWidespread poverty IIlliteracylliteracy

Civil War in LebanonCivil War in Lebanon

► One of the most unstable places in the Middle EastOne of the most unstable places in the Middle East► Beirut, its capital, has sometimes been ranked as Beirut, its capital, has sometimes been ranked as

the most deadliest city in the worldthe most deadliest city in the world► Muslim and different Christian groups live thereMuslim and different Christian groups live there► The Lebanese constitution divided power amongst The Lebanese constitution divided power amongst

the groupsthe groups► Muslims were given less political power even Muslims were given less political power even

though their population is increasingthough their population is increasing► In 1975 civil war broke out lasting In 1975 civil war broke out lasting 1616 years years► Palestinians also fled to Lebanon from IsraelPalestinians also fled to Lebanon from Israel► The The Palestinian Liberation OrganizationPalestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) (PLO)

launched terrorist attacks on Israel from bases in launched terrorist attacks on Israel from bases in Lebanon.Lebanon.

Ruins of Beirut residential neighborhood, Ruins of Beirut residential neighborhood,

19821982

(PLO) Palestinian Liberation Organization(PLO) Palestinian Liberation Organization

Foreign Involvement in the Civil Foreign Involvement in the Civil War in LebanonWar in Lebanon

► Syria, Israel, Iran, and the United States all Syria, Israel, Iran, and the United States all became involved in the struggle.became involved in the struggle.

► Syria and Israel occupied parts of LebanonSyria and Israel occupied parts of Lebanon► Thousands of Lebanese diedThousands of Lebanese died► The economy and infrastructure were The economy and infrastructure were

destroyeddestroyed► 1991 – the Lebanese government gave more 1991 – the Lebanese government gave more

power to Muslimspower to Muslims► Peace was finally restoredPeace was finally restored

Name:Name:Period:Period:Date:Date: Lebanon Civil War Lebanon Civil War

► YearYear Main Idea Main Idea

1. 19761. 1976

2. 19822. 1982

3. 19833. 1983

The Force of Islamic TraditionThe Force of Islamic Tradition► Many of the conflicts in the Middle East are based Many of the conflicts in the Middle East are based

on traditional on traditional Islamic culture versus Western Islamic culture versus Western cultureculture

► After many Middle Eastern nations gained After many Middle Eastern nations gained independence, they also inherited any elements of independence, they also inherited any elements of western culturewestern culture

► Islamic law or Shariah was replaced with western Islamic law or Shariah was replaced with western secular law codessecular law codes

► In cities, many young people listened to western In cities, many young people listened to western music, dressed in western clothing, and embraced music, dressed in western clothing, and embraced western valueswestern values

► Women gained more rights, were allowed in public, Women gained more rights, were allowed in public, and did not have to cover their heads and facesand did not have to cover their heads and faces

The Islamist MovementThe Islamist Movement► Westernization was viewed as colonialism, an Westernization was viewed as colonialism, an

evil force undermining Islamic societyevil force undermining Islamic society► Some Muslims wanted to return to the values Some Muslims wanted to return to the values

of the Koran and a time before western of the Koran and a time before western dominationdomination

► Supporters wanted more power given to Supporters wanted more power given to religious leadersreligious leaders

► Wanted a strict separation of men and women Wanted a strict separation of men and women in public places (workplace and schools)in public places (workplace and schools)

► A religious revival that seemed to counter a A religious revival that seemed to counter a rapid social and economic change in the rapid social and economic change in the Middle EastMiddle East

ExtremismExtremism

► Most Islamist opposed violence but one branch Most Islamist opposed violence but one branch resorted to terrorismresorted to terrorism

► al Qaeda is one group that used violence and terror, al Qaeda is one group that used violence and terror, they claim to be involved in a holy struggle against they claim to be involved in a holy struggle against the enemies of Islamthe enemies of Islam

► The opposed the US for spreading its culture as a The opposed the US for spreading its culture as a new form of imperialismnew form of imperialism

► They also dislike the US for supporting the state of They also dislike the US for supporting the state of IsraelIsrael

► Most Middle Eastern leaders reject the actions of Most Middle Eastern leaders reject the actions of Islamic extremists and believe that westernization is Islamic extremists and believe that westernization is a natural process, not the fault of any one countrya natural process, not the fault of any one country

► Governments such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Governments such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Algeria cracked down on terrorism even before 9/11Algeria cracked down on terrorism even before 9/11

Al QaedaAl Qaeda