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8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
1/36
_drxwac Rg|kwrlg| Lg`xgrd` \kldac Ykrf
\kldacRg|garlm
Rg~krx| Earlm 2>1>
_kcweg 4
G}~grx ^rkjglx|# 2>1>
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
2
\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
D\\@: 2>??%?=?1 -~rd`x$# D\\@: 2>?9%7481 -gcglxrk`dl$
2?+11 AXXALF\: CKKFD@I D@XK XMG CGIAC QWG\XDK@\
\arkj Fwear Raxm
\kldac Rg|garlm Rg~krx|# 2>1># vkc. 4# ~~.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
~aig lmarig|mggx. Xmg OBD odcgh okwr Lmarig|mggx| d`
xmg |aeg la|g d` a W\ lkwrx. Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdvg eglma`d|e ahk~xgh bt xmg W\ a`h D`hda
okr 2?+11 axxalf| la|g d`|~drg hdoogrg`x hgirgg ko lk`odhg`lg. A| okr xmg xgrrkrd|x lrdeg#
ewlm d| |adh okr dx| ~rgvg`xdk`# a`h gvg` xmg Aoima` Yar aiad`|x Xacdba` d| |adh xk bg
owxwrg |glwrdxt ko xmg W\ a`h xmg ykrch. Bwx ~w`d|meg`x ydxmkwx oadc d| vgrt ewlm
de~krxa`x okr ~rgvg`xdk`. Xmg cgiac xrdac ko xmg Ewebad la|g d| hdoogrg`x a| cgiac
|xrwlxwrg ko lkw`x| ko d`hdlxeg`x ko |wlm a lrdeg ymdlm arg xmkwimx xk bg a~~cdgh d`
krhd`art lrdeg ymdlm kllwr d` krhd`art cdog# hkg| `kx a~~rk~rdaxgct rgocglx alxwac |kldac
rgacdxt ko xmg lrdeg# ko dx)| iravdxt# ko dx)| |xrwlxwrac ymkcg# ko galm lrded`ac)| rkcg. Mky
1 ^mH \arkj# Fwear Raxm d| Rg|garlm A||kldaxg# Mk|gd W`dvgr|dxt# Xkftk# Ja~a`. Ahhrg||d` Ja~a`: Hr. \arkj Fwear Raxm # L+k % ^rko. Lmdfafk XATA# ^k|x Lkhg: 1??%>>>8# Fkg`jd%ed`aed# \wid`aed%fw# Xkftk# Ja~a`. Ahhrg|| d` D`hda: Hr. \arkj FwearRaxm# 8>?9# D`hda#Geadc: |arkj1|arkjNieadc.lke.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
8
oar D`hda| a`h W\ d`vg|xdiaxdk` d` xmg Ewebad axxalf| la|g g|xabcd|mg| xmg hg|di`#
~ca` a`h ~wr~k|g ko xmg lrdeg; D| xmg ~k|x lrdeg cgiac ~rklghwrg ko D`hda a`h xmg W\ d|
hgxgrrg`lg okr xgrrkr axxalf kr kxmgryd|g; Xmg arxdlcg g}aed`g| xmg|g qwg|xdk`| bkxm
xmgkrgxdlacct a`h ge~drdlacct# ydxm |~gldodl a`act|d| ko xmg lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg
Ewebad ~kcdlg a`h OBD. Xmgkrgxdlacct D dhg`xdot vardkw| a|~glx| cgiac d`ora|xrwlxwrg#
okrg`|dl haxa# gcglxrk`dl d`xgrlg~xdk`# d`xgccdig`lg d`~wx a`h lk`vg`xdk`ac egxmkh ko
d`vg|xdiaxdk` a`h mt~kxmg|dzgh xmax xmgrg arg hdoogrg`x cgvgc ko lk`vdlxdk` okr xmg
|aeg lrdeg d` bkxm xmg|g lkw`xrdg|.
Fgtykrh|
Ickbac xgrrkrd|e# D`xgr`ac |glwrdxt# 2?+11 Ewebad axxalf|# Lmarig|mggx# D`vg|xdiaxdk`d` W\ a`h D`hda# Cay.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
7
Xabcg ko Lk`xg`x|
D`xrkhwlxdk`...............................................................................................................?
Xmg Hdoogrg`x A~~rkalmg| ko D`vg|xdiaxdk` ...............................................................9
D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko Ewebad ^kcdlg: A ^ggf d`xk xmg Eaxxgr.........................................1>
Xmg Lmarig|mggx ko Ewebad ^kcdlg.........................................................................1
Od`a`ld`i xmg Xgrrkr: Xamayywr Mw||gd` Ra`a ......................................................2
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
?
2?+11 AXXALF\: CKKFD@I D@XK XMG CGIACQWG\XDK@\
\arkj Fwear Raxm# ^m.H
D`xrkhwlxdk`
Xgrrkrd|e d| `ky k`g ko xmg ykr|x fd`h| ko ickbac ~rkbcge. Acc ~arx| ko xmg ykrch
bg dx @gy Tkrf kr @gy Hgcmd# Ck`hk` kr Camkrg# Eahrdh kr Ewebad# Bacd# Baimhah
kr Bg|ca` acc ~arx| ko xmg ykrch d| aooglxgh bt xmg eg`alg ko xgrrkrd|e. Xmg alx| ko
xgrrkrd|e arg xafd`i ~rgldkw| mwea` cdvg|# haeaid`i ~rk~grxdg| a`h arrg|xd`i glk`kedl
hgvgck~eg`x| alrk|| xmg ykrch. Ymg` 4+11 axxalf| ma~~g`gh ~gk~cg orke ekrg xma`
=8 `axdk`| ~grd|mgh d` xmg hgbrd| ko xmg axxalf|. \dedcarct ymg` 2?+11 Ewebad axxalf|
ma~~g`gh# ~gk~cg orke 18 lkw`xrdg| ~grd|mgh d` xmg hdabkcdl axxalf|. K` bkxm xmg
klla|dk`| xmg xgrrkrd|x| laeg orke bgtk`h xmg bkrhgr| a`h d`ocdlxgh glk`kedl haeaig
a`h ck|| ko cdvg| xk a irgax `webgr ko lkw`xrdg|. Xgrrkrd|e `k ekrg rgead`gh a cklac
aooadr a`h `k lkw`xrt eat lcade deew`dxt orke xmg a||awcx ko d`xgr`axdk`ac xgrrkrd|e.
Xmg hgva|xaxd`i axxalf| ko xmg \g~xgebgr 11 lk|x a` g|xdeaxgh ( bdccdk` hdrglx ck|| xk
xmg W\ glk`ket. ?> xmkw|a`h| ge~cktgg ko adrcd`g| |glxkr ack`g d` xmg W\ rghwlgh
w`ge~cktgh# ymdlm rd|g xk xmrgg cafg| d` xmg |wb|gqwg`x ~grdkh. G}lg~x xmg Hgog`|g
d`hw|xrt# acc xmg kxmgr d`hw|xrdg| arkw`h ykrch ydx`g||gh a laxalct|edl googlx ko xmg
\g~xgebgr 11 axxalf|. Xmg W\ glk`ket d| `kx k`ct xmg carig|x bwx ac|k dx d| xmg g`id`g
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
9
ko irkyxm okr xmg rg|x ko xmg ykrch glk`ket2. \dedcarct xmg 2?+11 axxalf| mah googlxgh
a mwig ck|| xk D`hda a| ygcc a| xk xmg ickbac glk`ket. Xmg eai`dxwhg ko |gxbalf# bkxm
d` xgre| ko xmg ek`gxart ck|| a`h lrghdbdcdxt d` xmg okrgdi` d`vg|xkr| lkeew`dxt# ya|
mwig aoxgr xmg axxalf|. Xmg D`hda` glk`ket |woogrgh a` g|xdeaxgh (=>.= edccdk` ck|| d`
xmg deeghdaxg aoxgreaxm ko 2?+11 axxalf|. A`h xmg xrgekr| orke xmg axxalf |dhg
xravgcgh alrk|| xmg ocax ykrch
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
=
a`h ~rgvg`xgh irgaxgr mare k` 2?+11 a`h 4+11.8 W`cdfg xmg W`dxgh \xaxg|# D`hda hdh
`kx lrgaxg xmg gqwdvacg`x ko a Mkegca`h \glwrdxt Hg~arxeg`x. Ymdcg a mdim%~rkodcg
bd~arxd|a` Aegrdla` lkeed||dk` ~wbcd|mgh a bg|x%|gccd`i rg~krx k` xmg oadcwrg| xmax cgh
xk xmg 2>>1 axxalf|# D`hda` cayeafgr| mavg fg~x |glrgx a |dedcar rg~krx -Rg~krx ko xmg
Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11$ abkwx xmg Ewebad axxalf|. Acek|x acc xmg
~kcdxdlac koodldac| ymk rg|di`gh a| a rg|wcx ko xmg axxalf| gdxmgr arg balf d` xmgdr kch jkb|
kr mavg bgg` ~rkekxgh. @k |g`dkr egebgr| ko xmg ~kcdlg okrlg ygrg odrgh kr
rg~rdea`hgh.7
D` k`g ko xmg rglkeeg`haxdk`| xk xmg W\ ikvgr`eg`x# xmg 4+11 lkeed||dk`
rglkeeg`hgh xmax xmg W\ ikvgr`eg`x ew|x dhg`xdot a`h ~rdkrdxdzg alxwac a`h
~kxg`xdac xgrrkrd|x |a`lxwardg|. Okr galm dx |mkwch mavg a rgacd|xdl |xraxgit xk fgg~
~k||dbcg xgrrkrd|x d`|glwrg a`h k` xmg rw`# w|d`i acc gcgeg`x| ko `axdk`ac ~kygr. Yg
|mkwch rgalm kwx# cd|xg` xk# a`h ykrf ydxmkwx kxmgr lkw`xrdg| xmax la` mgc~.
?
Xmg W\ikvgr`eg`x de~cgeg`xgh xmd| rglkeeg`haxdk` ack`i ydxm kxmgr| d` cgxxgr a`h |~drdx xk
fgg~ xmg lkw`xrt kwx ko xmg rgalm ko xgrrkrd|x|. A `webgr ko ~ckx| lk`hwlxgh bt
d`hdvdhwac| mavg bgg` ~rgvg`xgh a| a rg|wcx ko xmg d`lrga|g d` googlxdvg lkw`xgrxgrrkrd|e
d`vg|xdiaxdk`| bt xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| d` lkk~graxdk` ydxm ordg`hct a`h accdgh
ikvgr`eg`x|.9 A |dedcar lkeed||dk` d` D`hda d` dx| rg~krx xgcc| mky lacckw| d| D`hda`
~kcdlg a`h mky xmgt `gvgr cgar` a`t cg||k` orke xmgdr hgva|xaxd`i ed|xafg|. Xmg
8 Mdccart lke~arg| Ewebad axxalf| ydxm 4+11 lar`aig# Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# Jwct 1=#2>>4.
7 ^kcirgg`# C.# / Bajaj# _.# D`hda| Iwarh D| W~# bwx Ygaf`g||g| Rgead`# Xmg @gy TkrfXdeg|# @kvgebgr 27# 2>>4.
? Xmg 4+11 Lkeed||dk` Rg~krx# 2>>8# Y.Y. @krxk` / Lk. ^wbcdlaxdk`# ~~. =7# @kvgebgr 1>9.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
4
lkeedxxgg |adh# xmg Eamara|mxra ~kcdlg mah `kx g}~grdg`lgh a hdrglx lkeea`hk
axxalf |wlm a| xmg cdfg ko 2>>1 ^arcdaeg`x axxalf kr 2>>2 Af|marhmae xge~cg axxalf.
G}lg~x xmg 144< |grdac bkeb axxalf| xmrkwim mdhhg` xdegh g}~ck|dvg hgvdlg|# ymgrg d`
are|# aeew`dxdk`| a`h g}~ck|dvg| mah lkeg xmrkwim |ga rkwxg# acc kxmgr xgrrkrd|x
axxalf| d` Ewebad ldxt ygrg bt w|g ko DGH| -De~rkvd|gh G}~ck|dvg Hgvdlg|$. Xmd| mah
~grma~| cgh xk a ~kcdlg ed`h|gx ko xmd`fd`i k`ct ko |xgacxm bkeb axxalf|.=
@kx k`ct xmd|# D`hda d| lkeedxxd`i k`g aoxgr a`kxmgr lke~rked|g| ydxm mgr `axdk`ac
|glwrdxt ymdlm d` xwr` d| g`lkwraid`i xmg xgrrkrd|x| xk xafg k`g aoxgr a`kxmgr hgvdkw|
axxalf ~ca`. D` @kvgebgr 14=4# ymg` Rwbadta \atggh# hawimxgr ko W`dk` Mkeg
Ed`d|xgr Ewoxd Ekmaeegh \atggh ya| fdh`a~~gh d` \rd`aiar# ikvgr`eg`x ko D`hda
|wllwebgh xk barxgr odvg JFCO edcdxa`x|. D` Hglgebgr 1444# g}xgr`ac aooadr| ed`d|xgr
Ja|ya`x \d`im ~gr|k`acct hgcdvgrgh xmrgg xgrrkrd|x| d` Aoima`d|xa`# d` g}lma`ig ko xmg
mdjalfgh D`hda` Adrcd`g| DL%=18. Xmg xgrrkrd|x| orggh d` Aoima`d|xa` d`lcwhgh Eawca`aEa|kkh Azmar ymk yg`x balf a`h |gx w~ Jad|m%g%Ekmaeegh# a xgrrkr kria`dzaxdk`
xarigxd`i D`hda. Aozac Iwrw# xmg lk%lk`|~draxkr ko ^arcdaeg`x axxalf ko 2>>1# ya|
lk`vdlxgh a`h |g`xg`lgh xk hgaxm d` 2>>8 bwx mg d| |xdcc ca`iwd|md`i d` jadc a`h md|
egrlt ~gxdxdk` bgokrg xmg ^rg|dhg`x ko D`hda d| d` |w|~g`hgh a`deaxdk`.4
Xmg Koodlg ko D`xgccdig`lg a`h A`act|d| ko xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla mah
a`actzgh xmg @kvgebgr 2?%2=# 2>>= Ewebad xgrrkr axxalf| a`h xkch xk xmg \g`axgLkeedxxgg k` xmg Mkegca`h \glwrdxt xmax Ewebad hray lke~ard|k` ydxm @gy Tkrf
bgd`i xmg hg`|gct ~k~wcaxgh od`a`ldac la~dxac# ewcxd%lwcxwrac egxrk~kcd| a`h a mwb ko
eghda a`h g`xgrxad`eg`x d`hw|xrdg|. D` xmgdr a`act|d| xmg Koodlg ko D`xgccdig`lg a`h
=
Eamara|mxra Ikvgr`eg`x# Rg~krx ko xmg Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11#Hglgebgr # 2>>=# ~%=.4 ^kkrdg# A.# ^cghig xk Yd` Xmd| Yar# D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
1>
A`act|d| xkch xk xmg Lkeedxxgg xmax a ldvdc ~kcdlg cdfg Ewebad ^kcdlg ykwch `kx mavg
bgg` abcg xk oalg a ~rkog||dk`ac a`h ygcc xrad`gh irkw~ ko mgavdct aregh lkeea`hk
xgrrkrd|x| w`cg|| xmgt mah a` gqwacct ~rkog||dk`ac a`h ygcc xrad`gh |gx ko lkeea`hk|
ymk |mkwch mavg |w~grdkr yga~k`rt.1> @gy Tkrf ^kcdlg Lkeed||dk`gr Ratek`h
Fgcct hg~k|gh bgokrg xmg Lkeedxxgg a`h |adh# Xmg axxalfgr| hd|~catgh a |k~md|xdlaxgh
cgvgc ko xrad`d`i# lkkrhd`axdk`# a`h |xaed`a. Xmgt odrgh d` lk`xrkccgh# hd|ld~cd`gh
bwr|x|. Mg ac|k |adh# Okr g}ae~cg# xmgt w|gh ma`h |di`ac| xk lkeew`dlaxg alrk||
ckwh a`h lrkyhgh |~alg|.11 Xmg|g arg xmg xg|xdek`t ko xmg d`xg`|dxt a`h ~rgld|dk` ko
xmg axxalf| Ewebad oalgh k` @kvgebgr 2?# 2>>=. Xmg Ewebad axxalfgr| g`xgrgh xmg
ldxt vda |ga rkwxg a| dx ya| xmg bg|x yat xk avkdh hgxglxdk`. \ga d`odcxraxdk` ~gredxxgh
xmg axxalfgr| xk lkeg a|mkrg ydxm a |wb|xa`xdac lalmg ko yga~k`| xmax edimx mavg bgg`
hgxglxgh hwrd`i a ca`h g`xrt d`xk xmg ldxt.
D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko Ewebad ^kcdlg: A ^ggf d`xk xmg Eaxxgr
Xmg` Mkeg Ed`d|xgr ko D`hda Er. \mdvraj ^axdc ya| hdvg|xgh orke md| jkb d` xmg
deeghdaxg aoxgreaxm ko xmg axxalf| a`h `gy d`lwebg`x xk xmg ~k|x Er. ^.
Lmdhaebarae eahg a |xaxgeg`x d` xmg Ckf \abma a`h d`okregh xmax la|g| mavg bgg`
rgid|xgrgh a`h xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk`| mavg bgg` g`xrw|xgh xk xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm ko xmg
Ewebad ^kcdlg. Xmg awxmkrdxdg| ko xmg Eamara|mxra ^kcdlg a`h xmg Lg`xrac aig`ldg|
mavg g}xg`hgh xmgdr owcc |w~~krx xk xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg d` xmg lk`hwlx ko xmg
1> Accg`# L.# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \g`axg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt a`hIkvgr`eg`xac Aooadr|# "Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|"# Hdrf|g`# \g`axgKoodlg Bwdchd`i# Ya|md`ixk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.
11
Fgcct# R.# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \g`axg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt /Ikvgr`eg`xac Aooadr|# Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|# Hdrf|g`# \g`axgKoodlg Bwdchd`i# Ya|md`ixk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
11
d`vg|xdiaxdk`|.12 Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk` xk xmg Ewebad axxalf| |xarxgh ydxmd` mkwr| ko xmg
axxalf.
K`g ko xmg 1> Ewebad axxalfgr|# Ekmaeegh Ajeac Ekmaeegh Aedr Fa|ab ya|
la~xwrgh acdvg k` xmg `dimx ko @kvgebgr 2?# 2>>= bt xmg HB Eari ^kcdlg ko Ewebad
a`h ma`hgh kvgr xk xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm k` @kvgebgr 29# 2>>=. K` @kvgebgr 2=# 2>>=#
xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm ~rkhwlgh mde bgokrg eaid|xraxg @.@. \mrdea`iacg# ax xmg >=.
Okcckyd`i xmg axxalf|# xmg |xaxg Ikvgr`eg`x a`h Ewebad ^kcdlg mah a||wrgh ko
odcd`i xmg lmarig|mggx ydxmd` ?> hat|. Mkygvgr# xmg hgahcd`g lkwch `kx bg egx a|
`glg||art |a`lxdk`| xk odcg a lmarig|mggx w`hgr hdoogrg`x |glxdk`| ko xmg D`hda` ^g`ac
Lkhg# xmg Lrded`ac ^rklghwrg Lkhg -Lr^L$# xmg G}~ck|dvg| \wb|xa`lg| Alx# xmg Are|
Alx# xmg Lw|xke| Alx a`h xmg W`cayowc Alxdvdxdg| -^rgvg`xdk`$ Alx -WA^A$ ygrg
~g`hd`i bgokrg hdoogrg`x awxmkrdxdg| ko |xaxg a`h lg`xrac ikvgr`eg`x. A |grdg| ko
mgard`i| lkeg bgokrg xmg |g||dk` lkwrx k` vardkw| haxg| k`ct xk g}xg`h xmg lw|xkht ko
xmg xgrrkrd|x. K` Hglgebgr 11# 2>>= xmg |glk`h mgard`i mgch a`h k` Hglgebgr 28#
2>>= xmg xmdrh. \wb|gqwg`xct okwr |dedcar mgard`i| lkeg bgokrg xmg lkwrx k` Ja`wart ?#
Ja`wart 14# Ogbrwart 2 a`h k` Ogbrwart 1>4 bgokrg odcd`i xmg vkcwed`kw|lmarig|mggx k` Ogbrwart 27# 2>>4.
Ega`ymdcg# okcckyd`i a cgxxgr |g`x bt xmg Jkd`x Lkeed||dk`gr ko ^kcdlg -Lrdeg$#
Rafg|m Earda rgqwg|xd`i okr xmg |gx w~ ko a |~gldac lkwrx# xmg Rgid|xrar Ig`grac ko xmg
12 Lmdhaebarae# ^.# ^arcdaeg`x Hgbaxg# \wk%Ekxw \xaxgeg`x ko xmg Mkeg Ed`d|xgr d`^arcdaeg`x# Hglgebgr 11# 2>>=.
8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
12
Bkebat Mdim Lkwrx mah d||wgh a `kxdodlaxdk` k` Ogbrwart 11# 2>>4 xk xmg ~rd`ld~ac
jwhig ko xmg |g||dk`| lkwrx# X _ @acavahg# ldxt ^kcdlg Lkeed||dk`gr Ma|a` Iaokkr
a`h Jwhig E C Xamdcda`d# ymk ma| bgg` a~~kd`xgh xk lk`hwlx xmg xrdac d` xmg xgrrkr
axxalf la|g hdrglxd`i xmg deeghdaxg |gx w~ ko a |~gldac lkwrx d` xmg Arxmwr Rkah jadc
~rged|g| d` Ewebad.
Xmg |a`lxdk` okr \glxdk` 121 ko xmg D^L rgcaxd`i xk yaid`i yar aiad`|x xmg `axdk` d|
ira`xgh bt xmg \xaxg Ikvgr`eg`x bwx xmg |a`lxdk` xk w|g \glxdk` 1== ko xmg Lr^L#
ymdlm hgac| ydxm a` koog`lg lkeedxxgh bt a okrgdi` `axdk`ac d` a okrgdi` lkw`xrt a`h
xmg` a~~ctd`i dx xk a rg|wcxd`i lrdeg d` D`hda# ya| xk bg rglgdvgh orke xmg Lg`xrac
Ikvgr`eg`x. K` Ogbrwart 11# 2>>4 bgokrg xmg 4>%hat hgahcd`g# xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg
rglgdvgh xmg rgqwd|dxg |a`lxdk` xk odcg xmg lmarig|mggx a`h xk lmarig Ajeac Aedr Fa|ab
a| ygcc a| md| allke~cdlg| ydxm yaid`i yar aiad`|x xmg `axdk`.
A` w`~rglghg`xgh |lacg ko d`vg|xdiaxdk`| ya| larrdgh okr xmrgg ek`xm| bt xmg
Ewebad ^kcdlg bgokrg odcd`i xmg 11#2=> ~aig lmarig|mggx bgokrg egxrk~kcdxa`
eaid|xraxg E. J. Edrza ax xmg Qdca Lkwrx# G|~ca`ahg# a`h Ewebad. Lmarig| mavg bgg`
odcgh aiad`|x Ajeac Aedr Fa|ab a`h 88 kxmgr ^afd|xa`d| d`lcwhd`i 2 ydx`g|| |xaxgeg`x|# d`lcwhd`i xmk|g ko koodlgr| ko xmg
W.\. Oghgrac Bwrgaw ko D`vg|xdiaxdk`. Dx d`lkr~kraxg| okrg`|dl gvdhg`lg# od`igr~rd`x
rg~krx|# a`h hklweg`xart a`h krac gvdhg`lg lkccglxgh d` D`hda a`h abrkah. Xra`|lrd~x|
ko lkeew`dlaxdk` aek`i xmg xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmgdr ma`hcgr|# Lacc ^mk`g} a`h Ickbac
^k|dxdk`d`i \t|xge -I^\$ rglkrh|# a`h ~wrlma|g a`h |acg hgxadc| ko xmg Taeama
kwxbkarh ekxkr acc w|gh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x| ac|k lk`|xdxwxg xmg gvdhg`lg.
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1>= xk @kvgebgr # 2>>=. Xmg od`ac lmarig|mggx ya| odcgh bt
lkebd`d`i acc xmg O.D.R| ymdlm ya| ~rkhwlgh bgokrg xmg >=# >4# ~%1.
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gcglxrk`dl gqwd~eg`x acc w`hkwbxghct a`h lk`lcw|dvgct ~kd`x xk xrad`d`i bt
~rkog||dk`ac| d` afd|xa`.18
Dx d| owrxmgr |xaxgh xmax
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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
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Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdvg aig`ldg| mavg lkeeg`habct ge~cktgh Okrg`|dl \ldg`lg
Cabkraxkrt ko Ewebad okr hgxadcgh g}aed`axdk` a`h rg~krx k` xmg H@A |ae~cg| ko
`d`g hglga|gh xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmg arrg|xgh xgrrkrd|x a`h dx| eaxlmd`i ydxm xmax ko xmg
arxdlcg| |gdzgh orke xmg od|md`i xraycgr E._. Fwbgr vdz. Jalfgx|# Ma`hfgrlmdgo# \fwcc
la~# Bca`fgx| a`h D|ragcd la~. Xmg rg~krx ko okrg`|dl g}~grx haxgh Ogbrwart 2# 2>>4
g|xabcd|mgh xmg oalx xmax xmg H@A |ae~cg| ko xmg odvg hglga|gh a`h k`g arrg|xgh
allw|gh ma| eaxlmgh ydxm xmg H@A rge`a`x| k` xmg arxdlcg| |gdzgh k` E._. Fwbgr
ymdlm ya| mdjalfgh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x xk xravgc xk D`hda. Xmd| d| a xgccd`i gvdhg`lg ko xmg
d`vkcvgeg`x ko ^afd|xa`d ldxdzg` a`h xmgdr krdid` xk ymdlm `k k`g la` hg`t. Okrg`|dl
gvdhg`lg| larrt ekrg vacwg xma` a`t kxmgr gvdhg`lg a| dx d| |ldg`xdodlacct ~rkvgh a`h
xmrkwim xmg ~rk~gr w|g ko dx xmg |kwrlg ko lrdeg la` ga|dct bg g|xabcd|mgh ydxmkwx oadc.
Ymdcg xmg aig kch cgiac ~rklghwrg| ko g|xabcd|md`i a lrdeg xmrkwim krac |xaxgeg`x d|
lrghwckw|# lrdeg g|xabcd|mgh xmrkwim okrg`|dl gvdhg`lg| la``kx bg hg`dgh. Ewebad
d`vg|xdiaxdk` d| carigct rgcdgh k` xmg krac gvdhg`lg| a| xmgrg arg 22>2 ydx`g||g| ygrg
g}aed`gh a`h Fa|ab| lk`og||dk`ac |xaxgeg`x d| xafg` a| ik|~gc xrwxm xk gebarra||
^afd|xa`.
Ek|x ko xmg lkeew`dlaxdk` iahigx| w|gh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x| ygrg alqwdrgh orke
vardkw| lke~a`dg| k~graxgh orke kr ba|gh d` xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla. \k xk |kcvg
xmg et|xgrt ko Ewebad axxalf|# xmg Lmdgo D`vg|xdiaxd`i Koodlgr rgqwg|xgh xmg Mk`bcg
\g||dk` Lkwrx rgiarhd`i d||wa`lg ko Cgxxgr Rkiaxkrt w`hgr xmg Xrgaxt ko Ewxwac
Cgiac A||d|xa`lg xk xmg lk`lgr`gh Jwhdldac Awxmkrdxt d` xmg W.\.A. rgqwd|dxdk`d`i
a||d|xa`lg d` d`vg|xdiaxdk`. Xmg W\ Hg~arxeg`x ko Jw|xdlg ~rkvdhgh xmg ~gr|k`ac hgxadc|
ko xmg ~gk~cg ymk oaldcdxaxgh xmg lkeew`dlaxdk` bgxygg` xmg hglga|gh allw|gh a`h xmg
ya`xgh allw|gh hwrd`i xmg lkwr|g ko xmg koog`lg. Xmgdr `aeg| a`h ahhrg||g| ko xmg
~gr|k`| d` ymk|g `aeg xmk|g iahigx| alqwdrgh rgvgac xmg oalx xmax xmgt arg orke xmg
^afd|xa`d ldxdg| ko Camkrg a`h Rayac~d`hd. Hwrd`i xmg lkwr|g ko lkeew`dlaxdk`aek`i|x xmg xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmgdr ma`hcgr| d` ^afd|xa` ogy `aeg| a~~gargh orke xmg
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1?
lrdeg |dhg. Xmg `aeg| a~~gargh orke @ardea` Mkw|g arg xmax ko d$ Ya||d# dd$ Zarar#
ddd$ Jw`hac# dv$ Bwzwri a`h v$ Eajkr Ig`grac. \dedcarct orke Mkxgc Kbgrkd xmg `aeg ko
d$ Faoa# dd$ Ya||d a`h ddd$ Zarar a~~gargh a`h orke Xaj Mkxgc xmax ko d$ Ya||d
a~~gargh.1?
Ymdcg eafd`i xmg od`ac lmarig| aiad`|x xmg xmrgg arrg|xgh allw|gh# `d`g hgah
allw|gh a`h >9 a`h @kvgebgr 2>>= ygrg ~arxt xk a lrded`ac lk`|~dralt xk
yaig yar aiad`|x xmg Ikvgr`eg`x ko D`hda a`h xk lkeedx xmg koog`lg| ~w`d|mabcg
w`hgr |glxdk`| 2# 9#
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Xmg od`ac hraox lmarig| oraegh bt xmg lkwrx aiad`|x acc xmg allw|gh d`lcwhg| a
irgaxgr `webgr ko lmarig| ymdlm ya| abkwx >9 a`h @kvgebgr 2>>= g`xgr d`xk a lrded`ac lk`|~dralt
a`h+kr ygrg egebgr| ko xmg |adh lrded`ac lk`|~dralt ymk|g kbjglx ya| xk yaig yar
aiad`|x xmg Ikvgr`eg`x ko D`hda a`h xmax tkw acc airggh xk lkeedx xmg okcckyd`i dccgiac
alx|# xk ydx xk kvgrayg xmg Ikvgr`eg`x# |xrdfg xgrrkr# kria`dzg xrad`d`i lae~| d`
^afd|xa` okr axxalfd`i Ldxdg| ko D`hda# xk axxalf xgrrdxkrdac d`xgirdxt ko D`hda a`h+kr xk
la~xwrg Fa|medr.1=
Xmg lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg hdh `kx |at a`txmd`i abkwx xmg
d`vkcvgeg`x ko D`xgr \grvdlg D`xgccdig`lg ko ^afd|xa` abkwx ymk|g d`vkcvgeg`x acc
|g`dkr ikvgr`eg`x koodldac| a`h ed`d|xgr| ahedxxgh ~wbcdlct. Ac|k xmgrg ya| `k
eg`xdk` ko xmg ^afd|xa`d Aret# ymk|g ma`h bgmd`h xmg axxalf ya| ydhgct |w|~glxgha`h xmgrg ya| xacf ko xmg ~rg|g`lg ko |xrk`i gvdhg`lg aiad`|x xmg |aeg. A carig ~arx ko
xmg ~rkbg ya| k` xmg lrdeg a`h a |eacc ~krxdk` k`ct hghdlaxgh xk xmg g|xabcd|meg`x ko a
okrgdi` ma`h. Xmg a||d|xa`lg ko OBD d` xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk` ~rkvgh vdxac xk g|xabcd|m xmg
|kwrlg ko vardkw| gcglxrk`dl iahigx| xk ^afd|xa` ymdlm ya| w|gh d` xmg lrdeg. Bwx xmg
d`hdlxeg`x `gvgr d`hdlxgh a`t ko xmg ^afd|xa`d ikvgr`eg`x| g|xabcd|meg`x raxmgr xmg
d`vg|xdiaxdk`| d`hdlxgh Ca|mfar%g%Xadba# a xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk` ymdlm d| acrgaht
kwxcaygh bt ^afd|xa`. Xmgrg d| `k xgccd`i gvdhg`lg ymdlm xgcc| abkwx xmg d`vkcvgeg`x
ko a`t ikvgr`eg`x aig`lt ko ^afd|xa`. Xmd| d| ymax idvd`i ^afd|xa` xmg gcbky rkke xk
lcade xmax xmgrg d| `k gvdhg`lg ko d`vkcvgeg`x ko ^afd|xa` d` xmg xgrrkrd|x lrdeg. D` a`
axxge~x xk ~aldot d`xgr`axdk`ac lkeew`dxt ^afd|xa` d| kwxcayd`i vardkw| xgrrkrd|x
kria`dzaxdk`| a`h xafd`i lk|egxdl alxdk` aiad`|x xmge. ^rkbabct D`hda d| `kx gqwd~~gh
1= Dbdh.
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1=
xk lk`hwlx a` d`xgr`axdk`ac cgvgc ko d`vg|xdiaxdk` ymgrg d`xgr`axdk`ac ~catgr| arg
d`vkcvgh. Dx eafg| D`hda vwc`grabcg xk okrgdi` axxalfgr| a`h |xdcc vwc`grabcg xk |g`h a
|di`ac xk xmg ~gr~gxraxkr| ko xmg okrgdi` axxalfgr| xmax xmgt la` |xat ayat orke xmg
~grd~mgrt ko xmg D`hda` cay gvg` do xmgdr dhg`xdxdg| arg g|xabcd|mgh bt d`vg|xdiaxdvg
aig`ldg| d` D`hda.
K` Ogbrwart 2># 2>>4# xmg la~xwrgh xgrrkrd|x Fa|ab eahg md| lk`og||dk`ac
|xaxgeg`x bgokrg a eaid|xraxg ymdlm d| ahed||dbcg bgokrg xmg lkwrx ko cay a| gvdhg`lg.
D` md| |xaxgeg`x Fa|ab hg|lrdbgh ed`wxg|x hgxadc| ko xmg lrdeg |xkrt abkwx xmg Ewebad
axxalf. Xmg |xkrt `arraxgh bt Fa|ab ma| bgg` ~dlfgh w~ bt xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg xk
g|xabcd|m xmg ekhw| k~gra`hd ko xmg k~graxdk`. Cd`g| arg ~dlfgh w~ orke md|
lk`og||dk`ac |xaxgeg`x a`h xmg carigr hg|di` ko ^afd|xa` d| g|xabcd|mgh bt xmg Ewebad
~kcdlg ymdlm d| |gg` bt xmg lt`dl| a| a` alx ko kvgr |de~cdodlaxdk`. @k yk`hgr xmg
^afd|xa`d awxmkrdxt d| hglcd`d`i xk ky` w~ xmg gvdhg`lg| |atd`i xmax xmg|g acc argcdxgraxwrg `kx gvdhg`lg! D` xmg ab|g`lg ko a eglma`d|e xk xralg xmg ma`hcgr| a`h eaxlm
xmg vkdlg |ae~cg rglkrhgh hwrd`i xmg lrdeg# xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg arg lk`ork`xd`i a `gy
fd`h ko ldrlwe|xa`lg ymgrg `axdk`ac cay| arg d`googlxdvg.
D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko OBD
K` Klxkbgr >4# xmg OBD| Jkd`x Xgrrkrd|e Xa|f Okrlg arrg|xgh a ea` `aegh
Havdh L. Mgahcgt ax KMarg D`xgr`axdk`ac Adr~krx bgokrg bkarhd`i a ocdimx xk
^mdcahgc~mda# d`xg`hd`i xk xravgc xk ^afd|xa`. D` xmg |wb|gqwg`x lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg
OBD aiad`|x Mgahcgt ax xmg @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx ko Dccd`kd|# Mgahcgt ya| lmarigh
ydxm ~arxdld~axgh ydxm kxmgr| d` a lk`|~dralt xk lkeedx xgrrkrd|x alx| d`vkcvd`i ewrhgr
a`h eaded`i kwx|dhg xmg W`dxgh \xaxg|# a`h xmax Mgahcgt a`h kxmgr| lk`|~drgh xk
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14
~rkvdhg eaxgrdac |w~~krx xk xmax lk`|~dralt.14 Xmg lkwrx lmarigh mde ydxm aek`i
kxmgr xmd`i ko lk`hwlxd`i g}xg`|dvg |wrvgdcca`lg okr oaldcdxaxd`i axxalf|# ykrfd`i ydxm
a` d`hdvdhwac laccgh D`hdvdhwac A2># Dcta| Fa|medrd -a cgahgr ko Marfax%wc Jdmah D|caed$#
a`kxmgr ^afd|xa` ba|gh xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk`6 a`h kxmgr|. Xdcc Klxkbgr 11# 2>>4 ymg`
xmg OBD odcgh xmg lmarig|mggx# D`hda ya| w`ayarg ko xmd| oalx xmax a ^afd|xa`d krdid` W\
ldxdzg` ya| d`vkcvgh d` xmg ~ca``d`i a`h g}glwxdk` ko xmg Ewebad axxalf|.
OBD| egxdlwckw|ct ~rg~argh lmarig|mggx ~rkvdhg| w`ocd`lmd`i hgxadc| abkwx xmg
d`vkcvgeg`x ko Havdh Mgahcgt d` xmg Ewebad axxalf| a`h a` de~g`hd`i axxalf k` xmg
oaldcdxdg| ko Ha`d|m `gy|~a~gr Jtcca`h|%^k|xg . @kx k`ct Mgahcgt mah hk`g md|
|wrvgdcca`lg ykrf d` D`hda |wllg||owcct bwx ac|k mg ya| lk`hwlxd`i ea`t ekrg |wlm
|wrvgdcca`lg okr ea`t |wlm owxwrg axxalf| ymg` Ewebad ^kcdlg ya| d`vg|xdiaxd`i xmg
Ewebad lrdeg. Xmg OBD ~a~gr rgvgac| xmax xmgrg ya| a`kxmgr k`ikd`i xgrrkr ~ca` ko
ymdlm Mgahcgt ya| ~arx ko xmg lk`|~dralt. Xmg d`vg|xdiaxkr| d`xgrlg~xgh a lkhghlkeew`dlaxdk` ymgrg Mgahcgt lkeew`dlaxgh ydxm D`hdvdhwac A a`hCa|mfarEgebgr
A ymdlm eg`xdk`gh abkwx a ~ca` laccgh xmg Edlfgt Ekw|g ^rkjglx a`h xmg `krxmgr`
~rkjglx. Xmg ~rkjglx ya| ega`x okr axxalf| ax Ekrig`avd|g` Jtcca`h|%^k|gxg # a
Ha`d|m `gy|~a~gr ymdlm d` 2>>7 ~wbcd|mgh larxkk`| hg~dlxd`i xmg ^rk~mgx
Ewmaeegh# xk ymdlm ea`t Ew|cde| xkkf irgax koog`|g.
14 La|g @webgr >4 LR = W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~.
D`hdvdhwac A| dhg`xdxt d| f`ky` xk xmg OBD ymdlm d`okregh xmg lkwrx xmax egebgr A d| aCgX egebgr ydxm |wb|xa`xdac d`ocwg`lg a`h rg|~k`|dbdcdxt ydxmd` CgX# W`dxgh \xaxg| koAegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# ~%4.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
2>
Ca|mfar| Ewebad Axxalf ^ca`
A| xmg d`xg`|dk` ko Mgahcgt ya| `k |glrgx xk xmg OBD ewlm bgokrg xmg Ewebad
axxalf|# xmg aig`lt ya| fgg~d`i a` gtg k` xmg vd|dx| ko Mgahcgt ymk eahg a |grdg| ko
xrd~| xk dhg`xdot ~calg| xk bg axxalfgh d` Hg`earf a`h d` D`hda. Mg xravgcgh xk Ewebad
hwrd`i \g~xgebgr 2>>?# Ogbrwart 2>>9# \g~xgebgr 2>>9# A~rdc 2>>=# a`h Jwct 2>>=
okr g}xg`hgh ~grdkh| okr xmg ~wr~k|g ko lk`hwlxd`i |wrvgdcca`lg ko ~k||dbcg xarigx| ko
axxalf| btCa|mfar# w|d`i md| a||kldaxdk` ydxm Odr|x Ykrch Deediraxdk` a| lkvgr okr md|
xravgc|. Xmg ~ca` d`vkcvgh xyk ~gr|k`| aek`i kxmgr| ymk arg Egebgr A a`h
D`hdvdhwac A. Egebgr A w|g xk idvg hgcdbgraxdk`| xk Mgahcgt abkwx xmg ~calg| xk bg
|wrvgtgh galm xdeg bgokrg md| xrd~ xk D`hda. D` rgxwr` aoxgr gvgrt vd|dx xk D`hda# Mgahcgt
xravgcgh xk ^afd|xa` xk a~~rad|g Ca|mfar Egebgr A abkwx md| ykrf. Xmg OBD
lmarig|mggx eahg |~gldodl eg`xdk` abkwx xmg ykrf hk`g bt Mgahcgt d` \g~xgebgr
2>>? ymg` mg xafg` xmg ~dlxwrg| ko Xaj Mkxgc a`h kxmgr ~calg| d` Ewebad.
Xmg lmarig|mggx rgvgacgh mky xmg hg|di` ko Ewebad axxalf ya| ~ca``gh a`h mky
ek`gt lma`igh ma`h| okr rglk``ad||a`lg alxdvdxdg|. Hwrd`i 2>>9# Mgahcgt vd|dxgh
^afd|xa` ymgrg mg egx Ca|mfar Egebgr A a`h rglgdvgh (2>>> ykrxm ko D`hda`
lwrrg`lt okr g}~g`|g| d` lk``glxdk` ydxm md| vd|dx xk D`hda.21 Dx ya| hwrd`i xmd| vd|dx# xmg
lmarig|mggx |adh# xmax Ca|mfar Egebgr A |mkygh a \xtrkokae eklfw~ ko xmg Xaj
Eamac Mkxgc xk Mgahcgt a`h Mgahcgt d`okreaxdk` abkwx xmg ~calg| ko Ewebad mg
|wrvgtgh. D` Earlm 2>>= a| a ~rglwr|kr xk xmg Ewebad axxalf# Mgahcgt rglgdvgh (1>>>
ykrxm ko D`hda` lwrrg`lt orke Ca|mfar Egebgr A a`h ya| a|fgh bt Ca|mfar
21 La|g @k. >4 lr =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Dcta| Fa|medrd# Abhwr Rgmea`
Ma|mde \tgh# a+f+a Eajkr Abhwr Rgmea`# a+f+a ^a|ma# Havdh Lkcgea` Mgahcgt# a+f+aHakkh Idca`d# Xamayywr Mw||ad` Ra`a# W`dxgh \xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlxko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%=.
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Egebgr| A a`h B a`h kxmgr| xk xafg bkax xrd~| d` a`h arkw`h xmg Ewebad marbkr a`h
vdhgkxa~g xmg |aeg. W`garxmd`i xmg ymkcg ~ca``d`i ko Ewebad axxalf# xmg lmarig|mggx
|adh# dx ya| hwrd`i xmg A~rdc 2>>=# Ca|mfar Egebgr| A a`h B ~rkvdhgh Mgahcgt a
Ickbac ^k|dxdk`d`i \t|xge -hgvdlg$ a`h xawimx mky xk g`xgr cklaxdk`| d`xk xmg I^\
hgvdlg a`h d`|xrwlxgh mde xk w|g dx xk rglkrh xmg cklaxdk`| ko ~k||dbcg ca`hd`i |dxg|22. A|
~gr xmg ~ca` Mgahcgt vd|dxgh Ewebad a`h a~~cdgh md| I^\ hgvdlg. Mg g`xgrgh acc xmg
~kxg`xdac xarigx| d`xk xmg I^\ hgvdlg d`lcwhd`i xmg ca`hd`i ~calg okr xgrrkrd|x| ymk arg
|w~~k|gh xk lkeg xk Ewebad okr xmg axxalf. Aoxgr xmg |wrvgdcca`lg mg xravgcgh xk
^afd|xa` a`h ~rkvdhgh xmg I^\ hgvdlg a`h vdhgk| xkCa|mfarEgebgr A. D` Jw`g 2>>=
Ca|mfarEgebgr A aiad` ~rkvdhgh a` aekw`x ko (1#7>> ykrxm ko D`hda` lwrrg`lt xk
Mgahcgt# ymk aiad` xravgcgh xk Ewebad a`h |wrvgtgh Lmabah Mkw|g aek`i kxmgr
~calg|.
Xmg a`act|d| ko xmg gvdhg`lg| lkccglxgh bt xmg OBD rgvgac| xmg oalx xmax xgrrkrd|x|bgck`i xk hdoogrg`x ba``gr okr xmgdr ~gr|k`ac dhg`xdxt a`h d`ocwg`lg bwx xmgt arg
lkeedxxgh xk a lkeek` ~wr~k|g ko yrglfd`i xgrrkr d` xmg ed`h ko ~gk~cg. Ymdcg
~dlfd`i w~ a xarigx xmg xgrrkrd|x| arg `kreacct d`ocwg`lgh bt a |gx ko rga|k`| ymdlm
d`lcwhg| bwx cdedxgh xk ~gr|k`ac aiira`hdzgeg`x# a rg~cdlaxdk` ko a 9xm lg`xwrt Arabda#
rgcdidk`| maxrgh# |xaxg ~kcdlt a`h ed|d`xgr~rgxaxdk` ko xmg mkct Qwra`. Xmg gvdhg`lg|
|wiig|x xk xmg oalx xmax xmgrg d| lcgar hdvd|dk` ko cabkwr okr hdoogrg`x ~gr|k`| d`|dhg a
xgrrkr irkw~ kr ko hdoogrg`x xgrrkr irkw~| allkrhd`i xk xmgdr la~abdcdxdg|. Ymax d|
aeazd`i k` xmg ~arx ko xmg OBD lmarig|mggx d| xmg |~gldodl eg`xdk` ko xmg xrad`d`i ko xmg
axxalfgr| ymdlm ya| hk`g hwrd`i xmg ek`xm ko Jwct a`h Awiw|x 2>>= bt Ca|mfar
Egebgr B a`h kxmgr| xk a `webgr ko tkw`i eg` d` ^afd|xa` d` vardkw| |fdcc| a`h
22 Dbdh# ~%=.
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xalxdl| xk bg w|gh d` larrtd`i kwx xgrrkrd|x axxalf| d` Ewebad# d`lcwhd`i lkebax xalxdl|#
rkke g`xrt# mk|xaig rg|lwg# `awxdlac xrad`d`i a`h |ydeed`i.
Xmg d`vkcvgeg`x ko ^afd|xa`d `axdk`ac| arg eg`xdk`gh a| xmg lmarig|mggx |adh
hwrd`i axxalf| k` Ewebad# xmg axxalfgr| ygrg d` xgcg~mk`dl lk`xalx ydxm Ca|mfar
Egebgr| A# B a`h L# acc ko ymke ygrg xmg` cklaxgh d` ^afd|xa`. Ekrg |~gldodlacct#
hwrd`i xmg lkwr|g ko xmg axxalf|# xmg axxalfgr| ygrg ahvd|gh xk# aek`i kxmgr alxdk`|#
fdcc mk|xaig| a`h xmrky irg`ahg|. Ca|mfar Egebgr A ac|k |kwimx xk arra`ig xmg
rgcga|g ko a mk|xaig d` g}lma`ig okr xmg rgcga|g ko a la~xwrgh axxalfgr.2>=# Mgahcgt ya| bw|t lk`hwlxd`i a`kxmgr
|gx ko |wrvgdcca`lg ko vardkw| xarigx| d` D`hda# d`lcwhd`i bwx `kx cdedxgh xk# xmg @axdk`ac
Hgog`|g Lkccgig d` Hgcmd a`h Lmabah Mkw|g| d` |gvgrac ldxdg| d` D`hda hwrd`i Earlm
2>>4 bargct xmrgg ek`xm aoxgr xmg Ewebad axxalf|. Lmarig| aiad`|x Mgahcgt d`lcwhg|
vdkcaxdk` ko Xdxcg 1=# W`dxgh \xaxg| Lkhg# \glxdk` 2?
mg ykrfgh ax vardkw| xdeg| ydxm Ca|mfar%g%Xadba a`h xmax mg rglgdvgh xrad`d`i orke
2< Dbdh# ~%11.
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2>4. Xmg H_H rglkvgrgh orke Ra`a ya| ~rg~argh bt A| \amab Eghda# xmg
eghda yd`i ko ac Qagha ymgrg xyk Ac Qagha k~graxdvg| ~rked`g xct ogaxwrgh. Xmg xyk
k~graxdvg| arg Ac Qagha |~kfg|ea` Abw Tamta ac%Cdbd# ymk rg~krxghct g|la~gh orke
Aegrdla` lw|xkht d` Aoima`d|xa` a`h Ew|xaoa Abw ac%Tadh# xmg xmdrh ra`fd`i ac Qagha
egebgr. Xmg 78 ed`wxg| ck`i vdhgk ya| ~rdeardct eahg xk d`ldxg rgcdidkw| ~a||dk` a`h
vdkcg`lg aiad`|x Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` a`h Hg`earf. K`lg xmg larxkk`| ygrg ~wbcd|mgh bt
xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` d` 2>>7# vdkcg`x ~rkxg|x| okcckygh alrk|| vardkw| ~arx| ko xmg
Ew|cde ykrch ~rdeardct d` @digrda# Cdbta# ^afd|xa` a`h Aoima`d|xa` law|d`i a hgaxm
28 La|g @webgr >4 LR =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh
\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~.9.
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xkcc ko 1>> ~gr|k`|. D` Dra`# \trda a`h Cgba`k` ~rkxg|xkr| |gx xmg Ha`d|m Geba||dg| k`
odrg a`h Ha`d|m ocai ya| hd|mk`krgh d` kxmgr lkw`xrdg|. A ~ca` xk fdcc xmg larxkk`d|x a`h
md| ghdxkr ya| okdcgh bt xmg Hg`earf ~kcdlg d` Ogbrwart 2>>=. Xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg
rg~wbcd|mgh xmg larxkk` aoxgr xmg oadcgh bdh xk xmg cdog ko xmg larxkk`d|x xk g}~rg||
orgghke ko |~gglm. Aoxgr xmax xmg ac Qagha a~~gargh d` A| \abab Eghda d` A~rdc 2>>=
a`h d` Jw`g 2>>= a |wdldhg bkebd`i rklfgh xmg Ha`d|m Geba||t d` D|caeabah fdccd`i ?
~gr|k`|. D` Klxkbgr 2>>=# xmg Xacdba` a``kw`lgh xmax Ha`d|m xrkk~| d` Aoima`d|xa`
ykwch bg xmgdr ~rdeart xarigx bglaw|g ko xmg larxkk`|. Dx ya| w`hgr xmd| balfirkw`h ko
ewcxd~cg oadcgh bdh| xk xmg cdog ko xmg larxkk`d|x a`h xmg `gy| aig`lt# Ra`a bgia`
|w~~krxd`i a lk`|~dralt d` ^afd|xa` d` caxg 2>>= aiad`|x xmgJtcca`h|%^k|xg .
Ymdcg Ra`a a`h Mgahcgt bkxm arg ~rkhwlx ko CgX |lmkkc# aoxgr xrad`d`i xmgt ygrg
|g~araxgh orke CgX d` xmgdr alxdk` xk rw` xmgdr ky` |cgg~gr lgcc. Ymg` bkxm ko xmge arg
lkeedxxgh xk xmg CgX# xmgt `gvgr |mt ko lkccabkraxdk` ydxm MwJD a`h kxmgr| xk lk`hwlxxgrrkr axxalf|. Ra`a a`h Mgahcgt lk`hwlxgh |wrvgdcca`lg ko Ewebad okr xmg Ca|mfar
balfgh Ewebad axxalf# a| Ca|mfar d| alxdvg a`h la~abcg d` D`hda# xmg |aeg hwk
lk`hwlxgh |wrvgdcca`lg koJtcca`h|%^k|xg` d` Hg`earf okr MwJD# a| MwJD d| la~abcg ko
a` axxalf d` Gwrk~g. D` md| lkhgh lkeew`dlaxdk` Mgahcgt |adh xmax D hk`x larg xmax do
D ae ykrfd`i okr Edlrk|kox kr D ae ykrfd`i okr a...a`t...IG kr ^mdcd~|. A largowc
rgvdgy ko xmg lkhgh lkeew`dlaxdk` rgvgac| xmg oalx xmax Mgahcgt d| d`hdlaxd`i xmax mg
hkg| `kx larg ymgxmgr mg ykrf| okr Dcta| Fa|medrd| irkw~ MwJD kr Maodz \atggh|
CgX# a| ck`i a| mg mgc~| larrt kwx axxalf|.
Xayammwr Ra`a ya| lmarigh ydxm ~rkvdhd`i eaxgrdac |w~~krx a`h rg|kwrlg|# a`h xk
lk`lgac a`h hd|iwd|g xmg `axwrg# cklaxdk`# |kwrlg a`h ky`gr|md~ ko |wlm eaxgrdac
|w~~krx a`h rg|kwrlg|# f`kyd`i a`h d`xg`hd`i xmax xmgt ygrg xk bg w|gh d` ~rg~araxdk`
okr# a`h d` larrtd`i kwx# a lk`|~dralt xk lkeedx xgrrkrd|x alx| d`vkcvd`i ewrhgr a`h
eaded`i kwx|dhg xmg W dxgh \xaxg|. Xmg lmarig|mggx aiad`|x Ra`a |adh xmax Ra`a ya|
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bkr` d` ^afd|xa` a`h d| a La`ahda` ldxdzg` ymk ~rdeardct rg|dhg| d` Lmdlaik# Dccd`kd|
ydxm bw|d`g|| d`xgrg|x d` Lmdlaik# @gy Tkrf a`h La`aha. Mg irahwaxgh orke a
edcdxart |lmkkc cklaxgh d` xmg ^afd|xa`d xky` ko Ma|a` Abhac.27
Xmg OBD d`xgrlg~xgh mky Mgahcgt ~grokregh a Ikkicg |garlm okr Dcta| Fa|medrd
ax a~~rk}deaxgct 9.24 ~.e k` \g~xgebgr 1?# 2>>4 a| dx ya| k` xmax hat a ~rg|| rg~krx
a~~gargh k`cd`g d`hdlaxd`i xmax Dcta| Fa|medrd mah bgg` fdccgh k` \g~xgebgr 18# 2>>4
d` a hrk`g axxalf. Aoxgr xmd| `gy| xmgdr ~ca` ya| hd|xwrbgh a| xmgdr |w~~ct |xrwlxwrg d|
hgva|xaxgh ydxm xmg hgaxm ko Fa|medrd.
\glwrdxt aig`ldg| d` D`hda arg hglgdvgh ea`t xdeg| bt xmg xgrrkrd|x|. D` caxg 1448# a
~kcdlg radh `gar Hgcmd rg|lwgh |gvgrac okrgdi` mk|xaig| bgd`i mgch bt a irkw~ ko
xgrrkrd|x|# |ggfd`i xmg rgcga|g ko |keg arrg|xgh edcdxa`x cgahgr| d`lcwhd`i Eawca`a
Ea|kkh Azmar. Azmar mah bgg` arrg|xgh d` Ogbrwart xmax tgar. Xmg lkeea`hgr ko xmg
xgrrkrd|x irkw~ Marfax%wc Jdmah%ac%D|caed# Dcta| Fa|medrd a`h md| xrw|xgh cdgwxg`a`x
Kear \aggh \mgdfm lk`ork`xgh xmg ~kcdlg a`h d` xmg iw` baxxcg xmax g`|wgh# \mgdfm ya|
d`jwrgh a`h arrg|xgh bwx Fa|medrd g|la~gh. Kear \mgdfm ya| caxgr rgcga|gh d`
g}lma`ig okr ~a||g`igr| abkarh xmg mdjalfgh DL%=18 ax Fa`hamar.2? Xmd`i| ykwch
mavg hdoogrg`x mah xmg |glwrdxt aig`ldg| ma`hcgh xmg aooadr ydxm |xggct rg|kcvg.
Xk maxlm a bdi lk`|~dralt a`h xk |mdox Mgahcgt xk ^afd|xa` okr odvg tgar| Ra`a
|xarxgh eafd`i arra`igeg`x k` 27 \g~xgebgr 2>>4. Ra`a lk`xalxgh xmg Lk`|wc
Ig`grac ax xmg ^afd|xa`d Lk`|wcaxg d` Lmdlaik d` a` gookrx xk igx a 7%tgar vd|a okr
27 @k. >4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Ra`a# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%=.
2? Hmacc# ^# Kear \madfm| ^af ma`hcgr Dcta| Fa|medrd ac|k Ma`hcgh Mgahcgt# Xmg D`hda`G}~rg||# @kvgebgr 1?# 2>>4.
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2?
Mgahcgt xk xravgc xk ^afd|xa`. Xmg OBD mah a|lgrxad`gh xmg oalx xmax xmg Lk`|wc Ig`grac
f`ky| Ra`a a`h Mgahcgt ~gr|k`acct a| acc xmg xmrgg axxg`hgh xmg |aeg mdim |lmkkc bwx
xmg Lk`|wc Ig`grac f`ky| Mgahcgt bt a hdoogrg`x `aeg Hakkh Idca`d. Ra`a oabrdlaxgh
a |xkrt xmax mg ya`xgh xmg vd|a okr a ymdxg Aegrdla` Mgahcgt ymk d| kwx ko Lmdlaik
k` bw|d`g|| ~wr~k|g mg`lg la``kx lkeg xk eggx mde bwx mg la` |g`h |kegk`g gc|g xk
lkccglx xmg vd|a. Xmg OBD ~rkvgh xmg oalx xmax Ra`a ya`xgh xk hglgdvg xmg Lk`|wc
Ig`grac d`xk ira`xd`i a vd|a okr Mgahcgt.29 Dx ya| xmd| xdeg xmg OBD |w|~glxgh xmax
Mgahcgt eat `kx rgxwr` xk xmg W\ okr a ck`i xdeg a`h arrg|xgh mde ax xmg KMarg
D`xgr`axdk`ac Adr~krx.
Xmg Rgxdrgh ^afd|xa`d Eajkr
OBD odcgh a`kxmgr lmarig|mggx aiad`|x a ea` `aegh Abhwr Rgmea` d` xmg |aeg
lk`|~dralt la|g. Xmg W\ cay g`okrld`i aig`lt egxdlwckw|ct d`vg|xdiaxgh a`h okw`h
xmax aoxgr vd|dxd`i Hg`earf d` Ja`wart 2>>4# D`hdvdhwac A xravgcgh xk ^afd|xa` xk eggx
ydxm Abhwr Rgmea`. Hwrd`i xmd| xrd~# Abhwr Rgmea` xkkf D`hdvdhwac A xk xmg
Oghgracct Ahed`d|xgrgh Xrdbac Arga -OAXA$ rgidk` d` `krxmyg|xgr` ^afd|xa` d` krhgr
xk eggx ydxm Fa|medrd a`h |kcdldx xmg ~arxdld~axdk` ko Fa|medrd a`h md| kria`dzaxdk` d`
xmg ~ca``gh axxalf k` xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg . D`hdvdhwac A rgxwr`gh xk Lmdlaik d` edh%
Jw`g 2>>4.2= A| D`hdvdhwac A vd|dxgh Lmdlaik# md| dhg`xdxt d| vgrt ewlm f`ky` xk xmg
OBD a`h xmg dhg`xdxt ko D`hdvdhwac A la` bg xralgh xk Havdh Mgahcgt orke xmg
rgvgcaxdk` ko xmg OBD lmarig|mggx ymdlm |at| D`hdvdhwac A ya| arrg|xgh bt OBD aig`x|
29 La|g @k. >4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Ra`a# W`dxgh\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%8
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k` Klxkbgr >4 a| mg ~rg~argh xk bkarh a ocdimx orke Lmdlaik xk ^mdcahgc~mda.
Hwrd`i a |garlm ko xmg cwiiaig ko D`hdvdhwac A# a egekrt |xdlf ya| rglkvgrgh xmax
lk`xad`gh xg` vdhgk| ko Lk~g`maig`# Hg`earf# d`lcwhd`i vdhgk oklw|gh k` xmg
Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` bwdchd`i a| ygcc a| vdhgk ko a `garbt Ha`d|m edcdxart barralf|# a`h a
ea~ ko Lk~g`maig`.24 Xmg hg|lrd~xdk` odx d`xk xmg arrg|x ko Havdh Mgahcgt.
Xmg ocaycg|| d`vg|xdiaxdk` ko OBD ac|k cgah| xk xmg dhg`xdodlaxdk` ko xmg rgxdrgh
^afd|xa`d edcdxart koodlgr. Dx ya| Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde \tgh# ymk rg|dhg| d` Camkrg
a`h mg d| rgxdrgh Eajkr d` xmg ^afd|xa`d edcdxart ymk ya| arrg|xgh bt xmg ^afd|xa`d
awxmkrdxdg| d` |weegr 2>>4 a`h rgcga|gh caxgr. Xmg d`hdlxeg`x |at| Abhwr Rgmea` ma|
ac|k w|gh xmg `aeg| Eajkr a`h ^a|ma a`h mg d| a||kldaxgh ydxm xmgCa|mfar%g%Xadba
xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk`. Ymdcg dhg`xdotd`i D`hdvdhwac B# xmg OBD lmarig|mggx |at|#
D`hdvdhwac B ya| bkr` d` ^afd|xa` a`h d| `ky a La`ahda` ldxdzg` ymk ~rdeardct
rg|dhg| d` Lmdlaik# Dccd`kd|. D`hdvdhwac B# ymk ma| rglgdvgh eghdlac xrad`d`i# d| xmgky`gr ko |gvgrac bw|d`g||g|# d`lcwhd`i Odr|x Ykrch# ymdlm ma| koodlg| d` Lmdlaik# @gy
Tkrf# a`h La`aha#
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2=
\xaxg| Lkhg# \glxdk` 47? -a$ -1$ -lk`|~dralt xk fdcc# fdh`a~# eade kr d`jwrg ~gr|k`| d` a
okrgdi` lkw`xrt$.
Lmarig|mggx| ko Ewebad ^kcdlg a`h OBD: A Lke~ard|k`
Xmg Md%Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11 a~~kd`xgh bt xmg Eamara|mxra
Ikvgr`eg`x d` xmg aoxgreaxm ko xmg 2?+11 xgrrkr axxalf|# d` dx| rg~krx lk`lcw|dvgct
~rkvgh xmax xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg |de~ct hdh `kx mah xmg g}~grxd|g# xrad`d`i# ea`~kygr
a`h yga~k`rt xk hgac ydxm |wlm a |~gldacdzgh xgrrkr axxalf. Xmg d`abdcdxt ko Ewebad
~kcdlg lk`xd`wgh gvg` aoxgr xmg axxalf ymg` xmg lmarig|mggx ya| odcgh. Xmg vkcwed`kw|
lmarig|mggx ko xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg ~rkvdhd`i ~ad`|xafd`i hgxadc| abkwx xmg axxalf| a`h
xmg haeaig| law|g| bt xmg axxalf d| a xmkrkwim hklweg`x xk f`ky abkwx xmg axxalfgr|
ymk ygrg fdccgh kr la~xwrgh a`h ymk mah lkeedxxgh xmg lrdeg. Dx eafg| xmg xa|f ko xmg
lkwrx ga|t xk ~g`acdzg xmg arrg|xgh allw|gh. Bwx ymax dx ed||gh d| xmg ahgqwaxg
gvdhg`lg| xmax arg rgqwdrgh xk bkkf xmg lk`|~draxkr| ymk arg rg|dhd`i bgtk`h D`hda`
bkrhgr|.
Xmg OBD k` xmg kxmgr ma`h rgcdgh mgavdct k` xmg gvdhg`lg| dx iaxmgrgh xmrkwim
vardkw| ega`| g|~gldacct bt w|d`i xglm`kckit a`h okrg`|dl cabkraxkrdg| xk g|xabcd|m xmgxrwxm. Xmg dhg`xdxdg| ko xmg ~gk~cg d`vkcvgh d` xmg lk`|~dralt# a| w`ravgcgh bt xmg OBD#
d| rgahdct ~rkvdhgh a`h xmgdr ymgrg abkwx d| eg`xdk`gh d` xmg lmarig|mggx. Ymk arg
bgmd`h xmg axxalf# mky ewlm ow`hd`i ya| ~we~gh d`xk xmg lk`|~dralt# orke ymgrg xmg
ek`gt lkeg a`h ymg` xmg ek`gt d| lma`igh ma`h| arg ac|k a`|ygrgh d` xmg
lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg OBD.
Ewebad ~kcdlg lmarig|mggx |adh xmax xmg xgrrkrd|x axxalf d| a ~rk}t yar bwx dx ya|
oar orke g|xabcd|md`i xmg oalx xmax ymdlm aig`lt ko ^afd|xa` yaid`i xmg ~rk}t yar. Xmg
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lmarig |mggx ~rkvgh xmg oalx xmaxCa|mfar%g%Xadba d| bgmd`h xmg axxalf# ymdlm d| acrgaht
kwxcaygh bt xmg ^afd|xa`d ikvgr`eg`x. D` a` d`xgrvdgy xk xmg Igrea` Eaiazd`g
\~dgigc| rg~krxgr \w|a``g Fkgcbc# xmg D`xgr%\grvdlg| D`xgccdig`lg Lmdgo ko ^afd|xa`#
Cdgwxg`a`x%Ig`grac Amegh \mwjaa ^a|ma ma| ead`xad`gh xmax Xmgt mavg idvg` w|
`kxmd`i# `k `webgr|# `k lk``glxdk`|# `k `aeg|. Xmd| d| rgirgxxabcg. Xmg lmarig|mggx
ac|k `gvgr eg`xdk`gh a`txmd`i abkwx xmg d`vkcvgeg`x ko D\D kr ^afd|xa`d edcdxart.
Lke~argh xk xmax xmg OBD lmarig|mggx ~rkvdhgh acc xmg hgxadc| ko xravgc ~ca` ko k`g
^afd|xa`d rgxdrgh Eajkr ymk|g `aeg d| Abhwr Rgmea`. Aoxgr ymdlm# xmg rgxdrgh Eajkr
ya| arrg|xgh hwrd`i xmg |weegr ko 2>>4 bt ^afd|xa`. D\D k` xmg kxmgr ma`h xafg
ahgqwaxg ~rglawxdk`# ymdcg hdrglxd`i a xgrrkr axxalf| aiad`|x D`hda# xmax dx| ge~cktgg
ew|x `kx igx lawimx d` xmg alx.
Xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg `gvgr a`|ygrgh lk`vd`ld`ict ymt Ewebad ya| axxalfgh#
acxmkwim vardkw| vgr|dk`| ko xmg rga|k` ko axxalf| arg avadcabcg d` xmg eghda. XmgEwebad ~kcdlg lmarig|mggx idvg| acek|x `k g}~ca`axdk` abkwx xmg ~wr~k|g ko xmd|
xgrrkrd|x axxalf g}lg~x a brdgo hg|lrd~xdk` k` CgX. Xmg lmarig|mggx eg`xdk`gh >=. Bwx xmgt ygrg `kx d`lcwhgh a| lk`|~draxkr|! Dx d| ydhgct bgcdgvgh
a`h ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg ~k~wcar eghda xmax xmg ~wr~k|g ko xmg axxalf d| xk hd|xralx xmg
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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
axxg`xdk` ko ^afd|xa`d ikvgr`eg`x orke xmg Aoima` yar xk xmg lk`vg`xdk`ac okg D`hda
g|~gldacct xmg ~rkbcge ko Fa|medr. Dx d| bgcdgvgh xmax xmgrg arg a qwdxg `webgr ko
~gr|k`| d` D\D dx|gco ymk arg hd|airggd`i xk odimx ydxm xmg W\ a`h kxmgr @AXK
lkw`xrdg| d` Aoima`d|xa`. Bgokrg odcd`i xmg lmarig|mggx |g`dkr koodldac| ko Ewebad
~kcdlg d`lcwhd`i xmg ~wbcdl ~rk|glwxkr w|g xk |at xmax xmg g`xdrg d`xgr`axdk`ac
lkeew`dxt d| okcckyd`i xmg la|g a`h mg`lg xmg lmarig|mggx ew|x bg ~rg~argh ydxm hwg
hdcdig`lg. Bwx xmgrg d| ab|g`lg ko xmg balfirkw`h d`okreaxdk` ymt xmg axxalf ma~~g`gh
ymdlm d| eafd`i dx hdoodlwcx xk xafg xmd| eaxxgr xk d`xgr`axdk`ac okrwe. Dx ya| k`ct k`
Ogbrwart 27# 2>1># okr xmg odr|x xdeg# D`hda a|fgh okr xyk |grvd`i ^afd|xa`d Aret
koodlgr|# Eajkr Dqbac a`h Eajkr \aedr Acd xk bg ma`hgh kvgr xk D`hda d` lk``glxdk`
ydxm xmg Ewebad xgrrkr axxalf|. Lk`xrart xk xmd|# xmg OBD lmarig|mggx hgac ydxm galm ko
xmg gvg`x ydxm deealwcaxg eaxwrdxt a`h g|xabcd|mgh xmg ymkcg |xrwlxwrg a`h ekxdvg
bgmd`h xmg axxalf ~ca`# bkxm k` Ewebad a`h k`Jtcca`h|%^k|xg .
Xmg mdim ~kygr lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11 d` dx| rg~krx# kb|grvgh mky rgh xa~g ma| mgch
w~ a`t ~kcdlg ekhgr`dzaxdk` ~ca`| a| ygcc a| ~wrlma|g ko are| / aeew`dxdk` okr xmg
Eamara|mxra ~kcdlg# ymdlm d| a htd`i `glg||dxt ko xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg. Xk qwkxg xmg
rg~krx ko xmg lkeedxxgg ymdlm |adh# xmg HI^ ma| |xaxgh xmax xmg ~wrlma|g d`vkcvg| a
cg`ixmt ~rklghwrg ko 1< |xaig|. Xmgrg arg kxmgr hdoodlwcxdg| cdfg ab|g`lg ko a~~rkvgh
xg|xd`i cabkraxkrdg|# `k`%avadcabdcdxt ko |~gldac gqwd~eg`x| d` xmg earfgx ymdlm mavg xk
bg ea`woalxwrgh kr de~krxgh# hgcat d` igxxd`i ab|xralx bdcc ~gred||dk` orke Ikvx.#
gxl.=# ~%98%97.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
>4 rg~krx |adh# dx ya| bglaw|g ko
calf ko lkkrhd`axdk` aek`i hdoogrg`x d`xgccdig`lg iaxmgrd`i aig`ldg| d`lcwhd`i xmk|g ko
edcdxart d`xgccdig`lg rg|wcxd`i d` ck|| ko ~rgldkw| cdvg| ko hgog`|g |grvdlg| a`h ~kcdlg
okrlg ~gr|k``gc a| ygcc a| xmk|g ko ldvdcda`|.=%2>>4$# Ed`d|xrt ko Hgog`lg# Ckf \abma \glrgxardax#@gy Hgcmd# Ogbrwart# 2>>4# ~%28.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
>2# xmg W\ lrgaxgh a |d`icg# w`dodgh Hg~arxeg`x ko Mkegca`h \glwrdxt xk
~rkxglx Aegrdla. \wb|gqwg`xct# ek|x ko xmg `axdk`| d`lcwhd`i WF# Ora`lg# Igrea`t
a`h Aw|xracda rgvae~gh xmgdr |glwrdxt cay|. D`hda| Ed`d|xrt ko Mkeg Aooadr| ma| xkk
ea`t |glwrdxt aig`ldg| xk hgac ydxm eafd`i dx mdimct w`ydgcht a`h d`googlxdvg aiad`|x
xgrrkr |xrdfg|. Xmg deeghdaxg `ggh okr D`hda d| a |xrk`i ~kcdlt ydxm `k lcgeg`lt okrxgrrkr# a` d`xgiraxgh |glwrdxt hg~arxeg`x# xkwim xgrrkr cay# oa|x xralf |~gldac lkwrx okr
xgrrkrd|x lrdeg a`h |~gldac egia ldxt ~kcdld`i. Lrdxdld|e| ko ~k|x%4+11 gookrx| xk ~rkxglx
xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| orke axxalf a`h xmg lcade xmax Aegrdla d| ekrg vwc`grabcg xma` gvgr
xk xmg xra`|`axdk`ac xgrrkrd|x ha`igr d| va|xct kvgr%mt~gh. Ymg` xmg W\ ~rgvg`xgh
a`kxmgr 4+11 |d`lg 2>>1 hwg xk dx| gcabkraxg ega|wrg| aiad`|x xgrrkrd|x lrdeg6 ydxm ?8
xgrrkr axxalf| alrk|| D`hda d` 2>>= k`ct# D`hda d| a| vwc`grabcg a| bgokrg bglaw|g ko dx|
cg|| xalxowc ma`hcd`i ko xgrrkrd|e k` dx| |kdc.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
>>1#Hd||grxaxdk`# Jayamarcac @gmrw W`dvgr|dxt# @gy Hgcmd# ~~%=?%=9.
@dvghdxa Ewfmgrjgg# Orke Bah xk Baxxgrgh#D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.
Mdccart lke~arg| Ewebad axxalf| ydxm 4+11 lar`aig# Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# Jwct 1=# 2>>4.
Cthda ^kcirgg` a`h _dfa| Bajaj# D`hda| Iwarh D| W~# bwx Ygaf`g||g| Rgead`# Xmg @gyTkrf Xdeg|# @kvgebgr 27# 2>>4.
Xmg 4+11 Lkeed||dk` Rg~krx.
Jaeg| Jat Laraoa`k# W\ Xmyarx 14 Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf| aiad`|x Aegrdla \d`lg 4+11#Balfirkw`hgr# @k. 2>=7# @kvgebgr 1>9.
Eamara|mxra Ikvgr`eg`x# Rg~krx ko xmg Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11#Hglgebgr # 2>>=.
Arw` ^kkrdg# ^cghig xk Yd` Xmd| Yar#D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.Lmarcg| Accg`# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \g`axg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt a`h
Ikvgr`eg`xac Aooadr|# " Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|"# Hdrf|g`#\g`axg Koodlg Bwdchd`i# Ya|md`ixk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.
Ratek`h Y. Fgcct# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \g`axg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt /Ikvgr`eg`xac Aooadr|# Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|# Hdrf|g`#\g`axg Koodlg Bwdchd`i# Ya|md`ixk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.
Lmdhaebarae# ^.# ^arcdaeg`x Hgbaxg# \wk%Ekxw \xaxgeg`x ko xmg Mkeg Ed`d|xgr d`^arcdaeg`x# Hglgebgr 11# 2>>=.
Ewebad ^kcdlg# Od`ac Rg~krx Ewebad Xgrrkr Axxalf La|g| 2?xm @kvgebgr 2>>=# 4# Lmarig# Eat ?# 2>>4.
La|g @webgr >4 LR = W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.
La|g @k. >4 lr =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Dcta| Fa|medrd# Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde\tgh# a+f+a Eajkr Abhwr Rgmea`# a+f+a ^a|ma# Havdh Lkcgea` Mgahcgt# a+f+a
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Ra`a# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.
^ra`ab \aea`x Hmacc# Kear \madfm| ^af ma`hcgr Dcta| Fa|medrd ac|k Ma`hcgh Mgahcgt#Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# @kvgebgr 1?# 2>>4.
W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde \tgh# ac|k f`ky` a| ^a|ma# Eajkr#a`h Abhwr Ramea`# W`dxgh \xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|#
Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.
Xmdrxt \d}xm Rg~krx# \xaxw| ko De~cgeg`xaxdk` ko W`dodgh Lkeea`h okr Aregh Okrlg|\xa`hd`i Lkeedxxgg k` Hgog`lg -2>>=%2>>4$# Ed`d|xrt ko Hgog`lg# # Ckf \abma\glrgxardax# @gy Hgcmd# Ogbrwart# 2>>4.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
1>$# @gy Hgcmd.
^a~gr ~wbcd|mgh:
Cwrfd`i Axxalf| k` D`hda: Ega|wrd`i a`h Lkw`xgrd`i Xgrrkrd|x|# allg~xgh okr
~wbcdlaxdk` d` xmg Ickbac A|da xk bg ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg \~rd`i D||wg -Earlm 2>1>$.
D`hda%Ja~a` ^arx`gr aiad`|x Xgrrkrd|e# allg~xgh okr ~wbcdlaxdk` d` Ykrch Aooadr|
Jkwr`ac# @gy Hgcmd# -Earlm 2>1>$.
Yg|xgr` A~~rkalm xk Xgrrkrd|e# ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg ghdxgh bkkf Xra`|`axdk`ac
Xgrrkrd|e: ^gr|~glxdvg| k` Ekxdvg|# Ega|wrg| a`h De~alx| bt Hr. Lmd`xaea`d
Eama~axra# Rgogrg`lg ^rg||# @gy Hgcmd# 2>>9.
^k|x Bw|m%Bcadr: W\ Xdg| \gx xk Lma`ig# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg
Accda`lg"# @k. 1# vkc. }}ddd# Jw`g 18# 2>>9# @gy Hgcmd.
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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\
_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>
Xra`|axca`xdl Rgacdzaxdk` ko @gy Xgrrkrd|e# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "Axca`xdl Qwarxgrct
Jkwr`ac"# Ja`wart%Earlm 2>>?# @gy Hgcmd.
@gy Hky` d` \wha`# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg Accda`lg"# `k. 22>7# @gy Hgcmd.
Aoima`d|xa`: Yk` a`h Aba`hk`gh# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg
Accda`lg"# `k. 7> _kc. }}ddd# Earlm =# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.
\~glxgr Maw`x| A`}dkw| Aoima`d|xa`# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg
Accda`lg"# @k. 1# vkc. }}ddd# Jw`g 18# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.
Xgrrkr D` \rd Ca`fa: ^galg ^rklg|| \woogr a \gxbalf# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h
Ogaxwrg Accda`lg"# `k. 1?7# vkc. }}ddd# Jwct 2?# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.
Mk`i Fk`i: D`lmd`i Xkyarh| Hgeklralt# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg
Accda`lg "# `k. 22< vkc }}ddd# 8 Klxkbgr# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.
D`hda%W@ a`h Rgokre d` \glwrdxt Lkw`ldc# ^wbcd|mgh d` Xmg Axca`xdl Jkwr`ac ko
Ykrch Aooadr|# _kcweg 2 @webgr 1# Ja`wart%Earlm 2>>?.