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Successful in the city
Dr. Viktor VenhorstDepartment of Economic GeographyFaculty of Spatial Sciences
U4 Meeting Career ServicesSeptember 25th-26th 2014, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Graduates entering the labour market
› Skills and early career outcomes The graduate as a solitary unit in neutral
space or The graduate as a
- Migrant? Husband / wife? Parent? - And: knowledge worker, entrepreneur, engaged citizen,
etc.
The university and the local policy angle
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A herd of pink elephants?
› Decisions, outcomes and context Labour market entry vs careers The graduate and his / her context Regions, spatial mobility and career patterns
- The bright lights of the city- Regional binding- Regional resilience
The role of universities- Education institute or engine of growth?
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Successful in the city (2013)
› Follow 17 graduate cohorts … Up to 18 years after leaving university …
› Looking at: Labour market outcomes Entrepreneurship success Residential locations In relation to
- Household position and activity of partners- Educational background, personal characteristics
› Project in cooperation with prof.dr. Jouke van Dijk, dr. Sierdjan Koster
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Venhorst, VA, Koster S., Van Dijk, J. (2013) Geslaagd in de stad, URSI Research report 344
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This presentation
› Meeting the graduates› Labour market
Participation and wages Labour market dynamics
› Entrepreneurship Incidence and profitability The effect of student entrepreneurship
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Search duration first job – university graduates
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Share of graduates – permanent position
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Unemployment rate among graduates
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The spatial dimension
› The region as a Home region Study region Work region Residential region
› Cities as escalators› Location choice and
Regional familiarity Career progression
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Growingcities and a decliningregion
the escalatormodel
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Venhorst, VA (2013) Graduate Migration and Regional Familiarity, TESG, Vol. 104, No. 1, pp. 109–119
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More to it than meets the eye
› Net flows to economic core, but Highly selective
- Field of study and the need to move- The best graduates do not always leave
What does this tell us about- Local recruitment?- Peripheral graduate retention and brain drain?
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Graduates and field of study, by cohort
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Careers
› Entering the labour market› During a very dynamic period in the life course
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Graduates and the transition into the labour market
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Graduates and household position
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Graduate early and mid-career labour market dynamics
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% Active in employment by Field of Study
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Total net annual income from employment by Field of Study
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Men: total net annual income from employment by Graduation Cohort
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Women: total net annual income from employment by Graduation Cohort
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Men: income growth, contribution of FoS and Time to H.E. departure
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Women: income growth, contribution of FoS and Time to H.E. departure
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Effect of Household and regional controls: changes in marginal effects
Men: no effect
Women: not controlling for Household and Regional context leads to underestimation of return to FoS
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Labour market success
› Medium to long run: There is more to it than field of study
- Learning on the job- The opportunity to make favourable switches- The ability to cope with adverse (economic) shocks
Affected by- Household situation - Regional circumstances
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Source: PBL, 2013
Skill-relatednessof sectors
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Resilience of regional labour markets faced with an economic shock
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Who is mobile?
› Differences according to Fields of study
- Engineers, economists, humanities mobile across sectors; Healthcare mobile within sector
Mobility breeds mobility- Much stability, but a minority continues to be mobile
The household decision process- Enabling effect of partner- Children lead to lower sectoral mobility
Regional opportunities and threats
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“…the majority of local entrepreneurial economic development imparted by universities is in the form of start-ups created by former students,…”
Åstebro and Bazzazian (2012, p.294)
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Context
› Regional impact of HEIs Spin-offs, spillovers, human capital in the form of
graduates
› Policy attention, tuition programmes: establish a link between local HEIs and city economy Alumni graduates starting a business locally
› This project: first to address self-employment as a labour market outcome for this group Effect of early entrepreneurial experience (Student self-
employment) on the ensuing career?
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Incidence of self-employment
Share of self-employed graduates
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Mean profit of self-employed graduates
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Survival in self employment by student self-employment
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Mean profit by student self-employment
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Mean net wages by student self-employment
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Student self-employment
› Success story? › No
Composition effects Selection effects
› Student-self employed Remain self-employed more often But are not more successful In addition: risk of labour market penalty
- Delayed start to a career
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Share of graduates running a business in residential city, by cohort. A local event.
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Some thoughts to conclude
› Labour market entry versus careers? Successful entry is key
- Main determinant of early spatial mobility But longer term outcomes centred in personal and
contextual factors
› The spatial dimension: local or global? Aim globally but do not forget the local
- Which is exactly how many employers recruit
› What about drop-outs?
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Grads versus dropouts
Mean profits for graduates and drop-outs
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Grads versus dropouts salary
Mean income for graduates and drop-outs
