U.S.

supp

lyro

ute

toAu

stral

ia

from U.S.

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

SOUTH

CHINA

SEA

Pearl HarborPHILIPPINE

SEA

CORAL

SEA

EASTCHINA

SEA

YELLOWSEA

SEA OFJAPAN

I N D I A NO C E A N

SEAOF

OKHOTSK

B E R I N G

S E A

MANCHURIA

Neutral untilAug. 8, 1945 KiskaAttu

ALASKA(U.S.)

KURILE

ISLAN

DS

Chungking

Beijing

PortMoresby

Rabaul

Singapore

Amboina

Manila

KunmingBurma RoadLashio

Ledo

Honolulu

Dutch Harbor

TokyoOsaka

HiroshimaNagasaki

TAIWAN

CELEBES

JAVA TIMOR

BISMARCKARCHIPELAGO

NEW GUINEA

NEWHEBRIDES(Br. and Fr.)

FIJI(Br.)

GILBERTISLANDS

(Br.)

ELLICEISLANDS

(Br.)

CAROLINE ISLANDSTRUK

SAIPAN

SAKHALIN

KARAFUTO

A L E U T I A N I S L A N D S (U.S.)

NEWCALEDONIA

(Br.)

MARSHALLISLANDS

WAKEISLAND(U.S.)

SUMATRA

MINDANAO

SOLOMONISLANDS

(Br.)

LUZON

HAWAIIANISLANDS (U.S)

MARIANAISLANDS

GUAM (U.S.)

VOLCANOISLANDS

MARCUSISLAND

BONINISLANDS

RYUKYUISLANDS

BORNEO

SAMOA

0

0

400 800 1200 Miles

800400 1200 Kilometers

Major battles

Allied advances

Allied air offensesAllied nations

Neutral nations

Limit of Japanese controlafter Pearl Harbor

New GuineaJune 1943–July 1944

PalauSept. 1944

Leyte GulfOct. 1944

Philippine SeaJune 1944

PhilippinesOct. 1944–Aug. 1945

Iwo JimaFeb.–Mar. 1945

OkinawaApr.–June 1945

MarianasJune–Sept. 1944

U.S. air assault on JapanNov. 1944–Aug. 1945

EniwetokFeb. 1944

MidwayJune 4, 1942

KwajaleinJan.–Feb. 1944

TarawaNov. 1943

PapuaAug. 1942–June 1943

GuadalcanalAug. 1942–

Feb. 1943

Bougainville Nov. 1943–Aug. 1945Java Sea

February 1942

MONGOLIA

C H I N A

S O V I E T U N I O N

A U S T R A L I A

JAPAN

NEPALBHUTAN

INDIA

THAILAND

FRENCHINDOCHINA

MALAYA(Br.) SARAWAK

(Br.)

BR.NORTH

BORNEO

PAPUA(Austr.)

PHILIPPINES

TERRITORY OF NEW GUINEA(Austr. Mandate)

BURMA HONGKONG(Br.)

D U T C H E A S T I N D I E S

KOREA

1943

Equator

25-1 World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945

0

0 250 500 Kilometers

500 Miles250LIBYA (Italy)

NORTHERNIRELAND

SLOVAKIA

LEBANON

SPANISHMOROCCO

DENMARK

GREECE

LATVIA

ESTONIA

PORTUGAL

POLAND

S O V I E T U N I O N

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

SWITZERLAND AUSTRIAHUNGARY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

NORWAY

GREATBRITAIN

GERMANY

BULGARIA

TURKEY

SYRIAIRAQ

TRANSJORDAN

SAUDIARABIA

EGYPT

TUNISIA

ALGERIAMOROCCO

ROMANIA

SPAIN

ICELAND

REPUBLICOF

IRELAND

A L P SCAUCASUS MOUNTAINS

CRETE(Greece)

SuezCanal

RHODES(Italy)

SICILY

SARDINIA

CORSICA

CYPRUS(British)

Finnish territoryannexedby Soviet Union

Warsaw

Yalta

Moscow

Dresden

London

Territoryannexedby Hungary

NORMANDY

UKRAINERUTHENIA

CASPIANSEA

B L A C K S E A

N O R T H

S E A

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

BA

LTI C

SE

A

Oder R.

RhineR.

BOHEMIAMORAVIADanube R.

Dan ube R.

Volg

aR.

Aug.

1943

Sept. 1944

July 1

944

Marc

h 19

44

Aug.

1944

Dec. 1944

April 1945

Nov. 1942

July 1943

Nov. 1942

RE

D S

EA

Elbe R.

A T L A S M O U N T A I N SKasserine PassFeb. 14 – 22, 1943

Petsamo

BerlinsurrenderedMay 2, 1945

Romeliberated

June 5, 1944

El AlameinOct. 23 – Nov. 5, 1942

Battle of the BulgeDec. 16, 1944–

Jan. 31, 1945

Parisliberated

Aug. 1944

D-DayJune 6, 1944

Leningradbesieged

Sept. 1941–Jan. 19, 1943

Stalingradbesieged

Aug. 1942–Jan. 31, 1943

VICHYFRANCEoccupiedNov. 1942

EnglishChannel

LITHUANIA

EASTPRUSSIA

(Germany)

DanzigFreeState

ITALYYUGOSLAVIA

PALESTINE(British)

ALBANIA(Italy)

M E D I TE

RR

AN

EA N

S E AF R E N C H N O R T H

A F R I C A(Vichy France)

Joined Allies Nov. 1942

Axis Powers beforeWorld War II

Extent of Axis controlearly Nov. 1942

Allies

Neutral nations

Allied troop movements

Major battles/Allied victories

25-2 World War II in Europe, 1942–1945

Years

Air

craf

t (i

n th

ous

ands

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1944194319421941194019391938

5.68.3

4.57.9

3.2 2.8 1.8 2.1

10.84.8

15

6.1 5.1

20.1

29.4

8.911.8

Germany

Japan

UKUSA

15.6

23.7

47.8

25.5

16.7

26.3

39.8

28.226.5

96.3

85.9

25-1 Number of Military Aircraft Produced

0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

G U L F O F M E X I C O

ARIZONA

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

IDAHO

MONTANA NORTHDAKOTA MINNESOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

WYOMING

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

TEXASLOUISIANA

ARKANSASOKLAHOMA

KANSASMISSOURI

IOWA

WISCONSINMICHIGAN

ILLINOIS INDIANA

OHIO

KENTUCKY

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPIALABAMA

GEORGIASOUTH

CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

VIRGINIAWESTVIRGINIA

DEL.

NEWJERSEY

MARYLAND

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWYORK

CONNECTICUTRHODE ISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MAINEVERMONTNEW HAMPSHIRE

FLORIDA

UTAH

Bomb designand assembly(U.S. Army)

Production ofplutonium(Du Pont)

Production of barrier(Houdaille-Hershey)

Production of pumps(Allis-Chalmers)

Production ofdiffusers (Chrysler)

Development ofgaseous diffusion

process for U-235separation (ColumbiaUniversity, Kellex)

Production of U-235(Electromagnetic:

Allis-Chalmers, GeneralElectric, Stone & Webster,

Tennessee Eastman,Westinghouse

Gaseous diffusion:Kellex, Union Carbide,

J.A. Jones Construction Co.)

Plutonium program(University of Chicago)

First nuclearexplosion ‘Trinity’

July 16, 1945

Development of electromagneticprocess for U-235 separation

(University of California)

Berkeley

Los Alamos

Alamogordo

Chicago

Decatur

Oak Ridge

MilwaukeeDetroit New York

Hanford

25-3 The Manhattan Project

60

50

40

Mill

ions

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

UnemployedMilitaryYouth

Adult Women Adult Men

Years1938 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

25-2 Make-up of U.S. Labor Force, 1938–1947

Allied nations and Allied-controllednations

Axis Powers, including Japaneseoccupations

Countries that were neutraluntil the end of the war,then backed the Allies

Neutral nations

Vichy-controlled areas

Axis-controlled areas

German U-boat operations

Major battles/Allied victories

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

EUROPE

AUSTRALIA

GERMANY

UNITED STATES

JAPAN

PHILIPPINES

CHINA

SOVIET UNION

ITALY

CARIBBEAN SEA

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIFIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

Fremantle

Brisbane

Honolulu

San Francisco New York

BuenosAires

Freetown

Capetown

Murmansk

North Pole

Calcutta

Battle of StalingradJuly 1942–February 1943Halts German advance in East

German invasion of PolandSeptember 1, 1939

Japanese attack on Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941

Battle of El AlameinOctober–November 1942Halts Axis advance in North Africa

Pearl Harbor

Panama Canal

25-4 A Global War