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Titolo presentazione
sottotitolo
Milano, XX mese 20XX
ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION
(ICAR/03)
Teaching staff (ICAR/03)
Antonelli Manuela R
Azzellino Arianna R
Canziani Roberto AP
Cernuschi Stefano FP
Ficara Elena AP
Grosso Mario AP
Lonati Giovanni AP
Malpei Francesca FP
Rigamonti Lucia R
Saponaro Sabrina AP
Sezenna Elena R
Research areas:
• Air pollution and gaseous effluents
• Environmental impact assessment and management of environmental resources
• Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution• Solid waste and resources management• Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
R = Assistant professorAP = Associate professorFP = Full professor
Air pollution and gaseous effluents
Air quality assessment
Characterization of fine and ultrafine particulate matter in urban areas
2%
33%
1%
32%
9%
8%
14%
5%
34%
0%
20%
17%
9%
14%
Elemental carbon
Organic matter
Chloride
Nitrate
Sulphate
Ammonium
Not defined
Warmseason
Cold season
PM2.5 Chemical composition
10 100 100020 30 50 200 300 500
Particle diameter dp (nm)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
dN
/dLog d
p
Night time data
Morning data
UFP size distribution model
night
morning
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
PM
10
PM
2,5
PM
1
PM
0,5
PM
10
PM
2,5
PM
1
PM
0,5
PM
10
PM
2,5
PM
1
PM
0,5
PM
10
PM
2,5
PM
1
PM
0,5
July August September October
Daily c
oncentr
ation (µg m
-3)
PM mass seasonal patterns
Air pollution and gaseous effluents
Impact assessment of emission sources on air quality
NO2 yearly average isopleths of emissions from a cement plant.
Banchette
Fumane
Ca' Tripoli
Ca' Cornocchio
M. Santoccio
Il Gazzo
PuranoCanzago
Marano
5
20
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
2900
Local ground-level windrose
Air pollution and gaseous effluents
Health risk analysis of toxic trace emissions
.00 0
.00 6
.01 1
.01 7
.02 3
0.00 E+ 0 5 .6 2E -1 0 1.12E -9 1.69E -9 2.25E -9
PCDD/F health riskprobability distribution
Mean 6.7.10-10
Std.dev. 6.1.10-10
Min 2.9.10-11
Max 1.1.10-8
Air pollution and gaseous effluentsEmission factors and source inventory for industrial activities, heatingsystems and vehicular traffic
2,6
1,4
3,3
0,05
0,03
0,08
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
Em
issi
on fact
ors
(g M
Wh
-1)
Conventional oil gas (25/75)
NGCC
PM10 PM2,5PMtot
Emission factors
25,3
42,240,6
14,1
53,158,1
28,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Conventional new Premixed modular air/fuel
CO
(g/G
J)
Full constant load Minimum constant loadIntermittent variable load Continuous variable load
Air pollution and gaseous effluents
Gaseous effluents treatment technologies
3,9
5,2
3,2
3,9
3,1
5,5
3,9
3,1
3,9
2,2
5,6
3,93,7
5,6
4,2
4,0
2,7
5,3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HCl out Dosaggio
(kg/kg HCl rim)
Rapporto
ricircolo
HCl out Dosaggio
(kg/kg HCl rim)
Rapporto
ricircolo
HCl out Dosaggio
(kg/kg HCl rim)
Rapporto
ricircolo
ST SM HSS
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3
Feeding rate
(kg/kg HCl rem.)Feeding rate
(kg/kg HCl rem.)
Feeding rate
(kg/kg HCl rem.)
Recirculation
ratio
Recirculation
ratioRecirculation
ratio
Assessment and evaluation of BAT options
Biofilter(glass column)
GC for VOCdetermination
Liquid feedatomizer
Feed gasinlet stream
Granularexpanded
clay
Lab scale pilot
biotrickling unit
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Anammox based process – lab-scale experiments
SBR
Real industrial wastewater (digital inkjet printing)
MBR Gas-lift
Inoculum: granular anammox biomass
Removal efficiency: AmmoniumTotal Nitrogen
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Removal of pollutants by Activated Carbon
� Complex and competitive process: lab andpilot experiments
� Process modeling aimed at feasibility andeconomic assessment
� Characterisation of activated carbon tocorrelate:
• adsorbent removal capacity towardsspecific pollutants
• adsorbent characteristics• adsorbent lifetime
� Assessment of BAC (Biological ActivatedCarbon) process which couples adsorptionand biological activity of attached biomass
� Guidelines for process design being GACadsorption the BAT (Best Availabletechnology)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Pharmaceutical active compounds removal in municipal wastewater plant
Comparison of pilot scale MBR and full
WWTP (CAS + filtration + PAA
disinfection) on a 18 months project
Higher removal in MBR
Eritromicina
Deidroeritromicina
Higher removal in CAS
Ranitidina
Lincomicina
Ofloxacina
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Disinfection: PerAcetic Acid (PAA), UV Radiation, Ozone
� Lab testing (DoE, Design of Experiments)and monitoring combined with modeling(regression, analysis of uncertainty,simulations, machine learning)
� Simulation tool for the local description ofchemical-physical phenomena andpredictive model for control strategies
� Potential combination with UV for aadditive/synergic effect
� Design of optimized reactors, processcontrol, guidelines for process design
� Assessment of the role of disinfection inmodifying microbial communities andantibiotic resistance
OUTLET
INLET
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Advanced Oxidation Processes: mechanistic assessment and modeling
� Investigation of involved reaction mechanisms: labtesting and modeling
� Established and innovative AOPs:� UV coupled to H2O2 or O3
� Ozonation� Heterogeneous photocatalysis on TiO2
� Determination of reactive species (OH� radicals)generation as a function of operating parameters andestimation of indicators for process performance
� Design of optimized processes and comparisonamong AOPs
� Process intensification and reactor scale-up byadvanced simulation tools describing chemical-physical phenomena in multi-physical systems(Computational Fluid dynamics, CFD)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Energy savings in aeration systems: coupling modeling & off-gas tests
2 air capturing hoods in place - 2monitoring campaigns;
4-20 mA data acquired; TCP/IPconnection to monitoring control room
Energy savings predicted by model= 20% (lower air flow rate)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Electro-assisted sludge dewatering – testing rig
– Cylindrical glass vessel (h=176 mm, Ø=80 mm)– Cooling water-jacket– Compressed air system (1-4.5 bar)– Double effect cylinder (200 mm stroke) SMC-CP96
– DC power supply (30 V-5 A)– Anode: DSA – Ti MMO– Cathode: stainless steel mesh (AISI 304)– Cloth: PTT (polytrimethyleneterephthalate)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Hydrogen via dark fermentation of UF-filtered cheese whey
Process parameters:
T=36±0.5 °C; pH =5.5±0.1
Inoculum-Indigenuous (UF-CW)
Substrate- UF-CW
C12H22O11 + H2O � 4 H2 + 4 CO2 + 2 CH3CH2CH2COOH
(Butyrate fermentation pathway)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
HM
Y (
mo
l H
2/m
ol
lact
ose
)
Time (d)
run 1 run 2
Optimal: HMY 2.5-3.5 mol H2/ mol lactose
63-88% recovery of thereorectical HMY
25%
55%
2% 18%
Acetate T-butyric Propionic Ethanol
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Microalgal based processes to recover materials and energy from wastewaters
Continuous microalgae cultivation on black water at a WWTP
µalgae production rate
= 80 – 100 mgTSS/L/d
N removal rate
= 10 – 26 mgN/L/d
NH4 removal efficiency
= 25 – 80 % (62 ± 18 %)
Biochemical Methane
Potential
210 NL/kgVS
Results:
• Ammonium oxidation and uptake
• Extra biomass to AD (extra methane production depends on solar radiation and land availability, reasonably from +3,5 - + 8% extra methane production with 1 m2/PE)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Microalgal based processes to recover materials and energy from wastewaters
Integration of microalgae-based processes in conventional WWTPs
Using digestate and flue-gas as microalgae nutrient sources
Microalgae
cultivation
digestate
flue-gasAnaerobic
digestion
Extra-biogas
Extra N &P in biosolids
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Microalgal based processes to recover materials and energy from wastewaters
Continuous microalgae cultivation on agro-digestates
Biomass Productivity :
9 g SS/m2/d = 25 t SS/ha/year (over 9 months)
(MAIZE~ 17-21 tSS/ha/year)
Effective Nitrification
(O2 from photosynthesis)
Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy
Biogas upgrade/biomethane by H2 methanogenesys
4 H2 + CO2 + bacteriaCH4 + 2H2O
In situ- Sludge A
IN SITU and EX – SITU
In situ- Sludge B
In situ- Sludge C
Solid waste and resources managementStrategies for integrated waste management
MSW
Iron, Aluminium Glass, Paper, Wood, Plastic
RECYCLING
WTE PLANT (MASS BURN OR GASIFICATION)
SOURCE SEPARATION
COMPOSTING
Separated material
URW
MULTI-MATERIAL SEPARATION AND SELECTION OF EACH MATERIAL
Selected packaging materials
Recycled materials: displacement of primary products
Compost + energy: displacement of peat and mineral fertilisers, and of fossil fuels
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Compost: displacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Separation and selection residues
Recycling residues
(paper, wood and plastic)
CEMENT KILN
Energy: displacement of fossil fuels
LANDFILL
Recycling residues (iron
and aluminium)
Petcokedisplacement
Slag and ash
OFMSW Green
OFMSW
MBT
To recovery
Solid waste and resources managementPackaging and food waste prevention
Comparative waste generation between disposable water bottles and use of tap water for drinking purposes
Solid waste and resources managementLife Cycle Thinking applied to waste management
-1,2E+08
-1,0E+08
-8,0E+07
-6,0E+07
-4,0E+07
-2,0E+07
0,0E+00
2,0E+07Scenario 0 Scenario 1A Scenario 1B Scenario 1C Scenario 1D
GWP (kg CO2 eq)
Transports WTE Composting AD AD residues Bags TOTAL
LCA evaluation of different scenarios related to the implementation of anaerobic digestion of
food waste in a urban area
Amine
scrubbing
11%
Biogas
165 m3
District heating
network
Anaerobic digestion +
post composting
Thermal energy
128 kWhth
Electric energy
125 kWhel
31% Internal comb.
engines
Compression
14%
68% 69%
61%
39%
Surplus not
exploited
7%
Biomethane
69 m3 National grid
1C
Solid waste and resources management
Material recycling and biological treatments for the organic fraction
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
% o
n t
ota
l M
SW
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Aluminium recovery
Trend of anaerobic digestion of waste in Italy
Solid waste and resources management
Energy recovery in dedicated plants and by Solid Recovered Fuel co-combustion in industrial facilities
Incineration plant with energy recovery
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
In situ and ex situ treatment technologies for reclamation of contaminated sediments
Rotating plate
diameter:2-20 mm
water portland
cement
polluted
sedimentsadditives
Stabilization/Solidification + thermal desorption treatments for contaminated sediments recovery and reuse
Chemical oxidation tests on contaminated sediments
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
In situ and ex situ technologies for contaminated soils and in situ technologies for contaminated groundwater
Biological Permeable Reactive Barriers for groundwater treatment - Lab scale tests
Soil vapor extraction pilot tests
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
Microcosms for bioreduction, reductive dechlorination, and aerobic biodegradation
in contaminated aquifers
Tests for Cr(VI) reduction in bioelectrolytic cells
In situ and ex situ technologies for contaminated soils and in situ technologies for contaminated groundwater
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
Multiphase modeling for soil and groundwater treatments
Permeable Reactive Barriers - configurations
22,5 m
PA
S
PS
VE
Air Sparging - air flow path
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
Human health and environmental risk assessment for pollutants in soil and groundwater from point-sources and diffuse pollution
Measurements of pollutant
vapor emission at soil surface
XAD-2for SVOC
captureActivated carbonfor VOC capture
PTFE filter to remove
aqueous vapor
15 m b.g.s. 10 m b.g.s.
Measurements of
pollutants in soil gas
Risk assessment based on soil gas and ambient air monitoring
�: prevailing wind directions
●: soil gas cluster (1, 4, 10, 15 m b.g.s.)
●: soil gas cluster (1, 4 m b.g.s.)
●: soil gas probe (4 m b.g.s.)
� 60 soil gas probes
■: indoor at the site;
■: indoor background;
� 10 + 8 locations
�: outdoor at the site;
�: outdoor background;
� 4 + 3 locations
▲: crawl-space
� 4 locations
Translocation of pollutants to vegetables
Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution
Relative risk assessment to define priorities at the regional scale
Priority list
Environmental impact assessment and management of
environmental resources
Source apportionment and scenario analysis
Total-N
7% 2%
35%
15%6%
12%
1%
21%1%
WWTP and industrial discharge Direct sewage dischargeTributary channels or irrigation systems Groundwater rechargeAtmospheric deposition runoff Agricultural runoffUrban runoff Groundwater springsSewer overflow
Total-P
15%
8%
45%
0%0%
18%
5% 0%9%
WWTP and industrial discharge Direct sewage dischargeTributary channels or irrigation systems Groundwater rechargeAtmospheric deposition runoff Agricultural runoffUrban runoff Groundwater springsSewer overflow
Environmental impact assessment and management of
environmental resources
Evaluation of restoration alternatives
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Sc 2009 Sc Dir 271/91 Sc MBR Sc RO Sc MBR
8WWTPs
GE
P (
Riv
er
km
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% o
f th
e p
lan
ned
exp
en
dit
ure
fo
r w
ate
r
man
ag
em
en
t
LIMeco high LIMeco good
GEP_km GEPref
% of planned investments
Compromise between restrictive quality targets, costs and possibility of recovery
Environmental impact assessment and management of
environmental resources
Predictive tools for assessing and managing risks of underwater sound emissions in marine environments
Risk exposure maps
Cumulative impact index
Pressures x Environmental Vulnerability
Optimal
siting
Methods for assessing diffuse pollution patterns in the aquifers
Combination of multivariate statistical methods and modeling tools
Cluster Analysis
Diffuse
pollution
component
Hot spot contamination
Temporal patterns of diffuse
pollution components
Environmental impact assessment and management of
environmental resources
Environmental Engineering Lab –
Staff and activities
• Gelmi Enrico
• Menin Glauco
• Romele Laura
• Tardivo Ruggero
� Sampling and analysis of environmental matrices (drinking water,wastewater, soil, ambient air, gaseous emissions, solid waste, sludge);
� Tests for treatability and biodegradability of polluted streams (liquids,sludge, soils, solids), and chemical substances;
� Tests for aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of solid residues,packaging and biomass;
� Conformity testing of materials for drinking water (GAC, resins, etc.)
Environmental Engineering Lab –
Equipment
Mobile Lab Instrumental lab
Pilot plants
Environmental Engineering Lab –
“A. Rozzi” laboratory, Cremona
Applied research, analytical services, and technology transfer on
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and
BIONERGIES
CONTACTS
Phone: 0372 – 567769
e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.fabbricabioenergia.polimi.it/