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8/3/2019 22575552 an Introduction to the Temperaments
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An Introduction to theAn Introduction to the
TemperamentsTemperamentsPaul Kalnins ND, LAc
November 14-15, 2009
What is Temperament?What is Temperament?
Temperament: an individuals physiological and psychological traits thatare innate, rather than learnt
Genetic traits: determine physical characteristics
Epigenetic traits: determine functional/physiological characteristics
Typology
Many classification schemes exist
Few have universal acceptance
Historically associated with the four element/four humor theory
Origins in Greek thought
Dominated European and Islamic medical theories until the European Renaissance
Why is Understanding TemperamentWhy is Understanding Temperament
Important for Naturopathic Medicine?Important for Naturopathic Medicine?
Allows for more individualized treatment
Diet and lifestyle plans
More precise applications of herbal/glandular/mineraltherapies
Isolates constitutional weaknesses that may be related tochronic disease
Addresses the root of illness, rather than only the symptoms
Assists the physician in understanding a patients overallneeds and tendencies
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The Four Classical TemperamentsThe Four Classical TemperamentsHippocrates (460-370 BCE) Attempted to separate medicine from religion
Medical ideas based in humoralism and vitalism
The 4 humors as manifestations of the 4 elements Black bile (earth)
Phlegm (water)
Blood(air) Yellow bile (fire)
Humors are the carriers of the living (vital) forces Moods, emotions, behaviors caused by the humors
Disease
Results from an imbalance (dyscrasia) of the 4 humors
The Classical (Greek) Four ElementsThe Classical (Greek) Four Elements
Empedocles(ca. 450 BCE)
Referred to the four roots
Influenced by earlier traditions
Plato(428/427 -348/347 BCE)
First to use the term elements
Each element a combination of 2 qualitiesHot, cold, dry, damp
Aristotle(384-322 BCE)
Added ether as the quintessence
Ether was thought to be incorruptible
and originated in the stars/planets
4 elements associated with corruptibleearthly forces
The Four Classical TemperamentsThe Four Classical TemperamentsGalen (129-199/217 CE) Roman physician and philosopher
Extended the humoralconcepts of Hippocrates
De temperamentis
Theories dominated Western medical science until the
Renaissance
An individuals predominant humor determines thetemperament:
Melancholic: earth predominates
Phlegmetic: water predominates
Sanguine: air predominates
Choleric: fire predominantes
The ideal temperament involved a balanced mixture of thefour elements and their qualities
Most individuals are a combination of more than onetemperament
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The Four
Choleric-Bilious
Fire
Yellow Bile
Hot/dry
Melancholic-Nervous
SanguineAir
Temperaments EarthBlack Bile
Cold/dry
Phlegmatic-Lymphatic
Water
Phlegm
Cold/wet
Blood
Hot/wet
Element, qualities, humor, season
Earth/solid, mineral
Cold and dry
Black bile
Autumn
Physical characteristics
Low energy
Often thin, may appear prematurely aged
Wrinkles, dry skin
Melancholic-
Typical food cravings
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates
Caffeine
Typical pathologiesProne to digestive-respiratory conditions
(Dry-cold, spasmodic type)
Psychological characteristics
Positive
Thoughtful ponderer, analytical, methodical
Can be very kind, considerate, creative
NegativePerfectionists, critical
Dissatisfaction, yearning, loner, romantic
Temperament
Element, qualities, humor, season
Water
Damp, cold
Phlegm
Venous blood
Winter
Physical characteristics
Slow metabolism: store everything
Tend to gain weight easily
Often grow quickly as children
Body weight distributed all over the body
Lethargic, weak libido
Phlegmatic-
Typical food cravings
Dairy
Carbohydrates
Starches
Typical Pathologies
Disorders associated with accumulation of phlegm ordampness
Psychological characteristics
Positive
Consistent,relaxed, rational, curious, observant
Philosophical
Self-content,kind
Reliable, dependable
Friendly
Negative
Lethargy and laziness, which inhibits enthusiasm in others
Temperament
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Element, qualities, humor, season
Air/gas
Hot, damp
Blood (arterial)
Spring
Physical Characteristics
Warm blooded, passionate, but airy
Strong energy, libido
Sanguine
Typical food cravings
Fats, oils
Spicy foods
Typical pathologies
Nervous type afflictions, resulting in increased tissueacidity
Psychological Characteristics
Positive
Fun-loving, light-hearted
People person, friendly, social
Negative
Often act on whims, impulsive
Not always reliable
Temperament
Element, qualities, humor, season
Fire/warmth
Hot, dry
Yellow bile
Summer
Physical Characteristics
Strong energy, immunity, libido
Athletic, muscular
Thin/dry/hot type also possible
Choleric
Typical food cravings
Meats
Salty foods
Typical pathologiesSuffer often from inflammatory (hot) conditions
Psychological Characteristics
Positive
Intense, enthusiastic, passionate, ambitious
Capable leaders with a strong will and purpose
NegativeDomineering, aggressive
Jealous, bitter, anger
Temperament
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The Four Classical TemperamentsThe Four Classical TemperamentsAvicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037 CE)
Persian physician and philosopher
Over 450 treatises on a variety of subjects
The Canon of Medicine Many of his works b ecame the standard medical
texts in medieval European universities
Combined aspects of Galenic medicine and
Aristotelian metaphysics with Persian,
Mesopotamian, and Indian medicine
Extended theory of temperaments to include
mental-emotional traits and dreams
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Chinese Medicine and TemperamentChinese Medicine and Temperament
Wu xing ()5-phases
Somewhat different from the Greek 4 elements
Indicate gestures, activities, movements
Earliest 5-phase maps Comparisons to the Greek 4
represente p ases, wt
earth as a central or balancing
point
e ements.
Earth
Fire
Metal
Water
WoodQuintessence
Fire
Earth
Water
Air
Demise ofDemise of HumoralismHumoralism Medical research in the 16th - 19th centuries
gradually undermined the idea of humoralism andvitalism
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) German physician and politician
Proposed the cellular theory of pathology (1858)
Humoralism replaced by a focus on abnormalcellular mechanisms
Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882) German chemist
Synthesized urea from inorganic components
Felt that this refuted the idea of vitalism
ParacelsusParacelsus (1493(1493--1541)1541)TheophrastusTheophrastus PhilippusPhilippusAureolusAureolus BombastusBombastus vonvon HohenheimHohenheim
Questioned the usefulness of the 4 humor theory
Instead, used the concept of the 3 principles to
Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist,
astrologer, occultist
represent the dynamic activities of the elements-
humors:
Salt-principle of solidification, crystallization, ash
Mercury-principle of transformationSulfur-principle of combustion
Example of a burning log
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The Three Principles & Four ElementsThe Three Principles & Four Elements
Fire
Air
SulfurPrinciple of Combustion
3 Principles Ayurveda
Pitta
Water
Earth
MercuryPrinciple of Transformation-movement
SaltPrinciple of precipitation
Vata
Kapha
The Four Classical TemperamentsThe Four Classical Temperaments Modern Temperament Research
Mostly associated with psychological research
Psychological typology
Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) nayze persona ty erences usng statstca met o s
Believed temperament is biologically determined
Dimensions of Personality Defined 2 personality dimensions:
Neuroticism (N): tendency to experience negative emotions
Extraversion (E): tendency to enjoy positive events
Various pairings between the two create profiles similar to the 4classical temperaments
The Four Classical TemperamentsThe Four Classical TemperamentsRudolf Steiner (1861-1925) Austrian philosopher
Inspired by the phenomenological method of the Germanpoet/scientist Goethe (1749-1832)
Founder of Anthroposophy A spiritual philosophy that postulates the existence of an objective,
intellectually comprehensible spiritual world
This world is accessible do direct experience through innerdevelopment, specifically through cultivating a form of thinkingindependent of sensory experience
Aims to describe the spiritual world with the same precision andclarity of natural sciences investigation of the physical world
Practical applications of anthropospophyideas:
Waldorf education
Biodynamic farming
Anthroposophicalmedicine
Various art, dance, architecture movements as well
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AnthroposophicalAnthroposophical MedicineMedicine
History of Anthroposophical Medicine Arose from a series of lectures given to medical doctors by Rudolf Steiner in
the early 1920s
Steiner attempted to find a bridge between scientific medicine, which studies the body, and higheraspects of the human being (soul and spirit)
A system of medicine that focuses on strengthening the patients organism andindividuality
An extension of biomedicine, not a replacement Anthroposophical physicians must have a conventional medical education and extensive
post-graduate study
Steiners ideas later extended by various physicians ItaWegman MD: opened the first anthroposophical medical clinic
AnthroposophicalAnthroposophical MedicineMedicine
Distribution
28 anthroposophic hospitals, rehabilitation centers, sanatoria Mostly in Europe
Recognized as a distinct healing modality in Germany and Switzerland
~140 outpatient clinics worldwide
3 European universities have professorships in anthroposophic medicine
About 2,000 anthroposophic physicians worldwide Estimated that anthroposophic remedies are use by more than 30,000 physicians
worldwide
AnthroposophicalAnthroposophical MedicineMedicine
Studies of Efficacy 195 studies of anthroposophicmedicine published through 2006
186 found positive outcomes, defined as:
Comparable or better results than with conventional treatment with respect to at
least one clinically-relevant outcome measure
Or a clinically-relevant improvement resulting from treatment,
8 studies found no advantage to conventional treatment
1 study showed a negative trend
PARSIFAL study
Multicenter study involving 6630 children (age 5-13)
Concluded that certain factors in the anthroposophic lifestyle
were associated with reduced risk of allergic disease
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Anthroposophy and the TemperamentsAnthroposophy and the Temperaments
Understanding a ch ilds temperament is important in Waldorf education
Temperament is seen as the basis of a childs physiological constitution
Medically, provides insight into supportive/constitutional remedies
Temperament is thought to diminish in importance as the personality becomes
more developed after puberty
Through our ego/I, we are able to transform the temperament
Role of childhood fever
Fever as a process of removing epigenetic methylation tags on DNA
Temperaments may have a less developed and more developed form
Introspective/sensitive melancholic may be sullen and self-absorbed, but can become a deep thinker or
sympathetic healer
Ego/I Organization
Capacity for self-reflection andfree will
Human spirit
Astral Organization
Basis of affect, consciousness, andpersonality
Anthroposophical Medicine:Based on the AnthroposophicalView of the Human Being
Animal-sentient soul
Etheric/Life Organization
Organizing principle governing growth and reproduction
Plant-vegetative soul
Physical Organization
Mineral body
Ego/I Organization
Intuitional perception
Poetic thinkingSpirit archetypes
Astral Organization
Inspirational perception
Musical thinking
Modes of PerceptionThe 4 Bodies are only visible to supersensory perception
Perceiving patterns in feeling
Etheric/Life Organization
Imaginative perception
Sculptural thinkingPerceiving patterns-processes in time, gestures
(Polarities: damp/dry, hot/cold, etc.)
Physical Organization
Sensory perception
Mechanical thinkingPerceiving substances-energy and patterns in space
Intellect/analysis
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Physical OrganizationMineral body
Earth
Part of human being visible directly t o the senses
Physical structure
Anatomy, the corpse
Determined by genetics
Physical constitution
Mineral types
Silica, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, etc.
Etheric-Life
OrganizationVegetable body or soul
Water
Chinese jing or po spirit
Vital body: seat of the vital forces
Organizing principle directing growth and regeneration
Regeneration, anabolism, reproduction, growth, stem cells
Functional body: biochemistry, physiology
Role of epigenetics?
Manifests through glandular secretions
Growth factors
Lymph
Interstitial fluids
Astral
OrganizationAnimal-sentient soul
Air or gas, pneuma
Associated with inner light
Qi and Chinese hun soul
ream o y, emotona o y, anma sou
Level of personality, psychology
Instincts,likes-dislikes
Subconscious mind
Works through the nervous system & endocrine system
Nervous system as carrier of information
Shapes the etheric body into organs
Has a catabolic relationship with the etheric body
Consumes the plant body in order to establish higher consciousness
Basis of toxemia (?)
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Ego/I
OrganizationHuman spirit
Fire, warmth
Chinese shen
eve o umanty
Self-awareness,intention, creativity, moral thinking
Allows us to overcome our animal-like instincts, faults, limitations
Cultivation of the I-body leads to intuition
Allows us to perceive the spirit world directly
Spiritual beings, archetypes
Centered in the blood
Immune system
Self vs. non-self
Ego/I Organization
Human spirit
Shen
Astral Organization
Animal-sentient soul
Hun Spirit
Anthroposophical Medicine and the Human BeingRelationship to Chinese Medicine
HeavenSpirit World
Yang
Qi
Etheric/Life Organization
Plant-vegetative soul
Po Spirit
Jing
Physical Organization
Mineral body
Corpse
EarthPhysical World
Yin
Ego/I Organization
Human spirit
Zodiac
Sun
Astral Organization
Animal-sentient soul
5 Planets
The Cosmic Human Being
HeavenSpirit World
Yang
Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury
Etheric/Life Organization
Plant-vegetative soul
Moon
Physical Organization
Earth
EarthPhysical World
Yin
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The Geocentric Universe ModelA Cosmological Map of the Human Being?
The ChakrasOrgans of the Astral Body
Seat of neuro-endocrine processesPineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Gonads
Adrenals
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Ego Body
Astral Body
The Waking State
Ego Body
Astral Body
The Sleeping State
Etheric Body
Physical Body
EthericBody
PhysicalBody
Ego/I Body
Spirit Purpose
Astral Body
Personality
Determined by Karma
Obtained from our
previous lifetimes
The Origin of the Four Bodies in Anthroposophy
Etheric/Life Body
Epigenetics
Basis of the Temperament
Physical Body
Genetics
Physical Constitution
Obtained
from our
parents and
ancestors
I
Ego Body
21-28 years
Astral Body
Puberty (~14 years) 21 years
Development of the Four Bodies
Etheric/Life Body
Change of teeth (~7 years) Puberty (~14 years)
Physical Body
Birth change of teeth (~7 years)
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Ego/I Body
Immune System
Blood
Astral Body
Neuro-endocrine System
Neurotransmitters,hormones
A Modern Interpretation of the Four Bodies?
Etheric/Life Body
Metabolism
Growth factors, interstitial fluids
Physical Body
I
Ego Organization
Death
Astral Organization
Disease
Heath and Illness
Etheric Organization
Health
Physical Organization
Nourishment
ArterialBlood-Immune
Cytokines
Hormones
Electrolytes
Connective
A Map of Cellular
Terrain
Capillaries
Cell TissueExtracellular
Matrix
VenousBlood -Lymph
Tissuemetabolism &
drainage
Neuro-transmitters
Autonomic
Nerves
Lymphatic
Vessels
Interstitial
Fluid
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I
Ego Body
Minerals
Gemstones
Astral Body
Metals
PlantRemedies
Treatment Using the Kingdoms of Nature
Plant families
Etheric/Life Body
AnimalRemediesGlandulars, hormones
Physical Body
HumanRemediesOrgan transplants
Warmth
EtherShapes warmth
LifeLight
The Etheric BodySteiner spoke of the 4 ethers,
which carry the life activities in
the etheric body
EthericEther
Shapes the solid
Chemical-
Tone
EtherShapes water
Music
Magnetism
EtherShapes air/gas
Color-light
Electricity
Body
A map of thevital forces?
Warmth
EtherCentered in the
Heart-Circulation
& Blood
Life
EtherCentered in the
Light
EtherCentered in the
The Etheric BodyIn Anthroposophy, the 4 Ethers
are Associated with the 4
Primary Organs
Lungs &
Respiratory
System
Chemical-Tone
EtherCentered in the
Liver-Metabolic &
Endocrine Systems
Kidneys & Nervous
System
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Life Ether
Chemical-Tone Ether
Light Ether
Etheric BodyEtheric World
Astral BodyAstral-Planetary World
The Moon
Fire
Air
Water
Earth
Ether
Physical BodyPhysical-sensory World
The Four Ethers in the Realm of Plants
Light Ether
Warmth EtherPollen, fruit
Carried by salamandersVolatile oils
Life EtherRoots
Species memory
Carried by gnomesStarch
Chemical-Tone EtherLeaves, stem, sap
Carried by undinesCarbohydrates, glycosides, chlorophyll
Blossoms
Carried by fairies/sylphsPhenolic compounds
Flavonoids
Alkaloids
The Four Ethers in the Animal Realm
Chemical-Tone Ether
Light EtherAstral ForcesPlanetary Forces
Warmth EtherSun-Zodiac
Light
Ether
Warmth EtherSun-Zodiac
Nervous System
Organs
Life
Ether
Plants
Chemical-ToneEther
Life Ether
AnimalsGastrulationInternalization of astral forces
Basis of organ-nervous system formation
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The Four Ethers in the Human Realm
WarmthEther
Light Ether
Chemical-Tone Ether
Life Ether
Temperaments&
Choleric
Warmth ether
Heart
Melancholic
Life ether
Sanguine
Li ht ether
Organs
Lung
Phlegmatic
Tone ether
Liver
Kidney
The Light EtherCan be further subdivided into the colors
Neurotransmitters as carriers of color processes in the soul life?
SerotoninCoolingStimulate parasympathetics
PEA (?)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
GABA
Glycine
AcetylcholineGlutamate
Warming
Stimulate sympathetics