223 225 CEG SE C08 CO 660085.indd Page 223 …wemchs490.waynecountyschools.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_47224...netw rks There’s More Online about the executive branch. ESSENTIAL

netw rksThere’s More Online about the executive branch.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What is required of leaders? • Why do nations interact with each other?

The Executive Branch

As president, President Obama is leader of not only the Democratic Party, but the nation as a whole.

The Story Matters…In 2008 Americans made history by

electing Barack Obama as the 44th

president and the first African

American to hold the office. Before

becoming president, Obama served

as an Illinois state senator and as a

U.S. senator from Illinois.

Obama’s father was from Kenya and

his mother was American. He grew

up in Hawaii and Indonesia. After

attending college in California and

New York, he worked to improve life

in poor Chicago communities. He

later became a civil rights lawyer

and a law professor before running

for the Illinois Senate. When he

became president, Obama brought a

unique and varied set of skills and

experiences to this difficult job.

Lesson 1The President and Vice President

Lesson 2The President’s Powers and Roles

Lesson 3 Making Foreign Policy

Lesson 4How the Executive Branch Works

223

CHAPTER 8

PHOTO: Brooks Kraft/Corbis

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Real-Life Civics

President Obama receives a fi st bump greeting from a U.S. soldier as he visits with troops at Camp Victory in Baghdad, Iraq.

NOW One of any president’s most challenging jobs is the role of commander in chief of our nation’s military forces. President Obama entered offi ce with wars raging in Iraq and Afghanistan. He had little prior experience with military aff airs. But even presidents with military backgrounds must rely on military analysts and advisers, as well as American uniformed offi cers, to help shape policy and carry out their orders.

As commander in chief, President Obama travels to war zones to speak with generals and soldiers. At home he visits military hospitals to talk with wounded soldiers and meets with families whose relatives have died while serving in the armed forces.

CHAPTER 8 The Executive Branch NGSSS covered in Real-Life Civics

Students will understand the following benchmark from the

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards.

SS.7.C.3.8 Analyze the structure, functions, and processes of

the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

LA.7.1.7.3 The student will determine the main idea or

essential message in grade-level or higher texts through

inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying

relevant details.

224 The Executive Branch

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CIVIC LITERACY

Analyzing Do you think President Obama has the same goals and duties as

commander in chief as did President Washington? Explain.

Your Opinion What do you think is the hardest part of the president’s role as

commander in chief? Why?

THEN The nation’s fi rst commander in chief was George Washington. For most of his presidency, Washington overcame threats to peace and security through diplomacy and persuasion. In 1789, however, Washington called on several governors to send troops from their state militias. He assembled an army of 13,000 soldiers to stop the Whiskey Rebellion, a protest by Pennsylvania farmers against a tax on whiskey. He took direct command of the troops. The arrival of this force in western Pennsylvania, led by the hero of the American Revolution, quickly ended the uprising. The last president to lead troops in battle was James Madison. His eff orts to defend Washington, D.C., were not as successful. British troops burned the capital in 1814. Since then, presidents have focused on setting broad policy goals while leaving the actual fi ghting to those in the military.

President Washington reviews the troops at Fort Cumberland in Maryland.

225

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Requirements Characteristics

Th e President

Taking Notes: Describing

As you read, create a graphic organizer listing the

requirements for becoming president and the

characteristics of persons who have held the offi ce.

Content Vocabulary

• elector

It Matters Because

The president and vice president are the only leaders elected by the entire nation.

Offi ce of the PresidentGUIDING QUESTION How does a citizen become president?

Would you want to be a U.S. president some day? You would have great power—and heavy responsibility. The president heads the executive branch of the national government. He or she bears the chief burden for protecting the nation and its more than 310 million people. Many Americans look to the president as the person to take the lead in solving the nation’s problems. Because of the power and global infl uence of the United States, the president may hold the most important job in the world. The U.S. Constitution lists only three rules for being president. A president must be at least 35 years old. He or she must be a native-born American citizen. He or she must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years.

Characteristics of PresidentsAlmost all our presidents have shared similar characteristics, or features. So far, each has been male. All but one have been Protestant Christians. Most have had a college education. Many were lawyers. Most came from states with large populations.

There’s More Online!

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER The President: Requirements and Characteristics

MAP Election 2008 Electoral Results

CHART Presidential Succession

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What is required of leaders?

Lesson 1

The President and Vice President

SS.7.C.3.3 Illustrate the structure and

function (three branches of government

established in Articles I, II, and III with

corresponding powers) of government in

the United States as established in the

Constitution.

SS.7.C.3.8 Analyze the structure, functions,

and processes of the legislative, executive,

and judicial branches.

LA.7.1.6.1 The student will use new

vocabulary that is introduced and taught

directly.

LA.7.1.7.3 The student will determine the

main idea or essential message in

grade-level or higher texts through

inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and

identifying relevant details.

NGSSS covered in

“Office of the President”

LA.7.1.7.3


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DC 3

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MA12

CT 7RI 4

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Obama (Democrat)McCain (Republican)Other

52.87%69,499,428

1.53%2,013,371

45.60%59,950,323

67.8%365

32.2%173

TOTAL: 538ELECTORAL VOTE

TOTAL: 131,463,122POPULAR VOTE

* Numbers on map show electoral votes

per state.

SOURCE: http://uselectionatlas.org

elector person appointed to vote in

presidential elections for president or

vice president

In the past 60 years, a wider group of Americans have had a chance to be elected to the nation’s highest offi ces. In 1960, John F. Kennedy became the fi rst Roman Catholic elected as president. In 2008, Barack Obama became the fi rst African American to be elected president. In addition, two women have run for vice president on a major-party ticket. They were Geraldine Ferraro, who ran as a Democrat in 1984, and Sarah Palin, who ran as a Republican in 2008. Neither Ferraro nor Palin was elected. In 2000 Joseph Lieberman was the fi rst Jewish candidate for vice president. Lieberman also lost.

Electing a President Every four years, the nation elects a president. The elections take place in years that can be divided by the number four. For example, 2004, 2008, and 2012 are all election years. It may surprise you to learn that the president is not chosen directly by voters. Instead, he or she is elected by a group called the Electoral College. Each state and the District of Columbia have a certain number of electors. The number of electoral votes is equal to the total number of senators and representatives a state has. The District of Columbia also has three of them. As a result, there are 538 members of the Electoral College.

ELECTION 2008 ELECTORAL RESULTS

The popular vote is the number of voters who cast their ballots for a particular candidate for president. The electoral vote is the number of votes each candidate receives from electors.

CRITICAL THINKING LOCATION Which fi ve states have the

most electoral votes? Which candidate

received their electoral votes?

1Making Generalizations What

generalizations can you make about

Republican and Democratic support

from this map?

2

GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION

Lesson 1 227

F lorida’s Electoral VotesFlorida, with a population of 18,537,969, has 27 electoral votes. Th at tally ranks it fourth among states.

CONNECTION

Florida

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President Franklin Roosevelt waves to onlookers after being sworn in for a third term in offi ce.

▲

CRITICAL THINKINGAssessing Do you think term limits are

necessary? Explain your reasoning.

The method for selecting electors varies. In most states, the political parties nominate electors at their state party conventions or by committee. Electors almost always vote for their party’s candidate. On the day of the general election in November, the voters in each state choose the electors. In some states, the ballot displays, or shows, electors’ names below the name of the candidates running for president. In other states, only the names of the candidates appear. A vote for the candidate is really a vote for the electors. The electors actually elect the president. Most states give their electoral votes using a rule of “winner-take-all.” In this method, the candidate who wins the most popular votes in the state gets all of its electoral votes. This is true even if the candidate wins by only a small margin. As a result, a change in a small number of votes can make a big difference. In the election of 2000, for instance, one candidate or the other won six states by fewer than 10,000 votes each. Two of those states, worth 30 electoral votes, were won by fewer than 600 votes. To win the election, a candidate must win more than half of the 538 electoral votes. This means the winner must have at least 270 votes. In a very close election, a few small states can decide the outcome, or result. The 2000 election was won by Republican George W. Bush by only fi ve electoral votes. A different result in any one of 13 states with 10 electoral votes or fewer would have changed the outcome of the election. It is possible for no candidate to win a majority of electoral votes. In that case, the House of Representatives chooses the president. This has happened twice in history—in 1800 and in 1824. If the House votes, each state has only one vote. The winning candidate is usually known on the same evening that the popular election takes place. However, the result is not offi cial until the Electoral College votes. That does not take place until December. The electors meet in each state capital to cast their ballots. The following January, Congress counts the electoral votes. At that time, a candidate is offi cially declared winner of the election.

Term of Offi cePresidents serve four-year terms. At fi rst, the Constitution did not limit the number of terms a president could serve. The nation’s fi rst president, George Washington, served for two terms. He then refused to run for a third term. Following this example, no president served more than two terms until 1940.

Reading Strategy: Sequencing

Understanding the sequence, or order, of events in a presidential election will help

you understand the role of the Electoral College. As you read, note the sequence of

events, from the nomination of electors to the counting of electoral votes.

Academic Vocabulary

display to show or list

outcome a result or consequence

SS.7.C.3.8

LA.7.1.7.3


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In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt broke with tradition to run for a third term. He won that year and again in 1944. Some people worried that a person could hold too much power if there were no term limits. That concern led to the Twenty-second Amendment in 1951. It limits a president to two elected terms in offi ce. However, a person may serve almost 10 years if he or she becomes president with less than two years remaining in the term of the previous president.

Salary and Benefi ts The president is paid $400,000 per year. He or she also receives some money for personal costs and for travel. The president lives and works in the White House. A staff of more than 80 people takes care of the president’s family. The president has use of Camp David. This is an estate in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland. The complex is about 60 miles northwest of Washington, D.C. Presidents travel with a fl eet of special cars, helicopters, and airplanes. For long trips, the president uses Air Force One, a specially equipped jet.

The Vice President The vice president is elected with the president. He or she is also chosen by the Electoral College. The rules for becoming vice president are the same as those for the presidency. The Constitution gives little power to the vice president. Article I states that the vice president shall preside over, or oversee, the Senate. It also says that the vice president can vote in that body in case of a tie. Finally, the vice president becomes president if the president dies, is removed from offi ce, falls seriously ill, or resigns.

PROGRESS CHECK

Identifying How many votes are needed to win in the Electoral College?

President Obama (top) boards the presidential helicopter, Marine One. The use of presidential helicopters dates back to 1957. President George W. Bush (inset) spent many days at Camp David, which is managed by the White House Military Offi ce. Presidents often host foreign leaders and hold special meetings at the presidential retreat.

▲

CRITICAL THINKINGMaking Connections Why do you think

presidential transportation and the

presidential retreat are the responsibility of

the military? SS.7.C.3.8

Lesson 1 229

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CHART SKILLS

1

11

12

13

14

15

16

19

17

4

5

6

7

8

9

2

3

10Vice President

Speaker of the House

President pro tempore of the Senate

Secretary of State

Secretary of the Treasury

Secretary of Defense

Attorney General

Secretary of the Interior

Secretary of Agriculture

Secretary of Commerce

Secretary of Labor

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Secretary of Transportation

Secretary of Energy

Secretary of Education

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Secretary of Homeland Security

Source: Nelson, Ed. The Presidency A to Z, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2003)

Reading HELPDESK

The Presidential Succession Act sets the order of succession for the office of president. The vice president is first in the line of succession.

Identifying Which two

officials come after the vice

president in the line of

succession?

CRITICAL THINKING Making Inferences Why is it

important to have the order of

succession clearly set?

1

2

Presidential SuccessionGUIDING QUESTION What happens if the president must step down from offi ce?

In 1841 William Henry Harrison became the fi rst president to die in offi ce. His death raised many questions. The Constitution says that the vice president should take on the “powers and duties” of the presidency. But no one was sure what that meant. Should the vice president remain as vice president but do the president’s job? Should the vice president become president? Should a special election be called to elect a new president? Vice President John Tyler settled these questions. He declared himself president and took the oath of offi ce. Then he served out the rest of Harrison’s term. Since Tyler’s time, eight other vice presidents have taken over the presidency after a president has either died or resigned.

The Presidential Succession Act In 1947, Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act. It lists the line of succession after the vice president. A line of succession is the order in which offi cials are expected to succeed, or come next, to an offi ce. The chart shows the current line of succession.

PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION

Academic Vocabulary

resign to give up one’s

offi ce or position






Constitution.




NGSSS covered in

“Presidential Succession”

SS.7.C.3.8


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LESSON 1 REVIEW

Review Vocabulary

1. Write a sentence that explains the role of electors in

choosing the president.

Answer the Guiding Questions

2. Explaining What three requirements must a

person meet to become president or vice president

of the United States?

3. Summarizing What role is given to the vice

president in the constitution?

4. Speculating For what reasons might the

Twenty-fi fth Amendment be used to replace a

president?

5. EXPOSITORY WRITING Which characteristic do

you think is most important in a president? Is it the

president’s profession, education, religion, or some

other characteristic? Explain your reasoning in a

paragraph.

The Twenty-fi fth Amendment Other questions about presidential succession were answered by the Twenty-fi fth Amendment. It was ratifi ed in 1967. The Twenty-fi fth Amendment makes it clear that if the president dies or leaves offi ce, the vice president becomes president. It goes further, though. In the past, when a vice president became president, the offi ce of vice president was left empty. This amendment changed that. It said that the new president should choose a new vice president with the help of Congress. The process has two steps. First, the new president names someone to the offi ce. Second, both the Senate and the House of Representatives must then vote to approve this choice. This part of the Twenty-fi fth Amendment has been used twice. In 1973 Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. President Richard Nixon named Gerald Ford of Michigan to replace him. Congress approved the choice, and Ford became vice president. The next year, Nixon resigned from offi ce, making Ford president. That left the vice presidency vacant again. Ford named Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York to be his vice president. He, too, was approved by the House and the Senate. The Twenty-fi fth Amendment made another important change. It gives the vice president a role in deciding whether a president is disabled and cannot do the job. If that occurs, the vice president serves as acting president until the president is able to go back to work. This feature has been used once in history. In 1985 President Ronald Reagan needed to have some surgery. Before he did, he told Congress that he would be unable to carry out his duties during the surgery. As a result, Vice President George H. W. Bush served as acting president for about eight hours.

PROGRESS CHECK

Summarizing What problem with the vice presidency was the Twenty-fi fth Amendment meant to solve?

Successsion RulesSometimes leaders in government or other organizations leave offi ce unexpectedly. Succession rules help to keep order. If you belong to any clubs or organizations, fi nd out if they have an established order of succession.

Why It MATTERS

LA.7.1.6.1

SS.7.C.3.3

SS.7.C.3.3

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

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Reading HELPDESK

netw rks

Academic Vocabulary

require to have a need

for, or to order

Content Vocabulary

• executive • reprieve order • amnesty• pardon • ambassador



GRAPHIC ORGANIZERRoles of the President

CHARTFun Facts About the State of the Union

SLIDESHOWExecutive Privilege

Lesson 2

The President’s Powers and Roles

Taking Notes: Categorizing

Create a graphic organizer like the one

shown. As you read this lesson, fi ll it out

with roles of the president.

It Matters Because

The president has many important duties that affect all Americans.

Presidential P owersGUIDING QUESTION What are the duties of the president?

Fewer than 50 men have known what it feels like to be president of the United States. Some former presidents’ thoughts are revealing.

PRIMARY SOURCE

“ The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger

than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands. ”—Lyndon B. Johnson

The president is the head of just one of the three branches of government. However, he or she is one of only two offi cials in the federal government elected by the entire nation. The other offi cial is the vice president. As a result, the president is a symbol of both the federal government and the entire nation. The president is the most powerful public offi cial in the United States. The U.S. Constitution is the basis of the president’s power. Article II says that “Executive Power shall be invested in a President.” Thus, the president’s main job is to execute, or carry out, the laws passed by Congress.

Roles of the President







Constitution.






directly.






NGSSS covered in

“Presidential Powers”

LA.7.1.7.3

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Beyond the responsibility to carry out the laws, the Constitution gives the president several specifi c powers:

• He or she can veto, or reject, bills passed in Congress.• He or she can call Congress into special session.• He or she serves as commander in chief of the armed forces.• He or she receives leaders and other offi cials of foreign

countries.• He or she can make treaties with other countries, although

they need approval by the Senate.• He or she names the heads of executive agencies, judges of

the federal court, ambassadors, and other top government offi cials. These appointments need Senate approval.

• He or she can pardon or reduce the penalties against people convicted of federal crimes.

The Constitution requires, or calls for, the president to tell Congress about the “state of the union.” Each year, then, the president gives the State of the Union address. In this speech, the president discusses the nation’s most important issues and his or her plans to address them.

PROGRESS CHECK

Identifying What are the president’s powers as stated in the Constitution?

President Obama (center), like presidents before him, delivered his fi rst State of the Union address shortly after taking offi ce. George Washington delivered the very fi rst State of the Union address, then called the Annual Message.

CRITICAL THINKING Finding the Main Idea What do you

think is the purpose of the State of the

Union address?

Lesson 2 233

SS.7.C.3.8

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Reading HELPDESK

executive order a rule or command the

president gives out that

has the force of law

pardon a declaration

of forgiveness and

freedom from punishment

reprieve an order to

delay a person’s

punishment until a higher

court can hear the case

amnesty a pardon

to a group of people

Presidential RolesGUIDING QUESTION What roles does the president have?

Under the Constitution, the president is responsible for carrying out the duties of the executive branch. As the nation has grown, the president has taken on other roles.

Chief Executive The president’s most important job is to carry out the nation’s laws. To do this, the president is in charge of 15 cabinet departments and many agencies. The president names people to head the departments and the agencies. The Senate has to approve all of these choices. About 3 million workers—not counting people in the armed forces—help carry out this work. One tool presidents use to carry out the law is the executive order. An executive order is a rule or command the president gives out that has the same power and force as a law. Presidents use executive orders to spell out details of the policies set by Congress. They are part of the president’s duty to “take care that the laws are faithfully executed.” These orders also make it possible for presidents to act quickly when they must do so.

Many executive orders concern the everyday work of the executive branch. Some have had a much greater effect, though. In 1948, for example, President Harry S. Truman used an executive order to end the separation of races in the military. This order gave Americans of all races the same opportunity to serve in the armed forces.

Another power of the chief executive is to name people to serve as justices of the Supreme Court and judges of other federal courts. Supreme Court justices decide whether a law follows the Constitution or not. This power is very important. In addition, once appointed, Supreme Court justices serve for life. Thus, most presidents try to name justices who share views close to their own. That way, they can ensure that their views continue to infl uence government long after they leave offi ce. The Constitution also gives the president the power to grant pardons. A pardon declares forgiveness and freedom from punishment. The president may also issue a reprieve. This order delays punishing a person until a higher court can hear the case. The president can also grant amnesty, a pardon for a large group of people.

In 1974 President Ford granted a pardon to former president Nixon, who resigned from offi ce following a political scandal. Ford felt the pardon was necessary to spare the nation further turmoil.

CRITICAL THINKINGMaking Connections Why is the power

to pardon given to the president and not

to Congress?

ambassador an

offi cial representative of

a country’s government







Constitution.




SS.7.C.4.3 Describe examples of how the

United States has dealt with international

conflicts.

NGSSS covered in

“Presidential Roles”

SS.7.C.3.8

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Chief Diplomat The president leads the foreign policy of the United States. In this role, the president decides how the United States acts toward other countries. This role includes naming people to serve as ambassadors. These offi cials represent the United States government in other nations.

Head of State The president is the living symbol of the nation. In this role, he or she tries to build goodwill with other countries by greeting their leaders when they visit the United States. The president also represents all Americans at important ceremonies. For example, the president awards medals to the country’s heroes and places a wreath at Memorial Day ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetary.

Commander in Chief Under the Constitution, the president is commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces. This allows presidents to back up foreign policy decisions with force when they need to. The president and Congress share the power to make war. Congress has the power to declare war. Yet, only the president can order troops into battle. The commanders of the army, navy, air force, marines, and coast guard all follow the orders of the president. Congress has declared war just fi ve times. Presidents, however, have sent troops into action more than 150 times. For example, Congress never declared war on Iraq. Nonetheless, American troops invaded that nation in 2003 on orders of President George W. Bush. In 1973, after the Vietnam War, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution. This law says that the president must let Congress know within 48 hours when troops are sent into battle.

The Constitution empowers the president to enter into treaties with foreign nations. Here, President Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev sign the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) in 2010. The Senate must approve all treaties.

CRITICAL THINKING Diff erentiating What role or roles is the

president fulfi lling when entering into a

treaty?

Lesson 2 235

SS.7.C.3.8

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LESSON 2 REVIEW

Review Vocabulary

1. Write a sentence comparing an executive order

to a law.

2. Use the terms pardon, reprieve, and amnesty

in a paragraph.


3. Summarizing What infl uence does the president

have over Congress?

4. Analyzing How is the president’s role as chief

diplomat connected with the roles of head of state

and commander in chief?

5. EXPRESSIVE WRITING Many people consider

carrying out the nation’s laws to be the president’s

most important job. If you agree, explain why in a

paragraph. If you do not agree, explain which role

you think is the president’s most important job.

The troops must be brought home after 60 days unless Congress approves their use or declares war. Since the law’s passage, however, troops have never been recalled due to congressional disapproval, nor has war been declared.

Legislative Leader Only members of Congress can introduce bills. But Congress expects the president to propose new laws. Every president has goals that include new laws he or she wants Congress to pass. The president makes speeches to build support for these goals. He or she also meets with key senators and representatives. The president tries to convince them to support the proposed laws. The president and Congress often disagree over what laws Congress should pass. One reason is that the president represents the whole nation, while members of Congress represent only their states or districts.

Economic Leader Every president tries to help the country’s economy prosper. Voters expect the president to deal with such problems as lack of jobs, rising prices, and high taxes. One key task for the president each year is to plan the federal government’s budget. The president meets with budget offi cials. Together, they decide what programs to support and what programs to cut back. Budget decisions have a great effect on the nation’s economy.

Party LeaderThe president is generally regarded as the leader of his or her political party. The president gives speeches to help fellow party members who are running for offi ce as members of Congress, governors, and mayors. The president also helps the party to raise money.

PROGRESS CHECK

Explaining Why is the War Powers Resolution important?


LA.7.1.6.1

LA.7.1.6.1

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

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Landmark Supreme Court Cases

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

Supreme Court Cases

President Richard M. Nixon

sensitive national security secrets.” Claiming executive privilege for general discussions, though, “would upset the constitutional balance of a ‘workable government.’” Eight justices took part in the decision. They all agreed that the president had to turn over the tapes. Meanwhile, the House of Representatives had begun the process for impeaching Nixon. The president finally released the tapes, which revealed his role in the cover-up. He lost most of his remaining support in Congress. Four days later, he resigned from the office of president.

Why It Matters

United States v. Nixon made it clear that in the American system of government, even the most powerful person, the president, is not above the law and beyond the power of the courts.

Background of the Case

In 1972, President Richard Nixon was trying to win reelection. One of his campaign workers hired some men to break into the offices of the Democratic Party in Washington, D.C. The offices were in a group of buildings called the Watergate. The break-in and what followed became known as the Watergate scandal. The Senate began to investigate the crime. So did a special prosecutor working in the Justice Department. They learned that some officials in the White House might have been involved. They also learned that the president had a taping system in his White House office. With this system, he had taped his conversations with aides. They thought that the tapes would show what the president and his aides had known about the crime. When they asked for the tapes, though, the president refused to release them. He based his claim on what he called executive privilege. This is the right of a president to keep his conversations private. The special prosecutor went to court, and a federal judge ordered President Nixon to turn over the tapes. Nixon refused. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court.

The Decision

Nixon’s lawyers argued that executive privilege applied. They said presidents had to be able to protect the privacy of their conversations with top aides. The Court rejected this argument. Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote the decision. He said that the situation might be different if holding back the tapes was to protect “military, diplomatic or

United States v. Nixon, 1974

Analyzing the Case

1. Explaining What reason did Nixon give to support his claim of executive privilege?

2. Analyzing What is your opinion of the Court’s decision? Do you agree or disagree that presidents should have a right of executive privilege?

Presidents have claimed a right to keep discussions with their aides private. Under what circumstances, if any, must the courts honor that claim?

Lesson 2 237

SS.7.C.3.12 Analyze the signifi cance and outcomes of landmark

Supreme Court cases including, but not limited to, Marbury v.

Madison, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v.

Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, in re Gault, Tinker v. Des Moines,

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, United States v. Nixon, and Bush v. Gore.

President Richard M Nixon

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Reading HELPDESK

netw rks

Content Vocabulary

• foreign policy • executive agreement• national security • trade sanctions• treaty • embargo

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What is required of leaders? • Why do nations interact with each other?


GRAPHIC ORGANIZERForeign Policy Goals and Tools

POLITICAL CARTOONTightening the Belt

Lesson 3

Making Foreign Policy

Taking Notes: Categorizing

As you read, create a graphic organizer like

this one to show the president’s foreign

policy goals and tools.

It Matters Because

The president makes the key decisions about our relations with other countries.

The President and Foreign PolicyGUIDING QUESTION What are the goals of foreign policy?

A nation’s plan for dealing with other nations is called its foreign policy. In making this policy, presidents hope to achieve several goals. The main goal of American foreign policy is national security. This means the ability to keep the country safe from attack or harm. No government can meet other goals, such as educating children, if the nation is under attack. Another major goal is to build trade with other nations. Trade is important to a strong economy. It creates markets for American products. It also provides jobs for American workers. A third goal is to promote world peace. Any war, even one far away, can disrupt trade and put the nation’s safety at risk. When other nations are at peace, there is less risk that the United States will be drawn into war. A fourth goal of foreign policy is to advance democracy around the world. Promoting democracy and human rights in other countries encourages peace. This also helps protect our own national security.

Foreign Policy Goals

Foreign Policy Tools

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The Foreign Policy Team The president leads the way in trying to achieve these goals. He or she does not work alone, though. The president is helped by close aides in the White House like the National Security Advisor. This offi cial studies foreign policy questions. Then he or she gives advice to the president. A large team also works on foreign policy. The State Department, the Defense Department, and the National Security Council are all part of this team. Offi cials in these organizations give their ideas to the president. The Offi ce of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) also serve on this team. They provide important background information. In the end, though, the president must make the fi nal decisions. President Harry S. Truman noted,

PRIMARY SOURCE

“ No one who has not had the responsibility can really understand what it is like to

be President, not even his closest aides. . . . [H]e is never allowed to forget that he is

President. ”—Harry S. Truman

Once the president decides on a policy, this foreign policy team works to carry it out.

President George Bush (center) meets with the National Security Council in September 2001. The National Security Council includes senior national security advisers and cabinet offi cials who help the president manage national security and foreign policy matters.

CRITICAL THINKING Drawing Conclusions Why do you think

the president has both military and

nonmilitary foreign policy advisers?

foreign policy a nation’s overall

plan for dealing with other nations

national security the ability

to keep the country safe from attack or

harm

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Reading HELPDESK

If the president chooses to send troops into military confl ict, such as in Iraq, it can greatly increase government spending on defense.

CRITICAL THINKING Analyzing What does this cartoon say

about how the cost of a military action

aff ects spending for other national

priorities? Which branch makes decisions

about defense spending?

treaty a formal agreement between the

governments of two or more countries

executive agreement an

agreement between the president and

the leader of another country

Congress Versus the President As you read in Lesson 2, the president is the commander in chief. Congress has certain war powers, too. Only it can declare war. It can stop the president from using the armed forces in certain ways. Finally, Congress alone can spend—or hold back—money for defense.

The Constitution does not clearly state how the legislative and the executive branches should work together in this area. As a

result, Congress and the president have often competed over who controls the war powers. One branch or the other has had more control over the war powers at different times. In the fi rst 20 years or so after World War II, presidents had more power in this area. Congress lost much of its control. Then, near the end of the Vietnam confl ict, Congress took back some of its war powers. The situation has changed again in recent years. With the war on terrorism, the balance of control has moved back again toward the presidency.

PROGRESS CHECK

Identifying What executive agencies help the president in making and carrying out foreign policy?

The Tools of Foreign PolicyGUIDING QUESTION What are the tools the president uses to carry out U.S. foreign policy?

The president and Congress carry out foreign policy in several ways. These methods, or procedures, include reaching agreements with other countries and naming ambassadors. Other methods include giving foreign aid, making trade policy, and, when needed, using the military.

Academic Vocabulary

method a procedure or process

of doing something

CARTOON: Fischer - Ed/Cartoonstock







Constitution.






conflicts.

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Treaties and Executive Agreeements Formal agreements between the governments of two or more countries are called treaties. Some treaties concern defense. One of the most important is the treaty that formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In this pact, the United States, Canada, and many nations in Western Europe promised to defend one another if attacked. The Senate must approve any treaty by a two-thirds vote. The president can work around the Senate by making an executive agreement. This is an agreement between the president and the leader of another country. Many of these agreements deal with matters like trade. Some are about having the armed forces of nations work together.

Appointing Ambassadors The president appoints about 150 ambassadors. Each of them must be confi rmed by the Senate. Ambassadors represent our nation to other nations. They are sent only to those countries that have governments whose right to exist we recognize, or accept. Sometimes the foreign policy team thinks that the government of a certain country has gained power illegally. In that case, the president can refuse to recognize it.

Foreign Aid Foreign aid is a powerful tool to help carry out foreign policy. Foreign aid consists of money, food, military help, or other supplies given to other countries. One of this nation’s greatest examples of foreign aid was the Marshall Plan. The program helped Western Europe rebuild after World War II.

In late 2004, a tsunami killed more than 130,000 people in Indonesia. In this photo, U.S. Navy personnel bring in food, water, and other aid to the stricken region. Since 1950 the United States has supported Indonesia’s development. The United States considers the Southeast Asian nation important to regional stability.

CRITICAL THINKING Drawing I nferences Why do you think

supporting development and democracy in

foreign nations is part of U.S. national

security strategies?

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International Trade The president has the power to make economic agreements with other nations. These agreements cover what products may be traded and the rules for this trade. Sometimes the president chooses to block trade with a nation to try to convince it to change its policies. One way to block trade is to use trade sanctions. These trade barriers stop or slow trade with another nation in order to punish it. One kind of sanction is an embargo. This is an agreement by a group of nations to stop trading with a target nation. Congress plays a role in other economic areas. For instance, it sets tariffs. These are taxes on goods that are imported, or bought from other countries. Congress also must approve the treaties that allow the United States to join trade groups. The members of these groups agree to trade with one another without barriers. They include the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Military Force As commander in chief, presidents sometimes decide they must use the armed forces to carry out a foreign policy decision. Many times they have sent troops to trouble spots around the world. This has been done even when Congress has not declared war. The president’s war powers are an important tool of foreign policy. President Bill Clinton called for attacks on bases used by terrorists in 1998. In 2003 President George W. Bush ordered American armed forces to invade Iraq and remove that nation’s dictator, Saddam Hussein. In 2009 President Barack Obama increased the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

PROGRESS CHECK

Describing What is an executive agreement?

LESSON 3 REVIEW

Review Vocabulary

1. Write a sentence explaining how trade sanctions

and embargos are u sed.

2. Write a sentence using two of these terms: foreign

policy, national security, treaty.


3. Identifying What are the four main goals of

American foreign policy?

4. Making Connections What foreign policy tools

does the president have that could be used to deal

with international terrorism?

5. EXPOSITORY WRITING Which goal of American

foreign policy do you think is most important?

Write a paragraph explaining why.

trade sanction an eff ort to

punish another nation by imposing

trade barriers

embargo an agreement among

a group of nations that prohibits

them all from trading with a target

nation

Academic Vocabulary

target selected person or thing

to receive an action

Recognize Quality SourcesSearch the Web for information about NAFTA. Identify at least six sources. Evaluate each source by answering questions such as Who is the author of the site? Is the information accurate? Is the site up-to-date? Does the site show bias?

21st CenturySKILLS


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It Matters Because

Decisions made by people working in the executive branch affect many areas of life.

Executive Offi ce AgenciesGUIDING QUESTION What offi ces make up the Executive Offi ce of the President?

In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson had a tiny staff. Only a few advisers, a messenger, and a part-time secretary helped him. Today hundreds of experts, advisers, secretaries, and clerks assist the president. Most of these people work in the Executive Offi ce of the President (EOP). They are all part of what is called the president’s administration. The EOP was set up under Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939. Its purpose was to help the president do his job. The offi ce has grown since its beginning. Today it has nearly 2,000 employees. Its budget is around $400 million. The president’s staff has come a long way.

The White House Offi ce The EOP is overseen by the president’s chief of staff. This person takes care of the president’s schedules. The chief of staff also decides who is allowed to meet with the president. The chief of staff, along with the deputy chiefs of staff and senior advisers, serve as the president’s closest advisers.


GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

Federal Bureaucracy

CHARTS Selected Executive Offi ces of the President

The President’s Cabinet


Lesson 4

How the Executive Branch Works

Taking Notes: Summarizing

As you read, create a chart to

summarize the functions of the

federal agencies.

Content Vocabulary

• cabinet • government corporation• federal bureaucracy • regulatory commission• executive agency • political appointee

Agency Type FunctionExecutive agencies

Government

corporations

Regulatory commissions

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Council of EconomicAdvisers

Council onEnvironmental Quality

National SecurityCouncil

AdministrationDrug Control Policy

and Budget

and Technology Policy

President

White House Chiefhite House ChiPresident

The heart of the EOP, however, is the White House Offi ce. This group is made up of about 500 people who work directly for the president. Their many tasks include helping the president develop policy and communicate with Congress and the general public.

Offi ce of Management and Budget The Offi ce of Management and Budget (OMB) prepares the federal budget. The budget shows the president’s spending plans for the coming year. It also monitors, or oversees, spending in all the agencies of the executive branch. The director of the OMB works closely with the president.

National Security Council The National Security Council (NSC) advises the president on matters of national security. The NSC includes the vice president, the secretaries of state and defense, and the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the top commanders from the four parts of the armed services. The Director of National Intelligence also serves on the NSC. Intelligence is information about the actions and plans of other governments. The National Security Advisor, appointed by the president, heads the NSC.

Academic Vocabulary

role the job or function of a person

or thing

cabinet a group of advisers to the

president that includes the heads of

15 top-level executive departments

The Executive Office of the President assists the president in both domestic and foreign matters.

CRITICAL THINKING Making I nferences Which

unit of the EOP do you think

crafts policy to combat global

warming?

Theorizing Why do you

think the size of the EOP has

grown over the years?

1

2

SELECTED EXECUTIVE OFFICES OF THE PRESIDENT CHART SKILLS

C ontent Vocabulary (cont.)

• civil service system• spoils system• merit system


SS.7.C.3.3

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Department of Labor (1913) Deals with working conditions, wages of U.S. workers

Plans and carries out the nation’s foreign policy

Collects, borrows, spends, and prints money

Manages the armed forces

Responsible for all aspects of law enforcement

Manages and protects nation’s public lands and natural resources

Assists farmers and consumers of farm products

Supervises trade, promotes U.S. business, tourism

Works for the well-being and health of all Americans

Deals with the special needs and problems of cities

Manages nation’s highways, railroads, airlines, and sea traffic

Directs overall energy plan for the nation

Provides advice and funding for schools

Directs services for armed forces veterans

Oversees America’s defenses against terrorist attacks

Department of State (1789)

Department of the Treasury (1789)

Department of Defense (1789 as War Department;renamed in 1949)

Department of Justice (1870)

Department of the Interior (1849)

Department of Agriculture (1889)

Department of Commerce (1903)

Department of Health and Human Services (1953)

Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965)

Department of Transportation (1966)

Department of Energy (1977)

Department of Education (1979)

Department of Veterans Affairs (1989)

Department of Homeland Security (2002)

Department Role

Council of Economic AdvisersThe Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) helps the president carry out the role, or job, of economic leader. The president names people to the CEA, but the Senate must approve them. The CEA gives advice on economic policy. It addresses such matters as job growth, prices, and trade.

PROGRESS CHECK

Identifying Which offi cials make up the National Security Council?

The President’s Cabinet GUIDING QUESTION What role does the president’s cabinet play in the government?

The EOP is only a small part of the president’s administration. Thousands more people work in 15 large units called departments. The heads of those departments form the group of presidential advisers known as the cabinet. The head of the Department of Justice is called the attorney general. All other department heads are called secretaries. As you can see from the chart, the 15 departments work in many different areas.

CHART SKILLS

The president’s cabinet includes the heads of the executive branch departments. The year next to the department name shows when the department was first formed.

Identifying Which cabinet departments

are the oldest? The newest?

CRITICAL THINKING Making Inferences What departments

would be involved in a treaty about the

trade of foods grown on American farms?

1 2

THE PRESIDENT’S CABINET

Lesson 4 245

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Constitution.






conflicts.

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Reading HELPDESK

no shadow here ok?

Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution mentions that the president may require “in writing” the opinion of the heads of each of the executive departments “upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offi ces.“ It does not, however, specifi cally mention the cabinet. Meeting with a cabinet is tradition, or custom. The tradition began with President George Washington. He met regularly with the heads of the fi rst four departments. These were the attorney general and the secretaries of state, war, and the treasury. Later presidents followed this example. As more executive departments were created over the years, the cabinet grew.

Cabinet Responsibilities Cabinet members give the president advice on matters that touch the departments they lead. The secretary of agriculture, for example, works with the president on issues that have an effect on farmers. Cabinet members also carry out the president’s plans within their departments. Suppose that the president wants to start new programs for job training. The secretary of labor will be given the task of putting that plan into action.

The president decides when the cabinet is to meet. The president may also ask the vice president and other top aides to join meetings of the cabinet. Meetings may be

held as often as once a week or hardly at all. Many presidents have not relied heavily on their cabinets. They often have felt free to ignore cabinet advice. They expect the department heads to carry out their policies, though.

Cabinet members spend most of their time directing the activities in their departments. To hold their posts, the department heads must be approved by the Senate.

Department of Homeland Security In 2002, President Bush signed the Homeland Security Act. That law set up the new Department of Homeland Security. The task of this department is to protect the nation from attacks by terrorists. Part of that work is to gather information about terrorists and their plans. This was the fi rst new department set up since 1989. That year, the Department of Veterans Affairs was formed. It runs programs for former members of the armed forces.

federal bureaucracy agencies

and the employees of the executive branch

of government

A Transportation Safety Administration (TSA) worker screens an airline traveler. The TSA is a division of the Department of Homeland Security. It is responsible for the safety of the nation’s transportation systems.

CRITICAL THINKINGDrawing Conclusions Why do you

think that it is the responsibility of the

federal government to oversee

transportation safety?

Academic Vocabulary

specifi c falling into a particular

category


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The Vice President For many years, presidents gave little authority to their vice presidents. That has changed, though, in recent times. Vice President Al Gore, for example, served as a close adviser to President Bill Clinton about the environment. Vice President Dick Cheney advised President George W. Bush on foreign policy. Under President Obama, Vice President Joseph Biden led a team that tried to fi nd ways to help families have a better standard of living.

PROGRESS CHECK

Stating When does the cabinet meet?

The Federal BureaucracyGUIDING QUESTION What is the federal bureaucracy?

The executive branch also has hundreds of agencies. They deal with everything from running the space program to deciding what can be used to make hot dogs. Together, the agencies and employees of the executive branch are called the federal bureaucracy (byu•RAH•kruh•see). About 3 million people work in the executive branch. These workers do three basic kinds of tasks. Through these tasks, they help make government policy. First, agencies write rules that put laws passed by Congress into practice. Laws are often written in very general terms. The agencies have to turn those guidelines into specifi c rules. That way, people and businesses can know what to do to follow the law.

This fi re fi ghter battles a wildfi re in Angeles National Forest in California. The Forest Service manages 193 million acres of national forests and grasslands.

CRITICAL THINKINGMaking Connections What role does

Congress have in operating the Forest

Service?

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“The Federal Bureaucracy”

CabinetTh e Department of Justice is headed by the U.S. attorney general. Th e attorney general is the nation’s chief law-enforcement offi cer. Florida native Janet Reno became the fi rst woman attorney general of the United States in 1993. She was also the longest-serving attorney general of the 1900s.

CONNECTION

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Second, departments and agencies carry out the day-to-day activities of the federal government. Some workers deliver the mail, some collect taxes, and some take care of national parks. Others perform thousands of other services. Third, federal agencies oversee certain activities. For example, they watch banks to make sure that they obey the rules about banking. They decide if products are safe to use. They establish rules that protect our health and the environment. Agencies cannot simply take this work on for themselves. Congress must pass a law to give them the power to do their work.

Independent Agencies The executive branch has many independent agencies. They are called independent because they are not part of a cabinet department. These agencies can be grouped into three types: executive agencies, government corporations, and regulatory commissions.

Executive agencies are independent agencies that deal with certain specifi c areas within the government. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), for example, runs the space program. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provides policy makers with intelligence information. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes and enforces regulations that protect human health and the environment.

Some agencies are government corporations. These are businesses that are owned by the government. Like any business, they provide goods or services and charge people to buy those goods or services. The difference is that these corporations are not supposed to make a profi t. The United States Postal Service is one example. The Tennessee Valley Authority is another. It sells energy to people living in a certain part of the country.

The job of regulatory commissions is to protect the public. They make and enforce rules that an industry or group must follow. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) makes rules for television and radio stations. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission establishes safety standards for thousands of types of consumer products. Unlike the other two types of independent agencies, regulatory commissions do not report to the president. The president does name the people who head these commissions. He or she cannot fi re them, though. Only Congress can remove them.

In this 2007 photograph, space shuttle Discovery heads for the International Space Station. NASA is ending the 30-year-old space shuttle program. The government plans to rely on commercial spacecraft for future missions.

CRITICAL THINKINGMaking Inferences What conclusions

can you draw from this change in

procedure?

executive agency independent agency that

deals with certain specifi c

areas within the government

government corporation a business

owned and operated by the

federal government

regulatory commission independent agency created by Congress

that can make rules concerning certain

activities and bring violators to court

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Review Vocabulary

1. What is the diff erence between an executive agency

and a regulatory commission?

2. How are the civil service system and the merit

system connected?


3. Explaining Why is the work of the Offi ce of

Management and Budget so important?

4. Identifying What are the main functions of the

members of the cabinet?

5. Explaining How does a government corporation

operate?

6. PERSUASIVE WRITING Federal agencies enforce

thousands of regulations that aff ect our lives. Some

people say the government plays too large a role in

society. Write a paragraph on whether you agree

with this viewpoint and why.

LESSON 4 REVIEW

Government Workers The top jobs in a department or agency usually go to political appointees. These are people chosen by the president. Some are picked because they have experience in the work the department does. Some are named because they supported the president during the election. People in these jobs usually leave offi ce when the president does. About 90 percent of those who work in the federal government are civil service workers. Unlike political appointees, civil service workers usually have permanent jobs. These people might be clerks or lawyers or park rangers. They are hired through the civil service system. This is the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and proven ability. Before 1883, many federal jobs fell under the spoils system. In this practice, people won government jobs as a reward for political support. Each new president fi red many government workers and replaced them with supporters. The idea was, “To the victor belong the spoils [jobs].” Under the spoils system, appointees were not always qualifi ed to perform their jobs. In response, Congress passed the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. That law created the civil service system. It also placed limits on the number of jobs a new president could give to friends and backers. The Offi ce of Personnel Management (OPM) directs the civil service system today. It sets standards for federal jobs. It also gives tough tests to people who want those jobs. The civil service system is a merit system. Government offi cials hire new workers from lists of people who have passed the tests or otherwise met civil service standards.

PROGRESS CHECK

Describing Which jobs go to political appointees today?

political appointee a person

appointed to a federal position by the

president

civil service system the

practice of hiring government workers on

the basis of open, competitive

examinations and merit

spoils system rewarding people

with government jobs on the basis of

their political support

merit system hiring people into

government jobs on the basis of their

qualifi cations

Lesson 4 249

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LA.7.1.6.1

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Activities

1 Writing Activity

EXPLORING THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What is required of leaders? In this chapter you learned about the many roles, responsibilities, and duties of

the president. Think about what personal characteristics and background (such as

education and job experience) a person would need to be a great president. Make

two lists—one of desired characteristics and another of background factors. Then

use your list to poll people you know to fi nd out which characteristic and which

background factor they think is most important. Summarize your fi ndings in a

short report about your poll.

2 21st Century Skills

INFORMATION LITERACY The federal bureaucracy consists of hundreds of

departments, agencies, bureaus, offi ces, services, boards, and commissions that aff ect

many areas of American life. Find one that interests you and learn more about it. Visit

its Web site to learn how it is organized, what its role is, how it does its job, and how its

work aff ects Americans. Organize what you learn in a written report, an oral report, a

visual aid, or a slide-show presentation for the class.

3 Being an Active Citizen

Identify a situation in your community or in the news that you feel needs greater

federal involvement. Find out which agency in the federal bureaucracy has

responsibility in this area. Write a letter to the head of this agency asking the agency to

look into the matter.

4 Understanding Visuals

Only part of a president’s power comes from

the Constitution. Another part comes from

having the support of the people. Presidents

who lose public support fi nd it more diffi cult to

eff ectively use the powers they have. For this

reason, presidential advisers keep a close

watch on public opinion polls about the

president. This political cartoon makes a

comment about polls that measure the public’s

approval of the president. Examine the

cartoon. Which president is being referred to?

How do you know? What comment is the

cartoonist making about this president’s

approval rating?

Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.


CHAPTER 8

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Assessment

REVIEW THE GUIDING QUESTIONS

Directions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1 How does a person become president of the United States?

A. by winning the popular vote B. by winning enough electoral votes C. through the merit system D. through the spoils system

2 Why was the Twenty-fi fth Amendment passed?

F. to create the Electoral College G. to limit the president to two terms H. to establish the order of presidential succession if

the president dies or leaves offi ce I. to set conditions for when a vice president becomes president

3 Which of these powers does the Constitution give the president?

A. appointing judges B. declaring war C. declaring laws unconstitutional D. suspending Congress

4 How does a president fulfi ll the role of economic leader?

F. by meeting with foreign leaders G. by negotiating treaties H. by planning the federal budget I. by leading the armed forces

5 Which of the following best describes President Clinton’s order to attack terrorist bases?

A. embargo against terrorists B. military force used as a foreign policy tool C. executive agreement D. presidential power to grant amnesty

6 Which of these describes an executive agency that oversees an industry and makes sure it obeys the law?

F. cabinet department G. executive agency H. government corporation I. regulatory commission

Chapter Activities and Assessment 251

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SS.7.C.3.3

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.3

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.4.3

SS.7.C.3.3

NGSSS assessed in

Chapter 8 Activities






Constitution.

SS.7.C.3.8 Analyze the structure,

functions, and processes of the legislative,

executive, and judicial branches.






Constitution.

SS.7.C.3.8 Analyze the structure,

functions, and processes of the legislative,

executive, and judicial branches.



confl icts.

LA.7.1.6.2 The student will listen to,

read, and discuss familiar and conceptually

challenging text.

NGSSS assessed in

Chapter 8 Assessment

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(continued ) AssessmentDOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS

Directions: Analyze the excerpt and answer the questions that follow.

President Gerald Ford made this observation about the presidency:

“ You know, the President of the United States is not a magician who can wave a wand or sign a paper that will instantly end a war, cure a recession, or make bureaucracy disappear.”

7 Explaining What point was President Ford making in this remark?

A. No one can do a good job of being president. B. The federal bureaucracy is too big. C. The president’s power is limited. D. The president should have more power.

8 Stating Which sentence best states Ford’s view of what people should expect of a president?

F. They should demand that the president solve major problems. G. They should understand that the president may not be able to solve

major problems. H. They should impeach a president who does not follow campaign

promises. I. They should expect a president to accomplish little or nothing.

SHORT RESPONSE“ The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the

safety, effi cacy [effectiveness], and security [safety] of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.”

—Food and Drug Administration, “What We Do”

9 What type of independent agency do you think the Food and Drug Administration is? Why do you think so?

10 What steps do you think the Food and Drug Administration must take to carry out its work?

EXTENDED RESPONSE

11 Expository Writing Based on what you have read in this chapter, what do you think are the challenges that a president faces in forming and putting into action a foreign policy? Which of those challenges do you think is the biggest? Why?

DBQ

If You’ve Missed Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Review Lesson 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 2 4 4 2, 3, 4

Need Extra Help?

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8

SS.7.C.3.8, SS.7.C.4.3, LA.7.1.6.2


CHAPTER 8

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