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PRACTICE YOUR GRAMMAR 1
compiled, producedand edited by
ipek Ekmekqi & Qigdem Onat
Ankara 2003
Middle East Technical UniversityDepartment of Basic English
TABLE, OF CONTENTS
1. VERB TENSES PAGE1.1 Simple present and cont inuous . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Simple past and cont inuous1.3 Future1.4 Present perfect simple and continuous ... . . . . . . . . .1.5 Past perfect s imple and cont inuous . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. PRONOUNS2.1 Personal Dronouns
l l17254 1
59
4. QUESTTONS4.1 Yes / no. 'wh-', subject / object and information questions
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS5.1 Adjectives and adverbs5.2 Adjectives ending in-ing and -ed
5.3 Adjectives and prepositions5.4 Numbers used as adjectives5.5 Adjective order5.6 Comparatives and superlatives5 . 1 D o u b l e c o m p a r a t i v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.8 Adverbs modifying adjectives and otheradverbs 121
B8l0 t
104105105108108109t20
l i l
6. N,IODALS6.1 Abi l i ty (Can / Coald / Be able to) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236.2 Permiss ion (May / Could / Can 1. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256.3 Requests (Would / Wil l / Could / Can you...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266.4 Suggestions (Let's / why don't / shall we / could / How-what about) ..... r2i6.5 Offers (Shall I / I ' l l / Would you l ike) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.6 Obligation and necessity (Must / Have to / Should / Ought to /
Lack of necessity (Don't have to / Needn't / Don't need to /Didn' t have to / Didn' t need to ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advisability ( Should / Ought to / Had better ) ... .. ..... .Expectat ions (Should ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cr i t ic ism and regret ( Should have / Ought to have ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Degrees of certainty ( Must / May / Might / Could / Can't / Couldn't /May not / Might not / Must have / May-Might have / Could have /Can't-Couldn' t have / May-Might not have ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Pre ference ( Wou ld ra ther ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4 lProgress ive fo rms o f moda ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Rev iew o f moda ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t43
THE PASSIVE7.1 Simple present and continuous ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577.2 Simple past and cont inuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587 .3 Present perfect simple .. . . . . . . 1607 .4 Past perfect simple .. . . . . . . . . . . . I 6 I7 .5 Future . . . . . . . . . . 1637 .6 Moda ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-7 .7 Review of act ive and pass ive vo ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHBS8.1 Type 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 678 .2 Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618.3 Conditionals with unless ... 1698.4 Possib i l i ty wi th in case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1698.5 Condit ionals with provided and as long as ... . . . . . . . . . . . l7l8 .6 Type2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1728 .7 Type 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148.8 Mixed condi t ionals . . . . . . . . . .1768 .9 Wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ' 768.10 Review of condi t ionals . . . . . . . 179
9. NOUN CLAUSES9.1 Repor ted speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849 . 2 I n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 09.3 Noun clauses beginning with quest ion words . . . . . . . . . . 1929.4 Noun c lauses beg inn ing w i th tha t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939.5 Us ing -ever words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969.6 Us ing the sub junc t ive in noun c lauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
1 V
6.16.8
6.96 .106 .1 16 .12
6 . l 36 .146 .15
I -1-1
134r35
7.
8.
IO. ADJECTIVE CLAUSESl0 . l Non-de f i n ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . 19810.2 Defining ... . . ' 20010.3 Omiss ion . . . . . 20610.4 Reduct ion . . . .20710.5 Using expressions of quantity .. . . . . . . . . . 20810.6 Noun+o; fwhich. . . . . . . . . . . . . .20910.7 Pronouns used as the object of the prepositions ..-.20910.8 Review of ad iect ive c lauses . . . . . . - - . . . . . .210
11. PARTICIPLES.. . . . . . . . .
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES12.1 Al low, make , le t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . .22112.2 Enough andtoo ( . . . to) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22212.3 Forms of used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 22612.4 Causat ive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22812.5 Verbs of percept ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22912.6 Review of gerunds and inf init ives .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
CONNECTIVES13.1 Expressing cause and effect using so / such...that .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23813.2 Expressing purpose using so that, in order to andbecause ....239
EMPHATIC STRUCTURESl4. l Clef t sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .24314.2 Inversions ... .245
GENERAL REVISION15 .1 C loze tes ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . 25015.2 Mul t ip le choice tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - . . .265
ANSWER KEY """ " ' " " ' 306
217
12.
13.
14.
15.
( l )
(2)
1. VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
A. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in their correct forms.
Bridget Damon is a housewife. She doesn't work so she has
getting up early so she gets up at 6:30
(s)On
Yolanda Smith is
goes to school by
the bus. She (e)( l 0 )
(2)
student. He is just two years old.
Jaya Rajah is fifteen, but he (7)
medicine at New York
twenties. Jaya was born
(be) from England.
(have) a son. His name
They are
(have) blue eyes and black hair. Peter (6)
a lot of free time. Bridget
every morning. Then, she
London but they
Austral ia. They
(be) Peter. He
( b e ) . r
evenings, but he sometimes
"I l ive for one thing - I
Bridget (4) for a walk in the park every day. In the afternoons. she
physical exercises because she wants to (6) weight.
weekends Bridget sometimes (7) solf with her friends.
* * *
from Oxford, London. She is a studentand she is l7 years old. Yolanda
breakfast. After breakfast, she (3) the dishes.
br"rs. She usually (8) out of the window when she is on
a sandwich for lunch or she sometimes
to the cafeteria. When she is at the dormitory, she
television or (12\ to music. Sometimes she
cards with her friends or (14) a book.
( l t )
( l 3 )
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Bob and C indy ( l ) (be) married. They l ive in
from
(3)
(s)(4)
two
you
He
(12)
He (9)
(go) to high school. He studies
University. His class-mates (8) (be) in their
in Madras, India, but his family moved to the U.S.A. when he was
(live) in a house in New York with his parents and his
nser brother. His fatheris a doctor. Jaya (10) (have got) any fr iends.
never (1 I ) (go) out
(watch) TV. He
in the
says,
( 13 )
age are not lnterestlng
usually talk to them."
Mike Parr ish ( l5)
( 1 6 )
( t 7 )
summer and half past seven in
sausages and potatoes. His
( le )
i n t h e s k y . a n d L a n c e ( 2 l )
Dear Sir ,
I (22)
that far too
days and
(26)
( lose) our ident i ty. I
but even this town(l ive) in a smal l town,
(change) before my eyes.
a burger bar in the place of my
(want) to be a doctor before I'm seventeen. Other children of my
They (14) (understand) me. so I don't
(be) a modern cowboy. He
rnountains. He(l ive) in a smal l caravan in the
(get up/ always) with the sun -- about hall' past four i
the winter. For breakfast he (18) (eat)
dog. Lance. is always by his side. At the momel.)
(make)coffee for himself. There are birds (20)
(watch) them.
(wr i te ) because (23) (seem ) to lnc
many changes (24) (take) place in my country these
consequently, we (25)
n the
t ] O ( ' q" D 5 " .
r, he
1f1y)
(21)
(28 ) (bu i ld )
For
favourite
instance. they
restaurant. Our
(understand )cul ture (29)
why the authori t ies (31)
(321
lappear) on
importance
(34)
(belong) to everyone, and I (30)
And
TV
of
tdol anything to prescrve i t . In I 'uct. I
(think) of starting an action group. I (33)
4's "You Talk" programme on Friday night to make people aware of the
this issue. It's time for us to start doine somethins before it
(get) too late.
Yourssincerely.
Archer
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Nigel
Rupert
Hi Nigel! How are you?
Fine. fine. It's been a long time, hasn't it? So tell me about yourself.
Well, for the time being I (35) (work) in a
language school in Cairo but I want to change my job as soon as I
( 161 (find) a better-paid one.
I see. What (37) (do/you) here in London?
I ( 3 8 ) (have) a holiday.
That s lovely. And what (39) (think/you) of
Cairo'l
Actually. I l ike it very much. It is a very exciting place.
And what about your job? Is it difficult?
Not really. I (40) (teach / usually) from I I
a.m. to I p.-. and then later again from 6.30 to 9.30. In the evenrngs. my
fr iends and I (41) (go) in to town very
often. We nrefer to come tosether at each other's houses and chat.
You (42) (seem) to enjoy your days in
Cairo. So when are you going back?
Next week on Friday. My plane (43)
early, at about 7.00 a.m.
( l e a v e )
: By the way, how is your brother?
: Chris. . . oh. he's OK. He is marr ied with two chi ldren and as usual he
(44) (stop) telling me that I should settle
down and get married. These days he (45) (play) a
lot of footbal l . I (46)
get fir!
(guess) he wants to
41. Al ice is an annoying guest; she
the house is cold.
48. My dog is very intelligent. It
49. The white building opposite the street
pop-singer but she is planning to sel l i t .
50. You shouldn't lift that heavy box. You
(constant ly / complain) that
(understand) everything I say.
(belong) to a famous
(expect) a baby.
* * *
A: Why (51) you
B: I have a iob interview this afternoon. I (52)
* * *
53 . A : you
B: Yes. What about you?
54. A: What 's al l that noise?
B: Our neishbours
(wear) a suit and a tie?
(want) to look good.
(remember) your first day at school?
(have) a party.
* * *
(bath) him in the evenings.
x * *
(Bill/try) to finish the report so quickly?
(give) his reports to his boss to be
(earn) enough money to(seem) to
(r ing) the doorbel l !
A: Where is Jane this morning? (55)
baby?
B: No. She (56)
he
A: why (57)
B: It 's Tuesday. He (58)
checked on Tuesdays.
A: Where is your fiance? I haven't seen him recently.
B: He (59)
summer.
A: Ohl (60)July?
B: No. bu t he ' l l be back as soon as he (61)
(work) as a receptionist at a hotel in Leeds for the
(come) back for our class reunion in
she (bath) the
get married because he isn't very happy there. He (62)
get on with the manager.
63. A: Barbara! Can't you hear? Someone
My hands are greasy. Could you please open the door for me?
B: Sure. mum... . Oh, i t 's Uncle Harry!
Hi. Teresa!
(have) a terrible headache. I (71)
October 1997
( s l t )
at home and we
at the moment our friend
(take)
I (64)
There
(write) this letter from Berlin. It 's a very big city
are a lot of interesting people here. School is greatl
(finish) ar 1 p.m.
(usually/have) lunch in the restaurant opposite
good and quite cheap there. In the afternoon
(often/visit) a museum, but this afternoon
(go) swimming in the big swimming pool
Hope to hear from you soon.
Love, Hugo
I'm at home. That's very unusual. I
(often/stay) at home on a Saturday night, but today I
Our
(66)
classes (65)
school. The food very
(61)
(68)
Heidelberg Park.
Saturday night, and
We
the
we
we
It's
(691
(70)
in my balcony to get some fresh air now. It's a warm night and the streets are crowded. ln
front of the cinema. there is an old woman (72) (se l l ) f lowers .
She (73) (wear; a long colourful skirt.
> k > k t
(like) spending time
(7s)
We (14)
(never/go) out in the evenings, but
the States (76) (vis i t ) us and we (77)
to restaurants, theatres andmany other interesting places in the evenings.
* * *
from
him
C. Ask questions.
Linda and Mark Nelson are from Canada. They have two children - a girl and a boy.
Their daughter, Sue, is 3 years old. She doesn't go to school. Their son, Tom. is 12. He
goes to secondary school. The Nelsons live in a beautiful house in Toronto. Their house rs
big. There are five bedrooms, three bathrooms, a living room, a dining room and a hrig
kitchen. There is also a garage behind the house.
l . ?
No, she doesn't . She is onlv 3 vears old.
2 .
It 's in Toronto.
3 .
Five.
Yes. there is. I t 's behind the house.
Complete the questions.
Clarissa and Robert are talking:
Robert
Clar issa
Robert
Clar issa
Robert
Clar issa
Robert
Clar issa
Robert
Clar issa
Robert
Clar issa
I'm an accountant.
( 5 )
(6)
(7)
Clarissa?
in a bank?
Central Bank?
Yes. I do. In Central Bank
It's in High Street opposite the Sports Centre.
Selton Sports Centre?
Yes. Jack and I go swimrning at the Centre every day.
( 8 ) Jack?
Jack's my husband. We've got two daughters.
(e) t h e r i ?
Jane is five and Mary is seven years old
10 . A
B
l l . A
B
12. A
B
13 . A
B
Alice and
Al ice
Marco
Al ice
Marco
Al ice
Marco
Al ice
Marco
Al ice
Marco
Alberto
Brenda
Alberto
Brenda
Alberto
Brenda
Alberto
Brenda
lunch?
Mv husband? At the restaurant next to his office.
One. It's an old Volkswagen. I bought it ten years ago.
in thrs ci ty?
No. They l ive in Cambridge.
after dinner ?
Well, we usually watch TV. And when the weather is good, we go out for a
walk.
Marco meet at a party for the first time.
Hel lo. My name is Al ice. What 's yours?
It's Marco.
( 1 4 )
Italian. I came to London in 1992.
( 15 ) . Marco ?
In the Italian restaurant in Maple Street. I'm a cook there.
( 16 ) Italian food?
Yes, I have. I think it 's delicious. Are you married?
Yes. i am
( 17 ) at home?
My wife does. She is a very good cook
* * *
Hel lo. I 'm Alberto.
Oh, hi . I 'm Brenda.
( 1B )
I 'm from the USA.
Real ly! I 'm from Italy. (19)
That's Lisa.
c i l l ?
(20) f r iend?
No, she isn' t . She is my sister.
Alberto : (21)
Brenda : She's seventeen.
Alberto : (22)
Brenda : No. I'm not a student. Actuallv. I'm a teacher.
r about her new friend, Linda.
new student in our class. She is staying at the school dormrtory.
Mary is talk ing
Mary
Her mother
Mary
Her mother
Mary
Her mother
Mary
Her mother
Mary
to her mothe
Linda is a
I see. (23)
Her parents? Well, they live in North Carolina.
t ) 4 t to North Carol ina at
weekends?
No, she doesn't. She has a part-time job in a restaurant on Saturdays and
Sundays. She wants to save some money.
(2s) to save money?
Because she is planning to buy herself a new computer.
I see. Why don't you invite Linda over for dinner? I really want to meet her.
That's a good idea.
Martin is talking to Sally on the phone.
I want to go to the library tomorrow morning. I need to get some information
about new computer programs.
Let's go there together after school.
Martin
Sa l ly
Martin
Sa l ly
Martin
OK but my lesson finishes at 5 o'clock. (26),|
I t c loses at 7 o'c lock.
That's good. Let's go together after school then.
D. SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS?
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the 'present simple' or 'present
continuous'.
A : Oh, the house ( 1) (smel1) wonderful.
B : I've just baked a chocolate cake.
A : Where is John?
B : He is in his room. Please don't disturb him. He (2) (study)
A : Have you finally found a good job?
B : No, not yet. I've got a part-time job at a club downtown. I(3) (serve) drinks at the bar.
A : Tell me what you (4) (rhink) of ir .
B : I t 5 t (like) working at late hours. It's very tiring.
The album I bought fbr Jenny (6) (hold) more than 100photographs. She can put all her holiday photographs in it.
* * *
A : Do you like it here in Cambridge?
B : Yes, very much. I (7)is so much to see.
(have) a wonderful time. There
( arri ve ).
A : Don't forget to tell Paul about the meeting.
B : Don't worry. I ' l l do that as soon as he (8)
x>F>r
* > k *
9. On my desk I have an old mug that (hold) things l ike pens.penci ls or paper cl ips.
I 0. When you are travelling by underground, you have to be quick and get off as soon asl l (stop).
1 1. Tel l me what you
12. Now I
(think) about in front of that fire place.
teaching me.(see) what to do in case of emersencv. Thanks fbr
13 . Why (clean / you) your car? Look at the dark clouds in the sky.I t 's going to rain.
1 4 . I (see) some customers so I can't deal with these people at themoment.
15. The new pub has been decorated in such a way that itan ancient castle.
( look) l i ke
I6 . Why (stil l / think / you) about what has happened? Let's forgetall about it and try to cheer up.
17 . John (go) to the cinema twice a month.
18. She looks very thoughtful. Do you know what she t th ink) about l
19. She speaks French, but she (come) from France.
20. r (feel) depressed everytime I hear that song.
21 . Tom (meet) the company director in a few minutes
22. The Smiths (have) a cottage in the mountains.
23. Charlie and Jane are in the laboratory. They (do) an experiment.
24. My secretary is away for a fortnight, so I
25. Oir
26. We
27. A: Are you st i l l l iv ing with your parents?
B: Yes , bu t I ( think) of moving into a f lat of my own soon.
A: How will you afford to pay the rent then?
B: I'm not sure. Perhaps I'l l get a part-time job.
28. Look at the liquid in the test tube in my hand. It
29. He' l l send me an e-mai l messase as soon as he
exoeriment so I'l l meet him to talk about the results he obtained.
(type) my own letters.
(float) on water.
(give) a party tonight to celebrate our first wedding anniversary.
(bo i l ) a t 109 'C.
( f in ish) the
l 0
30. She hasn't decided which bar of soap to buy yet; she
nink one.
31 . How o f ten
lsmelll the
(they/hold) a committee meeting? I'd like to
know about the regular events in their firm.
'k I wonder about the bowl which you (32)
sugar (33)
'o Listen to that l I (34)
1-35 )
36. Youlose my pat ience with you.
37 . Dav id
I . a) stoleb) is stolenc) has stolend) steal ing
3. Shea) hurt . . . .was carryingb) was hurtrng.. . .carr ied
(hold). How much
(it/contain)?
** r .
(hear) some lovely piano music. I(think) it 's from the next-door neighbour
(always/find) excuses for being late. I am beginning to
(wri te) a new book cal led "Up in the Mountains" whi le
(feel) that his life as an athlete will soon be over.
Mrs
his wife is on vac;r t ion.
-18. Jeffrey
39. Don't disturb me, please. I (have) my dinner
1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
A. Mark the best choice.
Between 5:55 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. on December 20th, somebody (l)
Haan's orecious diamond necklace from her room in the Excelsior Hotel. At the time.
Mrs. Haan was in her room. She (2)
chambermiiid, is the thief.
a bath. The police think Sandy, the
2. a) hadb) has been havingc) has hadd) was having
her back while she some furniturec) is hurt ing.. . . has carr iedd) hur ts . . . . i s car ry ing
l l
B. Complete the sentences using either the 'past simple' or 'past continuous'.
1. They haven't got a car any more.i t last month
(sel l )
2.A (watch) TV at 9 o clock?
B: No, I wasn't . I was having dinner with Tom
3 . A : (he/buy) this car?
B: Three months ago.
4. She was injured in the accident because she (wer r ) a se t t he l t
5. Jane : Richard is in hospital with a broken leg.
Anne : (break) his leg'?
Jane : During his trip to the Alps.
(live) in Brighton between 1982 and 1992.
(do) when you hurt your back?
B: I was carrying a big box of books when it happened.
Bruno and his family arr ived in the United States on March 1, 1999.In the beginning, they
stayed at their relatives' house because their money was not enough to rent a house. Two
months later, Bruno s father found a well-paid job. Today, he earns $2000 a month and the
family is very happy but they say they miss Italy a lot.
6. Ol iv ia Bates
l . A :
8
9 .
when they arrived in the United States 'l
No, they didn't. That's why they stayed at their relatives' house.
(go) to Jane's wedding last month?
B: Because I was on a business trip in France. How was it?
11. Look at the sun! Can you bel ieve that this t ime yesterday we
a snowman ?
12. Last year Susan
$2000.
10 . A :
so she set up her own business.
13. When his fatherhis father that swearins was a bad habit
(make)
(seek) a wel l -paid job but she couldn'r f ind one
(swear) at the other drivers, the little boy told
12
14 . I (ust / begin) to study when the lights went off.
C. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I .
Detective
(2)
W h a t ( l )
I was in the Iiving room (3)
I see. What (4)
I immediately (5)
There were two men (6)
and one of them (7)
Was there anyone in the car?
(do/you) when you
(hear) the shot last night?
(watch) TV.
(do / you) then?
(run) to the window to look out
(run) towards a car
(hold) a gun in his hand.
(si t ) in the
Andy
Detective
Andy
Detective
Andy
Detective
Yes,
seat.
( 10 )
(11 )
a young woman (8)
The two men (9) (get) in the car
While the
driv ing
and she
car(drive) away
(drive) away, I (12) (wri te)
down the car's registration number. Here it is.
Thank you very much for your cooperation. I will let you know as soon
as I learn something.
hate travelling. It makes me very nervous. Yesterday. I
to New York. When the plane( t3 ) (fly) from London
landed at the airport, that strange feeling ( 14) (start) again
- a feeling of fear in my stomach. Was my passport stil l in my briefcase? Had I forgotten
the visa? Had someone put diamonds in my bag? I turned to look at the other people
around me. None of them seemed to be worried. Thev (15) (wa l t )
patiently in the queue. My heart (16) (continue) beating
hard until I went through the customs. When everything was over, I
(11 ) (take) a deep breath.
* * * :
to write my first letter. As you know. I
to Long Beach two months ago. At the moment, I
with my cousin Jefferson until I find a flat at a
Dear Anna.
sorry about takingI 'M
( 1 8 )
( 1e)
so long
(move)
(stay )
t 3
(26) (be) fun !
This is all for now. Please write me soon. I want to hear the latest gossipl
At 10:30 last Saturday night, there was a power failure
describing his experience:
"At l0:30 last Saturdav nieht the pub was ful l of customers. Al l
(21\ (talk) at the same time. Some students (28)
mers (29)
reasonable price. Jefferson and I (20)
community col lege these days. In Long Beach, i t usual ly (21)
in September but today it is quite hot and the sun (22)
in Audubon Park. There are a lot of students around (23)
sunny day in Long Beach.
Every weekend my cousin Jefferson (24)
around Long Beach . Last weekend we (25)
(attend) English classes at a
( ra ln )
(sh ine) . Now I 'm
(enjoy) the
(take) me sightseeine
(visi t ) Catal ina Is land. I t
Love, Blanca
in the city. Ian Jones, a barman,i s
the people
( s i n g ) . a n d
( n lay) darts. I (30) (pour.1
lights ( 31 ) (go) out. I
(break) i t . Whi le I
(cu t ) my hand. '
(walk) along
(come) to a sign which read
(pay) attention to the sign and
lsurf- ; when u shurk
onto my board and push
(be )
them(look) at each other. Both of
to be alive.
(blow) i t away whi le Jack and Ispeed boat. We returned to look for it,
there were some custo
out a drink for someone
(drop) the
(try) to pick
(32)
(3+;
when
glass,
up the
the
and
glass,
t 1 1 l
r (3s)
t *>k
It was a beautiful Sunday morning. While Mark and Paul (36)
the beach carrying their surfboards, they (37)
"No Swimming - Sharks". They (38)
(3e)
(4 t )
(go) into water. They (40)
(appear) a few meters away. "Mark! Jump
yours towards the shark," Paul shouted and Mark did so. When they t 4 ) r
safe on the beach, they (43)
G4) (know) that they were lucky
: Mum, do you remember the blue hat that Lauren gave me for my birthday?
: Yes. your favourite one.
Well , the wind (45)
A
B
A(46) (try) out his new
1 4
but with no luck
A :
B :
: I'm sorrv to hear that.
Did
Unf
> k * *
you manage to talk to her last night?
'ortunately not. She (47) (be) out when
(48) (phone) her.
The de tec t ives ( l ) (wait) for flight SA 140 from Johannesburg,
South Afiica. The plane was late and with every passing minute they
(2 ) (get) more and more impatient. They (3) ( expect )
a valuable parcel of diamonds. A few hours earlier, someone had
thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane (4)
told the oolice that some
(arrive/finally), some of the detectives (5) (si t ) inside the main
bui lding whi le others (6) (stand) on the airfield. T'"vo men
(1) (take) the parcel off the plane. After they (8) (carry) l t
to the Customs House, theY
parcel was full of stones and
(e) (open) it. To their surprise, the precious
TI.
sand I
I 'd l ike to
years ago. At the
One morning,
t ime of the incidence, I ( 1 1) ( l ive) in Hawai i .
returning from a nearby building to my office' I
(come) upon three or four dozen mynah birds. As they
(make) an incredible amount of noise. I
(decide) to investigate. The mynah birds were in a large circle
the shade of a kiawe tree. In the center of this circle, two birds
(fight) while the others ( l6) (have) a great
mynah birdstime watching the fieht. After a few minutes, one of the
( t7 ) (drop) to the ground. The other bird (18) (wa lk )
oroudlv for a few seconds and then (19) (fly) away. I have no
d e s c r i b e a s c e n e l ( 1 0 ) ( wi tness ) se l 'cr l l
mynah birds, but the behaviour of the
not the only members of the animal
(12)
(13 )
(14 )
in
( ts)
iclea about the reason for the fight between the two
other birds clearly proved that human beings are
kingdom that enjoy a good fight.
t - )
Linda is
Well ,
talking abouthow she started her job at the 'Your House' magazine.
| (20) (see) the advertisement in the
(decide) to apply immediately.r (22)(21)
r ) 4 t
sociable person and I normally (26)
(21)
hour passed l ike that. I (28)
f inal ly (29)
hope of getting the job, but to my surprise, I (31)
following Monday. That was five years ago. I am
paper and
(cal l ) for an
: before the
briefcase.
(be) a very
(tell) to start the
the editor of the magazine now. It
weeks. More and fitore people
their homes these days so we
campaign to increase our circulation.
(feel) the ground
( l ie ) in her bed
interview a
interview.
week
One
\ater. I (23) (arrive) there half an houl
other person, a middle-aged man with h i o
(wait) in the secretary's room .I (25)
(like) talking to strangers, so we
(sit) there in silence.waiting for our turn to go in. More than an
(get) rather angry when the interviewer
( inv i te ) me in . I (30) (have) much
(32)
| 1 1 1
(3+1
We
(36;
(publish) every two
(become) interested in
(work) on a big advert is ing
hope we will be more successful in the future.
and (38)
Last night, Cheryl (3s)
(shake) for a second
(read) a book at
She (37)
the time.
fi ightened
earthquake
and (40)
or not.
This time yesterday
you about the experience
or her lif-etime. The idea
ever since I (42)
just waiting for the right time to do it.
She (39) f o p t i
(sit) up in her bed, wondering whether it was an
I 141.1 (give) blood in a hospital. I wanr to tell
that I had as I believe everyone should give blood at least once in his
of donating blood didn't come to me suddenly. I had had the intention
(receive) someone else's blood to save my life. I was
t 6
Lasr night, while I (43) (drive) home from work, I
(44) (hear) an announcement on the radio. The doctors at St.
Mary's Hospital (45) (look) for blood type AB Rh(-) to be given
to a patient who had been seriously injured in a car accident.
As the blood tvpe mentioned was the same as mine, I drove to the hospital
immediately. When I (46) (arrive) there, the nurses first made
certain that my blood wasn't contaminated and that I was healthy.
After everything was over, I (47) (give) a big glass of orange
iuice and had to rest for a while. When I (48) (get) home, I was a
little tired, but it was worth it since I (49) (feel) very happy.
D. Rewrite the sentences using the clues.
1. They are not married any more.last month
(get divorced)
2. I was making a salad when my mother arrived.
(while)
3. He started doing the experiment at 6.00 and finished at 8.00.
(take)
4. Our teacher saw the mouse under the table. She screamed.
the experiment.
(when)
5. On my way to school, I found a purse.
While(gol
1.3 FUTURE
A. Complete the sentences. Use be going to.
I . I f-eel terrible. I have a toothache. I
2. There are dirty dishes everywhere. She
3. It's warm and sunny outside. They
t'7
4. I'm writing an article. I don't know how to spell a word. I
5. Larry is thirsty. He
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are going to the swimming pool. They
-1. It's late at night. I feel tired and sleepy. I
8. It 's freezins outside. He
9. Our TV doesn't work properly. My father
[0. I haven't got enough eggs to make a cake. I
B. Complete the sentences with your own predictions.IJse will.
l. In the year 2100 there
2. Ir
(be) enough food to eat.
(be) snowy next week
3. Brazi l (win) the next football World Cup.
4. The weather
5 . Buses
(get) much colder in the next few years.
(disappear) before the year 2100.
(faint)
C. Complete the sentences using will or be going to and the verbs in brackets.
1. Look at that presnant woman over there. I think shevery soon.
2. I expect she (lend) us some money.
3. Oh, no! Look at that boyl He (drop) and break that vase.
( h a v e ) u b u b v
4. Look at her facel She looks terrible. I think she
5. A: Why don't you come to the party tonight?B: O .K . I (come) at 9:30.
D. Look at Barbara's diary. Write down what she is doing next Monday.
June, 12th Monday9:30 play tennisI l :00 meet David13:15 have lunch wi th Sal ly15:00 go to a party19:30 meet husband in his off ice
t 8
Next Monday at 9:30 I am
E. Complete the sentences using thegoing to.
'present continuous', 'present simple' or
Be careful! You (fall) into the lake.
A: What 'sthe weatherreport?B: I t (rarn) tomorrow.
The lecturea t 9 :30 .
(start) at B:40 and
Hurry up! We (miss) the train.
I've bought some cheese and eggs. Tonight weomelette.
6. The plane to New York (take offl at" 9 o'clock atnd
1 . I 've bought the ticketsAntalya tonight.
(arrive) there at 12 o'clock.
and packed my suitcases. I ( leave) for
l .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
( f in ish)
(eat) ln
F. Mark the best choice.
We usual ly _( 1 )- to Spain on hol iday, but
1. a) have been 2.b) goc) are goingd) have gone
next year we _(2)_ to Florida.
a) 're flyingb) 've flownc) 'd liked) like flying
Galatasaray is 3-2 ahead, and there
game. In that case, they _(1)_
3. a) losesb) going to losec) lostd) wi l l probably lose
is only five minutes left. Milan
attend the UEFA championship.
4. a) won't be able tob) don't have toc) mustn' td) ought not to
-(3)- the
1 9
The new tunnel will -(5)- by a Japanese firm. In 5 years'
thousands of drivers -(1)- it during the rush hours.
5. a) construct 6. a) are finishedb) be constructing b) will be finishedc) have constructed c) will have finishedd) be constructed d) are going to finish
B. a) becomesb) has becomec) will have becomedt w i l l be becoming
10. a) will be leftb) leavesc) going to leaved) will have been leaving
13. a) wi l l arr iveb) can arrivec) must arrived) are arriving
16. I ' l l have f inished universi tya) s ince 1994b) 3 years ago
9. a ) w i l l be represent ingb) will representc) will have representedd) will be represented
time, they _(6)_ it and
7 . a ) w i l l b e u s i n gb) wi l l be usedc) are usedd) wi l l have used
12. a) wi l l beb) isn' tc) hasn' t beend) i s
15. a) is c losedb) wi l l be closingc) wi l l c losed) wi l l have closed
Pat is a sales representative with excellent skills and qualifications. She's definitely going to
get a promotion. You'll see, in about three months' time she -(8)- the sales manager.
And this time next year, she -(9)- our firm in Paris.
We are writing to confirm your travel arrangements from London to Ankara. The plane
_(10)_ the Heathrow airport at 10 a.m. so you have to check in at 9 a.m. When you get to
istanbul, you _(11)_ change planes because there is no direct flight to Ankara. Your
journey to Ankara is on flight OA 512 at 4 p.m. local time if there -(12)- no delay. We
exDect vou ( 13 ) in Ankara at about 5 o'clock.
One of your guides _( 14)_ for you when you get there. It is a good idea to confirm your
return flight before you leave the airport because by the time you get to the city centre, the
travel agency _(15)-.
| 1. a) won't be able tob) wi l l have toc) won't have tod) will be able to
14. a) wi l l waitb) is waitingc) will be waitingd) will have waited
c) in 1996d) by next June
20
17. I've found a job in Italy. I've already rented a flat there. I on the 22nd.
a) 've movedb) am moving
c) going to moved) was moving
c) will be finishedd) will have finished
18. A : Janet and I are going to study at the library this afternoon.
B : Is it all right if I come at 5 o'clock?A : Five is fine. We -- our studies by then.
a) have finishedb) are finishing
G. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l . A l i ce (probably/ go) to university after she finishes highschool. She wants to get married and become a housewife.
2. Don't tell dad about my bad grades or I (lend) you my car
next weekend.
3. A: I told you not to stay out after midnight without my permission.
B: I know, and I promise I (do) it again.
4. If we keep to our schedule, wetomorrow.
(rest) in our hotel at this time
If nothing goes wrong, we (5) (construct) this bridge by the end of May
and the tourist coaches (6) (have to / use) the rocky road into
the village any longer.
1. A: I didn't know that you were t*itJlo lessons!
B: Wel l , I am. I (learn) judo for a year by next June.
8. He's going into surgery at I :30 this afternoon. I expect he (be)
tired after the operation, so let's wait until tomorrow to visit him.
At this time tomorrow, Mr. Higgins (9) (have) a press
conference, so you (10) (be able to / see) him then. However, he
will be free after the conference.
A : Have you got any idea what You (11) (do) this time next year?
B : Who knows? However, I know that I (12)
by next month.
(move) to New York
21
A
B
A
B
: Real ly? I didn' t know that you were planning to move.
( 13 ; (you / able to / support) yourself in NewYork? It is difficult ro find a good position over rhere. I cloubt if you( t 4 ) (find) a job as good as the one you havenow.
I don' t worry about f inding a job. We talked this over with my uncle. Fred. He is theowuer of a software company there. I ( I 5) (work) in h is company.
That sounds great. So you have planned everything.
Oh, yes. However, I (16)
much.(miss / probably) my friends very
've waited long enough. Pay us our wages or we (go) on a str ike!17 . We
18 . A
19 " A
B
What are you doing?
I'm preparing the guest room. I expect Roger and Helen ( h e )tired after the long journey. They may wanr to rest right away.
Do you think you can get away with what you have done?
I'm sorry. I know that I shouldn't have cheated during the exatn. Ipromise, Iprincipal.
(do / never) it again. Please, don't send me to rhe
It's 8 o'clock in the morning. Joe is phoning nO "*,
O""r neighbour Bill.
Joe
Bi l l
Joe
Good morning, Bi l l . I know i t 's ear ly but my car broke down and I have an imporranrmeeting this mornin g (20)
Yes. of course you can.
(can / borrow) your car?
Oh, great! Is it OK with you if I come and get the car keys?
Bi l l : Don't come now. I have to take the chi ldren to school but i t won't take lons. Whvdon't you come round at about 8:30? I (21) (dr ive) the chi ldren roschool by then.
Joe : B:30! But that's too late. The meeting starts at 8:30. If I don't get there on time. I\ 221 (look for) another job pretty soon.
23. A : I don't know London very well. I might ger lost.
B : Don't worry! Iarrives.
22
(wait) for you at the station when your trarn
24. Please, hurry up. By the time you finish gerring ready, wethe train.
( m l s s )
My husbancl is an ambulanceman. I wish * r . r"" ' , I want him to be f i t and wel l whenhe (25 ) (retire) but he (26) (probably / be) so,because the pressure of doing such a stressful job may ruin his health.
21. AB
28 . AB
Cindy
Sally
I have lost the car key.I (help) you look for it.
Why are you carrying that ladder?I (change) a broken bulb downstairs.
Why have you spent so much money on that strange dress, Sally?
Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and I(29) ( intend) to (30) (give) a fancy dress
party in my f lat . I (31) (wear) this dress at the party.
32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people saythey (publish) it by the end of this month.
33. I t looks l ike everyone is against us. I doubt i f we(give) another chance to complete the project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programme from nine toten tomorrow evening, so please call rne before that.
k t r *
(probably / get) the most votes in the elecrionA : Mr. Preston (35)tomorrow.
B : Who's Mr. Preston?
A : He's the president of the company. In fact, he (36) ( run ) th is
company ever s ince he t37 ; (elect) president in 1987, and he's
such a successful administrator that the staff (38) (certainly/vote)
for the other candidate, who they know almost nothing about.
H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Sharon cal ls her f i iend Judy.
Sharon: Judy, I have something important to tel l you. Can we meet at 12:30 in your
office?
L-1
24. Please, hurry up. By the time you finish getting ready, wethe train.
(miss)
My husband is an ambulanceman. I wish he weren' t . I want him to be f i t and wel l whenhe (25) (retire) but he (26) (probably / be) so,because the pressure of doing such a stressful job may ruin his health.
x * *
27. AB
28 . AB
Cindy
Sally
I have lost the car kev.(help) you look for it.
Why are you carrying that ladder?I (change) a broken bulb downstairs.
Why have you spent so much money on that strange dress, Sally?
Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and t(2e) ( intend) to (30) (give) a fancy dress
party in my f lat . I (31) (wear) this dress at the party.
32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people saythey (publish) it by the end of this month.
33. I t looks l ike everyone is against us. I doubt i f we(give) another chance to complete the project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programme from nine roten tomorrow evening, so please call me befbre that.
> l t < *
(probably / get) the most votes in the elecrionA : Mr. Preston (35)tomorrow.
B : Who's Mr. Preston?
A : He's the president of the company. In fact, he (36) ( run) th is
company ever since he (37) (elect) president in 1987, and he's
such a successful administrator that the staff (38) (certainly/vote)
for the other candidate, who they know almost nothing about.
H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Sharon cal ls her f i iend Judy.
Sharon: Judy, I have something important to tel l you. Can we meet at 12:30 in your
office?
23
Judy : Well, I (have) lunch with a group of businessmen fromTurkey then, but I don't have anything else to do after 2 o'clock. Is it all rightif we meet some time after 2 o'clock?
Sharon : Sure. I' l l come to your office around 2:30.
2. I (repair) that chair for you, if you like.
3. I 'm gett ing old. I (be) 56 nex t Monday.
4. Jenny : John hasn't phoned me yet.
Mary : Don't worry. I'm sure he (call) soon.
5. I wonder i f he (still / love) me when I'm 64.
6. A: Is it all right if I come and see you at 5 tomorrow?
B: Sure. I (cook) the dinner then but you can sit in the kitchen,
chat with me and then we can eat together.
i. Sam and Linda are at Mr. Brown, J;:" talking about the yearly budget of thecompany.
Sam : Linda, look at Mr. Brown. He looks awfully pale. I think he(faint).
Linda: Well, I guess you are right. Sorry, Mr. Brown, are you feeling OK?
8. Helga is talking to her son's English teacher, Ms. Gold.
Helga : Do you think my son will be ready to take the TOEFL exam this spring?
Ms. Gold : Sure. The test is in June. By that time, hethe exam for more than six months.
9. Bill is talking to his father, Frank.
Frank : How did your job interview go today?
(study) for
Bil l : Well. I doubt i f I (get) the job. I guess they are
looking for someone with more job experience than I have. but knowingSpanish might be an advantage.
10. Bob is talking to his girlfriend, Liz, on the phone.
Bob: I've made a reservation at a nice Italian Restaurant for 7 o'clock tonight.
Liz : That's sreat but I (have) an important meeting with thesales representatives of the company at the time. Can you change thereservation to 9 o'clock? I'l l be free then.
Bob: Sure .
4,4
I. Rewrite the following.
I . The plane takes off in forty minuBy the time we get to the airport,
tes and it' l l take us an hour to set to the airnort.
2. I will finish the decoration before you come home.By the time
3. We moved to this flat on December 1't this year.By December 1" next year. for exactly a year.
4. Would you like me to help you with your homework?I ' l I
5. This report will take me three hours to type.In three hours' t ime. I
I.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
A. Use the list and write down what you have done or what you haven't done so fartoday.
Have a shower Do homeworkEat breakfast Comb hairDrink tea or coffee Brush teethRead newspaper Have a pop quizWatch TV Make bedMake a phone call Wash the dishes
eg. I hove eoten breokfost.I hoven't hod o shower.
25
B. You have come across an old school friend. Read the information given in the
bubbles and tell her the latest news by using the 'present perfect simple' tense.
E9.l .
My sister hos got morried.
I / g o t o t h eFar East.
2.
4.
5 .
6.
C. Tom is a doctor in Los Angeles. His life was different 2 years ago. Study the
table and write about the changes in his life.
2 vears a Now
I l ived in New York.I was a rnedical student.My eyesight was good.I was single.I was very thin.I used to play video gamesI didn' t have a beard.
Eg.He hos moved to Los Angeles.
I l ive in Los Angeles.I am a doctor.My eyesight is poor.I am engaged.I am a bit overweightI don't have any fr". ti,o..I have a beard.
I
)
/ o
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
D.
eg.
Complete these conversations.
A: ever/go tolcircus? Hove you eve? been to o circus?
B: yes.
A: when?
B: 11 years old.
A: ever/eat/sushi?
B: yes .
A: where?
B: Tokyo.
A: ever/do/rock climbing?
B: yes .
A: what/be/ l ike?
B: exc i t ing .
A: ever/write/story?
B: yes .
A: when?
B: 2 years ago.
A: ever/plant/tree?
B: yes .
A: when?
B: last spr ing.
Yes, I hove.When did you go there?I went there when I wos llyeors old.
3 .
B. There will be a party at Mary's flat at the weekend. Today is Friday and she isat home. She is making the preparations. Look at her list and make sentencesusing jusf, yet and,already.
Decorate the flat-yetMake sandwiches-alreadyBuy drinks-just
1 .
)-l
CIean the flaralreadyTidy up the living room-yetBlow the bal loons-justLav the table-lnvite the suest-alread
Eg. She hosn't decoroted the flot yet.
1
2.
J .
1 .
5 .
6.
1 .
F. Fill in the gaps using gone or been.
l . Tom isn' t at home now. He's to school.
2. Oh, hello Jim! I was looking for you. Where have you _?
3. I 'm sorry I 'm late. I 've _ to the hairdresser 's.
4. There isn't anybody at home. I think they've away for the meeting.
5 . P e t e r k n o w s a l o t a b o u t L o s A n g e l e s . H e ' S - t h e r e m a n y t i m e s .
6. 'Have you ever to Miami?' 'No, never. '
7. There is a very good caf6 in Elm street. Have you there?
B. Al ice is on hol iday now. She's to Madrid.
G. Read the dialogue and complete the sentences using the given information and theclues. Usejrsf, yet or already.
Jim has invrted his girlfriend to meet his parents. They are going to have dinner at Jim's house.
J im
Mum
Jirn
Mum
Jim
Mum
Jim
Mum
Jim
Where are my trousers, Mum?
I took them to the dry cleaner's two days ago. I called him today and he said, "You can-qet your trousers. They are ready." But I didn't have enough tirne to go and get them.
Oh. we l l . I hare l .o wear my jeans .
I ironed them this morning. I put them on your bed.
Thanks. Mum.
Can you make the salad, Jim?
Of course, I czrn. I ' l l make i t in a few minutes. Don't worry. Where's Dad? He is late.
I think he is st i l l at work. Oh, wait ! Listenl I think that is your father 's car.
Yes. I think that 's him.
28
l . J im's parents(meet )
2. The dry cleaner's(clean)
3. Jim's mum
4. Jim
(iron)
(make)
5. Jim's father(arrive)
H. Rewrite/Complete the sentences below using the clues where given.
l. He died two years ago.He
2. This will be our third holiday abroad.We
(be / already)
3. This is my fourth job this year.
(change)
4. They are stil l looking for the burglar.
(find)
5. Tom is going to England for the first time.
two years.
two t lmes.
this year^
yet.
(never.)
6. This is Alex, my husband.We
(be)
1. Sam is hungry
married for only a week.
Sam dinner yet.
8. Amy bought a car two months ago.
(for)
I painted my first picture four years ago. I've just f inished my l00th one.[00 pictures since then.
10. We settled down in Chicago three years ago.We three yezrrs.
( l ive)
2L)
I l. He has stopped playing cardsany more.
12. She hasn't found a flat yet.She
13. She's st i l l in her off ice.
(look for / still)a flat.
her otfice yet.
14. He's st i l l working for Mrs. Robbins.J . . .
(get the sack)1 5 . A :
B: Y
16. Mol ly '
Molly(yet)
17. Jack last watched a play at the Royal Theatre last year.
(slnce)
18. He became famous after he oublished his book on scandals.
(ever since)
19. She hasn' t had a check-up fbr a long t ime.
I t 's
the report yet, have you?(wnte)
ou're right. I haven't. But don't worry, I'm going to write it this afternoon.
s kitchen is stil l very dirty.
h is book on scanda ls
a check-up
20. They haven't visited their grandparents for ages.
I t ' s
t : * , <
2l . The last time I rode a horse was fifteen years ago
It's a horse.
22. The last time we saw them was at university.
We at university.(since)
23. The last time I went to the theatre was years ago.
I t 's
30
24. She hasn't ridden a bike since she was at high school.
The last time
25. He hasn' t seen an opera since he was 25.
The last t ime
l. Complete the conversational exchanges using the given words.
l . A: Is Peter st i l l lookine for a iob?B: Yes. Unfortunatelv
2. A: Would you like something to drink?B: No. thanks.
3. A: What's the matter with Joanne?B:
(ust / have / some tea).
( f i n d / o n e / y e t ) .
(break / leg).
4 . A : I 'mB: Oh,
waiting for Ann.(leave / already).
5. A: Can you lend me f 10?B: Sorry, ( n o t / b e / b a n k / t o d a y )
6. A: Why don't you ask Paul to help you?
B: (already / ask) but he's busy.
1. A: Be carefuM (paint / door /1ust) .
B: Oh dear. Why didn' t you tel l me when I came in?
8. A: Would you like a piece of cake?B: No. thanks. ( u s t / h a v e / o n e ) .
9. A: Don't forget to Post the letterB: (already / post).
10. A: Is Jane st i l l wr i t ing the report?B: Yes (finish / yet).
J. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l . I n t h e l a s t s i x m o n t h s , I (complete) two English courses.
2. Work on the new buildine (begin).
3. Fred (serve) in Northern Ireland and in Cyprus.
4. Flisht 707 from Amsterdam (land)
5. How long (you / know) him?
6. I (knock) f ive t imes. I don' t think anybody is in.
(st i l l / look for) one1. The Browns (find) a flat yet. They
3 l
K. Complete the sentences with the 'present perfect' or 'simple past'.
L More than ten students
over the last two years.
(send) abroad by our university
2. I (have) trouble sleeping all last week
3. He (be) unemployed ever since he (f inish)university.
4. I feel sorry for Jane. She
5. We
(have) trouble all her life.
(not/learn) much in that course
6. The children (feel) il l before the New Year, but they
(be) better since then.
7 . She (not / work) hard when she (be) at high school
8. Jenny (want) to be a pilot until she (be) fifteen
9. In those days we (often / visit) our grandparents.
10. Elvis Presley (be) a famous rock slnger.
His albums (be) popular since his death.
11 . We (live) in Lisbon for two years before we sot married.
12. How many let ters
1 3. Joe and I
(you / typet today' /
(play) a lot of basketball this rnonth
14 . I (never i try) cooking Chinese food before.
15. How many t imes
r6 . I
(you / be) in love?
(never / enjoy) a Christmas as much as this one.
17. A : Can you ice-skate?
B : I used to when I was a child. but I'm not sure if I can now. It's ages since I last(skate).
32
L. Read the situation and ask a question.
I . Mary bought a winter house in the Alps in 1981 . Jack asks Helen about it...)
Jack :
He len : S ince 1981.
2. Jack is in a French restaurant. He is not sure whether to order snails or not; he doesn't
know how they taste. You ask Eric about Jack.
You :
Eric : No. never.
3. You are at a cafd with your friend. He wants to go to Spain and he asks you about it.
Tom ?
You : Yes. I have. I was there last summer.
1. Nicky and Victor are talking about their old classmate John. Nicky asks Victor trbout
John.
Nicky :
Victor : Yes, I have. I phoned him yesterday.
A. Complete the conversations using the clues in brackets.
l . A
B
6 . A
B
B : 'No,
'You look tired.'
2. A : 'Are you hungry?'
' (paint the cei l ing)
. ' (eat al l day)
3. A : 'Why is the room so unt idy?'
4. A : 'Mary seems exhausted.'
B : '
B :
B : '
. ' (Ann / study)
. ' (wash / c lothes)
. ' ( c r y )
5. A : 'Why are her eyes red?'
: 'You look hot. '
' (play / tennis)
-) l)
B. Rewrite or complete the following using the clues if given.
1. He started studying 3 hours ago. He is stil l studying.
He(for)
2. I started watching TV at 9 o'clock and I am still watching.
(since)
3. A : Is Tommy still in front of the computer?
B : I'm afraid he is. He (play) that silly computer game for
(type )
hours.
A : I think he should turn it off and so to bed now.
4. Tom : It's 5 o'clock. Why isn't Jane going home? She looks tired.
Bill : Yes, I think she is very tired.
the boss' letters since 9 o'clock this mornins.
5 . A :(watch)
t for very long. Jack and T turned it on only 10 minutes ago.
(work)B : Since 9 this morning, and I haven't finished yet.
7. I started reading this book two hours ago. I'm still reading it.
TV?
B : N o
6 . A : on that report?
two hours.
8. A : You look exhausted.
B : I (go) to bed late recently.
9. Alex sees Tom waitine in the rain in front of the cinema.
Alex : Tom, you're wet all over. You're going to catch a cold.
(wait) here in the rain'J
Tom : For half an hour. Janet is late. I hope she comes soon.
10. The students at the D.B.E. started learning English two months ago.
two months.
34
Write what these people have been doing using since.
The workers got a pay rise a month ago.
Jane started university three months ago.
C.
eg.
l .
2 .
J ,
4 .
5 .
Steve had a car accident last month.
D.
eg.
Graham came out of prison a year ago.
The Baileys won a large amount of money on the football pools six months ago.
Tony had a nervous breakdown some time ago.
l .
Write two sentences for each situation using the 'present perfect simple' and'continuous'.
The secretary started typing an hour ago. Five letters are ready now.
5he's been typing for an hour.
5he's typed five letters so far.
Bill is a fashion photographer. He came into the studio at ten this morning and isleavins in a minute with six used rolls of film.
2. Hay Campbell, the famous heart- surgeon, became a doctor 40 years ago. A lot ofnatients remember him with his successful operations.
3. Andy smokes a lot when he is working. He opened a packet of cigarettes and lit thefirst one a few hours ago and now there is an empty packet in front of him.
35
4. The room was in a terrible mess when Bill started cleaning an hour ago. He hasn'tfinished yet but now at least the floor is clean and the bookcase is tidv.
E. Ask and answer questions using the given words.
eg. learn English / September
start English classes / several months
How long have you been learning English?
Since Sepfember.
Several months ago.
l . move to this house / last year
l ive in this house / last year
2. know your friend Bill / ten years
meet your friend Bill I ten years
3. John, break, leg / October
Walk on crutches / several weeks
36
4. be i l l / a long t ime
become i l l / a long t ime
5. buy this car / last August
have this car / last Ausust
F. Ask two questions for each situation, in the 'present perfect' and 'simple past'and give short answers as in the example.
eg. Dan Riley was born in India and lived there until he was twenty. Then he went toEngland. He k thirty now and is still living there.
How long did he live in India? For twenty years.
How long has he been living in England? For ten years.
1. It started raining early this morning and hasn't stopped yet. It also rained yesterday.but only for half an hour.
?
2. Mary got a job as a translator 5 years ago. She left the job only last week and startedteaching in a school.
3'7
3. John Graine travelled all over the world as a pilot for 40 years. He retired two years agoand bought a house in the country. Now he enjoys living there.
III. REVIEW OF THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
( t0 )( l l )
(12)
Hi, Kathy. I t 's Nancy.
Oh, hi , Nancyl Where are you? I (1) (phone) you or.)
Tuesday, Wednesday and last night, but you (2)
home.
(be) at
You're r ight. I (3) (be) at home. I'm not in London. I'm
in Turkey! I (4) (call) vou from Istanbul now.
Istanbul? Oh, my god! What (5) (you / do) there?
Visiting some friends with my brother, Tom. We're here on holiday.
That's great. How long (6) (vou / be) in Istanbul ' l
For 5 days. We (7) (arrive) on Tuesday.
(8) (you / visit) the Topkapr Palace and the Blue Mosque
yet?
We (9) (already / be) to the Blue Mosque. but we
(see) the Topkapr Palace yet. We
(go) there tomorrow. Two daiys a-qo we
(go) on a city tour by bus. Istanbul is a wonderful
city. ( 1 3) (you / ever / eat) kebabs?
No, what are they like?
They're small pieces of meat. They're delicious. Yesterday we
38
(14) (drink) some Turkish coffee. too.
Kathy
Nancy
Kathy
Nancy
B.
C.
In spite
( 1s)
Yes.very much. I had two cups!
( 16 ) you now? I'd like to talk to him. too.
to you.
(you / like) it?
(Tom / be) with
Oh, yes. Tom, come here! Nancy wants to talk
Charles rings
Charles : r ( l ) (go) fishing now, Peter. Would you like
to come with me?
Peter But it 's so early. I (2) (have) breakfast yet.
Whv didn't vou tell me last nisht?
Char les : Ac tua l l y , I (3 ) (call) you several times but
Anyway, we can goyou (4) (be) home
tosether next week then.
of the forty years she has spent on stage, the 58-year-old actress Raga Woods
( l t (affect) bv time so far. Althoush she is in her fifties. she
(look) about 35. "Oh yes," she says. "Some people
(think) it is genetic, but it may be the vegetarianism. I
(eat) any red meat since I had a heart attack." Right now
Mrs. Woods (5) (appear) in a new play by Samuel Dawson.
She (6 ) (expect) this play to continue for a long time
D.
Mike and Anna ( l )
Peter at J a .m.
(2)
(3 )
(4)
(2)
armchairs but they (3)
(4 )
street, but they don't mind (6)
(already / buy)
(look) at the newspaper
(get) married next month.
a fridge. a sofa, a bed and
( f ind) a f la r ye t .
adver t i sements now.
( 5 )
They
some
They
Mike
busy(ust / read) about a flat in Elm Street. It s in a
(live) in the city center.
3 9
E.
Dear Peter,
Hello from Hotel Talya in Antalyal What is the weather like in London? It is hot and
sunny here. Our hotel (1) (be) near the beach, but it has gor a big
swimming pool. There are also three tennis courts. We (2)
(play/usually) tennis in the morning.
There are a lot of interesting places to see. We (3)
(see/already) Manavgat and Side. The food here is excellent. Last nieht. we
(4) (eat) fish at a beautiful restaurant.
We (5) (be) to Alanya yet. We
(6) (drive) there tomorrow. My parents want to go to the
disco tonight but I want to stay at the hotel. You know, I (7)
(hateidance).
See you soon.
Love
Jud
F.
My parents ( 1)
ooms and a l iv ing
years. My father
(have) a beautiful house in the country. They
(2 )
l r
20
(6)
(buy) it when I was 8. It (3)
room, but my parents like it. They (4)
( 5 ) (spend) all his
(go) for long walks in the beautiful
time in the garden and my
countryside. I always tell
(want)
(be) very big-only
( l i ve) there fo r
mother
them to
to leavecome to London and live with me, but they say rhey (7)
their quiet home.
G.
Mrs . S imms 1 l ) (do) her shopping with her husband. Mr.Simms, on
Saturday mornings. They go to the bazaar. Mr. Simms never enjoys these visits, but Mrs.
Simms comes to the bazaar to buy fresh fruit and vegetables. The fruit and vegetables in the
bazaar are very fresh because they (2) (grow) by the farmers in the area.
Last Saturday the bazaar (3)
40
(be) very crowded so Mr. Simms said. " I don' t
here. "
hours
Mrs.
later,
want (4) (come) with you. I (5) (wait) for you
Simms (6) (leave) Mr. Simms in front of the bazaar. Two
Mr . S imms(7) (wait I stil l) for his wife when a man
(B ) (come) up to him. He said, "Excuse me. Is your name Simms? Your
wi fe (9 ) (finish / just) shopping, but her bags are very heavy. She is
asking you to carry them home for her." Mr. Simms was very angry. He said. "I
( l 0 ) (stand) here for two hours and I am very tired. She can carry the
bags alone. I am going home!"
H.
Andrew Pollard
( l )
successful 3O-year-old journalist from London. He
(arrive) in New York a year ago and since then he
(work) for the New York Times. In addition to this. he
(study) graphic design part time at Hunter College, but he
(pass) his final exams yet. His boss at the newspaper is very
happy wrth his work and Andrew (5) (ust/give) a promotion. He
will start working as an editor soon. However,Andrew still finds time to do other things. He
likes the night life in New York and (6) (go) out to bars quite ofien
recently. He also travels at weekends with his new friends. He (7) ( v i s i t )
several different cities, including Los Angeles, Boston and Denver. Last summer' he
( 8 ) (spend) a weekend in San Francisco and he wants to go there
again as soon as possible.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Sandy Stewartis an American. She was fifteen when this happened:' ' I ( l ) (go) to the supermarket with my mother one day, and over the
Beatles and I
strange soundl I
(affect) deeply by the tune of the song. No tune
(impress) me so much until that moment. Later. I
(find) that a lot of girls at school (6) (hear/also) it and
felt the same. I (7) (remember) walking down the street with two of my
( look) ugly in their
I S
(2)
(3)
( 4 )
1 .5
A .
I.
car(2 )
(3 )
(4 )
(s)
radio came
fr iends and discussing them.
photographs, especially
(e)
Want To Hold Your Hand. They were the
(hear/not) them before. I went, Wowl What a
We all said they (8)
with no collars on their jackets. The music
l th ink l . bu t they d id look(be) great, we (10)
,11
ugly."
* * *
II.
l . When we (enter) the hotel lobby, we realized that the curtains(change) to match the furniture.
2' Before boarding the plane, I wanted to buy a magazine to read during the flight. I didn'twant to carry my heavy luggage into the store, so I left it outside. When I came out, itwasn't there any more. Someone _ _ (steal) it.
3 . She (lay) the table long before the guests arrived but she forgotthe salt and pepper
+ . The strikers were getting restless because they .._.-=_-the company director's office for five hours, waiting for a response.
Thirty years ago, Suzy Szabo was
house in Hollywood where she (5)
people about her, many thought
because Ms Szabo (7)
Where is she now?
the greatest film star in the world.
(have) twelve
that she (6)
(stand) in front of
She used to l ive in a big
servants. When we asked
* * > k
Ms Szabo (8) (stil l/be) a very rich woman but she (9)in Hollywood any more. Twenty years ago, she moved to a small villase inFrance, where the sun ( l0) (always/shine). These( l l ) (have) a wonderful time with her husband on a cruise
(already I dte). Thar's
(give) any interviews to the press since 1972.
( l ive)
the south of
days, she
in the GreekIslands.
Last month one of our reporters asked permission to publish Ms Szabo's memories. At themoment she (12) (think) about whether it 's a good idea to have herbiography published or not. She is a little worried about having her recent pictures raken andpr in ted in lhe newspapers as she t l3 ) (believe) that she has chansed a lor.
There was nobody at home when I came back from work. Jrm'swardrobe was empty.
(leave) me a note onclothes were gone. However, he (14)
h is
the
seekitchen table. After reading it, I realized
me any more.
A motor ist saw two
lonely country road.
42
men who 116)
tha t he (15)
* x *
(carry) heavy
(want) to
ha qs
(read)
along a
rn theEarl ier that day he (17)
newspaper about two thieves who (18)
mai l-bags containing a lot of money, so he (19)
immediately. The police soon arrived on the scene.
them was able to speak English. The men tried hard
(stop) a train and stolen
(infonn) the police
They questioned the men but neither of
to resist the arrest. When they arrived at
the police station, the bags (20) (open) at once. A terrible mistake
onion-sellers and their bass were(21) (make)! The men were French
ful l of onionsl
The first man to jump out of an aeroplane when travelling at a speed greater than sound was
Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort (22)
(regard) as impossible but this outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that
such jumps (23) (be) possible.
During
entirely
(2s)
pull
up
(28 )
I 2 g l
aulomatic pi lot . Near
t imes of great danger.
thrown up into
( 30)
failed in his attempt. He was
speed, i t (31)
29,000 feet, Hawk managed to open his
field of cotton.
Mississippi in 1954, Hawk (24) (fly) an
plane
(try) to
him. however, there was another button which was to be used only in
Hawk pressed it, the glass shell above his head opened up and he was
the air. Then he went down with great speed,
(try) to pull the ribbon which would open his parachute. He
fortunate because if his parachute had opened, at that rate of
an air show over
new, type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the
(dip) sharply. As Hawk (26)
the plane out of the dive, he noticed the speedometer (27) (go)
very fast. A few minutes later it reached a speed faster than sound.
(trap) in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilor
(be able / press) the button that would put the plane on
(tear) to pieces by such a strong wind. At about
parachute. Soon afterwards, he landed safely in a
(have) a fight and
(40) (bite) by another dog the week bef ore so I
(want) her to get into trouble. I (42)
(start) walking really fast in order to keep far ahead of them. Suddenly, the man called out and
asked me to stop. He said that his dog really (43) ( l ike) poodles.
He also added that he was hopine our doss
Last week I (32)
r 33 )
(34)
r 1 5 t
( 36)
(37)
(38 )
she
(41 )
(44)
time and
anything,
Yesterday during the
in the examinat ion
questions. Lata (48)
day of the final exam, she was
thinking about the boy she (49)
finals.
When the invigilator announced
she (5 | )_
r 5 ? \
Lata was upset as she was sure she (53)
when she saw her boyfriend who (54)
outside, she stopped worrying about the exam.
(have) the strangest experience when I
(take) my poodle, Suzette for a walk on the 5th Avenue. We
(geVjust) to
(notice) a man a
(walk) with his large
(move) to the other
(pass). Suzene (39)
(allow/never) my dog to
could meet! I told him that I
make friends with strangers til l that
i f he lef t us alone. Without savinsthat I (45) (be) glad
* * *
the man walkedaway with his dog.
final exam, Lata (46) (daydream) at her desk
r o o m w h i l e t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s ( 4 7 ) - - ( a n s w e r ) t h e
happened today at
(be) the end of
(sef Ye) customers
(think) of going home and taking
cashiers, (58)
the corner when
few houses behind me. He
Doberman pinscher. so I quickly
side of the street to let them
(do) badly in the exam but
(wait) for her for two hours
the store where I work. It
the day about 7.00 pm. We
for more than eight hours. t
a nice hot shower when I
(put) a bundle of hundred-
the bills from the open til l
(attend) all the lectures throughout the year. and on the
really determined to do well. However. she couldn't help
(start) going out the week before the
the time left, Lata (50) (real ise) that
(answer) even a single quest ion and imrnediatel l '
Leav ing the examinat ion r t rom.(begin) to answer the questions.
Let
( 5 5 1
(s6)(s7)
tell you what
not iced Jul ie,
dol lar notes in
44
one of the
her purse.She (59) (take)
in front of her. As the girl (60)
( 6 1 ) -
the whole thing. By that time, almost everyone (62)
could hear the cleaning women (63)
Suddenly . Ju l ie (64)
(6s)Surprised by this confession, I
The room (66)
(67)* * *
After Alan (68)
(6e) (realise) that he (70)
passport with him.
(always/be) nice to me before, I
(know) what to do - report her to the manager or ignore
( leave) the store. I
(walk) up
(talk) among themselves.
to me and said she
(have) financial difficulties for the past three months.
(be) in the chi ldren
(throw) everything on the floor.
There 01)(125 (eat) them all.
I once had a part - time job in a
the first day of the sales. I (73)
* * *
big department store in
before the opening time and saw that hundreds of people
(wait) outside the doors. The crowd was quite impatient
boss (75) (plan) the sale like a
day. At five to nine the crowd...
Yesterday evening
physics teacher at
publ icat ions when
(78)
(7e)
(leave) for the airport, I
( take) his
(be) any apples in the fridge. My brother
Liverpool.I ' l l a lways remember
the store half an hour(reach)
(14)
to get in. I could see why our
mil i tary operat ion the previous
r (76) (run) into Mr. Page, who was mY
(look) at the newhigh school. I (77)
he enterecl the bookstore. I immediately recognised him as he
(change) much. He looked almost the same except that he
(wear) glasses at school. You know, at those times contact
lenses were not so common. Anyway, we talked about the good old days for sometime
and then I invited him to have a cup of tea at my place. He kindly turned down my
inv i ta t ion , bu t sa id tha t he (80) (visit) me soon.
A: Yesterday morning was a nightmare.
Why? What (81) (happen)?
A: Wel l , I overslepI because I 182.; (forget) to set the alarm clock thenight before. Not surprisingly, I waslate for the mid-term. When I got to the classroom, theteacher (83) (let) me in as she (84)
(start) reading the listening section. I waited until ...
* * *
I ( 85 )
(86 )
going out and I (87)
Yesterday while my two brothers and I (88)(8e) (open) the door
(feel) terribly embarrassed when I
(leave) my wallet at home. It was the first tirne
(have to/ask) her to pay the bill.
realized that I
Debra and I wcre
(paint) my room, my sister
( te l l tsuddenly
painting
* t< t<
Nobody (90)her that we would be there. So instead of
paint on the carpet.
the wall, we spent all morning cleanin-{ the
Students in Terror Ridequestioned by police yesterday after parents complained that he
(take) twenty of their children on a high speed rerror ride and lefi
(telephone) the bus company and the school as their children(return/stil l). Mrs. Ann Stalker, whose children were on the bus.
The driver of a school bus was
(e l )
(94)
(9s)
them thirty miles away from home. When the students (92) (-qet) out
of the bus, they telephoned their parents. The students explained that some of them were not rntheir seats and when the driver noticed them (93) (run) up and downthe aisle in the bus, he got angry and accelerated. Anxious parenrs
said "Anything (96) (can/happen). It was quite wrong to drop themthirty miles away from home. Most of the children (97) (have) nomoney. I am extremely angry." A spokesman for the bus company said thev(98; (look) into the matter and that there were some other complaintsabout this driver as he (99) (drive) very fast for some time.
Join the following sentences using when,
He worked for 10 years at the bank. He became the manager.
2. He gained some experience. He received a promotion.
+t)
3. The police supplied evidence. The man was convicted.
4. They moved to a different town. He died.
5. He kissed the children. He left the house.
6. They became members of the club. They changed all the rules
7. They consulted a lawyer. They bought the house.
8. He drove through the red light. He got a fine.
9. She did all the shopping. He came in and offered to help.
C. Put the verbs in brackets into their 'simple past' or 'past perfect simple /continuous' forms.
l . They (never find) where he (hide) the knife.
2. As my sister (forget) to tell people about the party, it(be) a complete failure.
3. Most of the guests we (invite) came, but the one who was supposedto give a speech (appear).
4. I arrived at the bus stop and I suddenly lreal ise; that I(leave) the electric cooker on.
5. We (feel) too tired as we (work) in the garden forso long.
6. Most of the housesheavily all day long.
1. Since he
(be) under water as it ( rar n.;
(have) his car serviced for a lons time. it(break) down.
8. After I (do) exercise for about an hour. I (stop)and
9. Shesmoking.
10. When we
(decide) to have something to drink.
(look) a lot healthier because she (give up)
(finish) painting the living room, we(realised) that the colour (go) with the
furniture so we (decide) to change it.
1"7
1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
A.
Mike and Anna ( I )
(2)
(3 )
(already/buy) a fridge,
(get) married next month. They
a sofa, a bed and some armchairs but they
(find) a flat yet. They (4) ( look) at the
now. Mike (5) (ust/read) about a f-lat in Elm
but they don't mind l iv ing in the city center.
(work) in the Los Angeles Zoo.I 'n
of the largest zoos in the world. There are all kinds of animals:
tigers, penguins and even chameleons. Last month. I
(receive) a letter from the zoo in Peking, China. The letter was
We (4)
I saw Ling Ling. I t (5)
very healthy, and we're very happy
(eat) bamboo, but Ling Ling is too
(probably / start) eating bamboo next month.
Mrs. Parker is very busy today. She (8) (organize) a press
conference. We (9) (have) the conf'erence tomorrow. I expect there
(be) lots of journalists. Some of the reporters
(already/arrive). There is one taking photos in front of Ling Ling's
cage right now.
newspaper advertisements
Street. It 's in a busy street.
B .
I'm Bernard Lesling. I
manager there. It's one
garoos, crocodi les,
( 1 )
the
kan
about a female baby panda called Ling Ling. My assistant, Mrs. Parker, and I immediately
(3) (fly) to Peking to see it.
(stay) at a hotel near the Peking Zoo.
\ 2 )
We're in Peking now.
I can't forget the moment
s tomach. L ing L ing is
( 6 )
(1 )
(sleep) on her mother's
about that. Pandas
young to eat i t . She
(go) to a Beethoven concert. I want to tell you about
C.
Tonight I
Beethoven
( l )
(2)
Vienna. He (a)
Vienna, in 1827.
ought everything was ready
t then I realized that
( 1 )
garden, but they were
( l ) _
( l 0 )
( l l )
He is a famous composer. He was born
(work) as a pianist there. In 1792, he
l n Bonn, in 1110 . He
D.
I r h
Jus
(3) (go) to
(study) with Haydn. He (5) (d ie ) in
for the party and stepped into the garden to have a final look.
there were no sandwiches left for our ,quests. I
(prepare) them myself and put them on the tables in the
not there. Obviously, our neighbour's dogs
(eat) theml I was mad and immediately
(3 )
48
(ring) their door to complain about the situation
"Mrs. Meyer," I shouted angrily, "You'd better start preparing some sandwiches
before this place (4) (get) crowded because I believe your dogs
have finished all of them, leaving not even one to our guests." Mrs. Meyer responded very
calmly. "If I were you, I would ask your children and their friends before accusing my
dogs. because I (5 )
sandwiches. "
E.
(see) them running away with the
Mav I talk to Bobv?
I 'm afraid he (1) (sleep) at the moment. Jane also wanted to talk to
A:
B :
him but I didn't want to wake
the couch. He must have been
that you've called as soon as he
A: Thanks, Mrs. Meadows.
F.
Last Saturday an old friend
telephoned from the airport to tell
him up when I (2)- (see) him sleeping on
very tired when he came in from school. I' l l tell him
(3 ) (wake) up.
from abroad. whom I was expectrng to stay wltn me,
me tha l he ( l ) (arr ive). I was st i l l
at the office at the time, but I (2) (make) arrangements for his
arrival. After I (3) (explain) where my flat was, I told him that the
key was under the door-mat.
Trvo hours later, my friend phoned me from the flat. He said that at that moment he
\4) (listen) to some of mv records. When I asked him i1' he had
reached the flat without difficulty, he answered that he hadn't been able to find the key
under the door-mat, but luckily the living-room window just by the apple tree had been
left open and he had climbed in. I realized that he (5) (enter) the
wrong flat. He was lucky because my neighbours (6) (be) away for
the weekend. If they had been at home, they would have called the police.
G.
have pen-friend
( 1 )
( ) \
a writer. His first book was
popular writer since then.
in England. His name ls
(know) him very
(never/meet) him. We often write
published in 1992. He (3)
Ken Roberts.
wel l , but
to each other. Ken
I
I
i s
(be) a very
California, he (5)
that sells business machines. Then one day, while he (6)
friends from work, Carlos (7)
which has a good data processing program
Carlos enjoys working as an office assistant,
program to improve his computer skills
employment opportunities if he successfully
Community College.
I .
H.
Carlos Santoya (l)
months ago. He (2)
Cal i fornia since then.When he (3)
Carlos (4)
(4)
(come) to the United Stares fiom Mexico six( l ive) with his aunt and uncle in Burbank.
(be) in High School in Mexico City,English and computer science so after his arrival in
(get) a job as an office assistant for a small companv
(chat) with his(hear) about Glendale Communitv Collese.
to train students for future employment. Althoush
he (8 ) (plan) to apply for the
because he believes that he will have better
completes the data processing program at Glenclale
(study)
Dear Julie,
As you know. I (1 ) (arrive)
problem with mv suitcases.Unfortunatelv. thev had
Yesterday, they (2) (cal l ) me
there and pick them up. That's why I (3)
in Paris a week ago but there was a
been sent to Madrid instead of Paris.
from the airport in the afternoon to go
(be) at home when you( t ry t to f ind my su i tcuscs
frorn Madrid. You know what? It took me
are curious about what's going on here inParis.
The family who I (6) (stay) with now are very nice. Thev treat rneexactly Iike one of the family. They (7) (introduce/already) me to alltheir fiiends. I share a room with Penny, the dauehter of the family. who is my age. I t isamazing... Every morning her mother (8) (wake) us up with a cup of tealMr. Phillips, Penny's father. is also very nice. He (9) (let) Penny and me doeverything we want. He even allows us to borrow his car if we need to go somewhere far.
Tomorrow will be my first day at the language school and I'm really looking forward to
(phone). At the time, I (5)
among those which had arrived at Heathrow Airport
the whole afternoon to do that. Well, I 'm sure you
They told me to be there at 9 o'clock. I (10)
the morning. I expect they (11)
the day. As soon as I learn which level I'm
Well. that's all from me now. Please write
on there.
ar , I (12)
(announce)
soon. I really would like to know
(take) a placement test
the results by the end
l t .
i n
of
(give) you a cal l .
what's goin_e
Love, Claire
50
J .The day after the big marathon, I was stil l in bed, trying to relieve the
What a close race," I thought to myself and turned to have a look at
pains in my legs. "
my beautiful trophy
sparkling on the top shelf of my bookcase. My family and I ( I )
(put) it there hoping that others would follow it. The pride and joy that I felt each trme I
looked at it was indescribable. Realizing that I (2) (spend) too
much time resting, I decided to get some exercise because I knew that a short workout
would do my legs good. The sun (3) (shine), so I thought i t
would be a good idea to ride my bike around the block for a while.
| (4) t cyc le ) down the h i l l when I (5 ) (see) a car
travelling towards me at top speed. I hoped it would slow down, but it didn't. I didn't have
enough time to escape and it (6) (crash) right into me, knocking
me off rny bike. There was no sign of the driver after the accident. The police are stil l
(look) for him everywhere since thesearching. They (1)
accident. Unfortunately, they (8) (can/find) him yet. The
doctors told me that I (9) (never/able to/run) again. And. I guess
this trophy will be the only one I'l l ever have on my shelf.
K.
The first man to jump out of an aeroplane when travelling at a speed greater than sound was
Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort had been regarded as impossible but this
outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that such jumps
( 1 ) (be) possible.
During an air
entirely new
show over Mississippi in 1954, Hawk (2)
type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the
( 3 ) (dip) sharply. As Hawk (4) ( t ry) to pul l
the plane out of the dive, he noticed the speedometer going up very fast. A few minutes later
it reached a speed faster than sound. Trapped in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilot
(s) (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on
automatic pilot. Near him, however, there was another button which was to be used only in
times of grear danger. Hawk pressed it, the glass shell above his head opened up and he was
thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed, trying to pull the ribbon which
would open his parachute. However, he (6) (fail) in his attempt. He was
fortunate because if his parachute had opened, at that rate of speed, it would have been torn to
pieces by such a strong wind. At about 29,000 feet, Hawk managed to open his parachute.
Soon afterwards, he landed safely in a field of cotton.
(fly) an
P r q r l L
5r
L.
Junko Tabei, a Japanese frorn Hokkaido, was the first woman
Tokyo newspaper-television company (i7
from mountaineering clubs to go to Nepal.
Mount Everest for several days. Then there
The group (2)
snow, ten of the women (3) (want) to
to cl imb Mount Everest. In 1975. a
(choose) fifteen women
(cl imb)
was an avalanche.Because of
continue the
the heavy ice and
climb. Arnong the
other five, only
Mrs. Tabei was
Mrs. Tabei st i l l
and chi ldren (s)(6 )
Mrs. Tabei is very
which includes her
United States to give lectures at several universities.
M.
Matt is talking to Mary, a member of the police force.
(B )
(9 )
(4)
Hi. I 'm Matt Rotel l . a fr iend of Al ice's.
Oh, yes. A l ice (1)You (2)
Well , that 's good, I guess.
recognized.lt means I don't have to
(mention) you the other day. Gee!a detective.
disguise myself in order not to be
(decide / you) to become an
able to climb the last 70 meters. Today, 24 years after her worldwide success.
year. Her husband
too but they
(go) mountain climbing every
( l ike) cl imbing mountains,
(have) enough time to go with her all the rime.
busy these days. She (7)_ (work) on her rhird book.
experiences of her latest adventures. She expects that her third book
two. When Mrs. Tabei(be) as popular as the other
l f in ish , t her book , she (10) (travel) around the
Matt
Mary
Matt
Mary
Matt
( look) l ike
Tel l me, when (3)
undercover police?
Well , my
day, I (4)interest in detectives and their stories began when I was ten years old. one
(wander) around the bookstore lookins forsomething interesting to read. An old man holding an Agatha Christie book in hishand (5) (approach) me. He advised that I should buyone of Agatha Christie's detective stories. Taking his advice into consideration, Ibought my first Agatha Christie book that day.
1 Z
M a t t : R i g h t . I ( 7 ) (mind) being on the pol ice force when I
(8 ) (be) single but ever since I got married to Nicole,
r (e) (consider) doing something less dangerous.
Mary : I understand. By the way, have you had any luck yet with those counterf-eiters'l
M a t t : W e l l . I i l 0 r ( fbl low) them for the last three months but so
f a r l ( 1 1 ) (succeed) in catching them in act.
I ( r2) (think) that, by the time they are caught. I' l l have my
law degree.
Mary : In that case, yolr might defend theml
N.
Batman. one of the most popular twentieth-century fictional heroes. has a long past" He first
Mary : I see. Well. as far as I know, you (6)
school these days.
(at tend) law
( l )
(2)
They (3) (make) three TV series so far. Batman
('t ) (appear) in a few movies recent ly, too. With cr iminals l ike the
Penguin, Catwoman and the Joker added to the story each time, he (5)
(probably / live) on in fiction in the future.
1.7 TI]VIE EXPRESSIONS
A. Mark the best choice.
l. The shopkeeper waited al l the customers had lef t the shop. He thenput up a'c losed' s ign and started cleaning up the shop.
a) before b) as soon as c) unt i l d) when
2. Mrs. Riggs rushed to the hospital she heard about the accident
a) by the time b) firstly c) afterwards d) as soon as
3. She' l l be ready in ten minutes. , we can take a look at her wedding
photos.
a) Whi le b) Meanwhi le c) During d) After
rny brother.loined the army', he had never been abroad.
a) S ince b) Whi le c) During d) Llnt i l
(save) Gotham City from evil, in a comic book in 1939 and
(fight) crime with his partner, Robin, for the past fifty-eight years.
4 .
August 1995 was the hottest August -(5)- Br i tain has ever had. Some unusual thingshappened in London -(6)- this extremely hot period. Twenty cars fell off window ledges-(1)- they were sleeping in the sun. -(8)- this, two rhinos at the Lond on Zoo hacl tohave sun cream on their backs to stop their skin from burning.
5. a) of whichb) when
d) where
7. a) whi leb) beforec) afterd) and
9. This is the fourth quiz we've hada) for b)
6. a) untilb) duringc) ford) on
8. a) Apart fromb) Despitec) Because ofd) In spite of
two weeks.c) duringi n
10. I t wasn ' t
there.a) as soon as b) meanwhi le
I I . It really wasn't such a revolutionary idea as it had seemeda) at first b) firstly
she left college that she realized
d) at
had enjoyed her t ime
d) when
how much she
unt i l
12. The teacher will not begin the lesson ail the studenrs are qulet.a) unt i l b) when c) by
B.
I. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. use them onlv ONCE.
c) afterwards d) last ly
d) after
L
2 .
-).
He was onlv 19 vears old
going on a holiday, you should reserve a room at a hotel
he graduated from university.
using the electric drill, he injured his finger. He immediately stopped theto the hospital.
using the words given in the box. Use them onlv ONCE.
machine and went
il. Fill in the blanks
Emma was having a shower
The telephone rang again (2)
Emma heard i t . She quickly
room to answer the phone. It
54
( l ) the telephone rang, so she didn't hear it.
was getting out of the shower. This timeher bathrobe 13) she ran to the l iv ing
she
put on
was her fr iend, Sal ly. This is their telephone conversation :
Sal ly
Emma
Sal ly
Emma
Sal ly
Emma
Let's go to the cinema (4) school today.
I can't. I have to so to the librarv to do mv science homework.
You can go to the library (5) the lunch break.
That's a good idea. I' l l do that.
OK. See you later.
Bye.
III. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use the words morethan ONCE.
Xuntil
whenon
duringso
atfor
thesuch
I can't forget ( I ) dinner (2) we had at Jack 's
house. The food and the drinks were (3) good and we had
(4) a good time that we didn't leave (5)
dawn. The sun was about to rise (6) we sot into our cars and drove
off to our homes. It was (7) three o'clock in the afternoon
(8 ) I woke up and had (9) breakfast. I had
to drink four cups of coffee before I was able to really wake up and get ready to catch
( 10 ) four o'clock bus to Oxford, where I had promised to meet a
friend.
IV. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
1. We can leave I finish typing this letter.
2. Usine this machine is not as difficult as it seems. , make surethat all the green buttons are lit. You can do this by pushing this knob. Next. adjust
the volume by . . . .
3. The students silently watched the documentary and had adiscussion about i t .
4. I'm afraid you can't see Mr. Brian on Monday. He's on a business trip and won't beback Wednesday
5. I'm sorry for making you wait. It won't take long. I' l l be ready in ten minutes
duringafterwards
meanwhileas soon asat last
previouslyuntilas
whileat first
sincelastlyforfirstl b
, you can make yourself a cup of coffee or watch TV.
55
I ran in to Jack in r pub the other day. We hadn't seen each other for twelve yeiirs., I didn' t recognize him. He had grown a beard and lost most of his
hair. What made me remember him, however, was the look in his eyes. It hadn't changed atal l .
7. You can reach me in the morning and in the afternoon. Don't call memy lunch break because I'm not in my office then.
V. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
then lastly so that as soon as whilefi durins until in order to after that
Scrabble is a very popular game all around the world. You need
t i les with let ters of the alphabet on them. a penci l and some paper ( l )
a Scrabble board. a set of
p lay
scrabble.
(2) each person takes one tile from the bag and the
eachhi-qhest number on his t i le wi l l start the game. (3)
more letters fiom the bag because everyone in the game must have seven letters.
The first player starts by making a word which covers the star in the centre of the board
( 4 ) the next player makes another word by either creating a new word
which crosses the original word or by adding more letters to the original word.
(s) players make a word, they must take more letters from the ba-l
( 6 ) they always have seven letters. All the players continue making words
person with
person takes
the
S I X
in this way (7)
a l l h is t i les .
there are no more letters in the bas and one Derson has used
(B ) playing, players try to cover the coloured squares because these
increase the number of points on the t i le. (9) the game. one person keeps thc
score by adding up al l the numbers in each word played. (10) , when the
game is over. each player adds up the number of points on his remainin-g t i les and subtracts i t
from the total.
It should be remembered that Scrabble can take a long time if the players are really keen
and. of course. players get better with practice.
VI. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
Mina Cah i l l a r r i ved home qu i te la te . ( l ) she saw her f iont door open.
she real ized that someone had broken into her house. When she saw the man in her l i r , ' ing room.
she knew at once that he was a dangerous criminal who had escaped from prison a f-ew days ago
immediatelylater
afterwardsthenas soon as
previouslyaftermeanwhile
finallyfirst
5 6
because
through
( 3 )
she had (2 )
the dra'uvers so he d id no l no l i ce
went in to the
sgen him on TV. The man wils busy goin-e
Mina^ Trying to be quiet, she
kitchen and phoned the pol icc"
the man had left the living room. He was walking througtr the
Mina did not know what to do
she decided to hide behind the kitchen door. A few minutes
the rnan entered the kitchen. (8) turnln-g
(4 )
but (6)
hal lway towards the ki tchen. At (5)
went straight to the refrigerator and helped himself
she heard the sound of police sirens. They had (9)
( 7 )
the l ight
rel ieved
arrived.
on , he
rvhen
to some food. Mina was
( 10)_
serve a lif 'e sentence.
VU. t' i l l in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
from time to time on time at the time after a time
at one time at the same time for a time
l .
2 .
3 .
I always find it difiicult to do two things
Don't panic ! This is the kind of problem that we have
Thereforc. I know what we should do.
I was a student in the 1950's, and things were very different
The meeting starts at l0 a.rn. sharp. Be here
Otherwrse. the boss wi l l go crazy!
6. At the party, I f-elt verv restlc'ss at first. However.started enjoying myself .
VIII. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE,.
i at the same time
He chatted to us
Mina learnt that the man was sent to Brixton Prison to
. thcn lef t .
4 .
from time to timeat the time
after a timeon timefor a time
in time at one time some time I
people believed that the eirrth u,as flat.
2. I can' t give you an exact t ime , but I ' l l cal l you in the l r f tcrnoon.
We didn't have to wait for our flight-the platte 'uvas exactly
4. I didn' t hear you cal l me. I was l isteni t lg to mttsic
5. I f 'eel home sickto l iv ing in a loreign country.
but on the ivhole I can sav I anr used
C. Rewrite the sentences using the clues given.
1. Paul broke his arm while he was playing footballPaul
(during)
2. The orchestra had played for several hours. The embassy provided the musicians withrefreshments.
(after)
3. You visit Washington. Where do you stay there ?
(when)
4. It was only when we started working on the same project that I realised how ambitious shewas.
(until)
D. Put in during, while or before.
l . The teacher didn' t speak the exam.
2. I was asleeo. I fell out of bed.
3. Mary bought nice presents _ Christmas.
4. The students enjoyed themselves a lot their visit to the nruseum.
5 . leaving for Rome, he had his car serviced
6. He doesn't usual ly smoke he goes to bed.
you were away.1. Your parents called you up
B.
9 .
the day she is full of energy but at night she feels terribly tired.
you buy a new food product, you must check the additives rn it.
58
2. PRONOUNS
2.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A. Use the table to fill in the blanks. You can use them more than once.
they'retheyit 's
myheronehis
he'stheremewho's
oursithimwhose
weourminehers
thesethistheirs
v)
M
( l
( 1 \
brother gave me and
made
my sister, Felicia, two very nice Chinese blouses.
of silk and have got big flowers oll them.
is Susan's umbrella.
. The red one is Susan's.
blouse is more colorful than Felicia's blouse. I think the best and
also the cheapest silk blouses are made in China.
Mrs. Palmer, the teacher. is talking to her students in the classroom.
( 3 ) umbrellas are (4)Teacher
Tom
Jenny
Susan
Teacher
Susan
Jack and
Laura :
Mary :
I t w a s ( 1 2 )
Ir 's Bi l ly 's, but (8)
the umbrella and
neighbours.
give i t to (9)
* * *
I think the blue (5)
No, i t 's not (6)
Yes. Mrs. Palmer. Jenny's right. The red umbrella is (7)
Thank you. I left it in the classroom yesterday.
And what about the blue umbrella?
not in the classroom today. I can take
this afternoon^ We're
Mary are leaving the party at Laura's
Are these your jackets?
No, they aren' t . (10)
( l l )
upstairs.
is blue and Jack's is black.
birthday yesterday. I'm twenty-five! Some friends took
to a restaurant last night. (14) al l had przzas.
were very good. At the end
bag and took out a small package.
of the dinner, Janet opened
flat
( l 3 )
( l 5 )
( l 6 )
* > k *
59
Our son. Tom, broke ( 17) arrn last night. My rvife and I took
to the hospital right away. All the doctors \ /ere very busy when
gor (20) . Fortunately, a beautiful young nurse saw us
was very helpful and took us to the emergency roolr.t.
was quite a large room with cupboards full of medicine.
can solve i t .
can do i t .
( 1B )
( l 9 ;
( 21 )(22)
B. Substitute pronouns for the italicized words.
Eg. George and John like comedy fihns.They Iike them.
I . Mr.Sntith eats spoghetti every week.
2. Tomrrty und I play footbull very often.
3. This c:oJfee is for Mary ancl her -frientls.
4. Mr. tutcl Mrs.Brttu.,n sell eggs.
5. Teuclrers ask questions to students.
6. Edvt,ttrtl knows the ansytter
1 . My brother and I have a bis hluse
8. Mt, morher cooks the Jood.
C. Conrplete the sentences with somebody, anybody, everybody, or nobody.
l . This problem is too di l f icul t
2. l t 's verv easv to cook omelette
4. There isn' t
5. There is
6. Can
1
answers.
curr.y thi \ sui lcusc l 'or me .)
is knocking tlie door, can yoll hear it?
to help us.
at home. This is the third t ime I 'm phoning and
60
was tired alter the picnic as r.ve did a lot of things
8. I d idn ' t see there.
9 . Why isn ' t phoning me?
10. Helen gave the packet to but we don't know who.
2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, himself,herself , itself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves.
1. Tom did the housework
2. The students talked among
3. The stewardess signed the letter.
4. If you want it to be well done, do it
5. We looked at
6. He went to Eneland
in the mirror.
7. The dog opened the door
8. Alice started singing to
9. You and your sister must finish the report
10. I looked after the baby -- for 10 months.
2.3 FORMS OF OTHER
Fill in each blank with one of the words in the box.
other the other another others one another
l. There are many kinds of insects in the world. Ant is one kind. The wasp is
2. There are two books on the table One is a novel. is a course book.
3. He had a really serious accident. He is alright but his car is badly damaged. He needs
to get car.
4. I have two sisters. One is named Marv. is named Sylvia.
5. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Someare pine trees, willows, sycamores.
6. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Somekinds are wi l lows. svcamores.
6 l
1. It snowed a lot this morning, and from the looks of those dark clouds, there is going to besnowstorm.
R
9 .
10 .
11 .
Of the four girls, one of them is blonde. are quite dark.
There are four girls. One of them is blonde girls are quite
There are many tourists from different countries. Many of themare from Germany. Eneland and the U.S.A.
Mr. And Mrs. Miller are a happily married couple. They lovemuch.
12. One common i l lness among children is chicken pox.mumps. are yellow fever, measles.
13. One of the two countr ies I would l ike to vis i t is Tibet.course, besides these two , there are myst ical places I would l ike to see.
14. Some students are hardworking; are lazy. Still are indiff'erentto everything.
15. They have four is a graduate of university andhas a nice job two arehish school students.
dark.
are from Japan
ver)
common one ls
is India. Of
children. One is married
oz
3. NOUNS
3.1 SUBJECT.VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct answers in parentheses.
1. There (isn't, aren't) any letters in the mail for you today.
2. There (isn't, aren't) any mail for you today.
3. There ( is, are) a lot of problems in the world.
4. There (is. are) an insect in this room. Where is the insecticide?
5. There (is, are) over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world.
6. How many kinds of birds (is. are) there in the world?
1. Why (isn't. aren't) there a hospital close to those villages?
8. There (is, are) a green pen on Tim's desk.
9. There (is, are) a blue pen and a yellow notebook on Sue's desk
10. There (is, are) some pens and notebooks on Jack's desk.
1 l. Some of the furniture in my house (needs, need) painting.
12. Some of my books (was. were) stolen.
13. Physics (is, are) the most difficult course for me.
14. The police always (comes. come) late in Turkish fihns.
15. Two thousand miles ( is, are) too much to go by train.
16. Japanese (is, are) one of the most difficult languages to learn.
17. One of the languages I want to learn (is, are) German.
18. Every child (needs, need) love and affection.
19. A million dollars (is, are) enough for him.
20. Most of the students (lives, live) in the dormitories.
21. The bl ind always (needs. need) help.
22. Most of the food in the fridge (is, are) delicious.
23. Some of that information (is, are) wrong.
24. Each of the students (is, are) ready for the examination.
25. Five hours of sleep (is, are) not enough for a child.
26. Half of my money (was, were) stolen.
27. Everybody (like, likes) chocolate.
28. The people in my country (is, are) friendly.
29. Everyone (has, have) his own ideas.
30. A couple of people (is, are) demonstrating in front of the parliament.
31. Mary and Tim were on time for the meeting, but the rest of us (was, were) late.
32. (Is , Are) bacon and eggs what you want to eat?
33. If everybody (want, wants) to come to the convention, they have to register first.
34. Not only her family but also her relatives (was, were) at the conference to listen to her.
35. A group of us (have, has) decided to stay at the hotel.
36. The youth of today (don't, doesn't) know manners.
37. What (is , are) the percentage of nitrogen in the air?
38. 50Va of oxygen in the air ( is, are) wasted in theprocess.
39. 507c of students (is, are) likely to fail.
40. There (seem, seems) to be a few minor points of disagreement yet to be settled.
41. Neither Mark nor Kate (love, loves) pets.
42. Nerther Mark nor his sisters (love, loves) pets.
43. Not only Mark but also Kate (attend, attends) classes regularly.
44. Not only Mark but also his sisters (study, studies) regularly.
45. Both Mark and Kate (was. were) in the class.
46. Both Mark and his sisters (was, were) at the party.
3.2 THERE+BE AND HAVE GOT
Rewrite / Complete the sentences using there is/are or has/have (got).
l . Denver is an interest ing ci ty and i t lots of theatres and art salleries.
2. The classrooms have eot white boards.in the classrooms
3. There's a rack at the top of the car.The car
64
top.
A: Excuse me, (4) a chemist in the town?
B: Yes, (5) one in Elm Street, opposite the bank.
Sam and Mark are talking about the hotel they are planning to stay at during their holiday.
OK. What about the rooms? (7) TVsets? There's a very important match on Sunday and I don't want to miss tt.
Of course, they have. Don't worry. The hotel has all kinds of facilities.
Jack doesn't know much about Wilmington because he has just moved there. He has a lot
of questions about the town. He is talking to his neighbour, Peter.
Jack : I l ike reading very much. (8) a library near
here?
Yes, the Lincoln Library is in Olden Street. It 's a very big library with many
books and also a nice selection of magazines.
What about pubs? When I was in London, my friends and I went to a pub everyweekend. (9) any good ones in Wilmington?
Sure. Wilmington is famous for its pubs. The music in these pubs is excellent.
That's great. We can go to one tonight.
Fine, but I'm very hungry right now. Let's eat something.
What about Chinese food?
Sam
Mark
Sam
Mark
Peter
Jack
Peter
Jack
Peter
Jack
Peter
Jack
Peter
Jack
Peter
(6)
Yes. there are two. Remember it 's a five-star hotel.
I 'm afraid (10)Wilmington.
I saw a small restaurant across the street. Let's go there.
That 's a nice steak-house, but i t (11)
vegetarian food.
I'm not a vegetarian.
But I am.
swimming pool at the hotel?
a Chinese restaurant in
got any
* * x
65
We l ive in a smal l , old house in Gui l ford. I r (12) two bedrooms. a l iv ing
room. a dining room. a ki tchen and a bathroom, of course. In the l iv ins rooln.
( 13 ) two blue armchairs and a red sofa. We also ( l4)
television, a video and a radio. In the evenings, we si t in the l iv ing room and watch television
or l isten to music. ln the dining room, (15) a table and four chairs. The
kitchen is new. We have breakfast in the kitchen, but we have lunch and dinner in the tlinineroom.
3.3 ARTICLES
Put a, an, the or X in exercises A, B, C, D and E.
A .
We
( l )
( - l ) taxi-dr iver who took us to our hotel told us that (z l) streets o{'
Manhattan were
Saturdays.
were so tired when we arrived in New
bed. We rook (2)
York that we wanted to go straislrt to
taxi from the airport to the celttre of town.
hotel restaurant and then set tc)
not crowded because most people do not go to work on (5)______
most interesting person I know
very nlce person.
for meal.
B.
L
2 .
3 .
Harold is
D iana is
Last night we went out
4. Toni-ght we are probably going to eat in
-5.
6 .
1 .
8 .
9 .
i 0 .
l l .
12 .
I . J .
bed early. I hate staying in hotels but i t 's part of the job.
I can' t remember i f I saw that f l lm on television or l t ctnema.
I 'm sure i t won't be long before people are l iv ing and working in ___ sp.rce
Have you already had lunch?
party. Was John one with the redI spoke to several people at the cocktai lhair?
I 'd l ike to invi te him to
Could you close
We have got new offices near
Have your new ol f ices got
For lunch I had a sandwichsandwich.
dinner next week. i f that 's OK with you?
door. please? I t 's real ly cold.
center of the city.
canteen?
I can' t remember what f i l l ins was m
oo
14. When you come out of the l i f t , you' l l see two doors,blue one. My door is red one.
15. We need to do more for poor.
16. The greatest invention of the 20'h century is
17 . I 'm look ing fo r
1 8 . I s a w
new job.
man going into the office. I don't know whoman was.
19. When you are ready, I ' l l take you to
red one and
computer.
alrport.
20.
C.
United Nations is an international organization.
l . Watch out l There ts pollceman comlng.
2. Phil wanted to see photos which Jane took on holiday.
3. Many people bel ieve thatpo l i cy .
honesty is
4. [t's known thilt Japanese are very hard-working
5. She bought furniture for her ner,v flat.
6. It is verv important to have varied diet and not to eatunhealthy food
1 . Her flitt is on first floor.
8. It 's getting late. The children must go to bed.
9. What would be best way to get to the nearest bank?
10. A : I 'm starving. I haven't had anything to eat s ince
they served us on the plane.
B : I know an Italran restaurant down the street. Let's go there.
Anne: Jack. you're here! I wasn't "^0.: ; ; ,
you unt i l (11)
dinnert ime.
Jack : I managed to f ind a t icket and came on (12) early train.
> k * ) k
7.30 train to New York, Mark couldn't attend the
sunset, you have to sel ot f
best
lunch
13. As he missed
party that was organized to celebrate his exceptional progress at work.
anning to get there before (14)If you are pl
ear ly in (15) mornlng.
( l 6 )
breakfast was extremely delicious.
D.
Many common
invented them. One of (2)
boots. (3)
Wel l ington,
responsible
Waterloo in
He asked (9)
who was (5 )
tea Sam brewed from different herbs for (17)
objects are named after (l) famous people who used or
most famous examples of these are 'Wellington'
'Wellington' got its name from (4) Duke ol
famous British general. Among other things, he was
for defeating (6) Napoleon at (7)_ Battle of
1815. Wel l instonwanted (8) special pair of boots made for him.
bootmaker to make (10) boots from rubber so
( t l )
(12)
they would be both comfortable as well as waterproof. Wellington was very pleased with
boots and wore them constantly while he was campaigning. As he was
famous military figure, a lot of (13) people started to
u s e ( l 4 ) same kind of boots, which soon became very popular. It is also true
that this type of boot is perf-ect for (15) Br i t i sh c l imate . wh ich is co ld and r . rc t
for much of the time. Today ( 16)
we l l ies ' .
Br i t ish st i l l use Wel l ington boots, or
R o g e r S p e n t t h r e e m o n t h s i n ( 1 7 ) - H i m a l a y a s . H e t r i e d c l i m b i n g ( l B ) -
M o u n t E v e r e s t , b u t w i t h n o l u c k . H e w a s c a u g h t i n ( 1 9 ) - S n o w S t o r m a n d h a d t o
return. Now, he is in Brazil discovering the secrets of (20)- Amazon river. I
SuppoSehe ' l lneverg iveupbe ing(21) -adventurousperSon.
E.
1. I come home on 8.30 train every evening. If I miss it, I either have towait for two hours or take a taxi. which costs a fortune.
2. Linda prefers to go out foroffice.
lunch because she doesn't like eatins in the
68
t < > k *
Sally met Linda at a party.
Sally : What lovely (6) earringsl Where did you get them from?
Linda : Do you remember (7) girl I introduced you at John's wedding?
She gave them to me as a birthday present.
8. As Bob Golden was sentenced to life-long imprisonment for kill ing his wife and her
lover, he is going to spend the rest of his life in
Lasr Sunday my friends and I decided to go to Kartalkaya. We set off at (3)
sunrise so that we could get there early in (4) morning and spend the whole
day skiing but because of the bad weather, we were not able to reach the mountain until
(5) noon.
pnson.
* > F > *
We spent our holiday at (9) nice hotel near (10) Rrver
Thames. Although ( l l ) hotel was not as good as we had expected, we
st i l l had a lot of fun.
12. We came here by - car we bought last month.
13. I haven't been to -open-air theatre before.
14. Let's have a holiday in -- AlPs.
15. We need -- thousand Pounds.
16. Can you pass marmalade?
17. Thames River flows into - North Sea.
18. Sallv spent six weeks out of -- work.
19. Where are
20.
scissors you borrowed last week?
dinner we had with my sister's friends was very nice. We really enjoyed it.
21. To start our journey we had to get up at dawn
22. I always take 7.45 bus to school.
69
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A. Mark the best choice.
l. Janet has decided to study hard because she has a very important examthe end of December.a) in b) on d) s ince
2. My sister is 7 months pregnant. She is going to have a baby -_-- 2 monthsa) at b) on c) next d) in
3. I'm sorry for breaking your favourite vase. Itjust happened accident.a) on b) for c) by d) in
4. ceci l ia is my best f r iend from school. she is Peruvian. ceci l ia is a tal l e ir l in her twent ies
dark green eyes. She is a hard-working student. She gets very high grades in allher exams but because she is modest, she never boasts. That's why I like her verv much.
a) has b) and c) with d t -
5. I received a letter of congragulation frorn mv teachers
universi ty in the top f ive l ist .
my f inishin-e
a) on bt w i th ^ \ : -L , , r l t d) of
6. It's 7:00 now. The train leaves at 8:00. We must hurry or we will never set to the stationtime to catch the train.
a) at b ) in c) by d) on
1. She is gett ing marr ied two weeks.b ) i na) next
B. She is st i l l young. She isa) in
9. There is an index
n \ c f
c) about d) this
her early twenties.c) about d) atb ) o n
a) in the end
10. She never knows what to doa) out of
of this book.b) at the end c) in the final d) at last
b ) i ndifficulty
c) at d ) on
70
in front ofbehind
next to tn
at the frontconvenientreliableopposite
B.
I. Look at the map and fill in the blanks using the words in the box.
t!mlCarpark
**;;f", Caf6 Bank Shop
N o R T H S T R E E T 5 B u spstop
-----+
Cinema Library Museum Myhous Pub Shop
I go there by bus every day. The bus stop is (3)
When I need money, I go to the bank. It's (4)
II. Look at the map below and fil l in the blanks.
I l ive in North Street. Mv f-lat is
very ( l )
for the shops. I can walk to the
bank, to the cinema or to the
library. When I have a lot of
shopping to do, I take my car to
the supermarket. I can park my
car very easily there, because the
car park is just (2)
the supermarket. My school ts
outside the city.
the museum.
house.
Kid Tales is a bookshop. I t isthe first
floor of a big building. The shop is
n (2) 9 in the
morning to B in the evening. I t rs
also open (3)
lny
Bcclcs f cr cldo- duld-en
Vichr.,:srette;
chi ldren. There are puzzles (9)
the weekend. When(4)_
there plcture(5)
( 1 )
ardCD; you gothe shop,
booksthe left.
these books,
there are shelves of videos and
cassettes. There are also some CDs(7) these shelves.
the videos. cassettesand CDs there are books for older
the opposite corner. There are
(6)
(8 )
l o ts ( l0 ) puzzles here. The counter is ( l 1)
the puzzles and the shop window. The shop assistant s i ts (12)
counter.
the
1 l
III. Study the pictures and fill in each blank with ONE WORD ONLY to completethe texts.
I l ive in a small town called Saxborrow. It's a quiet little town. There ( I )
*#atffi= +
|]--1 '
f- ( '
big cinemas, restaurants or crowded pubs there. I l ive in a flat (2)
office. There is a news-stand in (3)
newspapers and magazines there.
any
of the post office. I always
the post
buy my
living room is not very large but it 'snice. It's got two big armchairs and a
There's also a television setthe room. l t 's
the twoarmchairs
Myverysofa.(4 \
(6)sofa is
the television set.
room but there'sin the kitchen. I
lt's very comfortable and I usual ly l ie onand relax affer(7)
work. My grandfather died 5 years ago andI put his picture (8) thewal l (9) the television
set. There isn't ( 10)table in my l iving(11 )have my meals there and I don't mind it,because it's a big kitchen.
72
IV. Martin is giving a party at his house this evening. He gave his friends a map to helpthem find his house more easily. Look at the map and complete the followingdirections to Martin's house. Fill in each blank with ONE word only.
out of the Lake College dormitory.Walk ( l ) Main Street and so under
rlton Bridge. Carry on walking (2) you get to the florist's, then turn
(4) White Street. Walk (5)
Citv Park. You will see my house (6) your right. It is at the end of the
street, (7) the supermarket.'
rO
ar
i )
.G
Ci
t 1
Mart ints House
,' i:rl- 'rnjI-l'r---JH------ldL-Jr-::-::---1
i l f f i f f i tw
ffi
CITY PARK
#ru.MINAIIIII
GBRowN STREET carlton -tsrl
STR .
EITI
T,AKE COLLEGBDORMITORY
You are here
'73
V. Study the picture and fill in the blanks with the words in the box.
Oak Hill
SPORTS CENTRE
abovebehind
next tobetween
tnOI ite
in front ofbelow
l .
z.
3 .
+.
There is a caf6
The shop is
The running track is
There is a toilet
the gym and the swimming pool.
the gym.
the swimming pool.
the caf6.
a A
vI.Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with a suitable word/phrase from the
box. Use each only once. Be careful! There are more words than you need.
Mr. Smith has got af lat in Main Street. He l ives ( l )
the pub. There is a suPermarket (2) the pub and the
newsagent. Mr. Smith bought this flat because lt rs very
for shopping. Main Steet is a
street. There are always a lot of people and cars. Look
at the picture. Can you see Mr. Smith? He is carrying a briefcase. He is talking to a man
the pub. And can you see his car? He has parked it
the newsagent and the supermarket. Mr. Smith works
i n a toy shop. I t i s (7 ) the caf6.
(3)
(4)
(s)(6)
Mr. Smith's Flat
SUPBRMARKET
belowonin front of
convenientbehindnext to
abovecomfortableat the end ofreliable
crowdeddangerousbetween
ite
l 5
C. Fill in the blanks using the words in the boxes.I.
pastthrough
out ofinto
untilalong
fromon
James is in the train station. He is talkins to the man at the information desk.
James : Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the public library?
Theman : Yes, of course. Go (1) the station and turn left(2) Main Street. Walk (3)
Main Street. Turn left again at the end of the street. Carry on
you get to the town square. Go
the town square and you'll see the public libraryyour right.
(4)
(s)(6)
II.
l .
2.
J .
+ .
5 .
III.
She's stil l going outmarried.
I'd like to invite you
Preo School students set to class
I usually have salad
In Turkey planes never leave or arrive
the same boy. I think they are going to get
the concert at the exhibition center.
lunch.
8:40 everyday.
time.
by with to onfor at in from
betweenoff
I . As soon as I get the car. I fasten mv seat belt
2. Chicken d la Basque is a kind of casserole. It's madechicken. wine. tomatoes and sarlic.
3. If you catch the 8 o'clock bus you can get school on time
4. Nowadays a lot of people have toast and tea or coffeebreakfast.
5. The train to istanbul leavesbetter hurrv un or we'll miss it
9:30 from olatform 4. We'd
byfor
withat
tobetween
onin
76
IV.
from in about of over intouD with for round at on
The workers didn't agree (l) the company manager (2)
the rate of increase to their wages. The manager accused the workers (3)
asking for an unreasonable amount of increase, which made them even more furious.
Workers claim that the manager's rude attitude discourage them (4)-
working efficiently. They also add that they came up against similar problems with the
previous manager. who was just as uncompromising.
* * *
Two days ago, we went to the Italian restaurant that my wife and I had been to several
times previously. We were planning to spend a pleasant evening and at the same time
celebrate our tenth wedding anniversary but things did not go as we had expected. You just
cannot imagine how furious we were (5) the waiter
(6) serving us most unsatisfactorily. When we arrived, we discovered
that our table overlooking the garden had been allocated to some other customers. The new
table we eventually received was by the door. I complained to the waiter
(7) the table we had got. In response to my complaint, he just laughed.
He seemed to be fed up (8) what he was doing. That may be the reason
why he served the food so casually and at the end collected the plates in a most messy
fashion. In addition to the low quality of the service, the food was not good, either. It did
not l ive (9) to our expectations at all. On the menu it was stated that
coffee was free (10) charge. However, when I received the bill, I saw
( 11 )
$10 for the coffee we had had after dinner. I immediately called
tried to explain it to him but he didn't seem to catch
so I gave up and paid $10 for the coffee. As I was extremely
annoyed (12) what had happened at the restaurant, I wrote a letter of
complaint to the manager the next day.
that they had charged us
the waiter over and
'71
D. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions where necessary.I.
1. My husband is very upset. He's had a fight with his boss. He came home at l l:30 a.m. ernclstarted to drink midday.
2. Felicia's birthday is November 30th. I'm going to buy her a blouse
3. Mr. Sanders will be at a meetins 10 a.m. t i l l lunch t ime.
4. Brighton is the south coast England.
5. The boy who s i ts
6. Harvard is not far
7. The train was passing
8. Simon is taking Janet
B
my right is
Boston.
Spain.
a tunnel.
tomorrow night.
9. The student's composition was quite good except a few spellingmistakes.
10. Contrary all advice, he didn't quit smoking and had another heartattack.
The train to oxford leaves (11)_London at 9 pm. I t arr ives (12)-_-- oxfordat I I p.m.. I prefer trains, because they are never late. They're always (13)-_-- time.But buses are not very reliable. Last month I travelled from Brighton to Lexington. Wereached (14)-- Lexington at 2 in the morning. All the passengers were very tiredwhen the bus got to the station.
15 . A :* * > k
Where did he spend his holiday last year?B: I ta ly.
16 .A :
a party
11 . AB
18 . AB
19 . AB
20. AB
Where did they go?Miami.
Where are Jack and Susan?Berl in.
When are your parents coming back?June 6th.
How long did Alice stay there?two weeks.
When's the boss going to leave?
78
two weeks.
21. AB
22. AB
When did they get married?January,1976.
When were they in Hawaii?
- July.
Roger Monroe visited Banskok last summer. Bangkok is a big ci ty
plane. He flew(23)
(2s)Thailand. Roger travelled (24)
London to Banskok and he arrived there (26),
Last Tuesday, a group of Japanese tourists came. They sat
floor of an old house. His room has got a sloping ceiling because it's
the roof. The room is quite small. There's a
t h e c o r n e r . ( 1 2 ) - t o t h e b e d , t h e r e ' s a n a r m c h a i r .
TI.
We've
July
lzth. He stayed there (27) three weeks. He got back to London
(28) August.
got a cafe near Lake Bismark. It's open from May to October, but it 's closed
( l ) the winter. It 's (2) a lovelv oosit ion. I t looks out
a park and has got a wonderful view (4)
forest. It 's a family business. We opened it three years ago, (5) May.
in the(6)
garden, ate cheese cake and took hundreds of photographs.
I don't think Sue will get that job. She has no experience computer work
8 . W i 1 l i a m c a n h e l p y o u r e p a i r y o u r c a r . H e h a s a g o o d k n o w l e d g e - c a r
engines.
is a student at Oxford University. He lives in an attic room (9)
the(3 )
1 .
Simon
third
the
jus t
bed( l 0 )
( l l )
* * *
13 . My parents got married l2th Augustyear, they gave a garden party to celebrate their 30th anniversary.
14. Mike usually plays tennis the weekends butweekend he stayed at home because he had flu.
15. I started writing my thesis three months ago and I hope I will finish itfour months. Otherwise. I will be dismissed.
16. Her parents cal led Sal ly yesterday morning. When they called, l t
was asleep so she didn't hear the phone.
1968 . Th i s
I ast
was 7 o'clock and Sal ly
1c)
17 . Is it too late for the 8.45 train?Oh. ves. its 8.50 now and the train left 5 minutes
Saturdays, I usually worklast Saturday I didn't work.
21. I am planning to go and see my grandparents
22. She came to see me
23. We are going to Spain
24. I prefer going to the cinema
25. Are you interested
26. She was surprised
27. Is he aware
28. Pisa is famous
29. When I was at school. I was reallv bad
18. I ' l l see you
19. I was born
20.
30. We were extremely impressed
31. This festival is similar
this afternoon.
25th May.
March.
the weekend.
antiques?
how cheap the watercolour was.
how lons we have been waitine for the tour to start?
its Leaning Tower.
lunch time.
1972.
the morning but
history.
the guided tour.
the one in Rio.
32. The flood was responsible
33. I'm really tired - looking at monuments.
34. She was terribly disappointed the tour.
35. This oortrait of her is completelv different
36. We're not keen
37. I 'm sorry
38. Sorry
damaging the statue.
that one.
visitins the ruins.
being so late. I had to go back my camera.
the delay. We should stil l get to the museum before it closes.
80
III.
1. Bernhard Goetz was convicted i l legal gun possession.
2 . H e w a s f i n e d $ 5 , 0 0 0 - h i s c r i m e , a n d h e w a S S e n t e n c e d - s i xmonths in jai l .
3. He was acquitted attempted murder.
4. In bad weather, we can't rely public tran sportation.
5. Bus drivers in New York are sometimes rude passengers.
6. Smoking is prohibited on public transportation because it's harmful - thehealth of the passengers.
7. We need to allocate more money
8. New Yorkers often complainStraphangers' Campaign is trying to do something
9. In some subway stations there are always beggars askingmoney.
10. When a policeman stops someone speeding, he always wants to lookthe driver's license and the car registration.
I l . I f you run gas on the highway, you may have to walk to the nearestgas station.
12. Robert wants to transfer the state university, where he is now.a smal l col lege.
13. What are his reasons wanting to transfer?
14. He says that the professors at a small college really careindividuals.
15. If you want a good grade, never shout your professor!
16. There is a book written by children called Cry for Our Beautiful World, the aimwhich is to bring adults' attention to the state of the world
which we live today.
11. They hated the food Spain. Nonetheless, they enjoyed the weather and
the Spanish.
18. Here is the list of videos we can select
19. Which was the newspaper you saw the advert ,)
20. Motivation is essentialare doing.
being successful in whatever you
21. She has to give up the habit
22. Water is vital
drinking too much coffee.
all l iving things.
23. If you want to go on working here, you have to learn the artcooperatlon.
24. We have decided to cut down on transportation expenses so I go to schoolIoot.
mass transit.
the problems in the subway.them.
25. Thev won't let vou the restaurant unless you have a tie.
8 l
26. The government is trying hard to cope the high rates of inf lat ion.
21 . He's not conscious his bad manners and keeps complaining that peopledo not undersrand him at al l .
28. She is verv easygoing so she gets wel l rv i th peoplc-.
29. The town counci l decided to turn the old school a musel lm.
30. They usu: i l ly go outstay in.
3 1 . W h a t k i n d
Saturday evenin-qs, but tonight thev rvi l l
musrc al e chi ldren ntost intcrestccl
32. She doesn't f"eel wel l . She is lv ins
33. As soon as he gets
34. Her husband isn' t work today, he is at home.
35. She is l i s ten ing the news TV.
36. Her youngest sister is engaged an engrneer
31 - The r ich businessman had just got out of f his car when sol1eone walkedhim and shot hirn r ight the eyes.
3.5 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AND NIJNIBER
A. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.
bed
Bob
Jack
Bob
Jack
Pctcr
Paul a
Peter
Paula
Pe ter
Paula
Peter
Prru lrr :
Jack! Wait l I ' r 'e got somerhing to tel l you!
Is i t i rnportant? I haven't _sot (1)My class starts at 3 o'c lock.
I t won't take long.
O.K" Go ahead. What is i t that you wanr to tel l me?
Do you l ike your new f lat?
>k' :*
I m a f i a i d l d o n ' t .
Why not. l
I t 's on a busy street. I t 's very noisy' . Therc is (2)
the car, he switches the radio.
t ime-only ierr nt inutcs
lnuch
Peter :
Ptrula :
traffic.
Oh. I'rn sorry to hear that.
That ' s no t a l l . There isn ' t (3 ) ho t water ! Can yor - r be l ie re i t l
That 's ten' ible. What do you do with the dishes?
I heat the water fbr the washin-e up.
I t 's a furnished f lat , isn' t i t ' l
Y r ' s . thc rc i s t4 )_ f'urniture in it. Only a bed. a wardrobe. abookshel l - . and a table. When rny l r iends comc io vis i t me. some have to si t ol t my
82
bed. There aren t (,5) chairs - only two
Peter '.
Paula '.
Why don't you mLrve to another f' lat?
I can't afford a better flat.
Dear Mom and Dad,
This is my second week at
too (6)
3:30 p.m. I go to school on
got up late and got to class at
Mv rooln rn the
school. I l ike my school but I don' t l ike the ci ty. There is
noise from traff ic. I have classes from 8:30 a.m. to
foot" It takes about l5 minutes to get to school. Last Friday I
8:29. iust in t ime before the bel l"
dormitory is on the .first f-loor. It hasn't got
I have to study a lot.
furniture so it is not cluttered. I put some of my books on
the bookshelvesbut some of them are stil l on the floor because there aren't
bookshelves. My room looks out on a beautiftrl park. My desk is by
the window. I am "vriting
this letter at my desk and I can see tl 're park. Therc ate some
students si t t ing on the grass.
I have got a room mate. She rs Spanish.I don't know her rvell bu t I th ink wc ' l l bc
good fr iends. You know, I haven't got (9) fiiends here - -just
one or two people from my class.
I don't go out very often, onlv on Saturdays.
This is al l ior now. I ' l l wr i te again soon.
Love. Sarah
B. Choose one expression from Column A and one from B and fil l in the blanks.
COLUMN A COLUMN Nwasn ' tweren ' ti s n ' ta ren ' twasarei swe re
I went to Country Restaurant on Thursday evening. There ( I a)
( 1b ) customers-only three-but st i l l the waiters were ver) ' s lor.v to serve
me
I looked at lhe menu and wanted some tomato soutl The waiter said: " I 'm af iaid. there
tomato soup". so I askcd for thcir(2a) ( l b )
It w:is O.K., br"rt
salt in it, so I ardded some
anve n n r r o h
muchmanyquite a lot
t h o ' o i i , . r( r r L l L \ - , q ,
more.mushroom soup.(3b )
Next, I ordered the home-cooked cheese pie. I t was terr ible.i . t was cal led i r cheese pie but i t
was more l ike a potato pie. There (4a)
potatoes in i t . I d idn' t enjoy, ' i t at al l and I don' t think I ' i l ever go there again.8 l
C. Rewrite the following without changing the meaning.
1. Jane works in a bank, and so does her sister.Both
2. Mary and I have not been to France.Neither
3. Both Martin and Frank are sinsle.Neither
4. We can eat before or after the show.
A
B
(either...or)
5. I feel miserable and tired.
(not only...but also)
D. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use them more thanonce.
manysome
quitenot
much enougha
A
B
A
I 'd l ike 11.1 eggs, please.
How (2) would you like?
Six, please.t < * *
petrol in the car?
Yes, there is (4) , but (5) much. I have
to fil l it up at the nearest petrol station.
* x *
I want to buy this book but I can't pay for it because I haven't got
(6) money. I've got only f30
How (7) do you need?
A
B
f20. The book costs f50.
Here you are.
Oh, thanks a lot.
How was the party last night?
Not very good. There were too (8) people. You know. I hate
crowded parties. You can't dance or find a place to sit. (9) a lo t
of people didn't even have anything to eat because the food finished so soon.
Is there (3)
A
B
A
B
A
84
l . a ) anyb) a lotc) somed) many
3. My grandmother hasn't got
E. Mark the best choice.
My brother has saved _(1)- money by working in two jobs. He wants to change
his car but he hasn't got _(2)_ money to buy a brand new one so he's looking for a
second-hand Audi.
2. a) enoughb) too muchc) lotsd) very much
relations so we try to visit her every
weekend.a) any
4. She had to phone home but
couldn' t .
the phones was working so she
a) none of b) not all c) not enough d) a few of
5 , T h e r e a r e - n e w f i l m s s h o w i n g a t t h e n e w m o v i e t h e a t r e , b u t
appeals to me.
a) several ... none b) many ... all c) few ... neither d) a lot of ... either
6. Neither her sisters nor Jane skiing.a) don't like b) like c) doesn't like d) likes
F. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the boxes below. You can use them
more than once.
I.
neithernone
littleeach
noeither
bothenou
1. There are two films on at the Capitol but of them is worth
seeing, so let's go somewhere else.
2. We've had hundreds of guests but
about the food.
of them has ever complained
3. I asked my neighbour for some milk as I found out there was
the fridge.
painting was individually wrapped and delivered to theexhibi t ion hal l .
5. He was very sad to see that
b) much c) many d) more
of his classmates had come to watch
l n
4.
his performance. He would have been huppy if only one or two had come.
85
6 .
1 .
II.
3 .
4.
5 .
suit, for example, for at least seven years.
2. I tried on two beautiful swimsuits. Unfortunatelv.going on vacation next week and I'm still without a swimsuit.
He needs experience before he can be accepted to our firm.
At the police station,they made me look at the pictures of several criminals.very carefully and finally recognized the man that had
Jenny doesn't want to invi te Tom or Bi l ly. She l ikes
They havewilling to help them
1. He spends
of them.
money problems at all. Their parents are wealthv and
money on his clothes. He has been wearing his blue
fitted me. We're
I examinedrobbed rne.
of them
the information
detail and. after
6 .
G.
We spent hours interviewing hundreds of applicants, butwas suitable for the job.
TV set comes with a five-year guarantee.
Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use each only ONCE.
all none both everyeither neither each
One day, my father finally declared, "I have decided that you are mature enough to have your
own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actually have two family cars, (1) fi ts
within mv modest student budeet in terms of running costs. So I immediatelv sat down to
call the car dealers in town and carefullv iotted down (2)
they had to offer. My father and I then went over (3)
long discussions, agreed on a make that was (4) sporty ano lnexpenslve.
The next step was to visit the dealer closest to our house. As soon as we arrived, I noticed the
two cars in the window, one bright red, the other British racing green. (5)-----
would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressed by attractive
colors, started asking endless questions. While he got a patient and thorough answer from the
dealer to (6) one, my father looked as if (7) of the
answers satisfied him. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious, thinking we were not
going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the
occasion? I am now the proud owner of a beautiful sports car.
noneeach
very few neither botheither
plenty oftoo muchever hardlv an
86
H. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.
1. The shopkeeper asked him how
2. He is going to the shops to get
3. I take my dog out for a walkafter I come back home.
4.. The dealer showed us two cars,
sugar he wanted.
cheese.
a day - before I leave for work. and
of which were too expensive.
87
4. QUESTTONS4.1 YES/NO, '\ryH-" SUBJECT/OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
A. Ask questions to complete the dialogues. (Use the clues if given)
Tom Susan
iob doctor secretarv
work hospital office
so runntns Tuesday
,|
No. he isn' t . He's a doctor.,)
On Tuesdays.
in an office'?Yes, she does.
1 .
2.
5 .
4.
5 .
A
B
A
B
A
B
lunch?
My husband? At the restaurant next to his office.
No. They live in Cambridge.
Well. we usually watch TV. And when the weather
* * *
in this ci ty?
after dinner ?
is good, we go out for a walk.
6 .
Mr. Carter
Mr. Carter
Pamela
Mr. Carter
Pamela
Mr. Carter
Pamela
Mr. Carter
Pamela
Mr. Carter
l s a ban
Hell(7)_
k manager. He is talking to the new secretary, Pamela Sanders
llo, Pamela. Sit down, please.
It' s 7 46-6613.
(9 )
My house? It 's in Green Street.
( 10 a computer?
Yes, I can.
And what about . . .
a L .
(8)
88
Jasmin is a waitress. She works in a night club. She starts work at 6 p.m. and finishes at 2
a.m. She goes to work by bus, but she doesn't like it. She wants to buy a car.
Jasmin usually gets up at about 1 p.m. The night club is closed on Sundays, so she
usually goes out with her boyfriend, George.
Y o u : ( l l ) ?
Jasmin : At about one o'clock in the afternoon.
You : (12)
Jasmin : No, I haven't. I go to work by bus.
You : ( 13 )
Jasmin No, I don't. The club is closed.* * x
David is a reporter. He is writing an article about spare timeto Mary.
David
Mary
Robert
Clara
Robert
Clara
Robert
Clara
Robert
Clara
Robert
( t 4 )
activities. Now, he is talking
in your spare time, Mary?
Listening to rock music. In fact, I was at the Rolling Stones concert in NewYork last month.
we've got a new Engt ish,"""n;: ;"r name's Mrs. Higgins.
ls she a good teacher?
Yes
( 15 )
, very good.
She's quite tall and slim.
l ike?
eyes?
: ^ ot : ! I
( 16 )
They're blue. She's got big blue eyes.
(11)
I th ink she's in her twent ies.
You can go to Birmingham by bus.A
B
A
B
A
(18 )
About two hours.
( 1e)A ticket? f 24.
20. AB
21 . AB
suitcases?They're ours.
the cinema?It is between the post office and the police station.
89
22. A : How there in Selton?B : Restaurants? Three. One in Main Street and two in Elm Street.
23. Mary
Paul
24. JerryDavidJerryDavidJerry
You've got a car, Paul.school every morning?Because my school hasn't got a car park
Is that Mr. Miller over there?Yes.
(take) the bus to
(talk) to Janet?No. that's not Janet. That's his wife.Really? She looks like Janet, doesn't she?
25. Billy sees Janet with a book in her hand.B i l l y : Janet?Janet : A novel. It 's a very good one.Billy : I 'd like to read it too after you've finished it.
26. Bill and Jane own a restaurant. Before they go shopping, they always check the food andthe drinks in the kitchen.B i l t : there?Jane : Oi l? Not much.Bill : What about potatoes?Jane : I t 's O.K. We have a lot .
> F * *
Sally is in a shop. She wants to buy a sweater.
Shop assistant : (27) you?
Sal ly
Shop assistant
Sal ly
Shop assistant
Sal ly
Shop assistant
Sa l ly
Yes, please. I'd like a sweater.
(:28) (take)?
A tourist is in London. He is talking to a policeman, asking for information.
Tourist : Excuse me. (30) here?I have to make a phone call.
Yes. there is one in Elm Street.
Size 40.
Here are some sweaters, size 40.
Oh, the red sweater is very nice. (29)(cost)?
f ]5 .
Fine. I ' l l have i t .
Policeman
Tourist
Policeman
Tourist
David
In Queen Street.
(31 ) the nearest exchange office?
And (32)
By bus .
the city centre?
90
Tourist : (33)
David : Less than 15 minutes.
Tourist : Thank you.* * *
Fred Gates has just won the marathon. Now a reporter is talking to him.
Reporter
Fred
Reporter
Fred
I a m very happy. of course.
f i 5 r
Tired? Yes, a little.
Paul
(36)
were at a party last night. They are talking about it.
Paul
Jack
Paul
Jack
Paul
Jack
Paul
Jack
Paul
Jack
Paul
party last night?
No. Who's Maria?
She's Patrick's new girlfriend. She's not English.
(311
She's French
(38)
Yes. She's a student at Patr ick 's school.
(3e)
Patr
(40)
ick and Maria? Three weeks aso.
Oh. ves. She loves London.
(34) Mr. Gates?
Jack and
(see) Maria at the
she?
(l ive) in London'l
(meet)?
(be) happy in England?
Mr. And Mrs. Wilson have been married for 30 years. Mr. Wilson met his wife when
they were students at university. They live in a house in Oxford. They have got three
sons and one daughter. They are all married. Mrs. Wilson is a housewife. She likes
reading in her spare time. She has got more than five hundred books. Mr. Wilson is a
professor at Oxford University. He is going to retire next month. The Wilsons want to
move to a warmer country - Italy or Spain - because they do not like the weather in
England, but they haven't decided yet.
4 1 .30 years ago
42.At universi ty.
hrs wife?
,)43.More than five hundred
9 l
44. when Mr. Wilson retires?They'll probably live abroad.
46. AB
45. AB
41. AB
48. AB
49. AB
One. It's an old Volkswagen. I bought it ten years ago.
About one hour. (get)there by car?
39. (shoes/wear)
Blue would so well with it.shirt should I wear with this iacket?
the dog out?
Sally and Linda are goin
(you / take)
* * *
g home from school.
teacher Mrs. Brown gave us our first pop-quiz this morning.Sally : Our English
Linda : Reallyl (50)
Sal ly : No, it wasn't. Actually, it was quite easy.
Linda : t5 l ) each semester?
Sa l ly Normally, she gives about 20 but this year she said she is planning to give morepop-qulzzes
x**
Mike is talking to his friend Bob on the phone.
Mike : Bob, we had a meeting yesterday. You weren't there and Mr. Green got veryangry. (52
Bob : Because I
to the meeting?
Green but
M i k e : I s e e . t 5 3 . )
had a terrible backache and I had to leave early. I left a message for Mr.I guess he didn't get my message.
today ?
ing much better, thank you, because I rested all night.
* * *
ing to his girlfriend about his plans for the future.His girlfriend : afier you complete
your master's?Martin : Well, I'm not sure. Maybe I'll work in my father's business. My father and
I discussed it last nisht and he offered me a position in the SalesDepartment.
His girlfriend : That's a good idea.
Twice a day.
Bob : I'm feel
54. Martin is talk
92
Anna
Grace
Anna
Grace
Anna
Grace
Anna
Grace
57. David
HelenDavidHelen
Jane
Anne
Jane
Anne
Jane
Al ice
Nancy
My brother has hurt his back. He's in hospital now.
oh! (ss)Since last month.
That's a long time. Do you visit him every day?
Yes, I do.
(s6)tomorrow?
At 2 p.m.
I'd like to go with you.
(be) in hospital?
(go) to the hospital
58 .A :B ' .
(pay) for this encyclopaedia?By credit card. I didn't have cash with me.
59 . Anne : (go) to the hairdresser,
Susie?Susie : Once a week - usually on Saturdays.
A : I saw you in the park last night. (60) (do)
there at 1 I p.m. ?
Just walking around. I couldn't sleep last night. I wanted to get some fresh air( 61 ) (drive) home when you saw me'?
(stop) your car and walk with me?
Yes. You know, I finish work at 10:45 p.m.
162)Well, because Alice was waiting for me at home. She gets very angry when I'm
Iate.
I understand.
I went to Mrs. Tiger's office at 5 o'clock yesterday, but she refused to
talk to me. Her secretary said. " Mrs. Tiger's busy at the moment."yoga ?
Yes, she was. How did you guess?Well, she always does yoga for half an hour, starting at 5 p.m. every day.
She doesn't answer the phones or meet anybody in those 30 minutes.
Richard is in hospital .
(63) (happen) to him?
He has broken his leg.
(64) (break) it.
During his trip to the AIps.
(6s)
A
B
A
B
My parents? For a week. They left yesterday.
(stay) with you?
93
Jenny
Mike
Jenny
Mike
Jenny
Mike
Al ice : (66) (visit) them in their newhome in Florida. too?
Nancy : Of course. Next summer.
67. Jenny : I 'd l ike ro see ,nur."ollss. Size 40, please.Shop assistant : Here you are.Jenny : Hmmm. It looks beautiful.Shopass is tan t : f45 .
68. Helen is talking to Maria. Maria is Spanish and she is studying Science at LondonUniversity.Helen : a student at London University?M a r i a : F o r a y e a r .
Mike and Jenny are friends from school.
Mike : (69) at eight lastnight? I phoned your house, but nobody answered.
I was at Mum's Pizza Place in the new shopping centre.
oh! (70) dinner therewith your boyfriend, Larry?
No, I wasn't. You know. I don't see Larry any more. I work at Mum's pi:,:.ct pltLc'e
Really? Do you like it?
Yes, I do. I work for only three hours in the evenings and the pay is goocl.(11) there?
Jenny : Wel l , I have to clean the tables and help with the washing up.
Betty and Thelma are two secretaries. They work for the same company.Their manager. Mr.
Hutwill, retired a few days ago. The new manager started work yesterday.
Betty : (72) the new manager'/Thelma No, I haven't. I wanted to talk to her yesterday, but she was busy
(73) l ' ifties?
,]Betty : No, she isn't. She is quite young.
Betty She is tall and slim with short curlv hair.
15. The burglars broke into an old woman's flat while she was watching TV in her
bedroom. A policeman asks a neighbour about the old woman.
Policeman : What
Neighbour : She was watching TV in her bedroom then.
16. Leila is looking at a jug in a shop and she wants to know about its exact capacity.Lei la : Excuse me. How much l iquid
Shopkeeper : 2l i ters,madam.
94
The lma : \74)
Bill : About sixty. I'm going to send the rest this afternoon.
78. Mary : (try / ever) doing
Carlos : Yes. once. It was absolutely wonderful. I enjoyed it v
A reporter is interviewing the famous football player Maradona.
Reporter : (19)
77. Alex :
Maradona
Reporter
Maradona
Reporter
Maradona
Reporter
(invitations / send) so far?
hang-gl iding?
ery much.
the championship?
I am not sure. My team might win. We are a good team, but the other teamsare also good.
(80) in this team?
Maradona : For about two years.
Reporter : (81) every dey?
Maradona : Yes, I do. I must train for at least 3 hours each day.
Reporter : (82) a football player'7
And what about money? (83)
Maradona : No! 500 thousand dol lars.
84. A : WhatB : Chocolate.
85 . A : HowB : Only l0 ki lometers.
86. A : HowB : Not more than 20 minutes.
Bi l l is at
ice-cream do you like most?
is the hotel from the airport?
does it take you to cycle home?
Like! I love i t .
About 500 a year.
500 dol lars !
* * *
B i l l
Tom
B i I I
Tom
B i t l
Tom
Bi l l
Tom
his friend Tom's house. They are in the garage now.
(87)
It is my father's.
I t 's a beaut i ful car. (88)
In Japan.
i 89 )
I'm not sure but I think he paid approximately $4500.
Not too much for a Japanese car. What (90)
It has a lot of features such as central locking system, power steering and sunroof.
9-5
It 's Mary's mother's birthday tomorrow and she wants to give her a nice birthday present.She wants her friend Jane to help her.
(9 t ;
That's a good idea.
93. Paul : fl isht to New York?
Rick : Wonderful. It took eight hours, but we were not bored at all. We watched avery nice movie on the plane.
94. A : How do you go to the sports center?
* * *B : Every day.
(es)
Jane
Mary
Jane
Mary
David
Mary
David
Mary
David
(SUBJECT+OBJECT QUESTIONS)
B. Ask questions to obtain the underlined information.
1. Bill shouted at someone a few minutes ago.
She usually listens to classical music.
does your mother listen to?
her a CD of Beethoven's 9thWhy (92)Concerto?
at the concert?
More than 30,000. I was lucky. My brother lives in New York and he got thetickets.
(e6)At 8:30 p.m., and it finished after 11 p.m.
And . . . .
2. Something has happened to her arm
3. Someone gave her a lot of money last month.
4. She went out with someone last weekend.
5. Somethins fell off the table
6. He knows something.
96
7. Something happened last month.
8. She sent plenty of letters to someone.
9. Someone won the lottery.
10. Something is wrong.,|
C. Complete the questions.
l. The farmers of Northwick village have come to the market place for a competition.Mr. Brick, a member of the jury, is tasting some of the tomatoes.Mr. Brick : Hmm... these tomatoes are delicious.
them?M r s . M e a d o w s : I d i d .
(grow)
Mr. Brick : Well, I think they deserve the first prize.
2.A to your foot?
I slipped on the wet floor and broke it.
the washing?
Everv two davs. I have five children and I have a lot of dirty clothes to wash.
My brother? He is a very sociable person.
that beautiful sweater vou arewearing?
My friend, Alicia, did. It was a birthday present.
D. Choose the question to get the answer for the missing information in the blank.
1. My mother brought 3 up.a) Who did my mother bring up? c) Who brought up my mother?b) Who did I bring up?
2. She was writins ? to Susan.
d) Who brought me up?
a) What was she writing to Susan? c) When was she writing to Susan?b) Who was she writing to? d) What was she doing?
B
3 ,A
B
4 .A
B
5 .A
B
3. I l ive in igloos.a) Who live in igloos?b) Where do they live?
c) Who lives in igloos?d) Do they live in igloos?
* * *
91
Last night (4) Z called Mary and said that he wanted to see her. Together, they wenr ro(5) ? at 5 o'clock. It was a very lovely place and not very crowded. They had a
wonderful meal there. After dinner, he gave her a (6) I . She opened it and saw a
pretty ring in it.
4. a) Who called her?b) What did he cal l?c) Who cal led him?d) Who did she call?
1. 1 dog is outa) Whose is that outb) Which dog is that
5. a) What did they do?b) Who did they go with?c) Who did they go to?d) Where did they go?
6. a) Which did she give him?b) What did he give her?c) What did he do?d) Who did he eive it to?
in the garden? It's ruining the flowers.in the garden? c) Who is that dog?out in the garden? d) Whose dog is that?
E. There is some missing information in the following texts. Ask questions to find themissing information.
I.
Mrs. Craig's son, Bill, lives in (example) . Mrs. Craig visits him every _( I )_. Lasrweek she was in Oxford again to see her son. She went there by _tz)_.-(3)- met her at the station. Mrs. Craig was very happy to see him. Bill gave hismother _(4)_. He had to find a porrer because _(5)_.
eg. Where does Bill / AArs. Croig's son live?
l ,
2.
' )4 .
5 .
il.
Sister Wendy was (example) years old when she became a nun (a religious woman).
She lives in a caravan in the grounds of a monastery in Norfolk but she leaves her caravan
-( 1)- a year to travel round Europe. She visits the world's most famous art treasures
and presents an arts programme for BBC. _(2)_ like her clear and plain
explanations of art. That's why her programmes are very popular all around the world. Last
year Sister Wendy made _(3)_ programmes and she earned _(4)_ for the
first series of her programme. The money was used to provide shower rooms for the
monastery. Now, she wants to -(5)- so she is spending most of her time in her
caravan working on it.
98
eg: How old wos Sister Wendy when she become o nun?
?
aJ .
A
2 .
5 .
,|
?
,.!
,)
III.
Mike is a tourist guide. He works during the summer and goes on tours -(1)- a
week. Last week, he took a group of British tourists to Urgiip during the first World Air
Games. There were _(2)_ pilots from different countries taking part in the
competitions. On the last day of the tour, he met -(3)-. He told Mlke that he had
become a hot-air balloon pilot after leaving school and offered to give the group a ride in his
balloon. That was very kind of him. The group enjoyed every minute of that exciting ride.
Then, -(4)- took them to a pub. Mike drank only -(5)- wine because he
was still on duty. A few hours later, .....
,)2 .
aJ .
?4.
5 .,)
IV.
Nasuh Mahruki was (example) years old when he first started mountain climbing.
He is the f i rst Turkish and Musl im cl imber in the world to cl imb Mt. Everest in May 1995.
He also participated in the 'Seven Summits' project of climbing the highest peaks of each
of the continents in 1996. Although -(l)- climbers completed the 'Seven
Summits' project, Nasuh was the youngest to achieve this. Nasuh Mahruki is not only a
climber but also a writer, a photographer and a documentary producer. He lives in Istanbul
but he goes abroad _(2)_ayear. On these trips, he collects data for his books and
documentaries. Nasuh Mahruki is also the founder of AKUT, which was set up in
_(3)_ in Istanbul. AKUT has a lot members from different professions such as
doctors, teachers, engineers and _(4)_ also join AKUT to learn search and rescue
techniques. Nasuh Mahruki wants to _(5) in the coming years. In this way he is
planning to improve the effectiveness of AKUT in Turkey.
99
,,J .
A+ .
5 .
v.
Laura is talking about her career as a model.
I am (example) old now and modelling has always been a part of my life.
-(1)- introduced me to modelling when I was six months old, for a baby-clothes
catalogue. It's quite an exciting job. I fly to Jamaica _(2)_ a year to model summerclothes and last year I made -(3)- television advertisements - more than I'd everdone before. Now I want to -(4)-, so I'm doing a drama course at college at themoment. of course, my appearance is important. I'm very lucky there. I eat _(5)_junk food but I never get fat.
eg. How old is Louro now?
l .
2.
aJ .
A- ,
vI.
Jane Webb is a widow and is (example) old. She lives alone in a small bungalow in a
very quiet street. She doesn't like going out much. _(l)_ she goes to the cinema to
watch a horror film. In the evenings she _(2)_.
At l l :00 p.m. on January 7,1999, -(3)- cal led the Toronto pol ice and reported a
suicide. When the police arrived, she was -(4)- at the door. Mrs. Webb rook rhe two
inspectors to -_(5) There, in the study, they saw a man's dead body on the floor
near the desk.
100
eg : How old is Mrs. Webb?
I.)
')
aJ .
')4 .
5 .
4.2TAG QUESTIONS
A. Add the missing question tags.
1. She is a very clever gir l ,
2. There are many absent students today,
3. Mr.Smith left for Los Angeles last week,
4. Your dog doesn't bi te, I
5. She hasn' t had dinner yet,
6. I paid you,
7. You haven't ever been to Europe,
8. Mary can help us, ,|
9. You have studied English for many years,
10. You wi l l be in class tomorrow,
I l . He len doesn ' t know how to swim,
12. That car isn't verY slow.
13. The bus wasn't going fast at the t i rne,
14. His wife didn' t come with him,
15. She isn' t a very dependable person,
16. Ann wasn't hurt badly in the accident,
17. You won't give the secret away,
18. I t was a good f i lm,
19. l t was snowing at the t ime,
20. The bus stops on this corner,
t 0 t
B. Mark the best choice.
l. You are goin-e to come to the party, --?
a) do you b) aren' t you c) wi l l you d) won't you
2. You'd better apologize to him, you?
c) didn't d) hadn'ta) wouldn' t
3. I ' rn going to miss my train,
a) aren't I
b) don' t
b ) i s i t c ) a m I
,|
d ) i s n ' t i t
4. Nobody has to stay late this evening,
a) has she b) do they c) isn' t i t d) don' t they
C. Add the missing question tags.
l . At f i rst we were real ly surpr ised,
2. Everything wi l l soon be al l r ight,
,|
3. She can knit very wel l ,
4. They've been working on that project recently,
5. She won't win the same.
6. He had acted like a clown.
1. She never phoned,
8. There is no food.
9. Everybody makes a mistake,
10. Somebody's turned off the l ights,
I 1. We are going swimming this afternoon. You are coming with us.
12. Nothing could rnake you change vour mind,
13 . Tom and Ben l i ke iazz ,
14. A : I t was the dog that ruined Mum's rose garden. but don' t tel l anyone,
15. B : Don't worry. Nobody saw the dog,
A : No. I don' t think so.
B : Mum will go crazy if she finds out. Keep her busy in the kitchen until I 've finishedreplanting the flowers. OK?
16. G ive me a hand. )
17 . Le t ' s go on a p icn ic ,
18 . Don ' t shout ,
102
19" Pass me the sugar, ?
20. I suspect although he is married, he has a relation with his secretary.
?
21. I think he is intent ional ly needl ing me about my backgrouncl.
?
22. I think your father has been under great stress, ,)
23. I hope there won't be another economic recession,
103
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS5.1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Fill in the tllanks with the correct forms of the words given in brackets.
l . He always does his homework lcareful) .
2. He is a very
3. Come
(careful) student.
(quick). We need your help.
4. You should drive more (slow) along this road.
5. Helen is a verylearns
(slow) student. Her brother. on the other hand.(rapid).
6. Mr. Gonzales has a (permanent) visa. He hopes to remain in thiscountry
7. This is
(permanent).
(easy).
Helen works very (hard l in her new job .
an
8 .
O
t0 .
You walk very
They are both
(easy) exercise. I can answer all these questions
(fast).
(serious) students and they both study English
(complete) in that matter.
(soft).
(soft) to her children.
(imrnediate) arrd
All the passengers were getting
now
very lserious 1.
i l .
12.1 al J .
1 4 .
I agree with you
This pillow is very
She speaks
(beaut i ful) gir l and she also plays the viol in(beautiful).
As the plane circled over the airport, """.r":::"nsed
that something was wrong. The plane
was mov ing (15) (unsteady) through the air, and although rhe
passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were (16) (sudden)
thrown forward. At that moment the air-hostess appeared. She looked pale but her voice was
quite (17) (calm). She informed everyone that the pilot had fainted
Helen is a
and asked i f anyone could help. A man got up (18)
followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin.
( tense). The plane wzts(1e)
(20) (dangerous) close to the ground. The worst moment of the flieht
came when they had to land. When the plane touched the ground, however, they only fclt a
( 21 ) (slight) bump. It was a narrow escape.
104
22. I can't put up with the chequebook journalism. in which even criminals are paid
lots of money to tell their ( terrible ) stories.
23. This companv is (high )specialized on that subject.
24. This is Saturday night so we can
show.
(hard) find any tickets for the
5.2 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ING AND.ED
Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I t is i l legal to buy a
2. Bi l l looked
(steal) TV set.
(surprise) when he heard the news.
3. The children couldn't get to sleep after they watched the film because it was very(frighten).
4. The little girl was (excite) about going to the circus.
5. I enjoy talking to Mrs. Jennings. She ts an
* t < *
( interest) person.
John went to the doctor because he had a pain in his chest. The doctor's comments were
(6 ) (reassure) to John, who had been extremely
(frighten) before the doctor told him that the pain was just(7)
heartburn.
I didn' t understand the (8) (confbse) income-tax forms thitt I got frorn
the government. I was so (9) (worry) about them that I asked my
neighbour to help me. However, he gave me a lot of (10) (mis lead)
information so I went to a tax consultant. Hearing his explanations on how to fil l in the
forms. I real ized that i t was not that (11) (frustrate) at al l .
'5.3 ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS
A. Fill the gaps with correct prepositions.
l. Whenever we went to the seaside. I used to spend my days on the beach collectrng
things such as shcl ls. rock pieces and pebbles. I was very fond
doing that. Back home, I used to put the shel ls and l i t t le stones in a jar f i l led with
water and keep them in my room.
t0-5
2 .A
B
They lefi fbr the
Come on. Cheer
promise I ' l l take
zoo without taking me. I ' l l
up. There is nothing to be
you there this weekend.
never talk to them again.
upset th is . I
3 .A
B
I'rn fed up his complaints. I 'm goingto resign right awav.
us to do a better job.He doesn't really mean it. He just wants
We were all surprised the news that he had eotten married.
5. Jane is very excited her trip to the United States.
She is an extremely efficient
her work.
secretary and her employers are vcrv happt
I never use earlic when I cook because my children al'e not yery keenit .
8. Carla is very keen keepingfit. As a rule. she gets up very earlv
Sports Centre every three days. andand goes jogging. She also goes swimming at the
plays tennis with her friend, Suzy, regularly.
Jenny and Fred met when they were at university. They f-ell love with
each other and got married two years later. The couple had great financial dilficr-rlties
during the first yezrrs of their marriage. However, today Fred earns mnch rnore than he clrd
ten years ago and they lead a comfortable and luxurious lif 'e in their villa.
Jack used to be my best friend - at least I thought he was. He had always been lbncl( l 0 ) gambling, so he borrowed a considerable sum of rnoney from
Don't rush into thingsThat 's al l .
m e . ( l l )
paint ing
(12)
return for his debt, he promised to help me with the
of the house, but he didn't keep his promise. I was rather an-qry
this, but I decided to forget it all. Then he borrowed mv new
( l 4 )
Tirnex watch and somehow managed to break it. Fortunately. it was srill
1 l3 r guarantee, so the shop repaired it fl-ee
charge. However. the worst thing he did was stealin-e mygirlfriend away from me. I was real ly upset ( 15) hint( l 6 )
1 0 6
doing such a thing. With fr iends l ike that, who needs enemies?
B. Circle the correct choice.
I was attracted _(1)_ the sight of the chocolate cake and ordered it.
However. i t d id not taste _(2)_.
l . a ) a t 2 . a ) we l lb) with b) goodc) by c) betterd) for d) much
3. I always have di f f icul ty choosing or iginal bir thday presents. My
imagination never seems to get beyond ties, handkerchiefs, or pairs of socks.
However. strangely enough, it did not take me long to decide on Tom's birthday
present. For the first time in my life, I had a good idea; I would buy hirn a bottle of
champagne.a) at b) of c) by d) in
1. Last night my wife, Emma, and I decided to try the new Italian Restaurant in Main
Street. The dinner we had in the restaurant was good, but we were uot very pleased
the wine. I t tasted horr ible and i t was also very expensive .
a) with b) of c) in d) at
C. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box. Use each ONCE. Thereare more than you need.
foraboutthrou
ofunder
IN
ason
towith
b
1. Most people are keendangerous.
2. She was so delighted
scuba diving these days, which I f ind real ly
her f inal exam results that she decided to givca big farewell party for her friends.
3. The mother wzrs furious with her childrenwas saying to them.
4. Sue's -grandmother is always describedperson.
5. Nowadiiys lots of people are fondor yoga.
doing exercises such as stretchin_g
return for her help, Sheila's neighbours bou_eht hcr a very nicepresent.
7. The employees were surprised the last minute not ice sent bv thedirector.
8. I f your fr idge rs st i l l guarantee, you can get it repaired fiee ofcharge.
9. I am delighted
not l istening to what she
a cheerful and pleasant
6 .
see that you're out of hospital.
l ( ) 1
5.4 NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES
Rewrite the following without changing their meanings.
1. This is a hol iday which lasts two weeks.
This is a two
2. I have to attend a meetins which will last for 3 hours.
I have to attend
3. The exam wi l l probably last four hours.
I t wi l l probably be
4. The flat has four roolns.
I t is
meeting.
exam.
flert.
5. This bott le holds one l i t re of l iquid.
This is
6. The hotel has five stars.
I t is
1 . She is a student. She is eighteen years old.
She is
8. The plane was six hours late.
There was
9. You have to walk ten minutes to reach the house.
I t is
10. I gave her
I gave her
twenty pounds.
5.5 ADJECTIVE ORDER
A. Write the adjectives in brackets in the correct order.
eg. Cups (green, old) some old qreen cups
table (blue, plastic) a blue plastic table
l . c a r ( o l d , A m e r i c a n )
l . p l a t e s ( n e w . b l u e )
3. curtain-s (beaut i ful . red)
4. cooker (old, gas)
5. chairs (brown, comfortable)
6 . fu rn i tu re ( I ta l ian . rnodern)
bott le ' .
hotel
delay on our f1i-eht
walk to the house
student.
notc
1 0 8
1. paint ing (oi l , o ld)
8. bag (large, sports)
9. stone (round, smal l)
10. students (French, young)
B. Complete the sentences.
L Thomas served the meal on a colourful plate which he had bought from China. It was
made of porcelain.Thomas served the meal on a plate.
2. I was given a small music box for my birthday. It is made of wood and it is black in
colour.I received a music box
for my birthda
3. Their carpet isThey have got
Y .
Turkish. It's big and colourful.
4. My brother was given a pair of new riding boots for his birthday. They are made of
leather and they are black in colour'My brother got a pair ofriding boots for his birthdaY.
5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A. Rewrite the following.
I . Trains are safer than buses.Buses
2. New York is bigger than Washington D.CWashington D.C
3. His handwrit ing is worse than mine'My handwri t ing
4. He writes more nezrtly than MarY.He has a
5. A Volvo is more expensive than a Fiat.A Fiat
6. Gold is more valuable than silver.Si lver
1. My English is not as fluent as my sister's.My sister I do .
1 0 9
8. She used to eat more than she does now.She
9. It's easy to park a car. However, parking a truck is not so easy.A truck can be narked
10. She doesn't play tennis as often as she does yoga.
she used to.
d L d l
I l. I feel confident when I speak on the phone but not in public.I speak
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
The geography teacher, Mrs. Swanson, is asking Bi l l quest ions.
Mrs. Swanson : Bi l l , as you know, the Ni le and the Amazon are the two best-known r. ivcr-sin the wor ld . ( 1 )
Amazon' l
( long1. the Ni le or the
Bi l l : The Ni le. I t is 6670 km long but the Amazon is 6440 krn.
Mrs. Swanson : Verv good.> k * x
2. The exam was (di f f icul t t the srudentsexpected. Most of thern failed it.
i t 's s ix months since I moved to my own f lat . At t l rst , i t wasn't (3)
(easy) for me to l ive alone, but in t ime I got used to i t and now I f lncl i t
(4 ) (difficult;. Of course, there are times when I rniss the comfort I
had at my parents' place. I used to have (5) (few) responsibi l i t ies than I
do now as I had almost everything done for me. Now, however, I have a lot to do. I clon't
mind cooking as I 've always been (6) (good) at i t . but c leaning the f lat is
very time-consuming. There are good things about living on my own. though. I arn nor
(7)
(8 )
(shy) I used to be and have become far
(self-confident).
1 1 0
One day the children in a kindergarten were standing around in the playground and
talking about thelr fathers. One little girl started a game and said : 'My daddy is
(e) t ta l l ) your daddy Another said, 'My daddv is
(10 ) (handsome) your daddy' . A (11) ( loud) vo ice
then shouted, 'My daddy can run ( 12) (fast) your daddy'. The game
continued for a few minutes, and each child tried to think of something thelt their daddy
cou ld do (13) (good) other dads. There was one little girl who was very
( 1 4 ) (qu ie t ) . She was much (15) (thoughtful) the
others. She was obviously trying to think of something good, but she was having some
trouble. The other children continued with the game. Suddenly the little girl 's face lit up.
S h e s h o u t e d ( 1 6 ) (excited): 'Well anyway, my daddy is far
( 17 ) (fat) any of your daddies'. The rest of the group were very
surprised The game stopped and the children walked away as
( l 8 ) (quick) as they could.
C. Ask questions for the given answers.
l .The Krzrlrrmak . It is longer than The Sakarya,
2 .
1
Mauna Kena is. It is 1,000 metres higher than Everest.
The Italian Parliament. It has 615 members whereas there are 550 members in the
Turkish Parliarnent.
D. Complete the sentences with a suitable adjective from the box below.Use each
adjective only ONCE. There are more than you need. Do not forget to make the
necessary changes.
quiet big beautifulconvenient tall boringcomfortable expensive heavY
bad
1. Lake Superior in North America is Lake Victonzi in
Africa.
2. Tokyo isTokyo.
Londonl for example, rents are very high tn
l l l
3. The pollut iorr in Istanbul is
isn't too much pollution in Ankara.
4. The houses in the city centre are
the pol lut ion in Ankara. There
the houses in the
suburbs. When you live in the suburbs, it takes half an hour to get to the nearest shop.
5. My dishwasher makes too much noise. I am going to buy a
one.
A. Complete / Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and use the wordsin brackets, where given.
l. My brother plays tennis better than I do.I don' t
2. He drives faster than I do.I am a fast driver but not
3. Dorothy is a siDorothy is not
nger. Melody is a better singer.
4. A : Are you happy with your new secretary?B : Yes. She works the old one did.
5. Their house is much bigger than mine.My house
6. London is much more interestins than Newcastle.Newcast le isn' t
1. There are 8 students in my class, and l6 in yours.There are in your class as in mine.
8. German cars are far better than American cars.American cars
9. Chris practises his skating routine 27 hours a week whereas Andre practises only 14.Chris
10. Compared with my new computer, my old computer was very slow.Mv old comDuter my new one.
I l . Andrew is sl ight ly older than John.John
12. Mike speaks English a bit more fluently than Juliet.Jul iet
13. Motorbikes are more difficult to ride than bicvcles.Bicycles
t 12
14. Travel l ing by bus is nottravelling by car. Besides. the buses are very slow.
15. Shei la works much better than Angela.Angela
16. I'm quite easy-going these days, but I used to be bad-tempered.I
(comfortable)
17. Gina smokes I 3 cigarettes a day whereas Maria smokes only 6.Maria smokes
18. Henry does more judo than he does weightlifting.
B. Circle the correct choice.
1. The blue dress is f40 and the red one is f.42. I think I'l l buy the red dress. It isn'tas cheap as the blue one, but it is prettier
a) sl ight ly b) nearly c) qui te d) a bi t
2 . P e o p l e s a y t h a t I c a n s i n g a S - a s B a r b a r a S t r e i s a n d .a) beautifulb) more beautiful
c) beautifullyd) more beautifully
3. It costs nearly twice as much to join a private sports clubjoin the university sports centre.a) than c) asb) for d) rather
4. A : I'm afraid I've run out of eggs.B : Don't worry. I 've got plenty. I can give you as (10)
you l ike.a) much c) qui te
b) many d) nearlY
5. A : This food is delicious.B : Eat as as you like.a) much c) quite
b) many d) nearlY
A. Complete these sentences.
Eg. It is a very cheap restaurant. Itis the cheapest restaurant in the town.
l . I t was a very happy day. I t was
2. He is a very good player. He is
it does tcr
of my l i fe.
of the team.
i l 3
4.
5 .
3. I t is a very old cast le. l t is
It was very hot yesterday. It was
She is very intel l igent. She is
in Bri tain.
of the year.
student in her class.
in the world.
in the world.
building in London is the Canary Wharf Tower at 213
sight
man is Tommv Benvi l le. He rvei-ehs 230 ki los
is the Taj Mahal.
chair in the house.
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Add any word ifnecessary. Use each only ONCE. There are more than you need.
quiet big beautifulconvenient tall boringcomfortable expensive heavybad efficient
6. You cook badly. You are
1 . Pele is a very farnous footballer. He is
1 .
2 .
3 .
4.
5 . My uncle always wants to talk about himself.about the same thing again and again. He isfamily.
6. No one in the world works as efficiently as you do!You are
metres.
The world 's
India's
I always si t in the big armchair ; i t 's
He never l istens to other people and talksperson in the
person I hirve ever seen
C. Fill the gaps using the correct forms of the words in brackets.
Sao Pau lo i s (1 ) t r i ch) a rea in South Amer ic r . ( l ) ( tast )
growing and the pr ide of al l Brazi l ians. The ci ty has (3) (popular;
restaurants in Latin America. (4) (comfortable) theatres and some oft 5 r (good) schools.Edif ic io I tal ia, (6) ( ta l l ) bLr i ld ing in
South America, is located at (7) (high) point in Sao Paulo. Ibirapuera Perrk
i s (8 ) (big) and (9) ( impressive) of i ts k ind in the world
In the park's Pavi l l ion Pereira, the world famous Bienal ; l r t exhibi t iorrs.
( 10) (great) show of contemporary art in Latin America ar.e held. Porto
Alegre is one of ( 1 I ) (modern) cities of Sao Paulo. (12)__
(-eood) Brazi l ian wine
1 1 4
is produced in this area.
B
A
B
A
B
ever taken.
Really'?
Yes, even some of (14)trouble.
(clever) students in the class are havine
Men cannot cook.
That is not t rue. (15) (good) cooks in t l6 t t f ine irestaurants in the world are men.
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Do not forgetto make the necessary changes.
I always travel by train because I think it is ( I ) (good) way to
travel. I do not like travelline bv bus because there are (2) i m a n y )
accidents on roads than on railwavs. For this reason. I think bus travel is
How is your biochemistry course?
It is real ly hard. In fact, i t is one of (13)
* x *
Where are you going to stay in Bristol?
At the Paramount
O h . t h a t ' s ( l l )the Princess Hotel? I t 's (12)
i s ( 13 )
(difficult) courses I have
(dangerous) the other. Train travel is also
(cheap) kind of transportation; for example. a train ticket costs
(heavy) a normal bike. I t weighs about one ron. Is i t
(good) normal bikes? Maybe not. but I think i r 's
(interesting) one in the world.
( 3 )
(4 )
(8 )
(9 )
$12, but a bus t icket costs $25 and a plane t icket costs $1001 There is only one problem
when you travel by train. It is (5)
transoortation. It takes too much time
(slow) the other kinds of '
to get from one place to another.
In Belgium, you
and it carries
see (6) t 'h i o\\ . - . b / bike in the world. I t 's 20 meters lonq
people. It isn't very (1) l fas t ) bcc luse i t ' s
can
3 5
( 10 )
A
B
(expensive) hotel in the town. Why don't yoll srav ar(cheap) the Paramount. I ts restaurant
(good) the other hotel restaurants and its rooms arevery ( l4 ) (c lean) .
1 1 5
B : Yes, but I want a quiet hotel , and the Paramount is (15)
other hotels.(peaceful) thc
* t < *
The Mer id ian is 116) (expensive) hotel in the town. A room at this
hotel is $200 a night; at the Windsor it 's only $70. However, the Windsor Hotel is
( 17 ) (beautiful) the Meridian because it's got an excellent garden.
There are flowers everywhere and tourists say that they love the sight of the lovely swimming
pool a lot. Both the Meridian and the Windsor are
( 18 ) (good) hotels, so you can stay in whichever you want
Peter is in a hardware store. He wants to buy ll "f.ctric
drill, but he doesn't know rnuch aboutthis tool. He's talking to a salesman in the store.
Salesman : May I help you. sir?
Peter : I 'd like to buy an electric drill, but there are so many of them. and the'y're all so
expensive. Could you help me choose one?
Salesman : Of course. I understand you don't want to spend too much on a drill. Look rt this
model- the TRX. I t 's (19) (expensive) one that we
have in the store, but that doesn't mean it is (20)
(bad) the rest. You see, the price does not always reflect quality. Actually. the
TRX is one o f (21) (rel iabie) models on the market. You
can always depend on it. There is nothing (22) (annoyrng) a
tool that doesn't work (23) (.proper) wnen vou want t()
use it. Here. take it and look atiL Q4) (c lose)
Peter : Hm, i t 's qui te (25) (light)
Salesman : Yes. Weight is an important aspect when you consider buying a dr i l l . Holding a
heavy dri l l is (26) (terrible) difficult, especially when you
are trying to make a hole in the ceiling.
Peter : Thank you. You've been very helpful. I ' l l take the TRX.
Bill and Jane are going to Oxford next week. Uii, ;*,, to travel by car, but Jane doesn't a-ereewith him. Here is the dialosue between Bill and Jane.
Jane : Bill, I don't want to travel by car. Why don't we travel by train instead'l We can sit
\27) (comfortable) and enjoy the scenery.
Bi l l : You might be r ight, but the train isn' t nearly (28)
1 1 6
(fast) the car.
Jane
Biil I know
Listen to me. There are a
Q9)_
lot of traffic accidents every day. And you drive very
(careless). If we travel by car, I will drive.
(practical) too!
(large)
streets.
(30)
you are a good driver, Jane, but I'm a good driver too. I drive
(good) you do. Don't worry, I will drive very
(careful). Let's go by car because it is also
(easy) way to get around.
( interest ing)
(cheap).
(happy) person in
relaxed. I always do rny
(famous) store, called K-
( large)
(cheap )
(helpful)
understand why you want to buy a motorcycle instead of a car. A
(convenient) a motorcycle and it's
(31 )(32)
Jane Yes, but I think travelling by train
travel l ing by car. I t is also a bi t (34)
is far (33)
Bill : OK Jane lets so bv train.
Shopping is my favourite pastime. I am (35)
the world when I go shopping becauseit really makes me feel
shopping at North Carolina's (36)
Mart. K-Mart provides its customers with a very (37)
variety of products. All the products at K-Mart are (38)
those in most stores. The sales clerks there are also (39)
the ones in other shops.
Tommy wants to buy a motorcycle but his mother doesn't agree to it.
Mother : I stil l
car is
much
cannot
(40)
( 41 )
Tommy : I know. but it isn't nearly (42) (economicai) a
motorcvcle. I can set 50 miles to a sallon with a motorcvcle!
Mother : Listen to me, Tommyl We live in one of (43)
cities in the world and there are a lot of crazy people out there on the
As most of these people do not drive (44)
(careful), the risk of accidents today is a lot (45.1
(great) it used to be.
t l l
Tommy : I agree mom, but I can ride the motorcycle (46) (good) most
of the other motorcyclists and I promise that when I buy a motorcycle, I will be
(41) (s low) motorcycl ist in New York. I wi l l never
exceed the speed l imit . Bel ieve i t or not mom, but (48)
(high) speed I wi l l make wi l l be 50 miles per hour, not rrore. Besides. I can f ind a
parking place for it in the city far (49)
for a car.
(easy) I can
Mother : Tommy, I know all these and I do trust you, but stil l there is no wzty you can
convince me. I st i l l insist that you should buy a car instead of a motorcycle.
United States' (50)
* * r <
(interesting) city is Las Vegas. There are rnany
(attractive) those in Newbig hotels in this city. These hotels are (51)
York. Washington or San Francisco. I think Las Vegas is (52)
place to spend your holiday.
(good l
* >k >i:
Dear Mom.
Hi. How are you'? We're in New York. It's 42'C here today. According to weather reports
i t ' s (53) (hot) day this year. On our first night we staved at a hotcl
cal led'The Central ' . l t cost $150 a nisht so we found a much (54)
(cheap) hotel yesterday.
New York is far (55) (crowded) San Francisco. During
One thing I l ike about the dr iversrush hours. vou can see hundreds of cars on Fifih Avenue.
in New York is that they drive (56) (careful) the ones we have
in San Francisco" They all seem to obey the traffic rules.
Yesterday we went shopping with my friends. I think the shops on Fifth Avenue iire
(57 ) (expensive) the shops in San Francisco, but they are great to
look at! In the evening our fr iends took us to a pub in Soho. The music was great. but the
people at the pub were speaking very (58)
it quite difficult to enjoy the music.
( loud) . wh ich rnade
Tomorrow, we are planning to visit the Museum of Modern Arts. I 'm real ly lookin-e
forward to seeing the beautiful works of (59) ( lamous)
painters in the world like Van Gogh. Monet and Renoir.
Well, that's all for now. I'm really enjoying rny tour around the States. As you knor.v our
next stop is Orlando. I' l l send you a postcard from there, too.Marian
r 1 8
60.
61 .
62.
63.
In your opinion, whathappen to a student?
Which is
(dreadful)
(profitable) nowadays; buyinga carl
There is nothing (annoying) having your salary stolen"
When you think of the means of communication such as e-mail, letter. fax, telegrametc.. il letter is alwavs received (rapidly).
Mark and Lisa are talking about the conference that has just finished.
Mark : Thank God. the conference is over. I thought he would never stop talking. You
know what Lisa, that was (64) (boring)
conference I've ever attended.
Come on Mark. it would be very unfair to say that the conference was a
(complete) failure. I have attended conferences(6s)were (66) (bad) this one. I was really interested
the subject and I think rhe presenter had dealt with it very
I guess the problem was his heavy lrish(close).
accent. I personally
to follow.
found i t (68) (extreme) difficult
* > k *
Mrs. Green is talking to one of her students.
Mrs. Green : Fred, your work is (69) (sat isfying) anyone
else's in class ! I don't think you have been studying enough
(10) (late). The quiz I gave yesterday was quite
easy but you st i l l got (71) ( low) grade in class
Well. Mrs. Green, I'm doing
job at a restaurant and I go
my bestbut as you know, I have a part-time
(12) (straight) to work
after school. That's whv I (73) (hard) find tin-re to do
my homework or study for my lessons.
Mrs. Green : I see but you have to find a solution to this as soon as possrble
thing that could
a house or buying
Lisa :
that
i n
\67)
Fred
l t 9
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box. Do not forget tomake the necessary changes. Use each word ONCE. There are more than youneed.
hotfarlongcultured
intelligentboringfriendly
highcoldimportant
b scru
"n t., rt." * r-*"rft *,*,|T::jJIiH::J"1:H:"ilffiJilfii::ffiifriends.
2. Br i tain 's mounta in i s Ben Nev is ( 1343m) .
in December. Boston or Miarni?3. A: Which is
B: Miami, of course. You can go swimming there on Christmas day!
4. I'd love to go to the cinema with you, but I'm afraid I've gotthings to do. I have to prepare a report for the meeting tomorrow.
5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
A. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings.
l . i f you study regular ly, you wi l l get good grades.
The more
2. As children get older, they become more rebellious.
The older
3. If you walk slowly, it takes longer to get there.
The more
4. I f you wri te careful ly, you wi l l not make so many mistakes.
The more
5. The rally team went far into the desert. They had little hope of finding warer.
The
6. If you talk slowly. the students can understand better.
The more
B. Mark the best choice.
1. The - furni ture you put in a room. the more space you' l l have to walkaround.a) f'ewer b) less
120
c) l i t t le d) few
2. The ferry companies have built bigger ferries. They think that thethe happier their passengers will be.
a) biggest ferries areb) more comfortable the ferries arec) bigger are the ferriesd) more comfortably made ferries
5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each only ONCE.
surprisingly terriblyslightly badlyseriously immenselyreasonably absolutelyextremelv bitterl
cheapdel ic iouscoldinjured ip9p!li,r----l
l .
2.
- 1 .
4.
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
It has been snowing a lot foroutside.
After the accident the car was only
We thought that the questions inwere
a couple of days. I t 's
the exam would be quite difficult. However, they
The food we had in that Chinese restaurant was
Alex is amons his friends at
When her boss turned down her request for
He got when he fell off the tall tree in his sarden andtaken to hospital immediately.
The doctors have been keeping Bill in hospital for a month. He must
Why don't you buy that car? It's
He was not to have seen you at the party last Sunday
school so I envy him a lot"
a higher salary, she was
was
be
because he was planning to propose to you.
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each onlyONCE.
reallycompletelyextremelyincredibly
rett
fastwells lowlycorrectly
ickl
Il - She has a good memory so she can remember the telephone numbers
l2 l
2"
a-).
4.
5 .
The teacher learnt the names of the students, which surprised everybody.
There is no doubt that they will figure out how to operatebecause it is quite complicated.
I had fo warn him twice on the way to Istanbul because he
The student was able to spell the wordshe hadn't heard them before.
in c lass
the machine
was dr iv ing
although
t22
6. MODALS
6.1 ABILITY
* PRESENTcan I be able to
'/. CAN(NOT)
A. Susan is 2 years old. Write down what she can or cannot do using the clues given.
walk / ride a three-wheel bike / sing a song /
write / play computer games / swim / have a
bath by herself / comb her hair / read stories
eg. She con wolk.
7.
J .
4.
5 .
6 .
1 .
8 .
BE ABLE TO
Filf in the blanks using the correct forms of be able lo and the given clues'
The strike in the factory has been going on for two weeks. The workers(make) their voice heard Yet
2. I am not sure but Tomthe meetins f in ishes.
(might / leave) the office after
B.
l .
3. My fatherhe was young.
4. If the sailors had been more careful, they
boat.
(used to / swim) across the Bosphorus when
(see) the l i t t le
5 . (you I arrive) home before the match starts tonight?
t23
* PAST
C. Jack is a prisoner. He has been in prison for two years. Write down what he coulcl clotwo years ago using the given clues.
go wherever he liked / watch TV anytime he wantecl / go onholiday in the summer / wear jeans / drink alcohol / meet fr.ienos
eg. He could go whereve? he liked two yeors ogo.1 .
2 .
4 .
5 .
D. In 1999 an earthquake destroyed much of Kocaeli and Adapazarr. Read the givensituations and complete the sentences using the correct forms of be able /o and theexpressions in the box. Use each ONCE.
I send food and tents in t ime leave their housessave their children
.jump from the balconyrescue some
During the earthquake
After the earthquake
somepeop le (1 )
some parents (2)
a chi ld (3)
the members of Akut (4)
international charities (5)
121
6.2 PERMISSION
m a y / c o u l d / c a n
Mrs. Andrews is a 7S-year-old widower. She needs help
with the housework and she is tired of living alone but she
doesn't want to live with her children. She has decided to
move to an elderly people's rest home, which provides
any kind of care for elderly people. Before she applies,
she has to find answers to her questions. Now she is
talking with the manager. Complete their dialogue. Use
may, could or can' at least once.
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
( l )
\ L )
Who can stay here?
Anyone over 65 and who does not wish to live alone at home.
a single room?
Yes. of course.
some furniture?
You would usually move into an unfurnished room, although it may have
a carpet and curtains. This means you can bring your own choice of
furniture and furnishings to your room.
What about a telephone and television?
There is usually a payphone in each house but if you wish to install a
private phone, you can. You can also use your own TV in your room.
( 3 ) a pet?
It is not always possible for our guests to bring their pet with them. Small
or caged animals such as budgies or goldfish can usually be
accommodated, but a dog or cat may be more difficult.
in my own room?
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
Mrs. Andrews
Manager
(4)
Smoking is usually permitted,only in smoking areas.
Cooking is really difficult
although you may be requested to smoke
for me and I need a special diet.in the restaurant?(s)
There is a housekeeper who is responsible for providing two meals each
day. You can have them in your room or in the dining room with the
other guests. Residents are usually responsible for the preparation of their
own breakfasts. This means you can get up and eat breakfast when you
wish.
Thank you for the information you have given. I' l l make up my mind and
let you know.Mrs. Andrews
r25
6.3 REQUESTS
would / will /could / can
A' You are travelling on a train. It is a long journey and you are travelling alone. Thereis a stranger in the compartment. Make polite r.q.r"it, using would ir will and thegiven clues.
eg : open the window
Would / Will you open the window. pleose?l. turn down the music
2. lend me your newspaper
3. keep an eye on my bags while I'm in the toilers
4. draw the curtains
5. help me to take my suitcase from the rack
?
B. Angel broke her leg while she was climbing the stairs. Now she is at home and shecan't walk. Her mother has just arrived. Use the given clues ancl could or can tomake requests.
eg: call my teacher and learn about myhomework assignments
Angel: Could /con you coll my teacher ond leornobout my homework ossignments,please?
l. fetch my schoolbag so that I can do my homework
2. bring me a pain killer and a glass of water
3. make an appointment to see the doctor because thecast hurts my leg
4. put a stool under my leg
5. stay with me'l
Mother : Yes of course. Don't worry I won't leavevou.
126
6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A. Complete the dialogues using the clues where given.
l " A
B
A
2.4BAB
3 .AB
4 .4BA
5 .ABA
6 .ABAB
7. A
BA
How are you getting on with your English classes?
Fine, but I have difficulty in understanding the meanings of some words
whv you get yourself a good dictionary?
I'm bored.
So am I.(we / play) cards?
Don't you have a more interesting suggestion?
My car is making strange noises.
(you/not) have it checked at the gas station down
the street? The mechanics there are very professional.
I'm very hungry.(us/go) to the canteen and have a sandwich.
oK.
I 'm fed up with typing my report.(always/play) scrabble.
That's a good idea. I can continue with it later.
What are you doing at the weekend?
I don't have any plans.(abouV go) to the football match?
I hate football. Don't you have a better idea?
The library is closed today.
not come to my house? We could study together in my room.
That's a sood idea.
B. Read the situations, write suggestions and add punctuation marks.
l. There is nothine interestins on TV tonisht.
2. I feel lonely. My parents have gone to Istanbul.
3. I'm staying at the dormitory this term and I find it very difficult to wash my clotheswithout a washins machine.
r 2 1
4. My parents are going out tonight.
5. I don't feel like going out tonight.
6. What nice weather!
7. The buses are very crowded after school.
8. We have guests for supper.
9. Our maths teacher is going to give a quiz tomorrow but I have difficulty in solving theproblems.
10. We haven't got anything in the fridge.
6.5 OFFERS
A. Make offers using shall L.. according to the given situations.
l. You are staying at a friend's house. You are both very tired and are going to yourbedrooms. You see that a light is still on in the living room. What do you say?
,
2. The teacher is trying to talk but a lot of noise is coming from the street and the window isopen. You are next to it. What do you say?
t
3. You and your friend are on the motorway. Your friend is driving. He has been driving for along time so he is tired. What do you say?
4. The train is about to leave. Jack is going to get himself a magazine. He sees his girlfi iendhas nothing to read. What does he say?
5. You see an old lady at the airport. She is carrying a heavy suitcase but you can see it is tooheavy for her. What do you say to her?
,)
6. Two men are trying to push a car. Mike sees that they are finding it very difficult. Whatdoes he say to them?
1 2 8
7. Your old grandmother has a pain in her feet. You think she should rest her feet on a
stool. What do you say?,)
B. Make offers using I'll ... according to the given situations.
l . Li t t le Tony's mother is busy cooking. He sees that their dog'Simba' is thirsty. What
does he say?
2. Sally and her friend Carol are in a restaurant. They have asked for the bill. Sally knows
her friend doesn't have much money with her. What does she say?
3. Jonathan and his wife have had dinner at home. He sees there are lots of dishes to be
washed and his wife is exhausted. What does he say?
C. Make offers using would you like ... according to the given situations.
l. Your friend has popped up to see you. It is lunch time and you think your friend is
hungry. What do you say?
2. You are driving along a road. You see one of your colleagues waiting for the bus at the
bus stop. What do you say?
3. Sam has been jogging for some time so he's out of breath and thirsty. What does his
wife say?
D. Answer the questions below.
1. "Your favourite song is being played - Shall I turn up the radio?" Janet asked her sister.What did she offer?
2. "Since you're busy, I' l l feed the cat", Alice said to her mother. What did she offer?
3. "You needn't get up, Sally. I' l l answer the phone." What did George offer?
4. "If you like I can do some shopping for you mom", Terry said. What did he offer?
129
6.6 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY8 PRESENT
Must/should/had betterArave (got) tolneed tolought tolbe supposed to
A. Fill in the blanks using rzzsl and suitable verbs from the box. Use each only ONCE.
wash take leave do keep
l. Ifyou want to get a good grade, you your homework properly
2. In the dormitory you
3. You
your own clothes.
now. It is getting dark. Otherwise you will miss the lastbus.
4. You can tell Tom what I said but he
a uniform.
it a secret.
5. In the Preparatory School all of the students who don't sit the proficiency examthe placement.
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of have to and the verbs given in the box. Useeach only ONCE.
wear do 'return complete attend
l. Every Turkish manhe is a student.
2. His father
his military service when he is 18 unless
the research project before the company starts thecampalgn.
3. My sister is a nurse that is why she
4. DBE students 80Vo of the classes to be able to take the proficiency.
5. When you borrow a book from the library you it in 2 weeks.
C. Fill in the blanks using should/ought to and, the correct verbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
wear be obey a visit
l. A teacher patient and understanding.
her.2. Mary is in hospital. We
3. Drivers the traffic rules.
4. You were rude to your father last night. You
5. A motorcycl ist a helmet.
1 3 0
D. Fill in the blanks using had better and the correct verbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
check take t see
1 . You your raincoat. It is going to rain.
2. You look awful. You a doctor immediately.
3. There are a lot of shoplifters nowadays. Youyour bag while doing shopping.
4. You
5. You
the electrical equipment before you go out
medicine out of reach of children.
in a form to apply for the job.
the dishes before the suests arrive.
out some money because I haven't got any with me.
the roof before the rains start.
an eye on
E. Filt in the blanks using need to and the verbs from the box. Use each only ONCE.
draw fill repair wash
l . You
2. She
3 . I
4. He
5 . (I) any money while getting the form?
F. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be supposed to and the verbs given inthe box. Use each onlv ONCE.
finish besin answer attend
l. Please hurry up. The show at 8.00 o'c lock.
2. There is a conference at the Convention Centre tomorrow and youl t .
3. We writing this essay before the break.
to bed at 8.00 o'c lock.4. Little children
5. The secretary the phones.
G. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be to and the verbs given in the box.Use each only ONCE.
leave obey wear give pay
1. A prisoner a uniform.
1 3 1
2. Our teachers
3. Soldiers
4. Peoplethis month.
5. You
* PAST
H. Write sentences using the given clues and had to.
1. yesterday / run over a cat I take to the vet
three instructor 's quizzes this term.
the rules strictly in the army.
additional taxes for their cars and houses before the end of
your camera if vou want to enter the museum.
2. stop at the garage / buy some petrol
3. you / write a report / last term ?
4. I / drink 2 litres of water / before an ultrasound scan/ last week
5. Sorry / I /late / take the children from school
6.7 PROHIBITION* PRESENT
Fill in the blanks using mustn't / can't and the correct verbs from the box. Use each onlyONCE.
rk smoke wash use enter
1. Students their cars in front of A Buildins.
2. Passengers
3. You
on planes.
this sweater in the washins machine.
4. Students a dictionary during the exams.
5. Teenagers below 18 this disco.
I J Z
6.8 LACK OF NECESSITY* PRESENT
A. Fill in the blanks using don't - doesn't have to / needn't / don't - doesn't need toand the correct verbs from the trox. Use each verb only ONCE. Practisealternative forms for each.
take wear put reserve use
l . You vitamin pills if you eat enough fresh fruit andvegetables.
2. The restaurant we want to go tonight is not very popular so youa table.
3. My daughter her uniform because it is Wednesday today andthey can wear whatever they like.
sun glasses.
mushrooms on your pizzaif you don't like.
1. Drivers
5. You
8 PAST
didn't have to / didn't need to / needn't have
B. Fill in the blanks using didn't have to / didn't need to and the verbs from the box.
Use each only ONCE.
us€ cook get up wash
1. Yesterday was Sunday so I early in the morning.
2. She last night as they were going to go out for dinner with
their friends.
3. Last weekend we went to a classical music concert. There was a free car park behindthe concert hall so we for our car.
4. The students a dictionary while doing their homework
because their teacher helped them.
5. He the car because it started raining.
C. Complete the sentences according to the given situations and use needn't have inyour answers.
1. I had to walk home because I thought that I didn't have enough money with me but
when I arrived home I realised that I had some money in my pocket.
S o I
133
J .
4.
2. Before going on holiday I first watered the flowers because I didn't know that my husband hadalready watered them.
S o I
The students had had the lesson notes photocopied before the class started but durrns the lessorrthe teacher distributed the notes.
So the students
I had prepared some sandwiches before going on the excursion but during the trip they made astopover for lunch.
S o I
5. He went to the beach with his umbrella but when he got there he saw the umbrellas around.
So he
6.9 ADVISABILITYshould, ought to, had better
SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER
Match the sentences. Choose one sentence from the 'situation' box and one from the ,advice'box. Make sentences using should (x4), ought to (x4) and, had better (x4).
Situation A dvino
Jane has lost her credit card.
Paul has left school.
There has been an accident on the main road.
My father has got a terrible pain in his chest.
She has washed her clothes.
He has a job interview.
I can't get to sleep.
His blood pressure is very high.
He wants to go abroad.
She is very busy. She doesn't have any free time.
I have forgotten my jacket on the plane.
I t is 9.00 o'c lock.
Tomorrow is Tessa's birthda
eg. Jane has lost her credit card.She should / ought to / had better call fhe bonk
l ^
Eat salty food
Have a shave
Book a table at the restaurant
Apply for a job
Call the lost property office
Have a warm shower
Hire a maid to help with the houseworkPut the children to bed
Call the police
Iron them
Save some money
See a doctor
Call the bank immediatel
immediotely.
)
134
1J .
A
5 .
6.
1 .
8 .
9 .
t 0 .
11 .
12.
6.10 EXPECTATIONS
SHOULD
Match the situations in the first box with the expectations in the second one and writesentences using s h o uld._
finish i soonnew one / popularreceive tomorrownot difficult to find something to eatreach istanbul in half an hour
be sick
eg: You should ?eceive it tomorrow.
He has sent you a parcel. \\She has eaten 5 bars ol chocolate.
------\
We have been drivin gfor 4hours. ----l'
They have been working on that project for
months.Her last novel was a best seller.
There are many fast food restaurants in the
shoooins mall.
2.
J .
4.
5 .
r35
6.1I CRITICISM AND REGRET
SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT TO HAVE
Look at the picture and then write down sentences using should have V3 or ought to have V3.
eg. She shouldn't have/ought not to have eaten somuch fatty food.
II
2.
aJ .
/1T .
5 .
6.12 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY* PRESENT
must / may /might / could
A. Complete the sentences as in the example.eg: You have been cleaning the house all day.
You must be exhousted.
She
She
Tom
He
l - is the most beautiful girl in school.
z . spends unlimited amount of money. He has just bought a Rolls Royce.
Look out of the window. The weather is terrible. It is snowine.
It
3. Sam is in love with Sue but he can't tell it to her. Sue has invited him for a drink tonisht.
He
A+ -
outside.
5. She never cares about other people. She only thinks of her advantage.
She
l J o
B.
1
2.
J .
MAY/MIGHT/COULD
Read the situations and complete the sentences giving weak probabilities.
Sally has an exam tomorrow. I'm not sure but she
My brother is coughing. I'm not certain but he
Your mother looks unhappy. It is not certain but she
4
5 .
The doorbell is ringing. I'm not sure but it
Ann isn' t in the classroom. I 'm not sure but she
8 NEGATIVE
can't / couldn't / may not / might not
C. Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right and then write sentencesusing can't / couldn't and one of the suitable adjectives below.
hungry / short of money / dirty / pleased / thirsty / popular
Her stomach is growling.
There are stains on the plate.
Tom studied hard.
There is a caf6 at the end of the street.
They always spend a lot of money.
is barkin
eg :Her stomoch is growling.be hungry.
She hos just hod 2 sondwiches so she con't
I
The
It is always empty.
They go abroad every summer.
Tina has just changed its water
She has just had 2 sandwiches.
He sot 50 in the exam.
I have iust washed it.
2.
aJ .
/1a "
5 .
137
/ MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT
D. Read the given dialogues and complete them expressing negative weak possibility'.
I . A: Is Jack at his off ice?
B: I t i s 5 .00 o 'c lock . He i lr the officr'
2. A: Is your brother studying?
B: There is a match on TV. He
3 . A :
B :I A
B:
5 . A :
B :
Do vou think thev rvi l l win the elect ions?
Not many people support thern. They
Flas Tom got the blood test results'/
Yes , he has hu t he his wit-e the truth
successfu l .
l l l to i l new
I ' rn meeting rny old classmates tonight. Wil l you come with me?
I haven't decided yet because I have an irnportant mect ing early in the rrorning so I
with you.
* PAST
mus t /may /m igh t / cou ld
r MUST HAVE
E. Complete the sentences. Draw logical conclusions about the past using the correct fbrms ofthe verbs in the box.
:-i be snolv cost move have
l. My sister 's engagelnent r ing is enormous. I t a fortune.
tcrr i f ied.
3. On February l ,2003. the Space Shutt le Colombia was lost dur ing i ts re-entrv into Earth's
atmosphere. The l-amilies of the crerv a shock.
1-. When we lvclke uD in the morning evervrvhere was covered u, i th suo\\ , . i t
hard al l night.
2. A plane was hi jacked last lveek. The passengers
5. The let ter I sent to lny pen l ' r iend has come back. He
house.
/ MA\ ' / MIGHT HAVE
F. Your teacher was late fbr class yesterday and when she arrived slre said 'lVhat ahorr ible dav I had! ' Speculate about the past.
eg: Her cor moy / might hove broken down on the woy to school.
i 3 . q
3 .
T .
5 .
.. COULD HAVE
G. Complete the sentences expressing possibility in the past.
eg: Why did you carry all the furniture alone?
You could hove hurt your bock.
l. Why did you go out rvithout your coat? It rs very cold outside.
You
2. Did the chi ldren iump out of the windor.v whi le they were playing?
I don' t bel ieve i t ! They
3. Did your father go swimming after a heavy lunch?
He
4. Didn' t you apply for the job' l You have the necessary qual i f icat ions.
You
5. Did your brother leirve home late? He had an exam
He
X NEGA'TIVE
// CAN'T / COULDN'T HAVE
H. Complete the sentences for each of these situations.
eg: Yesterday, I gave your pocket noney. Why do you want money norv? You
con't/ couldn't hove spent oll vour money.
1. At the beginning o1' the term, she bought al l her textbooks but now she hasn' t got
thern. She . I t i s imposs ib lc .
2. A pr isoner ran away last rveek. The windows are barred so he
3. Tom and John made the s,rme rnistakes in the cxan. ' fhev
because they didn' t take the exam in t l re same class
1 3 9
1. Jim was in London and he
because
sent me a postcard of Hilton but
he didn't have that much monev with him
to the library because they were stil l on the
he
5. Anna
table when I arrived home.
I. Rewrite the following sentences using may / might not have.
eg. Perhaps they didn't notice the window was broken.
l . Perhaps Arthur didn' t mean what he said.
2. Jim possibly hasn't arrived yet.
3. Maybe Mary didn't mean to leave the door unlocked.
4. Perhaps Jane didn't find a place to park her car nearby.
5. Perhaps the manager didn't notice me coming to work late.
* FUTURE
should / ought to / may / might / could
J. Complete the sentences expressing futurebox.
possibility. Choose a suitable verb from the
enJoybu
receivebeat
bedance
wtnarrrve
l. our football team have been preparing hard for a long time. They
England.
I have decorated the living room, prepared some sandwiches, made
drinks. All of our friends are invited. We
3. I have sent you a birthday present. You
a cake and bou-eht the
ourselves.
140
i t tomorrow
4. He is really interested in football and there is a match on TV at 8 o'clock tonight. He
home before 8 o'clock.
5. My mother has prepared and put the chicken in the oven. It has been cooking tor 25
minutes. It ready in 5 minutes, so try to be patient.
K. Read the given situations and answer the questions using may, might or could.Useeach at least once.
1. My sister is going to get married to an Indian doctor next weekend and they are goingto move to New Delhi. I am worried about my sister because she has never beenabroad before. What kind of problems can be expected?
a)
2. Kevin has entered university this year. He has started living in the dormitory and has toshare his room with other students. What kind of problems can he be faced with?
a)
b )
c)
b)
c )
6.13 PREFERENCE
A. Rewrite the sentences or answer the questions using would rather.
L I do not want to go there tonight.
2. I'd like to so for a walk.
3. Your brother wants to invite his friends tonight, but you are studying for an importantexam. What do you say to him?
4. I'd prefer you to take off your shoes before you enter the house.
l 4 l
5. Your friend wants to smoke in the kitchen. You think she shouldn't do that. What do yousay to her?
6. I don't want you to tell anyone about the accident.
7 . Please, don't drive fast
8. Please don't tell mv mother about this.
9. I don't want you to eat fast food so often.
10. I do not want to play tennis this afternoon
B. Rewrite these sentences using would rather ... than.
1. Tom prefers reading to talking.
2. I 'd l ike to have wine. not beer.
3. I want to pay by cheque, not in cash.
4. I'd pref'er to have a coffee, not gin
5. It's a good idea to travel by train. It 's safer than car.
t42
6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate modal (in the progressive form) and a
suitable verb from the box.
sleepsee
usewatch
talkcook
betake
eg: A: Where was Jack YesterdaY?B: I'm not sure but he may / mt?ht / could have been seeinghis friends'
l. When I arrived home. my mother didn't answer the door. I knew that she was hotne,
she a shower'
2. It is l0 o'clock. In rny opinion children TV but they'
3. I'm trying to talk to Mary but the line has been engaged for more than an hour. She
the internet. It is her favourite pastime
4. A: Can you smell something delicious?
B: My mother because she is sleeping. It must be
from the neighbours.
5. A: Is Mr. Black working?
B: No. Heengaged.
on the phone because the l ine ts
6.15 REVIEW OF MODALS
A. ABILITY
Fill in the blanks with can, could or be able to'
l . A l i speak English very well because his nanny was from
Bri tain.
Z. Yesterday, the students sold their second hand books in the garden but I
buy any because I didn' t have any money with me.
3. A : Did they manage to rescue the parachutist whose parachute ropes had got tangled
by the electric wires?
B : Y e s . a f i r e m a n reach him.
4, I understand Tim. I never
understand him in my life.
5. When Arnold Schwarzanager was at school, he
everybody at arm wrestling.
beat
come to the meeting next TuesdaY?
I 4 3
7 . A : Did the thief escape?
B : Yes. The police officer chased the thief but he
8. Sorry, I
run away.
come to your birthday party but I had a terrible
understand her
train our
convince him to lend his car?
headache.
9. Mary spoke in such a low voice that I
10. Although I didn't know anything about training a dog, Ipuppy when we bought it.
1 l. A : Would you like a lift?
B : I'd love to but whose car is it?
A : My father's.
B :Rea l ly ! How
12. Sallv is a very efficient secretarv. She do everything.
13. Today's planes are longer, wider and heavier than they were in the past and theyalso carry more passengers.
14. A: Did she manage to finish the project before the deadline?
B : Yes. She complete it.
15. I am allergic to fur so I have a pet at home.
B. PERMISSION AND REQUESTS
Ask for permission / make requests according to the following situations.
l. You are at the reception of a hotel. You have just arrived and the receptionist wants you tofill in a form and sisn it. What does he sav?
t
2. You are at home and having dinner with your family. You want your brother to pass youthe salt. What do vou sav?
3. You are in the classroom but you don't feel well so you want to go out. What do you say toyour teacher?
4. You are in the cinema but you are late and the film has just started. You cannot find yourseat because it is dark. What do you say to the usher?
144
5. You are very hungry but you haven't got anything to eat. This is your first day atschool. so you don't know where the canteen is. What do you say to your classmate?
?
6. You are at the doctor's office and you are going to have a minor operation tomorrow.You want to learn if you can have breakfast in the morning. What do you say to your
doctor?
1 . You have just found a cat in the garden and you want to bring it home. What do yousay to your mother?
')
8. You have called your dentist. You are talking to his secretary and you want to makean appointment to see him at 3.30 on Monday. What do you say to her?
9. You are invited to a party but you haven't got anything nice to wear. You know thatyour older sister has just bought a dress. What do you say to her?
' )
10. You are in the library to do your homework. You need to take photocopies becauseyou cannot take some of the books out. There is an elderly lady at the reception deskand there is also a photocopy machine. What do you say to her?
?
C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY
I. Complete / rewrite the sentences using the structures of obligation, prohibitionand lack of necessity and the clues if given in their correct forms.
Mrs. Riggs is talking to Betty, the baby-sitter.
Mrs. Riggs
Betty
Bob &Lucy
Mrs. Riggs
Beny
Mrs. Riggs
BettyMrs. Riggs
Come Betty. I'd like to introduce you to my children. This is Bob, andthat 's Lucy.
Hi, children. I'm Betty. We'll spend a few hours together tonight.
Hi, Bettyl
Listen, Betty. There are some things that I'd like you to remember. Wedon't smoke in the house.
I understand, Mrs. Riggs. I (1) smoke.
Please, give the children their dinner at 8 o'clock. Don't forget, Bobdrink his milk before he goes to bed.
wash the dishes, Mrs. Riggs?No, you don't. Our maid is going to do that tomorrow morning.
(2)
(3)
* * *
1 4 5
4. You can return the book later.
the book now.
lneed to)
5. Don't give this information to anybody else.
You this information to anybodv else.
6. You can come home latel it 's all right
You don't
7. It isn't necessary for you to finish the report this afternoon.
You this afternoon.
8. It isn't necessary to wear a tuxedo to the wedding.
You
9 . S t u d e n t s :dictionaries every day? They are very heavy.
Teacher : I 'm afraid you do. You must always have them with you.
10. A : The grass in the garden is overgrown. We haven't cut it for ages.
B : Yes, i t real ly to be cut.
to bring our
I L You can enter that restaurant without wearing a tie.
You don't to enter that restaurant.
12. It isn't necessary for you to come to the office on Saturday.
You
13. You are not allowed to enter the building without a visitor's pass.
to enter the buildins.(get)
Can I borrow the car this evenine?
Yes, but you drive too fast. You remember beins fined for
speeding last week, don't you?
Where have you been? I've been waiting out in the cold for almost an hour.
Sorrv. but I had a f-lat tvre on the wav so I change i t .
t 4 . A
B
15 . A
B
146
16. I t is not necessary to book a room.
There is
17. It is necessary for you to bring the report on time.
You the report on time.
18. You worried so much about your grades but it wasn't necessary.
You
II. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Use them onlyONCE.
need had better supposed toousht should
l. He can't see the blackboard. He wear his eve-slasses.
2. We not climb any hisher. It can be dangerous
3. A restaurant
4. You
to be clean and neat.
gardener.
5. The doctors arethe morning.
III. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box and the verbs in
brackets. Use them only ONCE.
have to must need
l . I (go) to the bookstore as a friend of mine offered to buy
me the reading book, so instead I went back to the classroom.
2. That traffic sign means drivers
whi le dr iv ing in town.
3 . We
(exceed) the speed limit
(stop) for some time on the way to istanbul because
there was an accident.
IV. Complete the sentences below by using the correct forms of the modals in the boxand the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. You can use a modal morethan once.
must have to need should
look after the garden because we have hired a
start work in the Health Centre at 9.00 in
(buy) any furniture because he rented a
(argue) with the policeman when he gave you
l . H e
2. You
furnished flat.
a fine for speeding. Now, he is taking you to court.
t11
3 .
AT .
5 .
D.
I.
l .
Although it was Sunday yesterday, I got up early because I(take) my mother to the airport .
Hospitals have put new signs on their walls. According to these signs you(use) mobile phones when you are in a hospital.
You (come) to my house yesterday afternoon to bringthe test results. Anita had already sent them by e-mail.
ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRET
Rewrite the sentences using should, ought to or had better in their correct forms.
I regret not telling my father about the party.
Z. If I were you, I would inform him about the problems.
3. It is wrong of you to leave a room without saying good bye.
4. It was wrons of her to cross the street without lookins at the traffic lishts.
5. It will be better if vou don't mention the matter when Tom is around because he reallv eetsangry.
II. Criticise Tom for the things he has experienced recently.
TOM YOU
Wcl l . youYcsterday my room was in a mess.Everything was lying around.When my mother came in, shetripped and tell over.
I got a terrible grade on rnymaths cxam and daddy isreally upset.
148
Last weekend, I went to a discowithout tel l ing mum and I met
a fr iend of aunt Sal ly 's there.
Now. I 'm worried and I have
nightmares.
III. Read the letter which was sent to Doctor Sun's health column in the paper and his
response. Then write down what the patient should / ought (not) to do.
Dear Doctor Sun,
I have an awful problem. My gums have
been sore and rcd. You can't imagine how
dit l lcult i t is to eat something. Whetr I
touch my gurns, they bleed. I am terr i f ied
at the thought of seeing a dentist. That 's
why I haven't been to a dentist for more
than l0 years.
gum
Eg:You should / ought to seedentist.
IV. Read each situation and write a sentence with had better.
1. Your daughter wants to wear her high-heeled shoes to school. You think she shouldn't do
that. What do you say to her?
Your friend wants to invite Tom to a party. You think he shouldn't do that. What do you
say to him?
Your i l lness is cal led git tgivi t is and
often the build-up tartar on the teeth
causes this. Your dentist can remove
tartar when you have a check-up. I1'you want to have healthY gums.
dental care is essential. Blushingyour teeth 3 times a day for at least 2
minutes is very important. Don'tforget untreated gingivitis can lead to
loss of al l the teeth.
I
3 .
Aa .
5 .
t49
3. Your uncle has been ill for such a long time. You think he should see a doctor right away.What do vou sav to him?
4. You are going to drive to London. You think you should buy some petrol before you go.
What do you say to yourself?
5. Mary wants to play the guitar late at night. You know that the neighbours nexr cloor will beannoyed. What do you say to Mary?
V. What advice might you give to a friend who
l. seems very unhappy?
2. eats too much?
3. is planning to l ive in Japan?
4. hasn't been able to sleep well for a long time?
5. spends a lot of money?
6. has iust missed the bus?
7. hasn't been to the dentist for nearly a year?
8. often forgets to take his driving licence before he drives to work?
9. feels terribly ill?
10. is planning to go to a restaurant which is usually crowded?
1 5 0
2. The sky is grey and there are lots of clouds. It's going to rain tonight. In that case. wehave the party in the garden.
c) ought notd) don't have to
3. The person you saw having dinner with Mary last nightJack.a) can't have beenb) can' t be
c) may seed) couldn't see
c) couldn't have boughtd) must buy
E. MISCELLANEOUS
I. Mark the best choice.
1. A: Why are you home so early?B : I this afternoon.a) needn't have workedb) shouldn't have worked
a) can'tb) mustn' t
a) could cheatb) cheated
8 . I
c) didn't have to workd) ought not to work
c) cand) should
4. I'm sure Sue was at home last night. You - her twin sister Sally at the
concert. They look very alike.a) must have seenb) should have seen
5. Mmm .. . , this cake is del ic ious. Susanshe can't bake at all.a) must have boughtb) may buy
it from a pastry shop. I know
a) can't haveb) could have
c) must bed) can be
c) were cheatingd) could have cheated
have had my hair cut weeks ago but I just didn't have time.
6. Ir was a big mistake to leave the children alone in the playground. Thank God they're
fine, but they hurt themselves.c) mightd) mustn't have
7 . Last week in the final exam, our teacher said she trusted us and left the classroom.We easily, but we didn't as we are honest students.
a) mustb) ought
9. I have no idea where Charles is. He in the living roorn, or perhaps
during
he's in the kitchen.a) might sit c) might have satb) might be sitting d) might have been sitting
10. The television we have just bought isn' t working. I tproduction.a) can be damaged c) should have been damagedb) must have been damaged d) must be damaged
* > k *
r 5 1
Paul and Mary have heard some noise and they are looking out of the window.
Paul
Mary
Paul
Mary
Paul
Mary
: Look! There are some men in uniform in front of our buildine.
They (1 1)clearly.
They (1 3)
be firemen or policemen. I ( 12)
policemen. There is a fire engine by the corner.
And I smel l smoke. There (14) be a fire somewhere in thebui lding.
The smoke is coming from the third floor. The fire (15)
Come on, we (16) lose any more time. Let's get out of here
12. a) can'tb) mustn' tc) shouldn'td) needn't
15. a) shouldn' t startb) might not have startedc) could startd) must have started
see thern
there.
1 3 . a ) c a n ' t b eb) mustn ' t bec) must have beend) can have been
16. a) rnight notb ) m u s t n ' tc) tnay notd) don ' t have to
quickly.I l . a ) wou ld
b) w i l lc) mayd) have to
14. a) canb) mustc) mightd) may
il. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. You can use then.rmore than once.
should can have to
Before you go to a Mediterranean country in the summer, you (1)
reserve a room weeks before you go because thousands of people visit these countries during
the summer months and it is very difficult to find a room in a short time. It is also a sood idea tcr
reserve plane tickets. You (2) have a passport because you
enter a foreign country without one. When you arrive at a hotel. vor-r
fil l in a form. It is a rule. A hotel has many other rules; for exampre.
you (5) take your cat or dog with you to the hotel room so leave your pet
at home. Usually, you (6) pay for children under 5 and for children
between 5 and 12 you pay half price. At the hotel's restaurant you (7)
pay after each meal. If you like, you (8)
you are Ieaving.
152
pay for your meals later, when
(3 )
(4)
ilI. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. Use each onlv
ONCE.
have to can must ought to
The following are some flight safety rules. Each passenger is asked to obey them before the
plane takes off. You (1) take hand luggage with you on the plane. But
please don't take more than one piece, because there is very little space in the cabin for
extra baggage. There are cupboards above the seats for your hand luggage. However. ),ou
(2) put it there. You may prefer to use the space under your seats.
Please remember: You (3) smoke on the plane. Not even in the toi lets
Always return to your seats when the "fasten your seat belt" sign is on.
We also have one piece of advice. As you know, we serve alcoholic bevera-ees dutittc
flight. It is better if you don't drink too much. So, you (4) l i m i t
number of your drinks. This wa.v you will be able to act more quickly in case of itn
emergency.
IV. Complete/Rewrite the sentences using the modals in the box oNCE.
l. I couldn't leave my room in a mess when I was a child.
2. ls it all right if I borrow your Pen?
my room when I was a chi ld.
your pen?
3. I am not busy at the moment, so you don't have to go.
I am not busy at the moment; you as long as yor.r like.
A: I phoned you at nine yesterday morning and got no answer.
B: I in the garden because I planted some flowers all
mornlng.
5. Today there isn't a cloud in the sky. I think it is going to be a beautiful day so youyour umbrella when you are going out.
6. lt was a mistake to argue with him in front of so many people.
You with him in front of so many people
thc
the
1 . 5 j
V. Complete/Rewrite these sentences using modals.
l. You and your friends went to a popular restaurant and couldn'tcrowded inside. Now you regret the fact that you didn't reserve a
We
find a table as it was verytable. What do you say?
a table before comin-q here.
2. They
They
had time to warn us about the storm but thev didn't.
3. Sue : Dad, can you lend me f20? I bought a new dress yesterday,
any money left.
Father : You
and now I haven' t got
a l l your rnoney on adress. I'm sure your mum will get angry with you when she finds out.
4. A: Did you hear me come in Iast night?
B: No. I asleep. I was tired and I went to bed early.
5. It was a stupid thing to cheat in the exam.
You
6. He had enough time to have another drink, but he went home instead.
another dr ink, but he went home instead.
7. I regret not telling him the truth about the accident.
I
8. Freda had a lot of money to buy a large house but she decided to buy a small flat instead
Freda
9. A : Where are the keys to the attic?
B : On the shelf in the kitchen.
A : No, they're not.
B : But I remember putting them there.
A : Well, they're not on the shelf. Where can they be?
B : They by Jack because there was nobody else at home.Why don't you ask him?
10. When we were at primarv school weand a sandwich at 10.00 o'c lock every morning.
I 1. Tina is not in her office. Perhaps she is in the cafeteria.
Tina in the cafeteria because she isn't in her officc.
He
a bott le of mi lk
1 5 4
| 2. Las't month, we went to Egypt. On the morning of our ilght when we woke up we
saw that everywhere was covered with snow. We couldn't take out our car so we had
to take a taxi to the airport not to miss the plane. It cost a fortune. When we arrived at
the airport we learned that our flight was cancelled.
We a taxl.
13 . A
B
14 . A
B
15 . A
B
16 . A
B
17 . A
B
18 . A
B
: I t
I saw Ann in the library yesterday
: You
I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now.
I'm not sure but you it at work or on thebus.
I saw a snake near the river vesterday.
You a snake. There aren't any snakes in
this part of the country.
I left my bicycle here and now it's gone.
Don't worry. I saw it while coming home and put it in the garage but it. Be careful.
Perhaps he drove back.
No, he that. He doesn't have a car.
That carpet was made entirely by hand.
a long time to weave.
her. She's stil l abroad.
19. I wonder who broke the wineglass? It the cat
for she was out all day.
20. Bill needed some money so he had to sell his car. A few days later he won a lot of
money from the lottery. He his car.
z t . A (I) a seat belt?
B
22. A
B
23 . A
B
24. A
B
Yes, I'm afraid so. It's the law and anyway it will protect you in an accident .
Did you drive to California?
Well, we had enough money to fly so wethere.
Mum, the salt to me?
Sure. Here you are.
Is your knee any better?
I'm afraid not. Dr. Williams says Ifootball for another two weeks unless I receive heat treatment
r ) - )
25. Secretary : early today? I sotnemoney from my bank account.
Manager : I 'm sorry. but that isn't possible.
26. A : Are you ready?
B : No. I am getting dressed.
A : You'd better hurry. If we don't leave the house in five minutes, wea taxi to the theatre.
1 5 6
7. THE PASSIVE
7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
Change the following into passive. (Use the given clues or different verbs where
necessary)
l. They sell furniture in this store.
in this store.
2. The living room
The living room
4. Every year hu
Every year hu
5. They publish
is going to be beautiful. They are redecorating it.
at the moment.
3. They publish the national
The national newspapers
newspapers in Britain every day.
ndreds of people die in traffic accidents.
ndreds of people in traffic accidents.
this journal monthly.
This journal
6. Somebody collects the bottles at the weekend.
The bottles
7. Anne : (BMWs / produce) inGermany?
Jane : Yes. That's why they are cheaper there than in the U.S'
8. They are pulling down the old church in the square.
The old church
9. In this part of the country , frequent storms damage many buildings every year.
every year.
(get)
10. There are two men following us.
two men.
11. They announce the time of the weekly meetings on Mondays.
The time of
15'7
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
A. Change the following into passive.
l . They didn' t invi te me. but I have come anyway.
I
2. They interviewed the applicants yesterday.
but I have come anywaty.
The applicants
3. Someone broke the mirror last nisht.
The mirror
1. Someone cleaned the windows at the weekend.
The windows
5. They repaired the f-ence falling apart.
The fence
6. I felt as if someone was watching me.
I felt as if I
B. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.
A : How is your sister. Tim?
B : She is in hospital at the moment.
A : What's the marter with her?
B : Whi le she was walking down the srreet. she ( I )a car.
The game of croquet (2)
however, i t (3)
Austral ia.
Every day hundreds ofpeople (4)
and her daughters are among those who (5)
Leslie (6)
when she suddenly (7)
( t t )
(run over) b1,
( invent) in France in the l3th century. Toclay(play) everywhere, from the United States to India and
(ki l l ) in car accidents. but Lesl ie
( b c t I u c k l t o b e r r l i r c .(dr ive) on a winding mountain road yesterday afternoon
( lose) the cont ro l o f the cur . The eur(run) off the road falling into a river. Leslie ancl her two daushters
( 9 )
r 5 8
(wear) their sear belts so thev ( 10) ( in. iule)
verv seriously by the fall. They wanted to leave the car but they couldn't because the water
outside was too cold and too fast for safe swimming. Another driver who saw the accident
informed the police immediately. Special rescuers and a truck
( l l ; (call) to pull the car out . It took two hours to pull Leslie
and her daughters out of the water. Then, they (12)
hospital for a check-up.
( fake) to
Lesl ie and her daughters are at home now. They (13)
overcome the shock of the accident.
( try) to
Two days ago a robbery took place in """
* ,n" largest branches of a famous bank. The
robbery (14) (deal) with successfully due to the bank manager
w h o ( 1 5 ) (push) the alarm button under his desk calmly, while he
let one of the three robbers (16) (open) the safe opposite him. At the
t ime, the other robbers ( l7) (point) their guns at the customers thzrl
were extremely frightened. They didn't know that the police were on their way to the bank
and would arr ive soon. The robbers (18) (arrest; as soon as thcy
( leave) the bank. In this way, al l the money which they
(save).The brave bank manager(s tea l ) (21)
(reward) by the insurance company tney
(23) ( lose) so many mil l ions. Now many banks are planning to
organize courses where their managers can learn what to do in case of emergenoy
* * *
Every day. a lot of road accidents (24) (happen) due to r ,ar ious
reasons. Most of these accidents (25) (cause) by careless dr iv ing or
bad weather condit ions. Two days ago. a car accident on Abbey Road
( l 9 )
(20)
r ) 1 t
(report) to the police. A resclre helicopter
(send) to the scene of the accident immediately. Accordins to rhe
people who witnessed the accident, the driver of one of the cars (28)
(go) much faster than the speed limit when it (29)
another car coming frorn the other direction.
they
two
they
(26)
(21)
( c r a s h ) i n t o
Lucki ly, the dr ivers of the two cars (30 ) (ki l l ) . However,
( 31 ) (injure) badly. Today, two days after the accident. the
drivers are still in hospital under medical observation and with the help of the doctors.
(321 (try) to recover from the shock of the accident.
1 5 9
Sixty-five million years ago a large meteor, about 10 kilometers wide,
(33) (drop) on earth at a speed of thousands of kilorneters per hour.
Millions of tons of dust rose into the sky. The temperature of the earth increased about 5 or 6
degrees Celsius. Because of the change in temperature, nearly seventy percent of life on E,arth
(34) (destroy).
35. This town has suffered a great tragedy. Ten peopleexplosion yesterday morning.
7.3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
A. Change the following into passive.
1. They have redecorated the town library.
(k i l l ) in a huge
The town library
2. Has anyone answered your questions?
3. Thev've cleaned the garden completely.
The garden
4. People have produced more and more advanced computers since then.
More and more advanced computers
5. They have reduced the price of cars.
The price of cars
6. Have the members of the football federation announced the exact time of the match?
by the members of the footbalifederation?
7. This room doesn't need cleaning; somebody cleaned it a short time ago.
This room(already)
8. I have typed the letters but not the report.
I have typed the letters but the report(yet)
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
'Good evening ladies and gentlemen. This is the 7 o'clock news:
Swed ish po l i ce ( l ) (ust / announce) that five paintings by Picasso
Q ) (steal) fiom Stockholm's Modern Museum. The paintings were
valued by experts at about f.40 million. The police believe rhar the,v
1 6 0
(3 )
seum's burglar alarm (4)
The face of the earth (8)
last 50 years, many greatdams (9)
many lakes (10)
(take) early on Saturday evening. but for some reason the
at the time and the thefi(work)
(discover) until Monday morning. The police
(investigate) the crime since then. but they
(find) any clues yet.'
(shape) by man as well as the nature. In the
mu
(s)(6)
(7 )
dams, thousands of square miles of dry land (13)
(build) on the world's rivers and
(form'). The Kariba Dam. which
(complete) in 1960, and the Volta Dam, which
(finish) in 1966, are two of the biggest in Africa. Thanks to these
(make) fertile and
( 11 )
(12)
enough electr ic i ty (14)
homes.
'Good evening ladies and gentlemen. Here is the six o'clock news:
(generate) for new industr ies and mil l ions of
(burn) thousands of
and the beautiful forests in the area
completely. Last night, the fires
popular holiday resort of South France.
In the
square
last few days, uncontrollable fires
miles of trees in the South
tourists who (18)
(reach) the most
(sleep) in their rooms at the time
(rescue) by the members of the rescue team.'
( ls )
of France
(destroy)( l 6 )
( 17 )
The
( l 9 )
7.4 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
A. Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice.
1. They told us that the police had caught the murderer.
2. When we returned home. we found that someone had broken into our flat.
3. By the time Sue got here, we had sold all of the second-hand bocks.
t 6 l
4. Before the Green Peace members arrived, people had cut down the pine trces.
5. When Martha's mother came in, she noticed that somebody had cookecl thc clilner-, cleanedthe kitchen and laid the rable.
6' The burglar opened the door and walkecl in silently as somebody had left rhe fronr doorunlocked.
7 ' By the time I got to class, the teacher had already given the writing section of the mid-terrn.
8. By the time she was 20, her parents had given her every possible advanrage
q she went to the post office afier her father had written the letter.
10. After the janitor had photocopied some exercises. the teacher went to the classroom.
ts. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
r (1) (have) an amazing experience last week. I was very concerned when I
I went there, I was told that theyreceived a telephone call from the police station. When
(2 ) (recover) my bike which (3) (stole) l0 years before. I was a
universi ty student then and I had to work for my l iv ing. Having worked for a long t ime in a cat6 as
Ir part t ime waiter. I t4) ( f inal ly/save) enough money to buy the bicycle which I
(s) (look) forward to buying. Afrer I (6) (b t r v ) i t . i l w i r : l r s l ' e l t
pleasure to r ide i t to school. To cut a long story short , I (7)
of days, t ry ing ro be as careful as I could when i t (g)
(r ide) i t for a couple
(steal) . Gett ing our of the
restauranr where I worked, I couldn' t f ind my bike. I
looking back, I real ly don' t know. I mav have
( 9 ) (real ize) i t wasn't where i t (10) (leave), I went to the nearest
police station to report the theft. The police officer who dealt with me was very kincl and he
seem to remember having locked i t but
forgotten to lock it. As soon as I
162
wrote a report and told rxe they would contact me if they ( I l) (have) any
news. No need to say. my bike was never found. At first I was in a complete shock but as the
time passed. naturally I forgot all about this incident. After a lO-year interval, when thev
( t2 ) (phone) from the police station, imagine what a surprise it was to hear
tha t my b icyc le (13) (find). I went to the police station as soon as I cor-rld. I
( 14 )
( l 6 )
(tell) that the thief ( I 5) (ust/ arrest) and he
(take) the police to the garage where he kept the stolen goods. Arnong
those was my bicycle. There was a srnall piece of paper on each item with the name and the
address of the owner so the oolice were able to contact me.
7.5 FUTURE
A. Change the following into passive.
l^ The manager wi l l probably give the speech.
The speech
2. They wi l l te l l you in advance.
You
3. They wi l l h ire a woman.
A woman
4. The hospital wi l l send his wife the bi l l next week.
The bi l l
His wife
5. Someone wi l l show you where to stay.
You
6. They will have flnished the roof by Monday.
The roof
l . She won '
The story
t have finished the storv until Fridav.
8. Their insurance company is going to pay 7}Vo of the bi l l .
l}Vc of the bill
9. Who are you going to invite?
Who
1 6 3
B. Mark the best choice.
1. A : Is there any news about the taxes? Is the government going to abolish them?B : No. Unfortunately, taxes . On the contrary, the Prime Minister says they
will increase them.a) ivill be abolished c) will abolishb) won't be abolished d) will have abolished
2. They have promoted John but he _ more.a) wi l l be paid c) won't be paidb) wi l l pay d) won't pay
3. The decorators say the downstairs rooms by Friday.a) will be painted c) will have been paintedb) will paint d) won't be painted
1. I f vou interruDl" asain. voua) will punish c) will have been punishedb) will be punished d) will have punished
5 . H e - i n t o j a i l u n l e s s h e p r o v e s h i s i n n o c e n S e S o o n .a) wi l l be put c) wi l l have been putb) wi l l put d) wi l l be putt ing
7.6 MODALS
A. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.
Planners ( l ) (decide) tomorrow whether the office (2)
(shou ld / bu i ld ) .
3. We would like the report (revise).
4. Don't chew these pills. They (must / take) rvith water.
5. A : The grass in the garden is overgrown. We haven't cut it for ages.
B : Yes, it really
6. A new road
(need / cut).
(have to / build) to solve the traffic problem 2years ago.
B. Change the following into passive.
1. No one can use that typewriter.
2. They couldn' t see the ship.
164
3. People mustn't park their cars here.
4. Thev shouldn't dismiss Jim.
5. They had to answer all the questions.
6. Somebody must have eaten all the food.
7. Somebody might have stolen your car.
8. You can't take these books out of the library.
9. You ought to repair that TV set.
10. Somebody has to take these articles to the publisher.
I 1. You needn't have cal led the doctor.
12. Thev should have checked the results.
13. We might invite a few reporters to the party.
14. You could have finished the report by now.
15. He may have lost the papers on the way to school.
7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Complete the conversations below using the given clues.
A.
A : Have you heard about the accident? Two cars crashed eeuly this morning.
B : Oh, rea l l y? ( l )(it / happen)
r 6 5
B
A
B
B
B
(2 )
On the corner of Kings Road and Elm Street.
Yes. one of the drivers
Oh, poor l i t t le gir l ! (3)(she / take)
To the Royal Hospital. Luckily, her condition is not very serious.
(anybody / injure)
hit a ten-year-old girl who was crossing the street
to leave tOh, good. (4)
In a f-ew days.
(s)(accident / report)
Yes, a patrol car arrived at the scene of the accident immediately.
days. Fortunately. some food (5)
(6)
he hospital? (she / al low;
to the police yet?
B.
'Good morning, this is the eight o 'c lock news. The publ ic l ibrar l ,
( l ) (break into) by some vandals. The incident happenecl late last
night. In the studio today we have Miss Wayne, the head of the library.'
Presenter : (2) (anything / steal) , Miss Wayne?
Miss Wayne : No, but they damaged some of our most valuable books.
Presenter : (3) the pol ice?
Miss Wayne : My secretary did. When she came early this morning, she saw that the vandals( 4 \ ( throw) al l the books out of their shelves.
Everything was on the floor.
C.
Several vi l lages in Scotland (l) (cut) off for three diivs due to a snowstonl.
Thc' snowstorm (2) (start) on Saturday at 4 p.m. Since then. three people
(3 )
(4)
( l ind) dead. To make things worse, food suppl ies
(run) out quickly. It is predicted that they can only last a couple of
(drop) by a helicopter larer today. People
(already/warn) by the police to avoid the area.
166
8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES
8.1 TYPE O
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I . Don't trv to oDen the cover if the machrne
2. You know that she gets upset if youchi ld. So why do you keep doing this?
3. A: I 'm col lect ing pictures of Ricky Mart in. I f you
one in the magazine you're reading, pleasefor me.
B: Okay.
(work ) .
( t reat) her l ike a
( s e e )
(cu t ) l t ou t
9 .
4. If you need further information, please (cal l ) 4,14 25 25.
5. The museum attendants never t le t t peop le in i f ' t l r c l(have) a ticket
6. Don't interrupt him i f he (work).
7 . I fyou (press) this button, the machine ( s ta f t ) .
8. Newspaper is a good insultr tor. [ f you (wrap) a hot pan ot
food in newspaper, it (keep) heat in and cold out.
(take) a pain killer if you (have ) a
sore w11st.
10. If you (peel) the vegetables and put them in the refri-eerator. they( lose) their v i tamins.
8.2 TYPE 1
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l . She w i l l ca l l you i f she (need) any advice.
2. He can only come i f the meeting (take) place on a Friday
3. I f you don't pass the exam, (take) i t again' /
4. Let's keep to the main road. We (lose)our way i f
we (not ) .
5. He will only get there in time if he ( leave) r ight now.
6. If the company directorresign.
( increase) our salary. we' l i
7 . If I see Peter this afternoon, Igood news.
t te l l t h im about thc
t 6 l
8. During the exam, don't spend too much time on a single question. Go on to the nextquestion if you (be) sure of the answer
9. I'm studying for the proficiency exam. It's on Monday. If I(pass) it, I
10. We
(take) my friends out for a drink
(go) to the beach if itsunny tomorrow.
I l . I hope the museum is open. I f i t is c losed, we
nothing.
12. A: Why are you leaving home so early?
(come) here for
(be) warnt ur id
(be) la te lo r
13. I f the guests don' t come, we (cook) all this food for nothing.
B. Complete the sentences.
eg. I am late. If I can find a raxi, I will ltef to work on time.
l. I am tired. If I go home eariy tonight,
2. I am excited. If I can buy tickets for the concert,
3. I am angry. If I see hirr again,
4. I am happy. If he visits me today,
C. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
l . There is a chance that I wi l l see him today. In that case I wi l l te l l h im to cal l you.I ff l
(happen )
2. There is a chance that he will come here tomorrow; then I will give him your message.
'{h.rPPtt
3. There is a chance that she wi l l leave school ear ly, then she wi l i go shopping with hermother.
,h.pp"t
B: Because if Iwork.
(leave) home early, I
r 6 8
8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
Rewrite the follorving using unless without changing their meanings.
1. I f you don't lose points, you' l l win.Unless
2. lf you ieave at once, I won't call the police.
Linless
3. The bomb will explode if they don't destroy it.
Unless
4. If she gets a visa, she'll be allowed to enter the country.unless
5. I can read the subtitles only if I wear my glasses'unless
6. She cannot borrow a book if she doesn't have a library ticket'
Unless
7 . If you don't go home early, your mother will get angry.
Unless
8. If Mark apologizes, I will forgive hirn.
Unless
9. I don' t think I'l l be able to solve this problem without your help.
Unlc-ss you
10. If Bob doesn't practise regularly, he won't pass the driving test.unless
I l. We can catch the school bus only if we leave now.
We unless
12. You can return this product only if you bring the receipt.
You unless
8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE
A. Fill the gaps using if or in case.
1. I 'm taking some sandwiches with me I get hungry.
2. People insure thcir houses they catch fire.
3. You' l l be caught you break into that house.
4. The alarm clock will eo off you set it properly.
this problem.
5. I 've bousht some food vour friends stav r,vith us for lunch.
r 6 9
6. She is packing some aspir ins
7 . I ' l l sw im I can find a swimsuit.
8. He's playing tennis this afternoon
9. Go and see the doctor
10. Finish the report today
I l . I ' l l g ive you my mobi le-phone number
during the race.
12. Buy two extra bottles of wine
the sun gives her a headache
the weather isn' t snowy.
you don't feel wel l .
you don't have t ime tomorrow.
you need to get in touch with me
more guests arnve.
13. You'd better leave ten minutes early _-- there is a lot of traffic.
B. Rewrite the following using in case. Do not change the meaning.
l . Don't move him. His les mav be broken.
2. Buy some candles because there might be an electricity cut.
3. Take some cash with you because some shops might not accept credit cards
4. I am going to insure the video camera. It might get stolen.
5. I reminded him about the invitation because it was possible that he would forset to sencl it.
6. Drive carefullv because the road might be icy
7 . Don't forget to lock all the doors and windows as there rnay be burglars in theneighbourhood.
B. Perhaps we will get thirsty so I will prepare some lemonade.
9. You may need to contact me, so I'l l give you my phone number.
n0
10. Arrange health insurance before you start working abroad. You might need medicaltreatment.
1 L Susan should type the letter now because she might not have enough time later on.
12. You should have a spare tyre because you might have a puncture.
13. My alarm clock may not go off so I have phoned the wake-up service.
8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS
Rewrite the following without changing their meanings. Use the given clues.
I . You can't take out this book if you don't fill out a fonn.
(provided)
2. She will have to repeat the course if she does not study regularly.
(as long as)
3. I won't be able to get there on time if you don't give me a lift.
(provided)
4. Inflation rate won't decrease if the government doesn't take appropriate measures.
(provided)
5. Your parents won't forgive you unless you apologize f or what you have done
(providing)
6. You won't be allowed in if you are not registered.
(as long as)
1. I will lend you my lap top but you should promise to use it carefully.You can
(provided)
8. They won't take the jumper back unless you show them the receipt.
(as long as)
171
9. You cannot improve your technique as a violinist unless you attend a master's class.
(provided)
10. You can't take these pills if you drink alcohol .
(providing)
8.6 TYPE 2
A. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
L Because it is raining, we cannot have the party in the garden.
If
2. Travel agents receive free air tickets. Unfortunately, I'm not working at a travei agenr s.
If
3. He is not here at the moment so he cannot help us.
If
4. I don't have his phone number. so I can't call him.
If
5. I won't invite Sally to dinner because I don't know her well enough.
If
6. He takes a short holiday as he doesn't earn enough money for a longer one.
If
7 . She isn' t in our class so I don' t know her name.
If
8. I can't go out with you because I must clean my roorn.
If
9. I won't invi te him to my party because I don' t l ike him.
If
10. They won't interview you for the job because you don't speak English.
If
I I. I can't go on the excursion as I have to work at the weekend.
If
l i2
B. Write a piece of advice using y'.
1. My advice to you is not to open the door to strangers.
I f I
2. My advice to you is to ask him for a promotion.
the door to strangers.
I f I
3. Mv advice to vou is to book a room.
I f I
4. My advice to you is to take notes during the lectures.
I f I
5. My advice to you is to keep the milk in the refrigerator.
I f I
6. My advice to you is to attend the classes regularly.
T f I
7. My advice to you is not to go out with such a rude man.
I f I
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.I.
1. I have crossed the Atlantic Ocean several times, however, always by plane. Being abusinessman, I am always on a tight schedule. If I (be) so
busy, I (book) a voyage on a transatlantic liner or cruise ship.
But I'm afraid this will always remain a dream.
2. A: I hate my job!
B: Well, why don't you change it? If you really(look for) another one.
3. A: Can you help me with this report?
B: Sorry, I am busy. I (help) you if I (be).
4. I have to work about 80 hours a week. If I (have) more
time, I (start) taking tennis lessons at the sports club. Bul
unfortunately I'm too busy.
5. Why don't you ask Bill about the job? I am sure he (accept) itif he (offer).
(hate) it,
113
I I .
A
B
I am going away to the seaside for a few days. Would you like to join me?
I ( l a ) f ioin) you if I ( lb) (have) so much workto do, but I have to finish it. You know, there are lots of burglaries these days. Youshould be careful. Are you friendly with the people next door? If I(2a) (be) you, I (2b) (ask) them to keep an eyeon my house while I'm away.
Thanks for reminding me. I ' l l do that before I (3) ( leave)
When will you be back?
I'm hoping to get the 9 o'clock train on Sunday morning. but if I(4a) lmiss) i t . I (4b) (give) you a ring.
I (s) (be) at the station to meet you.
8.7 TYPE 3
A. Tick (rz) the sentences which are true.
l. If John had studied. he wouldn't have failed his exams.
n lonn studied. n u" failed his exams.
n lonn didn't srudy. n u" didn'r fai l his exams.
2. If the car hadn't had a puncture, we would have caught the train.
! fn" car had a puncrure. I W" caught the train.
n fn" car didn't have a puncture. I W. missed the train.
3. If that dress hadn't been so cheap, Jane wouldn't have bought it.
n rne dress was cheap.
n rn. dress wasn't cheap.
A
B
A
B
n Jan" bought it.
n Jane didn't buy it.
4. I would have tidied the living room if I had known you were coming.
n I knew you were coming. ! I uoieo the living room.
fl f OlAn't know you were coming. n I didn't tidy the living room.
5. If Rose hadn't had a hole in her tooth, she wouldn't have seen the dentist.
! Rose didn't see the dentist. I Sfre had a hole in her tooth.
! Rose saw the dentist. n Sft" didn't have a hole in her tooth
174
B. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
1. He missed his plane because he didn't wake up on time.
If
2. We were late to the meeting. Therefore, the chairman got angry with us.
If
3. They gave you the job because you got the highest score in the exam.
If
his plane.
4. I was very nervous because I lost the car keys.
If
5. John didn't see the red lieht so he crashed into a car.
John
6. He worked too fast so he made a lot of mistakes.
He
1. Peter came home very late last night. Therefore his wife got angry with htm.
If
8. Carol tripped over a stone because she wasn't careful.
If
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Here is the story of a disaster. A ship sank in the Caribbean because of a storm
1. If the captain (be) more careful, the ship(sink).
2. More people (survive; if there (be)
more life boats.
3. If some passengers (be able to) swim. they(drown).
4. If there (be) such a bad storm. fewer people(die).
t15
8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS
Rewrite these sentences without changing their meanings.
L The students attended all the classes and worked very hard so their English is much betternow.If
2. He can go to school by car since he was given a car by his parents last month.If
3. Atattirk fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic. Therefore we areable to live in a democratic country.If
4. He drank too much at the party and drove home. He is in hospital now because of a caraccident.If
5. The villagers didn't use any fertil izers to enrich the soil. Now they don't have a soodharvest.If
6. Jack asked Jessie to marry him 20 years ago but she refused. Now she is still single.If
7. He lost the opportunity of doing his Master's degree abroad. Today he has difficulty infinding a good job.If
8. I am not happy since I didn't choose the profession I wanted.If
9. She is having a hard time these days because she neglected to study regularly.If
10. You didn't set the alarm clock last night. That is why I am late to school.If
8.9 WISHES
A. Complete the sentences using the given clues.* PRESENT
l. It is a pity I can't go to the disco tonight.
I wish
2. I want to see him more often but I can't.
I w ish
3. I live in a suburb of Ankara and I don't like this.
i wish
116
4. It is a pity Mary is not here.
I wish
5. My husband doesn't know how to dance.
I wish
6. My parents aren't here.
I wish
7. You can't come to our 25th anniversary.
I wish
8. I am not listening to the news.
I wish
9. She has got a lot of freckles on her face.
She wishes
10. John makes a lot of mistakes.
He wishes
* PAST
I l. You didn't wait for me yesterday morning.
I wish
12. My brother didn't take me to the cinema at the weekend.
I wish
13. She didn't tell me the truth.
I wish
14. I couldn't wake up early todaY.
I wish
15. My father sold his car.
I wish
16. My upstairs neighbours are making a lot of noise. I want them to stop.
I wish
17. My brother whistles all the time. I hate this.
I wish
18. I smoke a lot. I know this is bad for my health.
I wish
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19. The telephone is ringing. I am really exhausted. I want someone to answer it.
I wish
20. My elder brother is very untidy.
I wish
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l. Where's Janet? I wish she (arrive) soon, because I don't want
to miss the beginning of the movie.
2. I wish you (smoke) so much.
3. Your friends have saved some money to go on holiday. You regret the fact that you have
spent all your savings on an expensive computer. What do you say?I wish I (buy) this expensive computer
4. I had a fight with my girlfriend Ann last week. I was wrong, but I didn't apologize. Ann
doesn't want to see me any more. I'm very sorry now.I wish I (apologize) to Ann.
5. Sam is talking to his brother William on the phone.
Sam : We wish you (come) to New York forthe New Year's Eve. The rest of the family will all be here.
William : I know, but I have to work not only on the day of the New Year buf also the dayafter that because there may be problems with the computer system of thecompany.
6. Teacher : I wish you (wnte) your names on yourhomework. I don't know which is which.
7 . A : Iw i sh I (be) in Hollywood. Then I could meer all thefilm stars.
B : And I wish you (daydream) . Get on with your workOtherwise, we will never finish this project.
8. I wish you (pay) more attention to what you are doing.You nearlv hit mv finser with the hammer.
9. I wish my roommateconcentration.
( talk) so much. He spoi ls my
1 7 8
C. Mark the best choice.
l. A : Have you ever been to Hawaii?B : No, but I wish Ia) hadb) did
2. I wish I
it is too expensive. I can never afford rt.
3 . M y g r a d e s a r e u s u a l l y v e r y p o o r . I w i s h I - b e t t e r g r a d e s .
a) could flyb) flew
a) would getb) can get
a) will be heldb) could hold
a) leftb) had to leave
c) wered) would
like a bird. It must be great fun.c) had flownd) were flying
c) could getd) get
c) would be heldd) was holding
c) didn't have to leaved) couldn' t have lef t
4. The conference room is usually hot and humid; I wish the meetingcooler room but the secretarv savs it is the onlv available nlace.
l n a
5. Unfortunately I have got to leave early. I wish I early.
8.10 REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS
A. Complete/Rewrite the following without changing their meanings.
l. Unless i t is cheap, I won't buy it .
If
2. The one thing I've always wanted is a red sports car.
I w ish
3. I do not know many people here.
I wish
4. Unless you finish your homework, I won't take you to the cinema.
If
5. If you don't clear the table away, I won't let you go out.
Unless
6. Her number is not in the phone book, so I can't phone her.
If
7 . Brenda isn' t in class because she missed the bus.
If Brenda
l l ( )
8. She's upset with you because you didn't phone her last night.
If
9. I am angry with you because you didn't tell me the truth yesterday.
If
10. What wo
Suppose
uld you do if you win the lotterv on the New Year's eve?
1 1. If by any chance you find my keys, could you let me know?
If you happen
12. From her voice, I'd say she is angry.
It sounds
13. The room is cold because you left the window open.
If
14. I am not tired today because I didn't go to bed late last night.
If
15. Tom feels sick because he ate too much last nisht.
If
16. I regret
If only
breaking his heart last night.
17. The kidnappers won't kill the hostage if you pay the ransom without informing thepolice.
Provided that
B.
I. Fill in each blank with an expression from the box. Use each only ONCE.There are more expressions than you need.
so as toin spite of
provided unless supposein case otherwise
l. Precautions were taken the demonstration sot out
2. The witness objects to appearing in courtprotection by the police.
3. The sick cattle were kept separate from the herdfrom spreading.
4. Hurry up.
of control.
he is given proper
prevent the disease
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you might miss the plane
5 .
5. A : Don't waste time looking for that map
B: we lose our way, do you know how much t ime we wi l l
the hotel is full at the
you promlse not
waste then?
il. Filt in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them more
than once.
unless in case provided that supposi
l. I don't ar.rticipate any difficulty in arriving in Athens by Tuesday
the ferries run to the schedule.
2. I will stay here during the holidaygo somewhere in Europe.
I save enough monev to
3. You'd better carry a first-aid kit any unexpected events occur.
4. He won't agree to drop legal proceedings against the ma-{azine
the editor publishes a formal apology.
it was possible for you to travel anywhere in the world. where
would you go?
6. I decided to book a room in advanceweekend.
1. I don't mind your going out with Martin in the eveningscome home before midnisht.
III. Fill in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them morethan once.
unless as lonq as
Gemma is phoning Martha to see if she wants to go camping with her.
Gemma : Hi, Martha. I'm going camping this weekend. Would you like to come'l
Martha : Jerry's invited me to a party on Saturday night, so I can't come( 1 ) I say no to Jerry. Where are you going?
Gemma : To Fistral beach. We'll have a great time, (2) i t rains of
course. I can pick you up at about 8.30 on Saturday morning
you
Martha : That sounds lovely! I'd love to come (3)
to drive too fast.
Gemma : I promise. But what about Jerry?
Marrha : oh. I think i t ' l lbe oK (4) I can think of a good excuse
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1. a ) won ' tb) don' tc) didn' td) couldn' t
4 , I f I
2. a) haveb) would havec) hadd) w i l lhave
C. Mark the best choice.
I live with some relatives of mine. I can't say that we get on very well. They don't let me invite
my friends over, and don't really care about my problems. Sometimes I wish I _( 1)_ live
with them. If I _(2)_ an apartment of my own, I guess I _(3)_ much happier. But
unfortunately, I can't afford one.
3. a) would beb) wi l l bec) am going to bed) won ' t
x * *
about his intentions last week, I would have acted differenilv.
a) know b) had known c) would have known d) kneu,
I didn't have time to study Chapter Two in ijn,rro., book. I -(5)- ihe p,ofessor
doesn't ask questions from that chapter. _(6)_, I' l l get a low grade.
5. a) hope 6. a) Otherwiseb) wish b) Howeverc) expect c) Therefored) want d) Moreover
7. Do what I say you want to get the sack.
c) as long asa) in case b) if
8. We'll miss the bus
d) unless
a) otherwise b) if
we hurry up.
c) unless d) i f only
D. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
It's stormy outside and I'm alone in the house. I wish my parents (1) (be) here.
r (2) (be) so frightened then.
x x x
3. Joe : What time is it?
Mary : It is 8.30.
Joe : 8:30! But that's too late. The meeting starts at 8:30. If I don't get there on time,I(look for) another job pretty soon.
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A
B
A
B
Don't you live in Tokyo any more?
No, I don't. I 've come back to settle down in my hometown. It's been two months
already.
I thought you had a successful business there. That's what Mike said.
No. that's not true. If I (4a) (have) a good business in
Japan, I (4b) (be) here right now.
5. Small shops may disappear unless the proposal (put) into effect.
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9. NOUN CLAUSES9.I REPORTED SPEECH
A. Change these sentences into reported speech.
l . Pol ice off icer: "Mr. Barnabv. you' l l have ro pay a f ine of i50, "
The pol ice off icer toldf50 .
2. Secretary : "Mrs. N,{eadorvs lii isn't lefi the o{fice yet."-l 'he
secretary said _yet.
3. Anne to her mother : "We had to take a taxi home."
Anne to ldhome.
4. David : "We are having our house redecorated."
David said
5. Susan to Frank : "You wi l l have to get a visa for your daughter."
Susan told
6. Mr. Kite to his secretary : " I haven't changed my mind."
Mr. Ki te toid
7. Bi l l to his mother : " I don' t want to help vou with the housework."
B i l l to ld
8. "I didn't have enough tirne to take the book back to the library", said Robert.
Robert said
9. " I ' l l post the let ters for Vou. John," she said.
She told
10. "Don't make the same mistake again!" he said to me.
He told
| 1. "Why don't we have dinner together 'J" he said to nie
He invi ted
12. " I f I were you, i would tel l them the rruth." he said to me.
Fle advised
13. " I lef t my umbrel la here this morning." said Mary.
Marv toid the shoo assistant that
a f inc t i t
thc office
A t A X I
lE . l
14. "We don't want a recent
The interviewer told me
graduzrte," said the interviewer
that
15. " I ' r ,e drunk al l my milk," said the l i t t le boy.
16. John to his wife :
John complained
"You never remember to take a map when we set off on a journey."
17. " l w, i l l cal l you as soon as I arr ive home, " he said to her.
He told
18. Charles : " I r .von' t fbrsive you, Marv-."
Charles told
The l i t t le boi 'said that
on aJourney .
19. Secretary : " I wi l l f in ish typing
The secretary told NIr. Johnson
the let ters in l0 minutes. Mr. Johnson."
20. Boss : "Don't use the office phone for your personal calls, Jack. "
The boss warned
21. "Don't forget to buy some bread, Paul." said his mother.
His mother reminded
22. "If I were vou. Linda, I wouldn' t take the job," said Mary.
Ivlary advised Linda
23. "Don't leave the l ights on."
She warned them
24. " I won't fc
I prornised
rget the meeting."
25. "Would you like to come to my birthday party?"
He invited her
26. "Don't be stupici !"
She told me
27. "You should stop smoking."
The doctor advised my father
28. " I '11 phone the po l i ce l "
N4y sister threatened
29. "Can rve cook the rneal?"
We offered
l l 35
explainedadmitted
advised denied suggestedwarnedromised ratulated
B. Complete the sentences using the words in the boxes.
I.
l. "All right, it is true. I set the house on fire," said Martin.
Martin
2. "Why don't we go to the new Italian restaurant?" said Vanessa.
Vanessa
3. "I' l l definitely help you with the housework, mom," said Mary.
Mary
4. "You've finally passed your driving test, Frank. Well done!" said Claire.
Claire
II.discouraged apologized
confusedprovided
tulated ished
l. Kate realized she should have returned the book earlier and said "sorry".
the book earlier.
2. Paul advised me not to apply for the job at the supermarket.
Paul for the job at thesupermarket.
3. My friends were delighted that I had won the tennis match and phoned me to express theirfeelings.
My friends phoned me and winnins the tennis match
1. " Linda, would you like to have dinner with me?" said Mike.
Mike
2. " All right, it is true, I was nervous before the performance," the leading actor said.
The leadins actor
3. " Do not forget to bring the doctor's report tomorrow, Mary," said the teacher.
The teacher
4. "I will take you to the park on Saturday, children," said Tom.
Tom
ilI.threatenedadmitted
remindeddenied
advised invitedcomolained romised
1 8 6
w.forbade Persuaded denied
accused asked
The museum director to the reporters: "You can't take pictures of the paintings'"
The museum director
2 . The secretary to Mr. Dove: "Could you dictate a bit more slowly, please?"
The secretary
3. Tommy toLiz "You were the one who broke the vase!"
Tommy
4. Roger
Roger
to his parents: "Why don't you buy your tickets in advance?"
Mrs. Welch was at the doctor's office yesterday. She (1) him that
she hadn't been feeling well recently. The doctor (2) her to roll
up her sleeve and took her blood pressure. He (3) that she hadn't
herbeen feeling well because of her high blood pressure' He (4)
that she should so on a diet. He
her that she might make herself seriously il l. He also
her that she was not a young woman any more.
to cut down on salt. He (5)
(6)
(7)
VI. Choose from the verbs in the box and report using he or she. Use each verb only
ONCE.
admitacceptrefuse
introducesuggestexplainask
complaingreetoffer
apologiseinterrupttell
1. "Actually, I don't have enough to pay the bill."
2. "Let's meet in my flat tomorrow."
3. "Have you ever been to Britain?"
Fill in the blanks with the re verbs in the box.
askedtold
suggestedadvised
warnedreminded
explained
4. "The trouble is that our son never does his homework."
1 8 7
5. "Miss Brown, this is Miss White."
6. "Read the questions twice. and don't write in the margin."
1. " I 'm sorry I didn' t br ing the book with me."
8. "Trust me. I ' l l pay you back next week."
9. "No. thanks, I don't like ice-cream at all."
10. "Would you like to have lunch with me today?"
I 1. "My difficulty is I can't understand what this sentence means."
12. "Good morning Mary, nice to see you."
13. "Al l r ight, I ' l l take the present."
14. "But l isten George.. . . Could I just say a few words on this subject?, '
C. Change the following questions into reported speech.
1. Jack : "Does she know how to type?"
Jack asked me
2. "How long is Janet going to stay with you?"
Paul wanted to know
3. Mary to Tim : "Does your brother know me?"
Mary asked Tim
4. "Did you finish your term-paper on time?"
My mother wanted to know
1 8 8
5. Susan : "Paul, is your sister in my brother's class?"
Susan asked Paul
6. Tom : "Which airline company are you going to fly with?"
Tom asked us
7. Paula to Jane : "Has he been brought to hospital by ambulance?"
Paula asked Janeambulance.
8. Mary to Billy : "How often does your sister take you to the cinema?"
Mary wanted to know
9. "Has Jane bought a present for the children yet?"
David asked
10. Mary to Bill : "Where can I buy the concert tickets?"
Mary asked Billtickets.
I l. "How old are you?"
Mr. Fraser asked Martin
12. "Do you really speak Arabic and Japanese?"
Mr. Fraser asked Martin
13. "Do you gojogging at the weekends?" she asked.
She asked me
14. "Will you be at
He asked Mary
home this weekend?" he asked Mary.
15. Jill : "Are you going to wear your white dress to the party, Barbara?"
16. Interviewer : "How long did you work for IBM, Mrs. Jackson?"
class.
with.
to hospital by
the concerl
17. "Are you leaving for Paris tomorrow, Janet?"
Alex asked
18. David : "How much do I have to pay?"
David wonders
1 8 9
D. Put the following indirect sentences into the direct sentence form.l. Jane discovered that her brother was hiding a dog in the basement.
Jane to her friends : " a dog in thebasement."
2. Richard said he had already had lunch.
Richard : "
3. Martin wondered when he would find a job.
?" Martin thought.
." said Robert.
Jerry told Mrs Atwood that he had "*"0,
On"ned the manager and they were waiting forthe driver , then they would leave the office. She said that before the driver had left. he hadreported engine trouble, so he might be late.
The Dialosue:
Jerry : (5)
4. Robert said he was going to visit his friends in Italy in the summer.
the manager and (6)
the office.
for thedriver. then (7)
Mrs. Atwood : Well, before (8) engine trouble.so he mieht be late.
* * *
10. The teacher told us not to be discouraged and promised to help us with our studies.The teacher to us: "
I 1. David said he was leaving for istanbul that afternoon.
" said David.
12. Samantha said that she wouldn't be home at five o'clock
," said Samantha.
13. Mr. Wilson said that he and his wife had never been abroad.
Mr. Wilson said "
9.2 TNDTRECT QUESTIONS
A. complete or rewrite the following. use the clues where given.
1. "Have they had dinner yet?
I'm not sure dinner yet.
2 .A : Jack lives?
B : No, I don't. But we can find his address in the phone book.
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(e)
3 .A
B
4 .A
B
5 .A
B
Have you seen my keys?
I have no idea
What are you looking for?
My eyeglasses. I can't remember
Excuse me. could vou tell me
: By underground. Take the yellow line to Greens Garden.
(be) .
(put) them.
I can get to the zoo?
6. I doubt if he (be able to see) again. He's had five surgeries
on his eyes, but with no luck.
7. Does this bus go to Manhattan?
Could you tell me
8. I am not sure. He may not come back home
I doubt
9. A : Did Martha have the car repaired?
B : Idon ' tknow it reoaired. She hasn't talked
to me about that.
10. Will it be snowy today?
I wonder
B. Circle the correct answer.
1. A : I've called Peter five times already. He seems to be out. I wonder where
B : Maybe he's at his parents'house. Have you tried calling them?
a) he has beenb) has he gone
2. I can't remember if - him to come early'
c) he isd) is he going
c) I had toldd) had I told
c) he had doned) had he done
c) he finishesd) he can finish
3. Do you know what ? I have to call him urgently.
a) is his telephone number c) his telephone number is
b) was his telephone number d) his telephone number was
4. He treated me badly throughout the holiday. I wonder why - so.
a) I toldb) did I tell
a) did he dob) he did
a) will he finishb) can he finish
5 . A l e x h a s g o t l o t S o f t h i n g s t o d o . I d o u b t i f - t h e w o r k i n t i m e .
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9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A. Rewrite the followingusingwhat.
eg. I need a good sleep.
Ll/hat f need is a good sleep.
1. The children love buildine snowmen.
2. The mosquitos bother me.
3. His strange attitude sulprises me.
4. I have to make a plan.
6. I like spaghetti.
B. Change the following questions into noun clauses.
l. Where did Sally go?
Do you know
2. When are your parents arriving at the airport?
Please tell me
3. Which train did they take ro New York?
I can't remember
4. Whose shares are these?
I don' t know
5. What do they say?
I can't hear
6. Who is the owner of the house?
Can you tell me
192
7. How many people were there at the meeting?
She wants to know
8. How old do the students start school in your country?
Do vou know
9. How far is it from Edirne to Kars?
Can you tell me
10. Why do people need to tell lies?
Do you know
9.4 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT
A. Rewrite the sentences to introduce noun clauses.
l. There was very little petrol in the car. I was not aware of that, so on the way to Kansasthe car suddenly stopped.
I wasn't
2. Bill told a lie.That made me angry.
The fact that
3. She lacked the necessary qualifications. Due to that she wasn't accepted for the job.
Due to
4. He made the same mistake twice. That is unforgivable.
The fact that
5. They accused us of committing a crime. That surprised us.
The fact that
6. It is obvious that he doesn't know manners.
That
7. It is a fact that water boils at 100'C.
That
8. Mary hasn't been able to make reliable friends. That's apparent.
It
9. Pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. That is a fact hard to deny.
That
1 9 3
10. Many people living in Antalya speak German quite well. When I first visited Antalya, Iwas surprised by that.
When I
I 1. She lied abqut it. That's what bothers everybody.
The fact that
12. Tim tore my grandmother's antique table cloth. That isn't very important.
The fact that
13. That automobile has the best brake system of any car manufactured this year. I amimpressed by that and would definitely recommend that every body buy that make.
I a m
14. Jane lost our tick
There is nothing
ets to the cinema. There is nothing we can do about it.
15. It rarely rains in Antalya. He seems surprised to discover this.
He
16. She hadn ' t
Her family
called on her family. Her family later understood why.
17. She didn't even apologise for her late arrival. This made me really angry.
a) The fact
b) What
18 . The
a) It
b) The judge's view
19. He manages to broaden his students'hor izons in every respect. I just don' t understandhow he does it.
a ) I
b) How
20. Children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk food. This is my opinion.
a) It
b) My opinion
2 I . The student was destined for a brill iant career. This was obvious to her teachers-
a) It was
b) That
child should be sent to live with her grandparents. This was the judge's view.
194
22. Old- age pensions arequite low. The opposing parties deplore it at every occasion.
The opposing parties
23. She knows how to deal with such difficult situations. It indicates that she is quite
experienced.
The fact that
24. 'fhe fact that he didn't even apologise for his rude behaviour really angered the teacher.
What
25. The child should be sent to a private school to get a good education. This was the
parents' point of v iew.
a) It was
b) The parents'
26. The politician sayscoincide with each
What the politician
one thing in public. He does another thing in private. They neverother.
B. Rewrite the sentences substituting a noun clause for the phrases in italics.
1 . I am surpris ed at your thinking my brother is a dull person to get married to.
2. Your havins acceoted his proposal means your having to settle down in a foreign
country.
3. I refused to believe his havine told me the date of his arrival.
4. The fact o.f his having learned Enslish at the place where it was actually spoken doesn't
imply his beine able to speak the language perfectly.
5. Before buying that dress, you should make sure o-f its beins the rieht siz.e.
6. Beins iqnorant of the rules is not an acceptable excuse.
1 9 5
9.5 USING _EVER WORDSRewrite the following sentences using whoever, whatever, however, whenever, wherever orwhichever
l. I don't know who directed this film, but he is not good.
2. He is l8 now so he can go any place he likes.
3. The thing in that box is making a very funny noise.
4. People always want more. It doesn't matter how rich they are.
5. It doesn't matter how you travel, it ' l l take vou at least three hours.
6. There are 2 different computer programmes and you can use either of them you want towrite your report.
7. It doesn't matter what problems you have, you can always come to me for advice.
8. The person who phoned just now was very polite.
9. Any time I see you,I feel nervous.
10. It doesn't matter what you do, I' l l love you.
9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
Give the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses. Some of the verbs are passive.
1. It is important that no one else (know) the operation.
2. Her advisor recommended that she (take) some other courses.
3. He insisted that the new babv (name) after his grandmother.
4 . T h e s f u d e n t s r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e t e S t - ( p o s t p o n e ) , b u t t h e i n s t r u c t o r d e c i d e dagainst a postponement.
196
5. It is essential that pollution (control) and eventually(el iminate).
6. She asked that we (be) sure to lock the door behind us.
7. It is imperative that his father (return) home immediately.
8. I requested that I (permit) to change my class.
9 . M y f r i e n d d e m a n d e d t h a t I - ( a l l o w ; t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s .
10. Professor Miller suggested that Mary (study) harder for the final exam.
191
10. ADJECTIVE CLAUSBS10.1 NON-DEFINING
A. Rewrite / Join the following sentences using relative clauses and without changing themeaning.
l. I l ive on Main Street. It is the noisiest street in this neiehbourhood.
2. The Edinburgh Zoo has Scotland's biggest collection of animals. It is 5 km wesr of thecitv centre.
3. Al ice is the owner of a food company. She is the most successful businesswoman in town.
4. Bob ranked first in the race. His father is also an athlete.
Bob
5. I bought this watch for Pauline. She is my best friend.
Paul ine
6" Doctor Jones works for the city hospital. He prescribed medicine for my sore throat.
Doctor Jones
7. This is Tom. I've been sharing a flat with him for two years.
This is Tom
8. My first model plane crashed into a tree during its first fl ight. I hacl spent hundreds ol-dol lars on i t .
My first model plane
9. San Francisco is much safer than New York. New York's crime rate is climbing ftrst
San Francisco
10. Bodrum is a holiday resort. Thousands of tourists spend their vacations in Bocirunr ezrchsummer.
Bodrum
I l. His grandfather can remember his youth. There were no televisions or computers then.
12. We l ike going to the mountains in winter. There is a lot of snow then.
13. My parents celebrate their wedding anniversary in June. They got married then
198
14. Marilyn Monroe'
Marilyn Monroe
s death is stil l a mystery. She has never lost her popularity.
15. Tourists like Turkey. There's plenty of sunshine there.
I 6. You will enjoy yourself in London. There are lots of interesting places there.
17. Dorothy Parker used to be my high school friend. Her novels are sold all over the
world.
Dorothy Parker
18. The party on Saturday
The party on SaturdaY
will be at the student centre. There is a swimming pool in it.
B. Write a paragraph about Pablo Picasso by joining the following facts together
using relative clauses where necessary. Do not forget to mark the clauses with
commas.
a) Pablo Picasso was a great Spanish artist.
b) He was born in Barcelona in 1881 .
c) In the beginning, his work was influenced by other artists.
d) Then he developed his own style of painting.
e) His style consisted of pictures of the poor in various shades of blue.
f) In the following years, Picasso was influenced by the ideas of C6zanne.
g) C6zanne's technique was considerably different from his'
h) After World War II, he moved to the south of France.
i) He created many paintings and sculptures in the south of France until his death in 1973.
Write your paragraPh here.
l9L)
C.
La
( r ,(2)
Below is a story in which all the relative clauses have been taken out. Fill the gapswith suitable relative clauses using the sentences given underneath the paragraph.
st year, during our February holiday, we went to Rio de Janeiro with Martin and his v,,if 'e.
. We stayed at 'Hotel Rio',
We arrived at the hotel during
the Rio Carnival, (3) . On our arrival we had a
lot of problems. As there was a confusion about our reservations, they had to put us in two
That night rve had
d i n n e r a t t h e h o t e l . T h e f o o d ' ( 5 ) - - . u p S e t o u t -
stomachs so we spent the next day in our rooms without doing anything. Our vacation
became much more pleasant on the third day. We moved to another hotel with larger rooms
and better meals. We also joined the carnival parade and had a lot of fun.
* There were no bathrooms in the rooms.
* We have known the couple since we first met on an excursion in Paris.
x It was really distasteful.
* There were a lot of tourists in the city then.
* It was quite close to the city centre.
10.2 DEFINING
A. Mark the choice which best answers the given question:
smal l rooms. (4)_
Who cheated you?
The boy sold rne the fruit which cheated me.The fiuit which the boy sold cheated me.The boy who cheated me sold me the fruit.The boy who sold me the fruit cheated me.
What are the passengers waiting for?
The passengers who are waiting for the train are arriving in 10 minutes.The passengers are waiting for the train which is arriving in 10 minutes.The train is waiting for the passengers who are arriving in 10 minutes.The train which is arriving in 10 minutes is waiting for the passengers.
Which boys did the teacher call?
a) The teacher who didn't study enough called the boys.b) The boys called the teacher who didn't study enough.c) The teacher called the boys who didn't study enough.d) The boys who didn't study enough called the teacher.
200
l AB
a)b)c,|d)
2.AB
a)b)c)d)
3 .AB
4 . AB
5 .AB
a \
b )c)d)
Who was the director angry with?
The director who spoke to the woman on the phone was angry with her.The director was angry with the woman who spoke to him on the phone.
The woman who spoke to the director on the phone was angry with him.
The wonran who was angry with the director spoke to him on the phone.
Which book did the teacher lose?
The teacher lost the book which she borrowed from the students.The teacher who borrowed a book from the students lost it.The students lost the book which they borrowed from the teacherThe students who borrowed a book from the teacher lost it.
Which scarf did the little girl wear?
a)b )\ - l
d)
6 .AB
1 . AB
a) The scarf which the little girl wore was her mother's.bt The little girl 's mother wore the scarf which she took from her daughter.
c) The scarf which the little girl 's mother wore was her daughter's.d) The little girl wore the scarf which she took fiom her mother.
: Who did the writer eet his ideas from?
a) The writer who worked with an old man years ago got his ideas from him.
b) The old man who worked with the writer years ago got his ideas from hirn.
c) The writer got his ideas from an old man who he worked with years ago.
d) The old man got his ideas from the writer who he worked with years ago.
B. Match the information given and define people and things using
relative clauses.
Charles Dickens was an author.
Alexander Bell was a man.
Marilyn Monroe was an actress.
Roald Amundsen was an explorer.
Yuri Gagarin was an astronaut.
lndira Gandhi was a politician.
Alexander Fleniing was a man.
He first reached Antarctica.
He invented the telephone.
She became India's first woman primeminister.
He wrote 'Ol iver Twist ' .
He discovered penicill in.
He made the first space-flight.
She starred in 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
2 0 1
thermostatthermometermicroscopetelescopespeedometerradiatorcompasscameracalendar
takes picturesheats roomsshows where North ismeasures temperatureshows what the date rscontrols temperaturemeasures speedhelps you see distant objects nearermakes snrall things look big
Example : Charles DickensChorles Dickens wos the outhor who wrote 'Oliver Twist'.Example : thermostat
A thermostot is something thal / which controls temperoture.
I .
2.
- t .
4.
1 .
u
9 .
r0 .
11 .
12.
t - ) .
1 4 .
C. Rewrite / Join the following sentences using relative clauses and without changingthe meaning.
1. Jim has chosen a topic. I wanted the same topic for my research paper.
2. can you recommend a car'l It would be useful in this mountainous area.
3. The report caused a great deal of discussion. She gave the report at the meeting.
202
4. we stopped our car at a place. we could see the coming cars well there.
5. Fruit juice is dangerous for children. It has artificial colour and sweetener.
6. Did you enjoy the movie? I had recommended it'
7. Over there is the woman. You met her husband yesterday'
8. Do you know the man? The jury gave the first prize to him'
g. The tie was a horrible colour. I bought it last week'
10. The people were very nice. We went to their house'
1 1. The book is missing from the library. I found that question in it.
12. I did not have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course. The
department offered the course this term.
13. The woman is my teacher. You met her son
14" Coaches always look for players. They should be strong and fast.
15. Do you know the girl? I gave my books to her earlier'
16. The grade pleased rne. I received it in my report.
17. The town was really beautiful. we spent our honeymoon there.
18. This is a wel l -bui l t t ruck. The truck wi l l save you money'
203
19. The professor gives hard tests. I'm taking his course.
20. The agency has gone bankrupt. We bought our tickets from it.
21 . That man is the manager. I complained to him about the food.
22. I helped the people. Their car had broken down.
23. There is a shop nearby. You can buy postcards there
24. She took me to the shop. She buys her clothes there.
25. Bill met his fiancd in the pub. Students often go there.
26. We have a neighbour. His dog barks all day.
21. The man was on holiday. My father wanred to buv his car.
28. Do you know a good disco? We can go there during the weekend.
29. They'll meet us at a restaurant. It 's across the street from the librarv.
30. I want to introduce you to a famous writer. His last book was a best seller.
D. Write definitions of the following words using the information given. The first oneis done for you.
l. chemistry
2. a consumer
3. a hospital
4. a paring knife
5. a hammer
study characteristics+composition of substances
buy or use any service or product
ill people looked after by nurses+doctors
peel vegetables
fix nails
204
of substonces.
Write your definitions here.
l .
2.
a-)-
A+ .
5 .
E. Read the text and answer the questions using relative clauses.
Debra Levy is a student at Oxford Polytechnic. A year ago she was extremely thin' her
face was spotty and her stomach was always upset. Her doctor gave her pills but each
new kind only worked for a short time.
After she talked to a friend with the same problems, she began to think she was allergic to
foods and chemicals. She went to see a specialist. He tested her and found out that she
was allergic to things that she ate, breathed and touched'
Now Debra is better. She takes medicine and she avoids many things like cigarette smoke
and chemicals in food, because they make her il l. Fortunately. she shares her house with
some friends. They understand her problem and try to help her.
Debra is finishing her studies soon. She wants to get a job and live in London' There are a
lot of jobs in London and some of them interest her a lot. But she may have problems
there because of the Polluted air.
1. What only worked for a short time?
The pi l ts
who made Debra think she was allergic to foods and chemicals?
A friend
3. Who found out that she rvas allergic to things that she ate, breathed and touched '
4. What does she avoid?
5. Who does she share her house with?
205
6. Why does she want to live in London?
Because the jobs
10.3 OMISSION
Rewrite/.Ioin the following sentences leaving out the relative pronouns if possible. Do notchange their meanings.
l. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch.
2. The waitress was fr iendly" She served us cl inner.
3. I have a class. I t besins at 8 a.m.
4. I don' t know the man. He is talk ine to Marv.
5. My daughter asked me a quest ion. I couldn' t answer i t .
6. The people l ive on Elm Street. Ann is vis i t ing them now
7 . Al l of the people can come to my party. I asked them.
B. The students rr issed the quiz. They came to class late.
9. I know a man. He doesn't hnve to work for a l iv ins.
10. I didn' t know any of the people. John invi ted them to his party.
I l . A l ion is an animal. I t l ives in Afr ica.
12. The market has frcsh vegetables. I usual ly go there.
I3. Where can I catch the bus? I t goes downrown.
206
14. I had a good time on the trip. I took it to Glacier National Park.
15. The notes helped me a lot. I borrowed them from you.
16. The person should help you with your problem. He is sitting at that desk.
17. The plane leaves at 7 p.m. I'm taking it to Denver.
18. She lost the pen. She borrowed i t f rom me.
19. Here's the brochure. It gives inforrnation about holiday resorts.
20. The police arrested the girl yesterday. I used to work in the same office with her.
10.4 REDUCTION
Rewrite/Join the following sentences using reduced relative clauses. Use the given
clues.
l. Doctor Morton is the head of the ophthalmology department. He operated on my
mother 's eye.
Doctor Morton
2. METU is one of the most important universities in Turkey. It was founded in l9-56.
METU
3. The members of Green Peace are standing on the bridge. It cotrnects the two
cont inents.
The mernbers of Green Peace
4. The subway construction
The subway construction
mav cause traff ic ia lns. I t is carr ied out on EskiSehir Road.
5. The car has been found. It was used in the bank robbery.
The car
6. A large garden su
The large garden
rrounds the palace. It is full of tropical trees.
201
7. The paintings have been exhibited in the Louvre. They really attracted rhe attention of thepublic.
The paintings
8. My language teacher lives in a flat. It looks out on a square.
My language teacher
9. A man is driving the lorry. He has jusr passed his driving test.
The man
10. The capital city of Turkey has always been the centre of Anatolian civilisations. lt hasbeen known for centuries for its history.
The capital
I l. Plastic is an artificial substance. It is moulded into shape when heated.
Plastic
12. Turkish rugs are valued throughout the world. They are made by hand over a long periodof time.
Turkish rugs
13. The students are all boys. They are being punished.
The students
14. I am not fond of people. They boast all the time.
I am not
15. Many deserts have some geographical formations. They range from soft hills tojag-eedcliffs.
Many deserts
10.s usrNc ExpREssroNS oF QUANTTTYRewrite/Join the pairs of sentences below using relative clauses. Do not change themeaning.
1. He bought his daughter some books. Most of them were about gardening.
He
2. A lot of people take our language course. Most of them are successful.
Most
3. A lot of people applied for the job. Not all of them were qualified.
Not all of
4. There are many grammatical contrasts between English and Arabic. The most noticeableof these differences is in word order.
There are many
5. Charles DickensTwo Cities.
Charles Dickens
wrote a lot of books. Two of them are Oliver Twist and the Tale of
students are very energetic. Many of them play basketball.
7. Tom has two pairs of jeans. Both of them need cleaning.
Tom
6. Mrs. Wand's
Mrs. Wand's
8. A lot of people
A lot of people
protested the war. Some of them were students.
9. Mary
Mary
has just inherited a lot of money. A little of it will go to the orphanage
10. Last summer we went to the village to visit my friend's family. All of the members of
the family welcomed us.
Last summer
10.6 NOUN+OF WHICH
Join the pairs of sentences below using relative clauses. Do not change the meaning.
1. I have bought a camera. The flash of it is portable.
2. In the bedroom, there is a wardrobe. The doors of it slide.
3. He has a bicycle. The wheels of the bicycle are colorful.
4. The instructor has assigned students a paper. The aim of it is to see the levels of the
students.
5. She is smoking a cigarette. The smoke of it disturbs the other passengers in the
compartment.
10.7 PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS
I. Rewrite the following sentences using relative pronouns.
egi She is the teacher. I have been waiting for her.
She is the
t. The restaurant
The restaurant
teocher for whom I hove been woiting.
was spacious. We went to it yesterday.
209
2. I will never forget the day. You proposed to me then.
3. This is the safe. They keep their jewellery there.
I met the man. I received a letter from him the other day.
il. (You can also do the exercises in Part A: 5,7, 8, 10,
20,21,23,,24,25,28 in the same way.)
15, 16, 18 Par t F: 8 , 11, 15, 17,
IO.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. Read the text and complete the sentences using who, whose, which, where. Use eachonly once.
The marathon is the most famous race in the Olympic Games. Its name comes from a smallvillage in Greece. There was a war between the Greeks and the Persians there in the ye:rr 490
B.C. When the Greeks won the battle, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Arhens rotell the good news. When the modern Olympic Games started in 1896, the or-qanisers knew
this story.
In the Olympic Games today, the finest amateurs in the world come together and complcte.
An amateur is a sportsman. He doesn't earn any money from sports. Amateurs, however. haveto spend a lot of time preparing for the games. That's why their governrnenrs pay fbr theirpreparation, travel and pocket money. These usually cost a lot.
The marathon is a famous race.
Marathon was a small villaee.
3. An amateur is a soortsman
4. The governments pay for the athletes' preparation, travel and pocket money.
B. Read the sentences below, underline the relative clause and put commas lvherenecessary. If possible omit the relative pronouns.
l . Star Trek which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960's is about the adventures ol 'aspace ship and its crew.
210
2. The University of California conducted a study that tested 22 smells like vanillin andvinesar on volunteers from different countries.
3. Every summer, hundreds of students try to find job opportunities most of which arein seasonal work usuallv connected with tourism and agriculture.
4. My eldest sister whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable will be performing atthe presidential palace next Saturday.
5. The hotel where we wanted to stay was fully booked.
6. The biggest restaurant in the town which we often go to is near the sea side.
7. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classical musicians who interpret Vivaldi 's 'Four
Seasons' which has sold more then 250.000 copies successful ly.
8. Alexandria which is the second largest city in Egypt was built by Alexander theGreat on the site of an old fishing village which had a small harbour that wassheltered by the island of Pharos.
9. The classroom which we hold our lessons in is verv cold and dark.
10. Rice which we usually serve with meat is an important food in my country
I l . John travel led twentv mi les to vis i t his sister which was thoushtful of him.
I 2. The students who the administration have chosen for the quiz show are excused frorrclasses today.
C. Rewrite/Join the following using relative clauses and the clues if given. Putcommas where necessary. If possible you can omit the relative pronouns or usethe reduced form . Do not change the meaning.
I . I met a woman at the party last night. She was a journalist.
journal istThe woman
2 l l
2. The man was taken to hospital. His house had been vandalised.
The man
3. We had to write a report. It was completed in three hours.
The report
4. I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine.
The book
5. You can wash some plastic bowls in the dishwasher. I want one.
I want a plastic bowl
6. During his lifetime. Picasso created a lot of paintings. Art critics highly value rhosepaintings today.
During his lifetime,
7. The secretary can type 70 words per minute. Mr. Bailey hired her yesterday.
The secretary
8. Most of the students read the book. Their teacher had recommended it.
Most of the students
9. I spent five years in a school. There used to be only girls there.
I spent
10. There are paintings on exhibition at the Louvre Museum. Some of them are worthmil l ions of dol lars.
There are
I 1. The government constructed houses for the refugees. The refugees were thankful.
The refugees
12. The oceans are full of plankton. Most of the plankton are consumed by fish.
The oceans
13. The article is really interesting. It deals with different types of friendship.
The article
14. A woman gave me piano lessons. The woman's sister worked in the bakery.
The woman
15. Many people came to the interview. None of them got the job.
None of
16. I gave her a gold chest. The top of it is covered with diamonds.
I gave
212
2.
D. Fill in each blank with an item from the box below. Do not use all item more than
ONCE.
whose whywhich where
that whom
whowhen
l. on their fourth wedding anniversary, Rod gave a diamond ring to his wife, Beth.
made her very happy.
Mr. Brown is thinking of firing two of the accountants in the sales department.
keep making lots of errors in the calculations'
[' l l never forget the day I first had a date.
This is land is a place you will l ike very much.
Jackie inheritecl a fortune from her elder uncle wife she hadn't seen for
years.
police found out abotttthey were hiding.
A
5 .
6. The two men were about to rob the National Bank when the
their plans and caught them in the cottage
7. "Mary. I want you to meet Mr. Simpson. He is the man on
operated yesterday. Mr. Simpson, this is my daughter, Mary'your father
8. There is no reason you shouldn't go out for a dinner with your boy
friend.
E. Write ONE suitable relative pronoun in each blank'
Martha Toclclers is one of the people (l)--_- don't like city lif 'e. She left London
Vears ago. complaining about the crowd and noise. However, she had to come back last
week to live in the flat (2)- she had left years ago because her house in the
country, (3)_ she lived for all those years, completely burnt down in a fire.
On her return to London, she visi ted the company (4)-had insured her house
in order to reclaim her loss due to the fire. They have agreed to meet her claim in full- ln
addition, if she buys any new furniture in London, they will transport it free of charge.
Martha is planning ro sray in her flat in London, some parts of (5)--- is suittrble
for use ns an art studio, so she's going to redecorate these parts for rent as a studio with the
help of an old friencl. Martha is keen on art so this will help her feel better until her house in
the coul l t ly is rebui l t .
2 1 3
F. Mark the best choice.
l. She got a letter from the mana) whob) whose
2. The contracta ) -b) who
3" Samuel ClemensSawyer".a) thatb) whom
4. He has started waking upa) thisb) i r
5. The eggs
b) which is told
9. I couldn't understand the womana) that she gaveb) she gave
10. I enjoyed the musica) that listenedb) which we listened to it
house her parents visited last week.c) whomd) that
the secretary typed yesterday has just been signedc) whomd) where
was a famous American author. wrote "Tom
c) whod ) -
in the middle of the night,c) thatd) which
for breakfast at the cafeteria were cold.c) who I hadd) that had
in a bank.c) who worksd) he works
ls very strange.
in last n igh t ' s
a) which hadb) I had
6. My sister goes out with a mana) worksb) who he works
7. I'm going to call about the advertisementpaper.a) which sawb) saw
8. Do you remember the filma) I told
c) I sawd) that is seen
you about?c) toldd) that told
the conference.c) who gaved) gave
after dinner.c) that we listenedd) which we listened to
1 1 .
12. Somebody with dark glassesa) who is waitingb) is waiting
next door are very friendly.c) l ived) who live
for you outside.c) that he is waitingd) he is waiting
The peoplea) who theyb) they live
l i ve
214
14. This is Tom Jenkins. His parents in Switzerland.
a) who l iveb) they live
15. Brabant Is land,near Antarctica.
a) which the research team spent the winterb) that was the winter spent by the research teamc) where the research team spent the winter
d) who the research team spent the winter with
16. William Shakespeare was a very famous British playwright. You can see 'Hamlet',
is one of his best plays, at the Adoelphi Theatre until next June.c) whichd) whose
13. Do you know the womana) who is married tob) that married to
a) thatb) who
17. One of the reasonseducational facilities.a) whichb) where
a) whichb) whose
c) John is married tod) she is married to John
c) that they lived) l ive
c) whend) why
c) whichd ) -
c) theird) these
is an inhospitable and violent piece of land
many people move to urban areas is better
18. Her husband has a wonderful sense of humour,
together relaxing and enjoyable.a) thatb) who
19. The representatives of the countriesgathered to discuss their government policies.
makes their times
unemployment rates are high
Mark Twain is a writer (20) popular all over the world. His
real name was Samuel Clemens. Later when he became a writer. he used the name Mark
Twain, (21) a term used by river boatmen travelling along the
Mississippi River. Mark Twain (22) in a small town beside the
Mississippi. In his books he wrote about his childhood experiences
( 23) . One of his stories (24) about
an ordinary American boy, Tom Sawyer, (25) gettlng lnto
in a sma l ltrouble all the time. Tom Sawyer's adventures (26)
town beside the Mississippi, (27)
2r5
20. a) who are books and stories 21. a') that it wasb) where he has books and stories b) which wasc) whose books and stories are c) who he wasd) which has books and stories d) it was
22. a) who grew up 23. a) he never forgotb) he grew up b) which never forgorc) where he grew up c) who he never forgotd) grew up d) that never forgot
24. a) i t is 25. a) he keptb) they are b) keptc) is c) that hed) that are d) who kept
26. a) which take place 27. a) whose childhood Mark Twain spentb) they take place b) who spenr his childhoocr therec) take place c) where Mark Twain spent his chi lc lhoocld) that they take place d) which he spent his childhood rhcre
216
ll.PARTICIPLESA.
I. Fill in the blanks with the participles in the box. Use each ONCE.
frightening disappointed surprised tiringtired excited confusing surprisingbroken frightened annoyin
l. Mondays at work are the most days of the week. That's why I prefer
to go home right after work on Mondays and spend the evening in front of the
television doins nothine.
2. He was to see his teacher in front of him as he wasn't expecting her
3. My father's explanations are , they are not very clear.
4. I feel very after giving parties.
5. When Sam learned that he could not win a scholarship to Harvard University, you can
irnagine how he was. He had been working to get it for years.
6. I t was to see her at the market yesterday. I thought he had tnoved toAustralia long time ago.
7 . My sister is very about the birth she is going to give next month.
8 . Our ne ighbour 's no ise is very
9. When she told the children adidn't want to go to sleep.
10. We save the
downstairs.
story, they all got _ and
chair away.
II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.
newly engaged poorly illustrated recently marriedwell-timed freshly made well-paidcolourfullv illustrated recentlY published
l. Nothing can be more delicious than bread.
2. The couple are on honeymoon at the Caribbean islands
3. He hasn't got any financial problems because he has a job.
4. l t was a book; there were very few pictures in it.
2 t ' 7
III. Use the words in the box to form present or past participles.
frighten behave breaklast lieht sight
l. Most kitchen containers are made of solid rubber because it is a long- -material.
z . H o w d o y o u e X p e c t m e t o w a l k t h a t f a r w i t h t h i s - I e g ?
3. I like December very much because the streets are colourfully- - forChristmas.
4 . I c o u l d n ' t g e t t o s l e e p f o r a l o n g t i m e a f t e r w a t c h i n g t h a t - f i l m .
IV. Match the words in columns A and B and fill in the blanks with the correctparticiples. Use each ONCE.
Afreshlywidelyrecentlyterriblywel l t imed
l . Th is is a
2. It 's achildren.
3. This is the mostl ike.
4. This project is
B.
I. Mark the best choice.
1 .a) Having beenb) Not being
a) Being openedb) Opening
a) playb) were playing
Bdonedrawnknownopened
map. It's impossible to find our way with it"
fact that television has some harmful eff'ects on
2. the curtains, I was shocked to see that my front yard was a mess. A car hadcrashed into the garbage bins and there was trash everywhere.
pub in town. Let's get in and see what it is
. Congratulations!
aware of the dangers involved, we decided to cut across the forest.c) In spite ofd) Although we
c) Having to opend) By opening
c) playedd) playing
3. Yesterday I went to the school cafeteria with my friends. There were other students therc'Bridge'.
218
[I. Rewrite the following using the correct participle forms.
l. As I didn't know his room number, I asked the receptionist.
2. He felt sick because he had drunk too much.
3. She finished all the housework and then went to her neighbour for a cup of coffee.
4. We didn't know what to do so we decided to ask for some advice.
5. He tripped and broke his leg as he was going down the stairs.
6. We had booked our seats for the concert, so we didn't have to stand in a queue for hours.
,we didn't have to
stand in a queue for hours.
7. His lawyer warned Jim about the high taxes, which changed his mind about buying
another villa.
, Jim changed his mind about buying anothervi l la.
8. We did some window-shopping and then decided what to buy.
9. As I didn' t know what to say. I iust smiled.
10. He didn' t have a chance of winning the tennis tournament because he wasn't a goodplayer.
11. I cleaned the living room. Then I started tidying up the kitchen.
12. I was not interested to see what would happen so I left the meeting early.
13. As he had witnessed the crime. he was expected to give evidence in court.
2lL)
14. Tourists who intend to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make earl\reservations.
III.
l .
1
Last
Change the words in brackets
The book
(reserve)
into participle forms.
(write) by a friend of mine is in the lisr of besr sellers.
a table a week in advance, we were seated immediatelyby the head waiter.
3.
A
5 .
6.
Martin has startedown business forauthority.
Romeo,
Bob, who got extremely angry at his boss, went outdoor.
(see) the old man crossing the street, the driver braked hard
to work for a company. However, _ (have) hismany years, he now finds it hard to accept orders frclm another
(believe) that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself.
( s l am) t he
( 10 )
The president entered the room,guards.
(accompany) by his body
* > k *
Friday, our teacher took us to the Natural History Museum. First. we toureci the(8) (fascinate) displays of prehistoric animals. Then, wc- wenr
into the next room, where there were some fossils of the earliest(e) (know) plants. As we went on, i r wus
(amaze) to see the displays of Homo Sapiens. Althou-eh my
friends and I were extremely (l l) (exhaust) at the end of the dav,
we all appreciated the knowledge we had gained.
IV. Change the words in the box into participles.
I was walking home when I saw a group of people (1)
nuclear experiments (2)_ in
against the
the Pacific Ocean. The spokesman for
the group was a young man with his hair (3)
standing on a bus (4) in the middle of
in a pony tai l . He was
the road. As he was
passionately talking about the damage (5)
others were showing photographs (6)
was very touching. it showed a sea lion (7)
Then the police arrived to disperse the crowd as they
220
by the experiments.
in the test areas. One of them
hidetake
performtie
parkdo
protest
behind ar rock in terror.
12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
I2.I ALLOW - MAKE - LET
Complete or rewrite the sentences using the words given in the box in their
correct forms.
make let allow
L His parents didn't let him go out on weekdays.
on weekdays.
2. His parents didn't mind if he came home after midnight.
He after midnight.
3. When I was in the army, I had to go for a run every morning.
When I was in the army, they every
morning.
4. Brian and Robert are talking about their mothers.
Brian : I really get angry when my mothera suit when we are going out for dinner with my father's friends from work. I
think I'm old enough to decide what to wear on formal occasions.
Robert: I definitely agree with you.
5 . I cou ldn ' t v is i t John in Pr ison .
John in prison.
6. Tom can only go out to play with his friends after he does his homework.
before he goes out to
wear
His motherplay with hi
alwayss friends.
7. The children had to stay in the room for two hours.
The children
8. I'm not allowed to grow my hair long.
My parents
9. We have to stay in the office until6 p.m.
The
10. We couldn't listen to rock music at school'
I 1. Can we take photographs in the museum?
leave the room for two hours.
rock music at school.
in the off ice unt i l 6 p.m.
my hair long.
in the museum?
221
12. when I was a teenager, my parents didn't let me stay out after midnight.
When I was a teenager, my parentsbefore midnisht.
13. On the plane you can walk around after take-off.
On the plane you after take-off.
14. We have to speak English in class.
Our teacher
15. You can't work abroad if you don't have a work permit.
You abroad if you don't have a workpermit.
16. We had to write our term-papers on the computer.
Our teacher never our term-papers ln pen.
17. I'm not allowed to keep pets in my flat.
My landlord pets in my f lat .
18. Secretary : May I take the day off, Sir?
Mr. Brown : Yes, sure.
Mr. Brown the day off.
19. Police officer : You have exceeded the speed limit. you must pay a fine
Driver : Okav. I am verv sorrv
The police officer
12.2 ENOUGH AND rOO G. TO)
A. Fill in the blanks with ONE word only.
My sister's wedding was a disaster. First of all, she decided to get married very suddenly so
there was linle time to plan it properly, but stil l about fifty of her friends came to the receprion
in her studio. We had several problems with the people who organized the reception. For
instance, there was ( 1 ) much coke but there wasn't (2)
champagne because they had forgotten most of the champagne bottles at rhe back of the car
My father had to go to the nearest supermarket to buy some.
3. There were too questrons rn the exam so most of the students couldn'tfinish answering them all on time.
222
4. A : Why did they cancel the board meeting?B : There weren't people to hold the meeting.
5. Tigers are
6. She is not fast
dangerous to keep as pets.
to win the race.
B. Complete the sentences with the given clues.
Mr. and Mrs. Henson want to move to a new house.
Mr. Henson
Mrs. Henson
What do you think of the house in Green Street?
Well, it 's a detached house and the garden is lovely, but it 's on a main road.
nolse.
( l ) cars. This can be dangerous(too)
for the children. And also (2)(too)
Mr. Henson : You areright dear. What about the rooms?
Mrs. Henson : Oh, (3) . I t has got only(enough)
two small bedrooms. I don't want to live in a small house any more.
C. Rewrite the following using the given clues. Do not change the meaning.
L She is too young to travel alone.
(enough)
2. The box was too heavy for me to carry.The box wasn't
3. The problem wasn
(enough)
't easy enough for me to solve.The problem was
(too)
4. The milk wasn't cold enough. The baby couldn't drink it.
The milk was(too)
5. My car is not very old. It is not considered a classic.
(enough)
6. The text is extremely difficult. The new students cannot understand it.
(too)
! - ! -)
7 . Jeremy eats too much junk food.
Jeremy healthy food
8
9 .
10.
This bed isn't very comfortable.
This bed
(enough)
I can't sleep in it.
The exercise was very difficult
The exercise
(enough)
The children couldn't do it.
(too)
He is quite clever. He can understand well.
I l .
(enough)
These clothes are very old. I can't wear them.
12.
(too)
He is afraid. He cannot tell her the truth.
r3 .
( too)
The man is stupid. He believes you.
I A| .+.
(enough)
The story is short. We can read it in one lesson.
15 .
(enough)
That man is very tal l . She can' t dance with him.
16 .
(too)
The film is frightening. Children shouldn't watch it.
17 .
(too)
The teacher spoke fast. We couldn't understand him.
18 .
(too)
The wind is strong. It will blow the roof off.
224
(enough)
19. He hasn't sot much courage. He can't be a mountaineer.
He isn' t(enough)
20. She is rather short so she can't become a model.
She(enough)
was verv steep. The old farmer couldn't climb it.21. The mountain path
The mountain path( too)
22. It's very cold so we can't have dinner on the balcony.
(enough)
23. She couldn't catch up with them because she walked too slowly.
(enough)
24. We can walk on the ice-it is thick.
(enough)
D. Mark the best choice.
L I can't see you very well because it's dark and there is l ight.
2. Although 3-year-old Tom is too young to school. he pretends to be a
student. Every morning he prepares his school bag and goes to his grandmother, who
looks after hirn while his parents are at work.
a) not enoughb) too much
a) gorngb) who goes
c) mored) enough
c) to god) i s go ing
to dig the garden today.c) very hotd) hot
3. It is
4 . W h e n w e | e f t t h e p a r t y ' w e w e r e s t i l l h u n g r y b e c a u s e t h e r e - f o o d .a) wasn't nearly as much c) wasn't enoughb) was too bad d) was a bi t
5. He was dismissed as he had argued with the boss about the working conditions whichhe thought were - to put up with, even for a strong and healthy person.
a) too hotb) hotter
a) very heavilyb) so heavy
c) too heavyd) heavy enough
225
12.3 FORMS OF USED TO
A. The Black family have moved from Canada to Switzerland. How are their livesdifferent? Use used to or didn't use to.
They l ived in a town.They lived in a small house.They had a dog.Mr.Black was a farmer.They ate healthy food.Their son Andy was very lazy at school.Mr.Black didn' t smoKe.Mrs.Black wasn't fat .They enjoyed life.Andy didn' t l ike school.Mrs.Black was a housewife.
Switzerland
They live in a city.They live in a big flat.They don't have a dog.He's a salesman.They eat unhealthy food.He is hardworking now.He smokes a lot"She is very fat.They don't enjoy life much.He l ikes i t now.She is a typist .
The Block fomily used to live in o town, but now they live in o city"e9.
1
z .
1-).
AT .
5 .
6.
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
B.
l .
Rewrite the sentences using used to, get used to, be used to.
There wasn't much air pollution 15 years ago.
much air pol lut ion 15 years ago.
l . I eat only vegetables and fruit. I am accustomed to it.
I
3. I dis l iked wearing a uniform when I f i rst jo ined the army, but I don' t mind i t any more
I
226
a uniform
4. My sister
My sister
5. Cycling to school is something that I find strange.
started dying her hair after she graduated from university.
when she was at university.
I
6. Speaking in publ ic is something I always do.
I in publ ic.
7. They have built an art gallery near my flat.
8. They have pulled down the cinema on the Main street.
9. Home computers
Home comPuters
are not expenslve any more.
in the past.
10. There were a few shopping centers in Ankara l0 years ago'
l0 years ago.
C. Complete the sentences in a meaningful way using the correct forms of used to, get
used to and be used to.
l. Our new neighbours are very noisy. I expect we but i t 's very
annoylng now.
Z. Fred isn't married and he doesn't have many friends but he doesn't mind it because he
alone.
3. My husband started to travel a lot after he got a new job. At first I found this quite
difficult but now I away.
4. She looks sleepy. She so early in the morning.
5. Therenow.
a language laboratory in that school' but there is one
6. When I was 8. I swimmins but now I don' t .
7. I don't feel well after a big meal. I so much.
8. Tim so much coffee. He can't sleep now.
g. We f'elt very sad when our teacher changed at primary school, but soon we
the new one.
10. At first Jane didn't like school but then it .
221
12.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS
A. complete or rewrite the following sentences (use the clues if given).
l. They clean my coat at the dry cleaner's.
at the dry cleaner's.
2. How often you / your teeth / check)?
3. Winter is around the corner, but Tom(yet / the central hearing / insrall).
4. A : I've spilled red wine on my new dress.
B : Don't worry. You can (clean). I know a _{ood placethat gets out even the most stubborn stains.
5. Has anyone ever tested your eyes?
Have you ever
6. Mary is visiting her friend Melanie.
Mary : Your house looks wonderful.
Melanie : Yes, I have. I paid a lot of money to the decorators but I guess it's worth it. Ireally like the new look.
7. I am going to a doctor. He is going to take my blood pressure.
I am going to
8. The doctor wanted the X-ray of my stomach on Saturday.
I on Saturday
9. Your house needs painting.
You should
10. I never wash my car myself.
I
11. Mary wi l l
(always)
(her hair / do) before she goes to the party.
12. Itake my car to the garage to be serviced every six months.
13. Some workers are repairing the leak in our roof now
We
14. In most hypermarkets, they entertain your children while you're shopping.In most hypermarkets, you canshopping.
228
while you're
15. Our teacher 'dbet te rexp la in thecausat ivesaga in .Someofuscou ldn ' tunders tand i t .
We should
B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Use each ONCE.
have
l. Father : Can you wash the car? I'l l give you f 1 to do it.
Tom : Oh, all right.Tom's father
2. Sue and Jim's wedding photographs were taken at a photographic studio.
Sue and Jim
12.5 VERBS OF PERCEPTION
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l. My grandfather is sleeping in his bedroom. I can hear him ( snore )
Z. When we walked past his house we heard him (practice) the tlute.
3. I saw her (steal) the golden necklace and l leave )
the shop immediately.
4. It was a great pleasure to see my uncleyear.
5. I was frightened when I heard the door
6. While I was walking down the street, I suddenly heard someone'He lp ! '
'7. As I was running past the tennis court, I noticed some children
tennis.
8. They saw her (fall) into the lake.
9. I feel the drops of sweat (trickle) down my back
10. I saw Sue (read) mv letters in my bedroom.
I l . Bird watchers observe wi ld birdssurroundings.
12. I felt something
13. We watched a caterpillar
(win) the tennis match last
(open) at rnidnight.
( shout)
(play t
(fly) in their natural
(move) on my neck and screamed.
(crawl) up the leg of a chair and(fal l ) down.
22r)
14. N{y cat 'Pussy' enjoys l istening to measleep.
15. When I got home late at night, I found my younger sisterthe sofa.
(sing) a song bcfore i t t i t l ls
( s l eep ) o l l
home after midnighr.
( l 6 )
( 1 1 )
)F ,< t<
Lasi Mondav I was si t t ing on my balcony and watching sorne chi lc lren(play; hopscotcl i in the garden when I not iced a car
(come) down the road and f lB) (stop) on thc. otherside. just opposite my house. There were three men in the car. I hearcl one ol ' theln( 1e) (yel l ) for help. Then I saw another one (20)___ (ser our) o1the car and (2 I ) (en ter ) our bu i ld ing . Sudden l l , I heard rnv c loorbe l l(22 ) (r ing) and smelr something (23) (bur r r ) . I go t in topanic ancl thought that I shouldn't open the door. But then I heard ' nrnci-,o.lrt 1 4 t (knock) on the window and (2-5) t h lcuk ) i t
That's al l I can remember. when I opened my eyes I was in hospital.
12.6 REVIEW OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
A. Mark the best choice.
2. Many parents don't approve of their childrena) to comlngb) come
3. The salesman showed usa) for usingb) how to use
l. Joanne forbade her younger brothera.) enteringb) that he wouldn' t enter
4. A razor is something that you use fora) shaveb) shaving
5. A : What would you l ike
B : White wine. please.a) dr inkingb) to dr ink
her roomc) not to enterd) to enter
c) comingd) to come
the washing rnachine.c) the working ofd) to work
c.) to shaved,t shaving i t
?
c) a dr inkd) dr ink
6- James is very proud of his father, who was the first person frorn a university inhis farni ly.a) -qraduating c) to -qraduateb) that have graduated cl) havin-e to graduate
230
1. Alrhough he had a fight with Michelle earlier, Josh is stil l hoping to her
barbecue party.a) he is invi ted c) for being invi ted
b) to have the invi tat ion d) to be invi ted
B. Fill in the blanks using either the gerund or the (to) + infinitive fbrms.
I .
l . I don' t rnind my off ice (change).
2. I forgot (take) the books back to the library today.
3. You know me. However, I don' t remember (rneet) you
1. I' l l never forgetwonderful.
(watch) the sunset over Lake Victoria. It rvas
5. Call me whenever you think the grass needs (cu t ) .
7. I have never regretted (tell) the truth.
8. I f you calt ' t concentrate on your work anymore, try - ( take) a
shower. That rni-eht help.
9. Remember (buy) the tickets before they are sold ot-tt.
10. My instructor advised meitems every day.
(make) a l ist of the new vocabular l
6. I called Mum on our way to Michigan, when we stopped
some oetrol.
I l . I had to f inrsh nry dr ink in the hal l as they don't al low people -
the cinema wtth beverages.
i2. We decided to sel l the piano as my daughtc'r ' stopped
l esso l ts vc i l rs i lgo .
TI.
I . I was told that the car wasn't wort l tverv old.
(get)
(en ter )
t take) piano
(buy) because i t was
(cry) over the accident now.
(coVer ) v ( )u r
( g t t )
2. There is no point rnYou shouldn' t have dr iven whi le you were drunk'
-1. Don't throw away those gift wraps. You can use them for
books.
-1. A : Arnold doesn't wzrnt to come rvi th us. He doesn't feel l ike
out today.B : That 's okal ' . He can join us another t ime.
l 3 l
5. We've bousht a new house. It's in very good condition except for the garage, which needs(paint).
How did you manage to get here so fast?we skipped lunch and drove past alr the restaurants. we only stopped
(fil l) the tank at a gas station.
6 . A :B :
* * *
Dear Aunt Mary.
Final ly, I 've managed (7) (f ind) someone who is genuinely interested in the
research that I'm doing. The biology professors at my university are all too busy
(8) (help) me. They are only concerned about (9)
(publish) their own material. Professor Greenberg, from Boston College. however, took m1
research very seriously. He even offered (10) (let) me use rhe facultv lab fbr
my experiments. You know, that's actually against the rules. They do not permit students f1om
other universities to do experiments in their labs. I really appreciate him
( l l ) (be) so involved in my project. He supports me in whatever I do ancl
has encouraged me ( l2)
Science Magaz,ine...
(write) about the results in next month's issue of
Many people must have dreamed of (13)
country. Others, with even bigger ideas
(own) a small house in a foreisn
and a lot more money, may even have consiclered
(buy) hotels. In any case, it is absolutely essential
(know) a great deal about the value of property-otherwise the buyer
may be at the mercy of dishonest agents.
Some tourists, however, are so foolish that nothing can prevent them fiom
ago a Japanese tourist attempted
His agents told him rhar the bui ldine
was in need of repair but i t was wel l worth (18) (spend) money on a
they would complete
( t4)
( l 5 )
( 16 )
( l 7 )
(be) cheated. About 3 years
(buy) the Collosseum in Rome.
building like that. They rook a deposit of 200,000 liret and told him
the arrangements that evening. The poor Japanese tourist agreed (19)
them at a certain hotel that evening but, of course they never came.
that
(meet)
232
* * *
Maria a
Maria
Sal ly
Maria
Sally
nd Sally are talking on the phone.
Oh, I forgot to tell you. Janet's suddenly got married.
Oh, nol Not to that dreadful man she was going out withl His name is Peter, isn't it ' l
Yes, that's the one, I'm afraid.
That's awful. What a huge mistake she's made! It's simply impossible for me
(20) (understand) what made her (21) (decide) to
do a crazy thing like that. Can you imagine how terrible (22)
married to him would be?
(be)
I couldn't even begin to imagine it. Actually, I did my bestMaria(23)( )4 \
(2s)
(stop) her. I told her months ago to stop(see) him, but she stubbornly refused
(take) my advice. You know how head-strong she is.
Sal ly to save her from disaster. I(put off)
(21) (get) married until they knew each other better. Now
it has turned out that I wasted my time. When Janet makes up her mind. it isn't
worth even (28) (try) to change it.
Maria Well, she chose (29) (rush) into this ridiculous marriase
instead of listening to us. Now she'll just have to live with the consequences.
* * > k
Jack bought this lovely new house in the woods. Since he has refused (30)
down any trees, there are no paved roads going to his house. Therefore, visiting him means
( 31 ) (hike) at least two hours in the rugged country from the station. However.
I like Jack, so I finally made up my mind (32) (pay) him a vis i t . I d idn' t mind
(33) (walk) so far but I dreaded (34) (find/not) him at home. It
was no use (35) (call) him because he never answers the phone. I
attempted (36) (reach) him by (37) (leave) messages on his
answering machine. Did he acknowledge them? No! At any rate, one day I decided to take a
chance. To this day, I stil l remember (38) (ring) the bell all out of breath and the
in his hand. Jack, as cheeky as ever,relief I felt when I saw Jack with a glass of cold beer
said, "Hey buddy, I hope you didn't forget (39) (bring) some snacks."
I certainly do. You are not the only one who tried
myself urged her several times to consider at least (26)
* > k *
(cu t )
233
Dear Maria,
I know you hate
( 41 )
England.
I think the first
(42)
families allow their guests (43)
others may insist on their (44)
to (45)
(40) (tell) what to do but I just can' t help
before you leave for(give) you a few words of advice
thing for you to do when you get there is to find a nice family
(stay) with. When I was in England, I realized that while some
A
B
(look) after the kids. As the program of rhe English course
that you're going to attend will probably be very loaded, you won't be able to spend a lot
of time 146) (help) the family with the housework.
This is why I want you to consider (47) (stay) with the
Jacksons. in Wimbledon. Mrs. Jackson is a wonderful person. If you can get a room
During my stav wrththere, you needn't (48) (worry) about anything!
them. I really had a good time. Mrs. Jackson will help you a lot with your homework.
and I'm sure you'll get a lot of chance (49) (practise) your English.
hope you will make the bestWell, that's all I want to tell you for the time being. I
of your stay in England. Hope to hear from you soon.
Roberto
* * > k
Why do you look so miserable?
I've been on a diet for a week and I haven't been able to lose any weight so farl
Why don't you try (50) (take) some exercise? Your house is close toa park so i t 's a good idea (51) (go) jogging there every morning.
My doctor has suggested the same thing but I loathe (52)early in the morning!
Well, i f I were you, I 'd (53)
(do) more or less what they want,
(do) all sorts of housework in addition
(ge t ) up
(take) my doctor's advice more seriouslv!n
L J +
The stationer
5. Simon wishes
Simon regrets
C. Complete the sentences using the clues if given.
A : What is this stranse instrument?
B : I guess i t 's something used (1) (make) holes in paper.
2. Alice is unhappy with the room service at the hotel. She wants to complain about it tothe porter. You know that this won't solve the problem. What do you say to her?
It 's no to the porter.
3. You draw straieht lines with a ruler.
A ruler is used
4. Barry is at a stationery.
Barry : I want to buy something whose name I do not remember. It is a whiteliquid in a small plastic bonle. Wemistakes.
: I see. I guess you want Tipp-ex. Here you are. It is $3.
he hadn't sold his car.
6. I like playing tennis more than swimming.
I'd rather
1 . It 's no use applying for this job unless you have all the necessary qualifications.
There is no
8. I'm grateful
I appreciate
to him because he took me to the airport.
9. William can do better work.
William is capable
10. 'We should tak
Sue suggested
e the train'. said Sue.
1 1. Despite the new law, people went on taking the drug.
The new law didn't prevent
12. I 'm sure I ' l l
I can't help
pass, but I'm still worried about my exam results.
I 3. Don't take a shower before you go jogging; it is pointless !
There before you go jogging
l J )
14. He started drinking after he got the sack.
before he sot the sack.(used to)
15. My father cannot cook well.
My father(good at)
16. I don't have enough money, so I cannot buy this jacket.
(afford)
17. Mary doesn't put her books away.
Mary leaves
18. I don ' t know how
I'm not very good
(1ie)
to write computer programs well.
19. People interrupt me while I am working. I hate it.
I(can't stand)
20. " Don't forget to lock the door , will you ?" Alice said to Robert.
Alice(remind)
21. It took her three hours to clean the house.
She(spend)
D. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Don't forget to make the necessarychanges.
be do resign workshout spend steal
Her boss. Mr. Rodgers, accused Mary (1) money fiom the safe.
However, when the real thief was caught, he felt sorry (2) at her
in front of her colleagues. No matter how many times he apologized
( i )
(4)
so rude, Mr. Rodgers could not prevent Mary
236
Being an assistant manager is a difficult job. I'm really tired
r S r ti l l 7 p.m. during the week, arranging meetings. writing
reports and dealing with customers. Sometimes I even go to the office at weekends
Nowadays, I'm so exhausted that I do not feel (6) anything.
I have always dreamt (7) mv summer holidav in Hawaii.
Yesterday when my husband came home with two plane tickets to Hawaii, I couldn't
believe it. To tell the truth, it was the best surprise I had ever had. You just cannot imagine
how much I'm looking forward (8)
my dream will come true.
there. I'm happy that finally
231
13. CONNECTIVES13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THATRewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues where given.
l. I was worried about my exams. I decided to stay at home and study.
(so/that)
2. His excuse was si l ly . I didn' t accept i t .
He made such
3. The book was very interesting. I finished it in one day.
It(such/that)
4. He is very hardworking, so he never fails his examinations.
He is such
5. The performance was very successful and the audience applauded for fifteen minutes.
t , .
6. He was a very successful student. He graduated in only three years.
(so/that)
7. Hearing the bad news, Martha started crying.
It Martha started crying.(such/that)
8. The cake was very delicious. She ate three pieces.
The cake was(so/that)
9. There was a very dense fog. The drivers couldn't see anything.
It was(such/that)
10. The party was very dull so the guests left early.
It(such/that)
I l. He was driving too fast. He couldn't stop at the red light.
He
238
(so/that)
13.2 EXPRESSING PURPOSE USING SO THAT,IN ORDER TO AND BECAUSE
A. Use because or so that and match the letters with the numbers.
eg. We had to use candles because K.
l . John is going to Paris
Z. The army is changing some rules
3. The parliament passed a new law
4. Mary got a new job
5. Richard has bousht a dishwasher
6. Susan has sot contact lenses'7. We have to learn English
8. I am trying to save money
9. Sally went shopping yesterday
10. We planted some roses in the garden
A. Women can become soldiers.
B. We can get a better job.
C. She wasn't happy with her old one.
D. He wants to practice his French.
E. She wanted to buy a new dress for the party.
F. Government offices won't waste money.
G. My mother loves them.
H. I can buy a new car next year.
L She can' t use glasses in the lab.
J. His wife won't have to spend so much time in the kitchen.
K. The electricity went off.
B. Complete/ Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues
where given.
l. As they do not want to leave fingerprints, most thieves wear gloves.
Most thieves wear gloves so that
2. Eat something. Otherwise you might feel hungry during the exam.Eat somethins so that
3. You should handle the saucepan carefully because otherwise your hand might get
burnt.You burnt.
(so that)239
4. Mrs. Williams had a nervous breakdown because her husband died suddenlv.Because of
5. People do bungee jumping as a way of bringing some excitement into their lives.People do bungee jumping so as to
6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story. I didn't want to cause anv trouble.
(so as to)
7 . Strict measures should be taken so that rare species are not overhunted
(so as to)
C. Rewrite these sentences using so that.
l. Be quiet! I want to hear what Sharon is saying.
2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a baby-sitter. They wanted to be able to go to a dinnerparty.
3. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:00. I wanted it to be ready by 6:30.
4. She cashed a cheque yesterday. She wanted to make sure that she had enougli monev togo shopping.
5. They hurried. They didn't want to be late for the meeting.
6. We locked the door. We wanted to be safe.
7 . I speeded up. I wanted to overtake the car in front of me.
8. Stand up. I cannot see you.
9. Please turn up the radio. I want to listen to the news, too.
240
10. The government wanted to build new blocks of flats. Therefore, they pulled down the
old ones.
11. Anne tied a string around her finger because she didn't want to forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library.
12, All motor vehicles should use unleaded petrol so as to reduce air pollution.
13. Turn down the music because the baby is sleeping.
D. Complete the sentences.
1. They arrived early in order to
2 . in order not to catch germs from their patients.
3. We decided to build a bridge so that
4. We had to book tickets for the performance because
5. We've installed clean air equipment so as not to
6. I' l l get to the point straight-away because
E. Give reasons using in order to, so that and because
eg. Jane sold her car and bought a bicycle in order to save monev.so that she wouldn't set stuck in traffic iams.because petrol became vem exoensive.
1. Peter bought a house in the country
2. Mary decided to join a drama club
3. Bill decided to retire earlY
241
4. Joanne stopped smoking
5. Vince wants to buy a comDuter
a A a
14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A. Rewrite each remark as a cleft sentence. Use the words given.
1. The "Sunflowers" was painted by Van Gogh, not by Gaugin.
It , not Gaugin
2. David never apologizes for his mistakes. I can't stand that about him.
What
3. I got to the bookstore and then I realized that I didn't have any money.
It
4. Bennetton
The thing
(unti l)
's advertisements raise awareness about global issues, and I like that .
5. "Exodus" was sung by Bob Marley, not by Geldof.
It , not Bob Geldof.
6. Computers rarely work properly, which I hate.
The thing
B. Rewrite the following statements by changing the focus of information in each so
that the focus is on the underlined section.
1. He wants to -qet married.
What
2. (41e wore her best dress to the party last night
It
3. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.
II
4. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.
It
5. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.
It
6. The close contact with the customers makes the job interesting.
What
7 " I only want l0 minutes' rest.
All
243
8. I saw something very appeal ing.
What
9. His inconsistency stopped us.
What
10. I don' t understand whv he boasts.
What
I l . Dorothy isn' t the manager; Mary is.
It
12. I didn't lose my purse; I lost my credit cards.
It
I 3. I haven't been to Europe; I have been to India.
It
my credit cards.
14. He isn' t studying engineering; he's studying economics
It
t5. I am not crazyt you are!
It
16. You don't need encouragement; you need determination.
It
; i t 's you
17. She doesn't love ysu; she loves Bi l l .
It
I 8. I need a pen.
What
19. I like the way she treats people.
What
20. I hate his att i tude.
What
21. Jogging keeps me f ir
What
22. Chtldren usually suffer the most after a war.
It
244
23. I first saw the film which won two Oscars in London.
It
24. Talking to Smith really inspired me to start writing a new book.
What
25. Bi l l broke the news to me.
It
l4.2INVERSIONS
A. Agree with the following.
eg: 'I wasn'f amazed-'
'Nor/Neifher was Harcy.'
l . The chicken was bad. and the wine.
Z. 'Marv looks t ired. ' you.
3. The bike has sot two wheels. and the motorbike.
4. Penguins can' t f ly, and
5. 'John hasn' t lef t . ' I . '
6. Jennifer won't be here on time. and
1. My mother doesn't like coffee, and
8. ' I don' t l ike going to discos. '
9. The president will fly to America andoresident.
10. Nobody smokes in our family andRoger 's family.
B. Disagree with the following.
eg: We didn't speak Turkish in class.Didn't you? f did.
1. We used to eat in the cafeteria.
2. Tom's mother makes hirn drink milk before he soes to bed.
ostriches.
her friends.
my father.
my sister and Jane. '
the I ice-
the mernbers of
245
3. I have paid the bi l l .
4. The children will eo to bed early.
5. We had to sweep the leaves out of the garden.
6. Rita and Roger had forgotten to lock the front door
7. We are eating pizza tonight.
8. I can' t go out tonight.
9^ John wasn't taking a photograph.
C. Mark the best choice.
1. Rarely a proper sentence before he is two years old.a) makes a chi ld c) does a chi ld makeb) a child speaks d) a child makes
7. dustpans and brushes.a) Hung on the cei l ing b) The cei l ing hungb) On the ceiling hung d) Hung the ceiling
3. The police said that the man was extremely dangerous and that on no accounta) he should be approached c) he shouldn't be approachedb) he be approached d) should he be approached
that everyone left the auditorium.a) He spoke monotonously so c) Monotonously did he speakb) So monotonously did he speak d) Did he speak so monotottously
5. , that part of the city wouldn't have been flooded.
4 .
a) Were precautions takenb) If precautions had taken
c) If precautions were takend) Had precautions been taken
I would never again need to worry .0"", ;.;ture! -(6)- need to borrow rnoney
from friends on any account, and stil l less _(7)- on the favours of rich relatives! On the
contrary, under no circumstances _(8)_ on any person. But _(9)_ at the time that
my luck was soon to change.
246
--(10)_ come into the money when the shares fell drastically on the Stock
Exchange. --( I 1 )---_ to enj oy my wealth than I was again reduced to my former state
of poverty. I waited in vain for the shares to regain their former value' but never
_(12)_ that feeling of sudden fortune. -_(13)- that money alone does not
lead to happiness and success, and thinking back over this episode in my life, I rarely wish
that I were a miln of fortune.
6. a) Would I notb) Would Ic) I would notd) I would
8. a) I would feel financially dependent
b) financially dependent would I feel
c) dependent would I feel financially
d) would I feel financially dependent
10. a) Had I scarcelYb) Scarcely I hadc) I had scarcelYd) Had scarcelY I
12. a) again was I to exPerience
b) was I to exPerience again
c) I was to exPerience again
d) again I was to exPerience
D. Rewrite these sentences without changing the meaning'
eg. I have never heard a weaker excuse!
Never have I heard a weaker excuse,
1. If they were to enact that law, there would be a chaos'
7. a) would I be dependentb) I would be dePendentc) dependent would I bed) dependent I would be
9. a) l i t t le did I knowb) did I know l i t t lec) l i t t le I did knowd) I did know l i t t le
I l . a) I no sooner had begunb) No sooner had I tregunc) No sooner did I begind) I no sooner began
13. a) Did I real ise only after vears of hard work
b) I did realise only after years of hard work
c) Only after years of hard work I did realise
d) Only after years of hard work did I realise
2. I f the pol ice had found out, you would real ly have got into trouble.
3. If you should become aware of anything, let me know'
4. If he has stolen anything, he will have to be fired'
5. If I had known the truth, I would have rejected doing it'
6. If Bill had not dropped his keys, he would have managed to enter the house
247
E. Answer the following questions emphatically, making the necessary changesin the sentences.
l. Is it true that the police sometimes doubted his innocence of the murder'l
Not for one moment
2. Is i t possible
Never again
that you will invest all your money in that company again?
3. Do you believe we should construct more factories in this district?
On no account
4. Is it true that environmental pollution has taken place before this decade?
Not until this decade
5. Is it l ikely that such quantities of snow have often fallen here during winter months'J
Rarely
6. Do you think there were more rabies cases in this part of the country than in that industrialcity?
Nowhere
7. Is it your opinion that we can save the factory by other means than rnaking rvolkersredundant?
Only by
8. Would you say you have in any way encouraged people to exhibit offensive behaviour'l
In no rvay
9" Is it true that the colonel helped to plan the curfew and did not supported the idea of coLrpd'etat?
Not only
10. Do you think the pr ime minister wi l l gain popular i ty by enact ing new laws and f ieezingprices?
Neither by
l l. They had hardly finished their work when rhe visitors arrived.
Hardly
12. They scarcely tell us what is going on.
Scarcely
13. She had no sooner entered the room than she was told about the bad news.
No sooner
248
14. I realised his absence only after I was told about it.
Only after
t5. The boy was watching me behind his mother.
Behind
16. I realised only then that I had forgotten my briefcase at home.
Only then
I 7. I have seldom been subiect to such an indecent assault.
Seldom
18. I had no sooner switched on the TV than the liehts went out.
No sooner
19. Mary wa
Not only
s not onlv late. but she had also left all the documents at home
20. I've never heard such a faulty statement.
Never
2 1 . I understood the hidden message in the fihn only after reading the critics.
Only after
22. It matters little to me what people think of my attitude.
Little
23. You should not invite him again under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances
24. The student not once did his homework.
Not once
25. An indi
Rarely
vidual rarely seizes an opportunity like the one that Tom has.
24.)
15. GENERAL REVISIONI5.I CLOZE TESTS
Fill in each blank with oNE word. contractions are considered as one word.
I
Bi l l
Jim
Bi t l
Jim
Bi l l
Jirn
: ( 1 ) you at the meeting yesterday?
go there.No, I
why
(2)
not?
B i l l
Jim
Well , two pol icemen (3)took me to the police sration.
The police station? Why?
I don't know. They asked me a lot of(4)--- flats are on the samemy flat.
to my house yesterday afternoon and they
Can you tell us about your hobbies, Mr.
Wel l , I spend most of my free t ime ( l )the music of Mozart very relaxing.
What about sports?
free. Also, I (3)a lot ,
a
they are very interesting and help mework.
250
quest ionsfloor. (5)
about my neighbour Mr. Westf lat is opposite
the policemen ask?
"Has he got (6) sisters or brothers in thtsYou know. quest ions l ikevisits him at the weekend?"
Holmes?
to classical music. I f ind
adviserforeign
so I usually go for a walk in the forest when I'mlot of reading, especially detective stories. I thinkto relax when I'm on the bus returnins honte iiom
What kind of quest ions did
"Do you know Mr. West?"t o w n ? " " ( 7 )that.
That's strange. Very strange.B i I I
zA
B
A
B
A
I
A
B
: Oh, I'm quite lazy. so I don't do much sports. I sometimes go (Z)swim, but that's all. I 'm more interested in social work. however. In fact. I'm anfor a self-help group. We meet (3) two weeks with thestudents on our campus to discuss their daily problems
And what about. . .
What do you ( l ) in your spare time?
I enjoy (2)
B : Yes, I do. I can play (5)-----_.-.---- piano' Actually' I'm quite good
( 6 ) - p l a y i r r g i t . W e ' v e g o t a p i a n o i n o u r | i v i n g r o o m a n d l p r a c t i s e
A : Do you PlaY a musical (4)
whenever I can.
A : Do you l ike t7) for example, things like sweaters and cardigans
for your children?
B : No. I don't, because I don't know how to do that. I always buy sweaters for them"
!protect myself (2) the sun, I started
( 3 ) lons-sleeved shirts ever since I read an afticle about the big hole in
the ozone layer. The article made me realize (4) serious the situation rs.
L
Teresa : Mario, how do you get to work every morning?
Mario : Well, I Prefer travelling ( l) train because first of all. trains
are always on time ro th.y are (2)-. And also, I can afford
the fare because trains aren't very (3)-' It
only about $2 on weekdaYs.
( 1 )
Teresa : But trains stop at every single station, don't they?
Mario : Yes, they do indeed. That's why they cannot speed up and so they are
(5) . The journey (6)--------.----------_- about l'5 hours l
. . r * , r r . z :o r * i t r r \1 ) a t work a t 9 :00 . But thcy sccnr tL )
have almost no accidents so they are (8)
Teresa : It must be difficult to find a seat during the rush hour.
Mario : Yes, theY are a bit (9) . but I think the train is the cheapest.
safest and most comfortable way of travelling'
needs ( l ) pen and (2) paper, but he doesn't need
books.
(4 )
4. My room
5. She's got toomeans she can't studY at all
west, so it's sunnY all afternoon.
9.
He(3 )
friends so she spends all her time with them, which
2 5 1
a person ( l )
him/her to
7
Adventure travel is travel you can experience
put your things
go where and when s/he
travel l ing
to be very
with another
remote places you (5)
make sure you are always patient with the
a guide wi l l lead you inro
you might miss on your own.
with all your senses. The adventure traveller is
independent modes of transport that enable
pleases. The adventure traveller often
alone. If you travel alone. ,yollindependent and self-suf l ' icient. If yolr
person, make sure you choose your l,r-iencl
probably be the focus of
local people. Travel l ing
a new exci t in-g worlc l
have to carry a heavy pack on your back. you
in the pannier of the bicycle. You can go grearer
foot, but at a speed that enables you to see irncl
\2)
(3 )
(4)
carefully. In
interest. so
(7)
(6)
(e)If you cycle, you (8)
distances than (10)
discover around.
g
Dear Kate.
I finally have the information we need about our trip to Montreal.
decide if we should take the train or the bus. The bus ( t )
morning and i t (2) in Montreal at 5:35 p.m. every day. The rrain
(3 ) to Montreal at 9 p.m..
A return ticket on the bus is (4) than a train ticket. The bus ticket(s)
Now
at
we have to
8:30 in the
(6)
$ 105 and the train $ 120
be more comfortable. And also
than i t is on the bus.(7)
We also have to decide where to stay in Montreal.
several kinds of places to stay in. We can stay at a bed and
the Centre International. The Centre International (9)
and 5 different restaurants. In fact, it is Montreal's (10)
many rooms.
Please call or write soon to let me know what you think.
Your friend.
Carla.
but I expect the train
food service on the trarn is
There (8)
breakfast or at a hotel such as
got 200 roorns
hotel with so
the
252
9
The Red Pepper
The Red Pepper is a very
prices are reasonable. I ( l)
good restaurant. You find delicious food there and the
there with a friend of mine last week.
We (2) lamb with fresh vegetables and a salad. The lamb
( 3 ) very good but there wasn't (4) oi l and
vinegar on the salad, so I asked the waiter to bring some more oil and vinegar. For
dessert we had a wonderful piece of chocolate cake. There were too
( 5 ) customers but because it is a large restaurant we found a table
by the window. I t is (6) open so you can go there at any time of
the day. Also it's very convenient as it is near the city centre. You can go there
(7) foot. It (8)-_ only a few minutes.
l0
Newark
center
is a smal l col lege
of the town
town of about 26 residents. The university campus
and many of the residents are students.
is in the
Newark
(4)
( l ) a lot of facilities for the students. (2)
are many c6fes; students can go to these c6fes in the evenings. The most popular otle is
(3)- Main Street. It 's called CSfe Brew Ha Ha. lt 's
Pizza Grotto and The Buttery Restaurant. In the center of the
town, (5) is a large department store and some small shops lbr
general merchandise. such as clothing, school supplies etc. Newark
near the sea coast so students have to take a bus to go to the
beach. The journey takes about 2 hours. Actually students (7)
often go to the beach for swimming as there's a very big swimming pool on the campus
Mv t8) Martin is my mother's elder brother. He's my favourite
her's family. Mart in is rnarr ied (9) Linda. Mart in
(6)_
among my mot
and L inda (10)
( l l )
12 .
have any children. I often visit thern because they
in a house quite near ours. I really enjoy being with thern
wears it on speciala skirt. SheMy sister does not like wearing
occassions such as weddings or
253
formal meetings.
l 1
My brother lives in a detached house ( l ) the country. His house(2 ) west and has a (3) of a lovely park.
Before you buy a dress it is better to (4) i t on. The size may not be r ight andin that case i t wi l l not (5) you.
l 2
People spend their free time doing certain activities. These activities change depending on the
interests of people. My brother, for example. enjoys (1) computer ganres. He
spends most of his tirne in front of the computer trying to (2) the highest
points. I can' t understand what is so interest ing about computer games. I personal ly think they
are very (3) . I prefer doing other things in my spare time. For instance. I
(4 ) a lot of reading. I also l ike (5) for a walk. especial ly at
the weekends.
l 3
My brother rs a waiter in a Mexican Restaurant. He (1) with customers.Although he doesn't (2) much money, he l ikes his job very much. He erpectshe w i l l be (3 ) to head waiter.
I'm a mechanic. I can (4)
t < * *
al l k inds of cars. I (5) my. job twoseveral jobsmonths ago and I haven't found a new one yet. I have applied (6)
and if I 'm lucky I ' l l (7)
l4
an (6)
a < A
Mary Goldman started working as an administrative secretary at the White House . Due to her
posit ion at work, she cannot dress ( l ) she l ikes. She has to be nr im and
proper and wear smart skirts, jackets or dresses everyday. Last week. Mary went shopping and
spent $500 (2) new clothes. When she got home. she realized that one of
the skirts she had bought had a stain on it. Mary took the skirt back to the shop the next clay
She asked for a (3) , but the shop assistant refused to give her money back
because Mary had lost her (4) . Mary did not say anything as she knew i t
was her fault, not the shop assistant's.
St ing, who was (5)
> r * *
hol iday last August, came to Istanbul with his familr
and the members of his band. They wanted to see the beautiful sights of the city so they joined
one of them.
round Istanbul, which was special ly organised f or
them. They also had a chance to taste the delicious (7) specialties such
as gig kebab and mantr. St ing and some of the people in the group bought carpets. rugs or
remember the days they spent inlucky charms as (8)
Istanbul.
to help them
15
Middle East Technical University has got one of the largest libraries in Ankara. Unless you
become a member . you are not allowed to ( 1) books from the librtrry.
it after twoThey let you keep a book for two weeks. If you don't (2)
weeks. you are made to (3) a fine.
If you want to make a call from a public phone box, all you need is a phone card or coins.
First you pick up the (4) and insert your card or coins. Therr
(5) the number and wait for the Derson to answer. Sometimes the line
may be (6) because the person is talking to somebody else. In that
case. you will have to try again.
t6
Tonight Linda and Tom are going to celebrate their third anniversary. Linda wants to cook
something special. Her friend has given her a recipe f or Lusagne ul.fonto . At the mornent.
she is in the kitchen putting the ingredients together. She has flour, mushroorns, ground
meat and onions. Linda needs three eggs but there aren't (l) eggs ln
the fridge so she has to go to the market. Lasagne al Jbrno is (2)
hot. That's why she'll prepare it an hour before Tom comes home
del ic ious and Tom wi l l l ike i t .
Linda hooes i t wi l l be
This morning there was too (3) traffic on Main Street so it took Bob
one hour to (4)
his boss was angry
Mest is one o[ the most popular restaurants in Ankara. You hzive to
a table before you go there; otherwise, you may have difficulty
finding a place. Last night we went there to celebrate our friend's birthday.
We (6) French salad and steak. The steak was delicious but there
wasn't (7) sauce for the salad so we asked the waiter to
some more. Everything was great until we asked for the (8)
too high. I don't think we'Il go there again. It was much (9)
expensive than we had expected.
( 5 )
to work. When he entered his office, Bob saw that
> k t < *
bring us
. It was
2.5 5
(2 )
t7I don' t want
( 1 )
problems with them (3)
complain about anything.
A couple of years ago, we
we wanted, we were never (4)
to remember the days I spent at the boarding school. Every morning the teachers
us get up at six and run five kilometres. Afterwards. all the pupils
to take a shower. Although the teachers encouraged us to cliscuss our
to
safelv at the airnort.
18
Cat Stevens was born ( l) Iu ly 21, 1948. in London. He was verv good
(2) music and in his adolescence he became more and more attracted tothe rock and roll music. He began to work in nightclubs in London as a singer. One day he
caught the attention of a professional manager (3) worked for a very well-
known record company called 'Decca'. After a short time, Stevens sicned(1) recording contract with the company. Decca saw Stevens as a pop
artist and (5) him that he would be more popular if he recorded son-es for
teenagers. His f i rst album. Matthew rLnd Son, was released in 1967. (6)
became very popular and sold very well. (7) this was fbl lowed bv more
successes. Stevens began to feel unhappy with his work. He wanted to record songs for
grown-ups, but his company wanted him to continue recording songs for teenagers" In 1968.
Stevens had to stay in hospital (8) of tuberculosis. He stayed there until
he was healthy (9) to leave. When he got out of hospital, he decided to
stop performing as a musician, but two years later he reappeared. This time he had a diff'erent
style. His 1970 album, Tea for the Tillerman, became his first golden album.
( l 0 ) included the classics Wild World and Father and Son. Critics wrore
r 5 r our
minutes. Everybody. (6)
The pilot said that the engine had
engine started and the pilot managed
were tlying to the Hawaiian
flight, we hit a storm and
for me, was
stopped and the
to land the plane
Islands when we had a narrow escape-"
the plane was shaketr fbr aboLit fivc
so lr ightened thut thel were sclcr.rrrr i r rg.
plane was out of control . Lucki lv, thc
married
he
tha t he was (11)
increased (12)
Stevens's personal life started to change. (13)
near ly d rowned. (14)
older brother (15)
chose Islam as his rel ig ion
Today Cat Stevens is
a n d h e ( 1 6 )
( 11 )
( l 8 )
excellent singer. A live radio concert in Los Angeles
popularity in the United Srares. In the mid-1970's
he was swimming, he
this event, Steven.s decided to serve God. His
a copy of the Koran to read. ln l97l , Stevens
a Muslim.
Yusuf Islam. I S
him
owns a Muslim school.
poems for the pupils.
256
four chi ldren. He l ives in London, (19)
There he composes religious (20) and wri tes
( l )(2 )
(3 )
L9
Melinda and Linda are perfect examples for middle-aged women who think it is toolate to start their own business.
Melinda Mercury used to be a housewife but now she owns one of the
successful businesses in England. Melinda had
20 years of her life on routine housework when she decided to set
her own business. She did not want to (4)
housework for the rest of her life. She had an interest (5) cooki.ng, so
she decided to open a restaurant. However, she needed a partner because she did not have
enough money to do this by (6) . She asked her friend Linda. who had
just retired, to work with her. At first Linda did not want to risk her pension monev. but
Melinda managed to (7) her friend to get into business with her. They
fbund a nice little place in the city centre and opened their restaurant. In the begrnning
Melinda did the cookins and Linda served the customers, but (8) the
news about the quality of the food served in the restaurant got round, the place became
filled with customers . Their restaurant was a (9)
they hired a waiter and a cook but after a (10)
don't come here every day. This place is (20)
cannot let anything happen to it."
people to work for them. Their little restaurant turned (11) to be a quite
profitable one, so they opened another restaurant in the suburbs. Now their restaurants
head the list of the most popular restaurants in London. Melinda and Linda are very rich.
Both of them have bought expensive houses and cars with their (12)
from the restaurant. (13) the enormous amount of monev they have
made, Melinda and Linda stil l continue to work in their first restaurant. "We have many
people who work for us, so we do not real ly (14) to work here. but I come
here every day (15) I am away on hol iday. I ( l6) betng
here. ( I 7) establ ished my own business. I now work
( l 8 ) fun," says Melinda. Linda comes to the restaurant for a different
reason. She says. "I am afraid fhat everything will get (19) of control if I
-known place, and
they needed more
valuable to me that I
20
Last month I (1 ) a journey to Cyprus. I got on the boat from Mersin. I had
brought a good book with me and was looking forward to reading it (2)
a woman and 6 chi ldren came andthe journey. Everything went fine (3)
25'l
sat next to me. The children were very noisy. I (4) my best to put Ltp(s) all the noise, but after a (6) the children began to fi-sht. Ilooked at their mother and said "Could you please tell your children to stop making so muchnoise? I cannot concentrate (7) my book". The woman looked at me ancl said." I am not responsible (8)
2 l
Dear Carol.
their act ions because they are uot mv chi ldrenl '
Sorry for not wri t ing earl ier,but I was very busy at work. As you know, the company I workw i t h ( l ) a lot of business in (2) Arab Ernirates.so I travel a lot. I l ike my new job because I spend most of rny time out of(3 ) . You know, as I was brought (4) on a tarm. Idon't like sitting in an office all day.
Not (5)- found a
phone number at work is 8428190. You
is usually (6)_. I' l l
f lat yet, I cannot give
might have difficulty
write again soon.
you a regular address. but mv
in reaching me because the l ine
Love,Mike
22Tropical rain forests are located around the equator, (1)
are around 35"C all year round. The largest rain forests are
Although it is not one of the largest. the rain
(2) one in the world. Accordins
temperiltures
in Brazi l . Zaire, and Indonesia.
forest in Sarawack is the
to what the botanists estimated.
this rain forest is 10 million vears old
Rain forests make a lot of things possible for mankind. They help us control the world 's
climate. In the rain forests, it rains a (3) and the temperatures are
always (4) . Because of the heat, the rainwater evaDoftites into the air-
this means the rainwater is recycled. Rain forests also provide shelter for many tribal people
who have called the rain forests their home (5) hundreds and
thousands of years. Furthermore. rain forests (6) a much wider var iety ofplants and animals than anywhere else in the world. There are even plants and animals tn the
rain forests that have not been discovered (7) Many of the plants in the
the t r iba l peop le in the la inrain forests are used for makins medicine (8)
forests and the scientists throushout the world. The tribal people living in rain foresrs know(e) to f ind and use wi ld plants to make medicine. (10)
they have valuable knowledge of the plants in the rain forests, the tribal people have taught us
258
about many of the med ic ines (11) use today. Most of the medicines
\ 12 ) are given to patients to fight heart disease and treat cancer are obtained
from rain tbrest plants.Aspirin originally came from the rain forests. A certain type of flower.
( 13 ) the 'rosy periwinkle'. helps treat children with Leukemia, a kind of
cancer. Rain forests also provide people (14) materials for hundreds of
other products. For ( 1 5) , the glue on an envelope and in shoes comes fiom
tropical plants in rain forests.
In the past, rain forests ( I 6)
now they cover less (17) 6 o/o. Most of the rain forests have been
destroyed in the last 50 years. In fact, rain forests are disappearing at a frightening speed: I 50
acres per minute. There will be no rain forests in the future ( 18) we
take precautions to save them. If all the rain forests (19) destroyed.
many tribal people will have to move into cities. They will also be made to live in apartments
or flats, which are totally different from their own natural environment in the rain forests. As it
will probably be very difficult for these people to survive in cities, filost of
(20) mav die and if thev die. their valuable rain forest culture will be
lost forever.
23
About a year ago. I had a bad quarrel with my father, and we have hardly spoken to each other
0) then. It all began because he did not approve (2) my
goin-e out with Martin, who he thought was not suitable (3)
him that he had no right to interfere with my personal life, (4)
more furious. A few months (5) the quarrel, I discovered that Martin was
seeing his ex-girl friend. As I was heartbroken at not having been told about this, I decided to
put an end to our relationship. No matter (6) hard he tried. Martin was unable
to persuade me (7) carry on seeing each other. I (B) haven' t to ld
my father about the break up even though I phoned him recently to wish hirn a happy birthday.
I was planning to apologize (9) him for what I had said as I now realize that
my relation with Martin was not worth breakine mv father's heart. However. he sounded so
cool on the phone (10)
longer.
I didn't feel like continuins the conversation auv
We had a lovely time touring the United States last year. We landed at Kennedy Airport and
went first to Manhattan. (1 I ) we stayed in the Hilton Hotel on Sixth Avenue.
(12) our stay, we visited the Metropolitan Museum. One day we took a boat
along the Hudson River and cruised around the Manhattan Island. After we staved in New York
a week, we flew to Denver to see the Rocky Mountains.
to cover 147o of the Earth's land but
me a t a l l . I to ld
made him even
i l 3 )
( l 4 ) wilderness fascinated me.
259
24
Henry Adams is probably the luckiest person I know. I normally envy very few of my friendsjob because I 'm happy ( l ) what I do, but Henry Adams is one of those rarepeople (2) job I would like to have myself. Henry had always been inreresred( 3 ) animals. That's why he studied to be a vet. when he finished university.he went to London, (4) he looked after domestic animals such(s) cats and dogs. As the job did nor (6) up to hisexpectations, he gave it up and found a better one in a game reserve in America(7) the help of one of his professors at university. Now he is responsible Ibrthe protection of species that are in danger of extinction.
When Linda Brown's new Polo Classic broke down on D-10 Highway last week. sheimmediately called the car company. Since her car was (8) guarantee. shewas expecting to have it repaired free (9) charge. The person on the otherside of the line couldn't understand what she was trying to say. Thinking that the breakdownwas partly due to Mrs. Brown's fault, the company representative refusecl to nreet her clailn( 101 full and hung up without bothering to listen to further expranation. Mrs.Brown was so fur ious ( l l ) the way she was treated that she wrote a letter tothe Polo Company and complained (12)
on the phone.
) <
the representative she had talked to
Euthanasia, the practice of kill ing someone painlessly in order to relieve their suff'ering. isactually one of the most difficult problems facing societies today. The worcl 'euthanersia'.
( l ) comes from Greek, literally means 'good death'.
Today a
diseases. (3)
lot of people are in comas (2) to accidents or incurable
most of these patients have no chance ro recovercompletely, doctors and nurses are trying to keep them alive because laws do pot
(4) doctors to end the lives of such patients. However. the supporters ofeuthanasia claim
right to die for the
of
(e)
that patients (5) incurable diseases should have thefbllowing reasons:
The first and (6) important reason is that the patients have no hope ofrecovery. In other words, (7)
reason for euthanasia is that
can never lead normal lives. The second
patients are in unbearable pain and euthanasia seems to be theonly solution (8) end their pain. In addition to this, the fact that the families
the patients suffer from sadness should also be kept in mind. These families try to do theirto keep the patients alive but unfortunately (10)-..------------.-_-_-
260
can be done
( l l )
day even though
difficult for the
remained in a coma (20)
and most famil ies cannot (12)
fbr long.
to continue to pay for such a treatment
The case of Karen Ann Quinland in 1975 in the United States drew the attention of the
whole world to euthanasia. This 2l-year-old young woman (13) some drugs
with alcohol and slipped into a coma which she (14) never recover trom
Karen responded (15) to light nor to sound. She was beirig kept alive
( 16 ) the help of a breathing machine. Karen's parents visited her every
she was (17) to see or speak to them. It was verY
Quinlands to see their beloved daughter in a coma. Three months
( 1 8 ) . Karen's father asked the doctors to turn off the machine. However.
rhe doctors refused to do this, saying that such an act would be a kind of murder. The father
then asked the court to (19) their daughter die. After a long struggle, the
court gave permlsslon to turn off the breathing machine. Karen did not die immediately. She
her death in JulY 1985.
to help them recover from
of medical treatment
a fatal il lness. Apart from these. the
of terminally il l patients is extremely high
one of the possibi l i t ies was
(3 )------
was not possible to prove
explanation was offered by a man who
NASA. He had retired a few years eatrlier and he
26
There was great public interest when a big hole mysteriously appeared in the middle of a field.
Army mechanics, geologists and engineers were called to explain (1)
it had got there. They offered various explanations but (2) of thern
was sure about the real cause. The field was an old battle field so
that the hole might have been caused by the explosion of a bomb
had been buried under the ground for many years. However, it
(4)
A 'simple'
(s)claimed to be well-informed (6)
fiom outer space.
'flying saucers'- strange objects
(7) he saw the special marks on the soil near the hole' he said that a
flying saucer had visited the Earth. He claimed to have seen similar marks
. He added that he had also seen holes caused by bombs but they( 8 )
were (9) smal ler. A bomb, he said, couldn' t hl tve opened
( 10 ) a big hole in the ground. In addition to this. the leaves on some
bushes nearby had turned yellow because (1 1) a strange hot gas rvhich
had come from the saucer. Even (12) small tree some wav off
appeared to have burnt slightly. The small piece of metal found tn the hole provided the man
but highly improbable
to work for
261
( 13 ) proof that a strange object had been there. According to the man.it was quite clear that creatures from outer space had beencircl ing the Earth when (14) went wrong. They had been forced toland in a f ie ld (15) that they could repair the damage. Therefbre.( 16 ) the hole and the strange marks had been caused by the f-lvincsaucer. The hole had been caused when the saucer struck the earth, while the stran.qe marksnearby were made when i t took (17) again. This, said the man. was thebest explanat ion ( 18) a better one was found. The rnan's explanir t ion( 1e )(20)
27Last Fr iday I was supposed ( l ) go to a wedding, but I spent the whole
evening trapped in rny car instead. I started preparing for the weclding very early that day. Asmy only dress for such an occasion had worn (2) , I went shopping. I spenta(n) (3 ) lot of money to buy a new dress. Then I went to the hairclresser'swhen I arrived home, I put my new dress on and I lefi the house early (4)
the wedding was at a church in a nearby town.I was walking (5) the direct ion of my car when I saw a dog running in the
street. It looked very threarening. It first knocked (6) sorne garbage cans andthen headed towards me. Not knowing what to do, I stood there for a I'ew seconds. Thcn Istarted running to my car. I was aware (7) the danger behind rne. so I ctLr ickl lgot into the car and locked the doors. The dog was outsicle, looking ar me(B)--. I waved at the angry dog and it backed away a few steps. so I thought Iwas ready to set (9)- on my long drive. but unfortunately, althoueh l rrieclseveral t imes, I wasn't (10) to s ta r t the car . (11 ; Ief t rnvphone book at home, I didn' t have the mechanic 's phone number with rne. ( l2)I was trying to start the car, the dog came back. It was standing right next to rny door. so lt wasimpossible for me to get back home to pick up my phone book. (13)hadn't been so near, I would have taken the risk.
the dog
There wasn't a single person (14) sight, and I sat in the car helplesslv fbrsome time. Then I remembered that I had my mobile phone with me. I imrnediately calleclChris. a good fr iend, and told him that my car had (15) down and that I hadbeen taken hostage by an angry dog. My friencl promised to come and help rne. I waited andwaited for what seemed to be hours. When my fiiend (16) l t rnved, the c iot lwas still there. It started running towards rny friend as soon as he opeled his cloor( t7 ) several unsuccessful atterxpts, he gave up. He called me and saicl. ',1
don't want to let you (18) , but I cannot help you (19) that
sound nonsense to you. However, there are a greatpeople who bel ieve that f ly ing saucers vis i t our planet regular ly.
to wait unt i l I f ind someone who is br i ivedog is taken away. You will (20)
enough to do this!"
262
28Jane shares a
hi l l top, so i t has
each other very
Jane is very (4) ln trylng new reclpes, so
has to do the cleaning. She doesn't (5)
because she thinks this is much easier than cooking. "(6)
cook," says Jane's friend.
Yesterday Jane had to
she never got round to (8)
the two gir ls.
she does the cooking. Her fl ' iend
sweeping and dust ing the house
h a r d l t r y , l c a n n o t
hospital to visit her grandmother, so
dinner. When her friend arrived home. she wiis
f ind anything to eat. (10)
happiness? Well, as (2) as I 'm
I suffer frorn a fatirl diseasc.
Of course not. ln my opinion happiness depends
than wealth. When you are healthy. there ts ncr
is becoming abundant. A supermom may be
works whi le rais ing tamil ies. The typical
house with another gir l . The house they l ive in is ( l )
an excellent view of the city. Jane and her friend get on (2)
well. The housework is shared equally (3)
go to (7)
disappointed not (9)
hunger, she waited for Jane
29
I s wea l th essent ia l ( l )
concerned, the answer ts
In that case, wi l l money
definitely 'No'. (3)
br ing me happiness?
health rather
women, cal led "supermoms",
as a woman who
her
main ly (4 )
reason why you shouldn't get (5) the difficulties in lif-e.
After she broke (6) with her boyfriend, my daughter Liz got in the habit
(7) srnoking cigarettes. In the beginning, I thought it was her way of
coping (8) sadness but when I realized that she had become a chain
smoker. I decidednot to let her smoke when she was with me. However, I knew that as soon as
I was out of (9) she would light a cigarette. No matter how hard I tried. I
couldn' t persuade her to cut (10) on smoking. Now. Liz is seein-9 n
psychologist who I hope wi l l help her give up this bad habit .
30
A
(1 )
new breed of
supermom is mainly (2)
(.3 )_
with managing her family. For
she makes day-care and preschool arrangements as
as organizing after-school events (5)____ as the
cinema, football school and birthday parties. She keeps the house clean and well stocked with
food.
(4)
263
The typical supermom also has a position of responsibility at her place of work. She is often
required to spend long hours and make important decisions. In (6)
these responsibilities. she manages to spare time for some activities. These activities can be
(1) by playing tennis, taking courses at the local community col lege
and seeing her friends occasionally. (8) the work load she takes seents
almost impossible to deal with, the typical supermom handles it well.
3t
In the opinion of many Americans and Europeans, we only began to really explore our
world in the sixteenth century. According ( l ) these people. the sailors of
(2)
(5 )
forgetting two important facts of history.
(7) sometimes early scientistshad an idea (8)
correct. but scient ists in later centuries (9)
( l 0 ; about 270 B.C. , a Greek sc ient is t (11)
we a l l be l ieve (12) : The earth moves around the sun. ( 13)
they did not have
for the following 1.600 years
the sun clearly moved around
fifteenth century!
ancient world did not explore distant parts of the
the necessary knowledge (4)_
. However. the people who have this opinion (6)
scient ists did not bel ieve this. In (14)
the earth. They ( I 5)_
(3) - - -__,
ski l ls for lon-u sea
not be l ieve i t
an idea which
op lnron .
the truth again only in the
was
For
The second fact of (16)
t h i s : A n c i e n t d o e s 1 1 8 )
knew a lot of things (19)
(.20)
t 1 ) I
mean
find their way across (21)
a Greek scient ist who (23)
that many people forget ( 17)_--
primitive. To illustrate. the ancient Egyptians
the stars; they used this knowledee
oceans. Two thousand veals
in Egypt calculated the
distance around the earth. The results (24)
real (25)
knowledge.
his calculat ions were close to the
which we know today! So the ancients had a great deal of scientific
264
15.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
Mark the best choice.
IChildren can write the capital letters much -(l)- than the small letters. At school they
_(2)_ to use pens; i.e., their teachers make them -(3)-- pencils until they
become real ly good at wri t ing.
I . a) easier 2. a) don't have 3. a) use
b) more easily b) ought not b) to use
c) easi ly c) don' t need c) using
d) easy d) aren't allowed d) to using
I always go to the supennarket on Fridays -_(4)_- I have time to do other things on
Saturdays and Sundays. Another reason why I avoid going to the market at the weekend is that
it's usually very crowded -(5)-.
1. a) in case 5. a) weekendsb) so that b) tooc) otherwise c) thend) therefore d) also
A: -(6)-?
B: Only while I'm at the office.
6. a) How often do you wear a tie c) When do you wear ties
b) When did you last wear a tie d) Were you wearing a tie at worK
A: I bought a tarantula yesterday.B: Their're poisonous. aren't they?A: Not all of them. Most species are not dangerous to humans. Their poison is -(7)-
to kill anyone.
1. a) too strong c) not strong enough
b) nearly strong enough d) as strong as
8. I joined a bird-watching club six months ago. We organise trips to different parts of the
country -(8)- in order to study birds in the wilderness.
a) in two weeks' time c) since the second week
b) every two weeks d) two weeks later
When I was a teenager, I spent most weekends -(9) for our neighbours upstairs. They
paid me $10 each r ime and I could buy _(10)_ I l iked with this money.
9. a) babysitting 10. a) whatever
b) to babysit b) howeverc) on babysitting c) whereverd) babysit d) whenever
265
A:
B :
A :
The most dangerous animals of the animal kingdom are mosquitoes.
You mean those small insects?
Yes, -(11)_- that cause malar ia - a terr ible i l lness. About a rni l l ion people die
because of _( l2)_ every year.
I l . a) insectb) the onesc) insects whichd) the one
12. a) they are illb) this i l lnessc ) i l lnessd) they becorne ill
Dear Alex.
I'm sorry that I won't be able to meet you at the airport on Tuesday I _( I 3 )___ ml,
car serviced that day. I won't be at home ei ther. as I have an important rneet ins in the
afternoon. But it isn't difficult to reach my house from the airport. _(14)_ vou havc
too much luggage. you can take the underground. It's cheap, fast and reliable. But if you
have a lot of luggage, take a taxi. By the way, I haven't got a spare key. so I'l l leave
_( I 5)_ under the doormat for you.
See you soon,
Robert
13. a) have been havingb) wi l l have beenc) am going to haved) wi l l have to
14. a) Al thoughb) Becausec) In spite ofd) Unless
15. a ) someb) thatc ) mlned) the other
Sometimes people make a decision _(16)_ completely _(17)___ their l ives.
Nicholas Rose, for example, -(18)_ a journal ist for fourteen years but at the age o1'36
he gave up his job at The Sunday Telegraph to write fiction- stories and novels. After
-(19)- almost al l h is savings in the bank, he real ized that he needed rnoney to pay rhe
bills. so he started a fish shop downtown. Now. however, this shop takes all his time and cnergy
and his novels remain unwritten.
Nicholas says: " I remember the days -(20)_ worked at The Stmduy Telegraph. I was
up at 8:00 a.m., wore clean clothes and smelled of aftershave, not of fish. What's more, I always
had the chance to write a few lines -(21)- the coffee or lunch break. Now all that
-(22)-. I don't have any spare time any longer. | _(23) up at six ro prepure
the f ish for sale by 7:30. When I f in ish work at 8:00 p.m., I 'm usual ly _(24)__ ro wrire
anything. I've done everything I can to make the business workl but even now I'm earnin-e less
than half my salary as a journalist. Obviously, my decision to leave my job at The Sundut,
Telegraph was a bad one."
266
l 8r6 .
21.20.
' tA
a) thatbt . which
d) which i t
spendinghe spendsspentto spending
was changedhave been changinghas been changedhas changed
a) upsetb) is upsetc) upsetsd) wi l l have upset
a) that haveb) where Ic) whichd) when I
a) have beenb) wi l l bec) wasd) must be
26. a) wi l l be l iv ingb) are livingc) l ivedd) have been living
29. a) is seenb) have seenc) wi l l have seend) are seen
a) wasb) has beenc ) i sd) wi l l be
a) whi leb) duringc) whend) between
a) as tired asb) very tiredc) too tiredd) tired enou-eh
t ] .
1 9 . a )b)c )d)
22. a)b )
d )
1 . J .
The Yanomami Indians are a group of people living in the tropical rainforests in northern
Brazil. They live in farnily groups in srnall cottages. They depend on zigriculture for therr
survival. They use poisonous arrows, which are tools used for -(25)-_. They also catch
fish in the rivers. The Yanomami Indians -(26)- in these rainforests for over 10.000
vears. However, today they are in danger of losing their land and culture.
Dr. Jose Pereira is a doctor with the Brazilian Indian agency. He is the only doctor in the area
who is trying to help the 35,000 Yanomami. He is speaking to a newspaper reporter about what
is happening to these Indians at the moment.
Dr. Pereira : They -(27)- healthy people, happy and always smiling. before
stransers came to their land to look for gold. Today, there are people
-ittl- for gold everywhere and these people are poisoning the
Indians' rivers with Mercury (Hg). They are cutting down the trees in thc
rarnforests. Thus, more and more land is becoming dan-gerous malarial swiill lp-
land. Illnesses such as malaria and tuberculosis -(29)-- more often than
ever before. Their children are dying and this is not their fault.
Reporter : As a doctor, what kind of difficulties are you dealing with?
Dr. Pereira : Our medical supplies are very limited. -(30)- quinine - rr specirl
medicine to cure malaria - we have no other medicine. The lack of proper
injections and pills causes many unnecessary deaths.
25. a) huntingb) huntersc) to huntd) to hunting
28. a) to lookb) lookingc) for lookingd) they look
27. a) l-tave beenb) used to bec) ared) would be
3 0 . a ) E x c e p t t h a tbt Apart f t 'ornc) Besidesd l In rdd i t io r r
261
Reporter : You work under very difficult conditions. Wouldn't you like to leave thisplace and work in a clean, well-equipped hospital instead?
Dr. Pereira : No. I'd rather -(31)- here. These people need prof'essional help. you
see, I'm the only doctor here. I only wish the agency _(32)--_ moredoctors to this area.
Reporter : Is there any crime among the Yanomami Indians?
Dr. Pereira : Cases of violent crime were uncomtnon in this neighbourhood before thearrival of the gold-hunters. However, in nine months this year there havealready been 363 violent deaths. I -(33)-- this number will continue
to increase in the near future.
Reporter : What do you think will happen to the Yanomami Indians in the near future?
Dr. Pereira : Most Indians don't know what to do. Many have stopped growing crops. sofood has become 6carce. If there is no food, there is no reason to stay here. ofcourse. Some are leaving their villages. It's sad to see that happening, but Ibelieve most families -(34)- their villages by the encl of next year.Those who choose to stay will suffer. If a solution _(35a)_ ro rhisproblem, the remaining Indians _(35b)_ very soon."
3 l . a) stayb) to stayc) stayingd) would stay
34. a) will leaveb) will have leftc) wi l l be lef td) are leaving
)
l . a) have madeb) were madec) maked) are made
32. a) sendb) wi l l sendc) would sendd) were sent
33. a) expectb) hopec) don ' t wantd) thought
The holes in Swiss cheese -( l )- by bacter ia. These are not the kind of bacrer ia
_(2)_ make you sick but they are safe _(3)_.
35. a) won't be found ... . . . .disappearb) was found.... . . .wouldn't disappearc) isn't found.... . . .wil l disappeard) would be found.......aren't disappeanng
2. a) that 3. a) the oneb) and b) onec) when c) onesd) so d) the ones
In the town where I live, it is very hot in the summer and in the evenings nobody wants to stayat home. We have a special summer cinema and we -(4)_ go there. Sometimes thefilm is not very good but we do not _(5)
268
4. a) mightb) mustc) neverd) often
5. a) mindb) watchc) enjoyd) hate
Mina Trenton ran away from home when she was about 16 because her parents did not
_(6)_ her to go out in the evenings. Mina is 18 years old now. After _(7)_
two years away from her parents, she thinks there is no place like home. She wishes she
_(8)_ there, but her parents are still angry with her. If they forgave her. she
_(9)_ back home.
6. a) make 7. a) spentb) allow b) has spentc) need c) spendingd) let d) has been spending
8. a) were 9. a) wentb) is b) wi l l goc) can be c) would god) has been d) wants to go
Mrs. Mills spends too much money _(10)_ clothes. She does not really
_(11)_ new clothes but she _(12)_ them. Yesterday she saw a beautiful
coat in a shop window. She went in and _(13)_. It was just the right size but it was
very expensive. Mrs. Mills did not have _(14)_ money with her.
10. a) in 11. a) need 12. a) hasboughtb) for b) want b) loves buyingc) with c) wear c) enjoys shoppingd) on d) have d) affords
13. a) changed into 14. a) someb) put on b) enoughc) tried it on c) too muchd) wore it d) little
The great new year dinners that we -(15)- have are one of -(16)-
memories of my childhood. My mother started cooking early in the morning. All our
relatives joined us that night. My sister and I loved those family dinners because we could
so to bed (11) we l i ked .
15. a) usedto 16. a) happierthan 17. a) laterthanb) used b) happier b) any wayc) have used c) happy c) wheneverd) were used to d) the happiest d) as long as
269
There are -(18)- cars in Britain today than there were a few years ago. The total
number of cars in Britain is about 11,000,000. The traffic goes on increasing all the time and
the roads of most big cities _(19)_ by a slow moving procession of cars
_(20)_ the rush hours.
Since their introduction to economy as a means of exchange, credit cards _(21)___money because they are very convenient for both the buyer and the seller. __(22)__.credit cards are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves.
18. a) biggerb) fewc) lessd) more
21. a) replacedb) have replacedc) have been replacedd) were replaced
23. a) set offb) settled downc) carried ond) took up
26. a) oughtb) ought notc) hadd) did not have
29. a) will have meltedb) is going to meltc) wi l l meltd) will be melting
19. a) is blockedb) have blockedc) are blockedd) have been blocking
20. a) whi leb) whenc) untild) during
Joe Fortunate had a terrible day yesterday. He _(23)_ for work early but hrs car
_(24)_ on the way. He called a mechanic to _(25) He _(26)__ rowait for the mechanic for 4 hours and he was late for work. In the evening, when he arrivecl
home, he couldn't find his keys so he decided to enter the house from the window. He
-(27)- into the house when a policeman saw him. He _(28)__ Joe fbr
breaking into his own house.
24. a) crashed intob) broke downc) speeded upd) slowed down
27. a) was gettingb) has been gettingc) gotd) has got
22. a) Thereforeb) Howeverc) Fortunatelyd) Although
30. a) becauseb) unlessc) so thatd) in case
25. a') repairb) have it repairedc) repair ing i td) has repaired it
28. a) was arrestingb) was arrestedc) arrestedd) has been arrested
Scientists predict that there will be big changes in the world's climate in the future. By the year
2030, all the ice at the poles -(29)- and the sea level will be fifty centimeters higher.
For this reason, city planners are planning to build walls around the cities _(30)_there are floods.
270
A: -(31)- last weekend ?
B: My grandmother. She is very old and she can't go out.
31. a) Who visi ted youb) Where were youc) Where did you god) Who did you visit
A: -(32)-?
B: In Switzerland.
32. a) Where were watches madeb) Where do they make the world's best watches
c) Which country makes the best watchesd) Who makes the world's best watches
A: How many letters -(33)- since you left home ?
B: Only two.
33. a) have you writtenb) have been wri t ingc) do you writed) were written
lJulia is an 8-year-old girl with beautiful long straight hair, but she doesn't like her hair
because i t is not cur ly. She says, " I wish I -(1)- cur ly hair" .
1. a) haveb) would havec) will haved) had
In the UK young people -(2)- to work part time, but they -(3)- have
permission from their parents.
2. a) allow 3. a) don't have to
b) are not allowed b) don't need toc) are allowed c) oughtd) do not allow d) must
Bob and I live in the same block of flats. My flat is on the sixth floor and Bob's is on the
second floor. Our flats are very convenient, but they are a bit noisy because they are on a
main street. Bob's flat is worse than -(4)-- because it is just -(5)- a pub
where there is always loud music.
2 l l
4. a)b)c )d)
6. a) easierb) more easilyc) quicklyd) quicker
8. a) wouldn't have ... attendedb) had ... wouldn't attendc) didn't have ... would attendd) would have ... didn't attend
10. a) has been studiedb) have been studiedc) have been studyingd) was studied
13. a) b igb) biggestc) biggerd) big enough
5. a) aboveb) betweenc) acrossd) along
7. a) Whileb) Duringc) After thatd) Then
9. a) will be recoveringb) is going to recoverc) will have recoveredd) is recovering
minemeImy
There are two kinds of sleep; deep sleep and light sleep. People reach the state of deep sleepvery -(6)-. -(7)- the period of deep sleep, people do not dream. They dreamwhen they are in the period of light sleep.
Jane woke up with a terrible cold yesterday morning. Her doctor examined her and prescribed
some medicine. He told her to stay in bed for three days. Unfortunately, she has an important
meeting with her boss this afternoon. If she _(8a)_ a cold, she _(8b)_ themeeting. She is going to call her boss and ask him to have the meeting next week. She hopesthat she _(9)_ by then.
The effects of stress on man _(10)_ for many years.
_(l 1)_ that our bodies react when stressful situations occur
l l . a ) s h o wb) are showingc) to showd) shows
14. a) Except thatb) Howeverc) In spite ofd) Although
The result of the studies
_(12)_
12. a) oftenb) any longerc) alwaysd) already
15. a ) asb) butc) sod) because
The town's -(13)- sports club closed down last week. Six months ago, the owners of
the building wanted to increase the rent. -(14)_ the management of the club tried to
cover this increase by putting up entrance fees, this was not successful, _(15)-- at aspecial meeting last Friday they decided to close the club.
After retiring from the film industry, Howard Hughes, the American film producer,
_(16)_ completely on his own. He _(17)_ al l day in bed _(19)--films. He didn't leave his house _(19)_ his death in 196l .
272
Monica's car broke _(20)- yesterday morning. She called a mechanic to
_(Z9_. The mechanic said, "Unless there -(22a)- a big problem with
your car, it _(Zzb)_ ready tomorrow." This morning the mechanic called Monica
and said, "Your car is ready. You can pick it up -(23)- you like."
16. a; l ivedb) livesc) has livedd) has been living
18. a) watchingb) watchedc) watchd) was watching
17. a) was spendingb) used to spendc) spendd) had to spend
19. a) fromb) untilc) sinced) where
20. a) outb) upc) offd) down
22. a) wil l be... isb) isn't. . . wil l bec) is... wil l bed) wil l be .. . isn't
people must have certain qualities to go on jungle expeditions, -(24)- tiring and
dangerous. First, they should be strong and healthy. Next, they should be good at
_(zs)-food because they cannot carry -(26)-food in the jungle' Finally,
they should know -(27)- in a team.
24. a) areb) which theY arec) which ared) they are
26. a) lotsb) manyc) muchd) some
2.
tIt . A group of people
pictures on display.them properly.
a) would be
He has to work hard even at weekends,
a) hasn't he b) doesn't he
21. a) have repaired itb) have it repairedc) be repairingd) repair
23. a) whereverb) any timec) as long asd) whatever
25. a) findingb) findc) to findd) found
27. a) workingb) workc) to workd) how to work
are visiting an art exhibition. Some people cannot see some of the
If they had hung the pictures lower, people able to see
b) w i l l be c) would have been d) are
?
d) isn' t he
213
c) has he
3. A woman who is overweight is visiting her doctor:Woman : " Can I lose five kilos in one week?,'Doctor : " In fact, I real ly don' t know _ lose that much in one week., 'a) whether can you c) whether you canb) that you can d) how much can you
I didn't listen to the lecturer carefully last week. Now I have to prepare a proJect on the samesubject and I don't have -(4)- notes because they are incomplete. I wish I-(5)_- more attention to the lecturer.
4. a) anyb) enoughc) muchd) a lot
5. a) paidb) was paidc) had paidd) was paying
'Scandal'is an exciting film. It raises interesting questions about a _(6)--_ scandal inpolitics. The film shows a seventeen-year-old showgirl. Christine Keeler. She begins herrelationship with the government minister, John Profumo. It is a(n) _-_(7)-- terriflc filmand you _(8)-- i r l
The driver swerved to avoid the car that pulled out of a side road, but he was too late. If he-(9)- quicker to swerve, he -(10)- straight into the back of rhe orher car.-(l I )-, he _-(1 2)- his seat belt and nothing happened to him.
6. a) shockb) shockingc) shockedd) shockingly
9. a) wasb) hadn't beenc) had beend) is
I l . a) Surpr is inglyb) On the contraryc) On the other handd) Fortunately
7. a) veryb) quitec) slightlyd) absolutely
B. a) shouldn' t missb) shouldn' t have missedc) missedd) a ren ' t m iss ing
10. a) wouldn't crashb) wouldn't have crashedc) would crashd) would have crashed
12. a) is wearingb) had wornc) was wearingd) worn
Lady shoppers at a large shopping mall in Florida opened their handbags for a fun survey andsome of the things inside were really strange. Inside Shirley Amendola's bag there was one ofher baby teeth. "I had planned to put the tooth in my safe-deposit box at the bank" said the 30-year old medical assistant. "I didn't go to the bank that day and I _(13)--- the tooth in mypurse over the Iast few months. Inside Phyllis Moloney's handbag there was an electronic
274
Spanish language interpreter. "I got it for Christmas last year. I just think it 's handy to have it
there _(14)_ somebody says something in Spanish to me." Sue Moore had three
different purses inside her handbag. "Al1 I really need is inside _(15)_ purse. The two
other purses are much smaller and can hold only money."
1 3. a) had carriedb) have been carryingc) am carryingd) had been carried
Errol is
Man
Errol
Man
Errol
Man
16. a) How farb) How long agoc) How longd) How often
18. a) am used to phoningb) am phoningc) used to phoned) have phoned
20. a) them if they had triedb) had they triedc) if they have been tryingd) them they were trying
14. a) in caseb) so thatc) otherwised) because
17. a) What rnake ofb) How expens ivec) Whosed) What kind
15. a) biggerb) as big asc) too bigd) the biggest
on duty at the police station. A man arrives in a hurry.
I've lost my laptop computer. Has one been handed in ?
No, sir , i t hasn' t . _(16)- did you lose i t?
Just after I left home in Chester Street this mornins.
_( l1)_ laptop was it?
I t was a Macintosh.
'My name is Jim Shelley and I am an addict.' With these words I began to solve the problem.
the problem of my telephone addiction. I think I started socially - a few calls each day. I
_(18)_, make calls, ring people up - talk, talk and talk. And it began to affect my
work. I was spending all of my lunch time phoning. During the day I would disappear for a
quick call. One night I found it impossible to sleep, thinking I could hear the phone ringing
downstairs. I jumped out of bed and then discovered it _( 19)_ at all. Things were so
bad I often rang people and asked _(20)_ to ring me. I had a business and a private line
_(21)_. And one day I hit my supervisor with the phone. Of course, I lost rny job.
Finally. the police caught me destroying a phone box _(22)_ my last f.l coin and I was
ordered to see a psychiatrist. It 's several days since I used a telephone. I also try not to watch
TV because there are always people on it -(23)- phone calls.
19. a) didn' t r ingb) hadn't rungc) had rungd) was ringing
21. a) instal l ingb) was installedc) installedd) was instal l ing
215
5Good students usually have good study habits and know _(l)_ their time efficiently.
Some find it helpful to draw up a five or six-day programme each week. Of course, one
cannot always keep to such a plan; unexpected things often happen but stil l, such a plan
makes _(2)_ about what we ought to do during the week.
22. a) which takeb) where it was takenc) that had takend) that was taking
l. a) organizingb) how to organizec) to organized) how organized
3. a) good enoughb) wellc) goodd) well enough
5. a) used to growb) had been grownc) grewd) was grown
1. a) must buyb) should have boughtc) need to buyd) could buy
216
23. a) makingb) madec) maked) was making
2. a) us thinkb) thinkc) to thinkd) us to think
4. a) fluentlyb) as fluently asc) more fluently thand) the most fluently
6. a) haven't visitedb) hadn't visitedc) haven't been visi t ingd) didn't visit
Although Maria has been attending an English course for six months, she stil l has problems
expressing her opinions in the target language. She knows the grammar rules very
-(3)-, but she cannot speak -(4)- the other students in class. That's why her
teacher advised her to attend a conversation club, which will enable her to practice speaking.
Next week I'm planning to go to the village where I _(5)_ up. I _(6)-- my
good-old friends since I graduated from high school, so I wonder whether they will
recognize me or not. I'm really looking forward to meeting them again.
Have you ever tried asking people for directions? I had to go to London on business recently,
and I soon realized that I -(7)- a street map. -(8)_ I followed the directions of
passers-by, I got lost. Then, I decided to take a taxi. After all, London taxi drivers have to
pass a test on their knowledge of its streets. But I couldn't find one. They had all simply
vanished. In the end, I went up to the first tourist I saw and asked _(9)_ their tourist
map.
8. a) Wheneverb) Howeverc) Whereverd) Whatever
9. a) whether I can look atb) them to look atc) i f I could look atd) where I could look at
Mrs. Winnifred Weaver has been involved in politics ever since she was a student. She joined
the Labour Party when she was at school. If she hadn't met Harold Wilson at a conference at
Hull University 25 years ago, she -(10)- a successful member of the parliament now'
Despite her busy life, Mrs. Weaver -(11)- several influential books about the political
system in Britain. These days she -(12)- on her latest book, which is a collection of
her memories.
10. a) wouldn't have been i 1.
b) isn' tc) can't bed) wouldn't be
a) writes 12. a) is working
b) has written b) works
c) will have written c) has been working
d) has been writing d) has worked
Sally is
Lisa
Sally
Lisa
Sally
Lisa
Sal ly
Lisa
Sal ly
Lisa
working on her term paper and Lisa enters the room'
: Hi Sallyl What are You doing?
: Well, I 'm stil l working on my term paper which is due for tomorrow.
I see. That means you don't have time to help me with my homework,
_( l3)-?
Not at the moment. WhY?
Actually, I have a few questions to ask you about my own term paper but slnce
you are busy working on yours, I can ask someone else'
Is it urgent?
Not really.
Why _( 14)_an hour later? I will -(15)- mine by then, so we can
spend the rest of the evening working on yours.
That's a good idea. See You then.
13. a) have youb) don' t youc) haven't Youd) do you
14. a) won't you comeb) can't you comec) aren' t you comingd) don't you come
15. a) f in ishb) be finishedc) have finishedd) be f in ishing
Last spring we rented an old manor house that had been built on the site of an ancient battle
ground where thousands of men are supposed to have died. We didn't believe the ghost stories
which the housekeeper told us' on the Monday of the second week' I _-(16)- in the
middle of the night by the terrible screams and moans coming from the basement. We went
downstairs where the screams were even louder. Terrified, we ran all the way to the village
_(17)_ at a hotel. The next day the housekeeper told us that the screams which we
heard were the ghosts of the soldiers who died fighting. We didn't sleep in the house again. It
was certainly -( 18)- experience I had ever had'
211
1 6 . a )b)c )d)
1 8 . a )b)c )d)
Sam and
Linda
Sam
Linda
Sam
Linda
Sam
the most frighteneda frighteningthe most frighteningmore frightened than any
Linda are talking about the reception that they have to attend.
I really don't feel like going to the reception.
-(19)-. I wish I -(20)- Mr. Brown about our plans for this eveningearlier, but it is too late now.
It 's OK. Do you know how long _(21)_?Not more than two hours. Why?
I thought maybe we could still go to Mark's party after the reception.
That's a good idea, but I think it will be tiring to go from one place to another, andI have to get up early tomorrow morning. I'd rather _(zz)_back home afterthe reception.
had woken upwoken upwas woken uphad been woken up
17. a) that the night was spentb) which we spent the nightc) we spent the nightd) where we spent the night
20. a) could tellb) toldc) would telld) had rold
22. a) to gob) wentc) goingd) go
24. a) Luckilyb) Eventuallyc) Recentlyd) Unfortunarely
19. a) I don' tb) Neither do Ic ) I d od ) S o d o I
21. a) the reception will lastb) has the reception lastedc) the reception has lastedd) will the reception last
23. a) had changedb) was changedc) didn' t changed) wasn't changing
Somehow I always have problems when I go away on holiday. This year I got food
poisoning the day I arrived. It must have been the fish I ate at the hotel that evening. It
took me most of the first week to recover. By the time I felt better, the weather
-(23)-, but I was determined to go sight-seeing and do some swimming.
-(24)-, none of the museums were open, as there was a stnke, and it was far
-(25)- to go for a swim. I'm sure r _(26)_myself more if I had stayed ar
home.
218
25. a) colderb) too coldc) very coldd) cold enough
6.Luna is talking to her daughter Emma.
26. a) enjoyedb) could enjoyc) had enjoyedd) would have enjoyed
Luna
Emma
Luna
Emma
Luna
l. a) don' t youb) had youc) didn't youd) were you
4. a) Howeverb) Wheneverc) Whateverd) Wherever
2. a) did you playb) are you playingc) have you playedd) have you been playing
5. a) wouldn't liveb) hadn't livedc) didn' t l ived ) w a s n ' t l i v i n g
3. a) tryingb) to tryc) for tryingd) try
6. a) haven't been smokingb) hadn't smokedc) wasn't smokingd) haven't smoked
You heard me cal l you, -(1)-- , Emma?
No, mom. Sorry, just let me finish this chess game.
How long _(2)
For about an hour, mom. That's all.
Emma, you are spending too much time -(3)- to beat the computer atchess! I think you should be aware of the fact that you have other responsibilities
both at home and at school.
Growing older makes people more conscious about their health. This is certainly true for me.
When I was young, I used to smoke three packs of cigarettes a day. I would start every
morning lighting a cigarette and coughing. -(4) I walked up a flight of stairs. I
would have to stop halfway up to take a rest. After I got married, my wife insisted that I
should give up smoking. She told me that I _(5)- long enough to see rny children
grow up so I quit smoking. That was twenty years ago and I -(6)- even a single
cisarette since then.
I have been busy with my exams over the last two weeks. They are over now, thank goodness,
and I can relax for a while and write letters to all my friends. I -(7)- the results by
the time my parents come back from Paris so I'm keeping my fingers crossed. On their return
I want to give them the good news. I should get at least 65 on all my finals -(8)- I
will not have to attend the summer school that lasts about two months. Actually, everything is
my fault. If I -(9a)- a bit harder during the first semester, I --(9b)
anything to worry about now.
219
Mary, wphone.
'1. a) will have learnedb) wi l l be learningc) am learningd) will have been learned
9. a) studied ... wouldn't haveb) had studied ... wouldn't have hadc) had studied ... wouldn't haved) studied ... do not have to have
8. a) otherwiseb) except thatc) unlessd) so that
I 1. a) I stayed 12. a) stoleb) there I staved b) had stolenc) where I stayed c) was stolend) was that I stayed d) had been stolen
14. a) was payingb) was paidc) have been payingd) had paid
ho has just returned from her holiday in Greece, is talking to her friend Sally on the
When did you come back from Greece? I called you several times the other day butthere was no answer.
Well, I came back yesterday morning.
I see, so how was it?
To tell the truth it was a disaster. I wish I _(10) your advice. Yousuggested that I should go somewhere else but I insisted on going there.
Why? Was it that bad?
Actually it couldn't be worse. The hotel _(11)_ at was horrible. The
rooms were extremely small and there was no hot water so I had to take a shower
with cold water every single day. To make things worse, one of my suitcases
_(12)_ on my first day at the hotel.
Oh really?
Actually, I _(13)_ the hotel as soon as things started going wrong but as I_(14)_ all the money in advance, I didn't want it to go ro wasre.
Well, I 'm really sorry that your holiday was so bad. Anyway, although it was a bad
one, just put it down to experience.
Sal ly
Mary
Sal ly
Mary
Sal ly
Mary
Sal ly
Mary
Sal ly
10. a) tookb) could takec) had takend) would take
13. a) must changeb) should have changedc) had to changed) needed to change
280
Helen is
Helen :
Carol :
Helen :
Carol :
Helen :
Carol
1 5 . a )b)c )d)
1 8 . a )b)c)d)
I d oS o d o INeither have II have
to leaveleftleavingleave
talking to her roommate Carol.
I have an important exam tomorrow.
-(15)-, but I really don't feel like studying. Why -_(16)-- to
the canteen to have a sandwich?
Are you kidding? Do you know how many chapters -(17) study ?
Well, it is the same with me, but we'll just sit there for half an hour or so.
Carol, there is no way you can make me -(18)- the room even for half
an hour. I -(19)- here. I want to start studying right away'
OK. That means I'm going by myself then' If anyone -(20)--' couldyou please tell them that I'll be back in half an hour?
21. a) used to feelb) was feelingc) has been feelingd) had felt
24. a) the most honestb) very honestc) more honest thand) the honest
16. a) aren't we goingb) can't we goc) don't we god) shouldn't we go
19. a) 'l l be staying hereb) 'm allowed to stayc) 'd rather stayd) can stay
22. a) good enoughb) as good asc) too goodd) good
25. a) surprisingb) surprisinglyc) surprised) surprised
17. a) do I have tob) I have toc) should Id) I can
20. a) is cal l ingb) wi l l cal lc) cal lsd) needs to call
23.a) is to copeb) can he copec) to coped) he coped
26.a) Althoughb) Despitec) Apart fromd) Because of
When I first met Nguyen, it was probably nine or ten weeks after his arrival in Los Angeles.
and he _(21)-- very lonely at the time. We immediately became friends but it was
difficult ro communicate with him as his English wasn't -(22)- to have a long and
stimulating conversation. In the following months, Nguyen's English improved and he learnt
how _(23)_ with all rhe difficulties of living in a large city like Los Angeles.
Actually, at my age I don't make friends easily but I consider Nguyen one of my close
friends. I think he is -(24)-person I've ever met. I'm quite -(25)- that
he likes spending such a lot of time with an old lady like me. Nguyen is kind and
considerate. _(26)_ he comes from a culture that is so alien to ours, we can
understand each other very well. And I love having a young person around; the excitement
and optimism is really heartening.
2 8 1
7The best hol iday of my l i fe was a hol iday I (1) in Turkey when I was twenty
Three of my friends from university (2) to Turkey and (3) me to
accompany them. I had very little money so, before university finished for the summer break, I
worked every evening in a pub (4) I could earn (5) on the
hol iday.
l . a) had hadb) was havingc) hadd) have had
4. a) so asb) so thatc) in order tod) because
Yesterday morning Sue parked her car on a road that didn't have any parking meters on it. To
her surprise, by the time she (6) to her car, there was a parking meter next to it.
Someone (7) a parking ticket on the windscreen and the wheels of her car
(8) ! Then she saw a policeman (9) the street. He came un to her
and asked if the car (10) to her. When she replied that it did, he told her rhar she
( 11 )
6.
her car there for so long and that she had to pay the ticket...
2. a) were goingb) wentc) had been goingd) had gone
5. a) money enough to gob) too much money to goc) enough money to god) so much money for going
3. a) explainedb) toldc) offeredd) invi ted
a wofftan
7 .
9.8 .
a) returnedb) had returnedc) had been returnedd) was returned
a) had been clampedb) clampedc) had been clampingd) were clamping
a) had belongedb) belongedc) was belongingd) shouldn't have left
a) was placedb) placedc) had been placedd) had placed
a) crossedb) was crossingc) crossingd) who crossed
a) shouldn't leaveb) shou ldn ' t be leav ingd) belongingc) should have left
10. I l .
It was a Friday night. Megan caught the nine o'clock train from Oxford to London. She sat
opposite a man (12) in gray. Since the man (i3)_ her, she was
able to see his face very clearly. The next morning Megan bought a newspaper and saw the
photograph of the same man on the front page. He was reported (14)
on a train after stealing her money and jewellery!
282
12.a) was dressingb) dressingc) dressedd) was dressed
15. a) regardless ofb) despite ofc) thoughd) despite the fact that
18. a) wouldn' t shoutb) hadn't shoutedc) wouldn't have shoutedd) didn't shout
a) even thoughb) as a result ofc) in spite ofd) in order to
a) happensb) happenedc) will happend) would happen
13. a) was facingb) was facedc) facedd) facing
1 4 . a ) h a v i n g k i l l e db) to have ki l ledc) to ki l ld) k i l l ing
What's more, although she
private calls, she called her
a little bit more attention tof - - l
: Why did Mr. Higgins shout at Julie a few minutes ago?
: Because (15) the smoking ban in the office, she (16)
morning. He warned her a few times but she didn't listen.
should know that she mustn't use the office phone for her
al l
husband four times this morningl If she (17)
the office rules, Mr. Higgins (18)
so ashamed now.
at her and she (19)
16 .
19 .
a) kept smokingb) keeps smokingc) is always smokingd) always smoked
a) wouldn'tb) doesn'tc) didn' td) couldn't
17. a) had been paidb) had paidc) would have paidd) would pay
bring about a
south poles
Every year
occur (20)
pollut ion.
(:22)
An increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere might in turn
rise in atmospheric temperature, and the ice at the north and
there are changes in climate in different parts of the world. Some of these changes
natural causes. However, some others (2 1) bv air
To illustrate, burning oil and coal in transport and factories often
air pollution, increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
(23) melt. If this (24) . the sea level (25) , causlng
floods in many parts of the Earth. Therefore, it is necessary that urgent steps
(26)_ in industrialized countries to avoid the disastrous effects of global
warming.
2t .20.
' ) A 26.25.
a) causedb) are causingc) are causedd) causing
a) roseb) have risenc) wi l l r ised) would be rising
a) lead tob) results fromc) result ind) leads to
a) be takenb) takenc) will be takend) must be taken
23. a) couldb) shouldc) mustd) used to
283
A :
B:
I read an article about mountaineering the other day. I'd no idea that it waspeople were involved in it.(27) popular sport or that (28)
Yes. but on the other hand it requires a lot of strength and courage. Moreover. it's(2e) for many people to take up as a hobby.
: Well, I don't think I'm (30) to climb mountains myself, but I wish I(31 )
27. a) sob) such ac) so muchd) such
l. a) don't have tob) letc) are allowedd) can
3. a) that who I amb) beingc) that I amd) that what I am
a) such a lotb) so a lotc) such manyd) so many
29. a) too dangerouslyb) so dangerousc) too dangerousd) so dangerously
28.
30. a) courageous enoughb) very courageousc) too courageousd) enough courageous
gI 'm not an irresponsible grandmother, but I want my grandchildren to have a good time with
me. We enjoy breaking the rules when we are together. For example, they _( I )_ sray
up as long as they wish when they are in my house and they find it great. _(2)_ there
is anyone who wouldn't do such favours to kids to see them happy.
31. a) couldb) wouldc) wered) did
2. a) I wonder ifb) I want to askc) I have no idea ifd) I'd like to know
I should admit -(3)- most jealous of is that my sister doesn't put on weight no matter
how much she eats. I, on the other hand, gain a kilo if I even smile at a bar of chocolate. I
-(4)- losing weight in many ways, but all in vain. I wish I _(5)_ somerhing to
speed up my slow metabolism.
4. a) looked forward tob) consideredc) triedd) thought of
5. a) would have doneb) could doc) had doned) did
Yesterday a 60-year-old woman was reported -(6)_ arrested for shoplifting. Therewere -(7)- stolen items in the elderly woman's place that the police couldn't open the
door for half an hour. once they were inside, they found f3,000 worth of goods _(g)_over the past l0 years. The police _(9)_ six hours _(9)_ three vans with thestolen property.
284
7 .
9 .8 .
a) to beb) that she had beenc) to have beend) that she was
a) was stolenb) the woman has stolenc) the woman had stolend) the woman stole
10. a) must be causedb) might have been causedc) should be causingd) could have caused
13. a) may not beb) aren'tc) unlikely to bed) probably won't
16. a) get their frozen bodiesb) have been frozenc) make their bodies freezed) have their bodies frozen
18. a ) w i l l be chang ingb) will have changedc) will be changedd) will have been changing
a) hardly anyb) very fewc) nearly alld) so many
a) took ... for fil l ingb) needed ... fi l l ingc) had ... to fil ld) spent ... fi l l ing
The great extinctions of the past, some scientists claim, -(10)- by comets or asteroids
_(11)_ into Earth. In 1996, an asteroid passed by and -(12)- it missed the
earth by only a million kilometers that astronomers were able to detect it. Scientists say we
_(13)_ that lucky next time. According to an Austrailan astronomer, that particular
asteroid could have arrived six hours earlier and he says if that (14)-, the resulting
explosion would have been -(15)- powerful as the one that all of the U.S. nuclear
weapons could produce.
Tricia and Andrew are the first people to sign up to -(16)- after their death, in a new
science called'cryonics'. They want --(17)- back to life in 2100 as they believe the
way of life -(18)- completely by then. Andrew says he'd -(19)- to be around
in the 2100s so that he -(20)- through space.
I l. a) had crashedb) that crashedc) which were crashedd) crashed
14. a) happenedb) has happenedc) happensd) had happened
17. a) to be broughtb) that they bringc) to bringd) that they are brought
19. a) ratherb) betterc) liked) bother
12. a) by the timeb) as soon asc) i t was only whend) until
15. a) much moreb) quitec) lessd) twice as
20. a) can travelb) would travelc) travelledd) had travel led
I hate the popular press _(21)- people's privacy. In the last two weeks there
_(22)_ a lot of publicity about the huge compensation -(23)- to a pop stnger
after he proved that a newspaper had made untrue claims about his personal life. The singer is
2tt5
one of those lucky people who has -(24)- money to take the necessary steps for justice
to be done. Otherwise, he -(25)- the f30.000 needed to take the newspaper to colrrt.The singer said he --(26)- to get on well with the press over the past f'ew years. bur rhenews that appeared in the paper was the last straw. "I hope. from now on. press mernbers
_{27)_ people's private lives," he added.
21. a) being invadedb) to invadec) invadingd) that it invades
24. a) enoughb) so muchc) too muchd) such a lot of
26. a) had been tryingb) tr iedc) has been tryingd) was trying
22. a ) wasb) has beenc) used to bed) had been
25. a) shouldn't have affordedb) didn't affordc) wouldn't affordd) couldn't have afforded
21. a) respectb) wi l l be respectedc) are respectingd) respected
23. a ) tha t gaveb) r.vas givenc) wh ich was g iv in - {d) given
2Sandy meets Pauline. a friend fiom school, at a cinema :
sandy : Hi, Paul ine. what are you doing here? I thought you (1)__ ar rhrs r i rne
of the day.
Paul ine : Yes, but I 've taken the day off just to relax a bi t . Actual ly, Im planning ro t lu i i
soon.
Sandy : Real ly? Why?
Paul ine : Wel l , I 've been having a di f f icul t t ime at work recent ly. Last month they hired anew secretary, who is a real nuisance. To begin with, she wasn,t (2)_
t o g e t t h e j o b . ( 3 ) - t h i s , t h e y - e a v e h e r t h e j o b s i n c e s h e ' s t h e n i e c e o 1 .
Mr. Johnson. the owner of the company. To make things worse. the director-s.
Mr. Trent and Mr. Swan, who are expecting to be promoted soon, -qave tny of'f ice
to her! They're (1)---_-.--- inconsiderate people that they off-erecl( 5 ) - u S e t h e d a r k l i t t l e o f f i c e a t t h e e n d o f t h e c o r r i d o r |
Sandy : How awfull You must hate the new secretary.
Pauline : well, she's a bore. She's always (6)___-.-_ about herself. what's more. she
s p e a k s a n d l a u g h s ( 7 ) - f e e l y o u r e a r d r u m s w i l 1 b u r s t ! i d o n ' t t h i n k I ' 1 l
be able to put up with al l th is any longer; (8)----_ I 'm thinking aboutquitting. I wish I (9)-_-_--- the job advertisement in the pirper last vcar! Il 'I (10)-- col lege ro work in this job, I (11)-=--_ my degree ancl I( l2)-=-- working in a much betrer job now. If I ( I 3)______ born
286
aga in , I ( l4 ) the same rnistakes!
a- l -2.
6 ..t.
9 .8 .
12.10 .
a) should have workedb) shouldn' t workc) should workd) should be working
a) suchb ) s oc) tood) so many
a) so loudly that youb) much too loudly toc) loudly enough tod) such a loud voice that you
a) leftb) hadn't leftc) didn't leaved) had leti
a) qualifiedb) enough qualificationsc) much too qualifiedd) nearly qualified enough
a) that I couldb) me to letc) to let med) let t ing me
a) as a result ofb) yetc) becaused) that's why
a) Regardlessb) In spi te ofc) Because ofd) With a view of
a ) talksb) keeps talk ingc) ta lk ingd) keep talk ing
a) didn' t seeb) wouldn' t have seenc) hadn't seend) couldn' t see
a) arr notb) would bec) wouldn' t bed) were
13. a) had beenb) werec) amd) w i l l be
15. a ) lookedb ) lookingc) was lookingd) has looked
19. a) were wait i t tgb) had waitedc) wait ingd) waited
I 1. a) would getb) would have gottenc) had gottend) have already gotten
14. a) would never makeb) didn' t makec) won't maked) hadn't made
Llst Fr iday, Jul ia (15)--- at the shop windows to buy a new coat when she
(16)_ that she 61)_ al l the money she had so she decided to get some
rnoney frorn her bank account. When she got to the bank. there r.vere about ten people
(18)--- in a queue, (19)_-- for their turn. Al l ol a suddetr, three men
(20)_ with shotguns rushed into the bank. Their faces (21)---- with black
masks. There was complete si lence in the bank for a second. Then . . .
Two junior students at college
A : Guess what happened in
B : Jack was late againl
are talking at the cafeteria :
the chemistry class this morning.
16. a) real iz ingb) real izedc) was real iz ingd) has realized
20. a) armedb) were armedc) armlngd) had armed
11. a ) had spent$) rvas spendingc) spentd) had been spent
21. a) were coveredb) coveredc) were covenngd) had covered
I B. a) had stoodb) stoodc ) were s t lnd in sd) standing
281
A : Correct! Halfway through the class, there was a loud knock on the door of the auditorium.
Prof. Brown, who had been lecturing on cell division enthusiastically, said "Come in". The
d o o r o p e n e d a n d J a c k a s k e d ( 2 2 ) - h i m i n . P r o f . B r o w n g o t V e r y a n g r y a n d t o l d
( 2 3 ) - o u t s i d e t i l l t h e c l a s s f i n i s h e d . H o w e v e r , J a c k i n s i s t e n t l y t r i e d t o e x p l a i n
t h a t h i s c a r ( 2 4 ) - d o w n o n t h e w a y t o t h e c a m p u S a n d a p o l o g i z e d
(25) -so la te .Surpr is ing ly ,asympathet icsmi leappearedonPro f .Brown 's face
and she urged (26)_ in.
z ) .
26.
22.
25.
a) the professor for lettingb) the professor if she would letc) to letd) that the professor would let
a) the professor for he wasb) for beingc) to bed) that he had been
a) that he must waitb) him that he had waitedc) him to waitd) to him that he should wait
a) to him comingb) if he camec) that he would comed) him to come
a) with the aim ofb) in order toc) for the purpose ofd) in order that
a) be consideredb) to be consideredc) being consideredd) to consider
24. a') brokeb) has brokenc) was breakin-ed) had broken
Forests, which are among the Earth's richest natural resources, are essential for a variety of life
forms. Unfortunately, they are shrinking fast. Various factors like man's efforts to make fields
a r e k n o w n ( 2 7 ) - t h e p r o c e s s c a l l e d d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n q u i t e a l o n g t i m e a g o ' C e r t a i n
m e a S u r e S h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n t a k e n ( 2 8 ) - S t o p o r s l o w d o w n t h i s p r o c e s s . A | l t h e
same, unless stricter regulations are introduced by governments, the Earth's forests
( 2 9 ) - c o m p l e t e l y b y t h e e n d o f t h e n e x t c e n t u r y . T h e r e f o r e ' i t ' s u n d e n i a b l e t h a t t h i s
vi tal issue (30)_ urgenrly.
27. a) to be startingb) startingc) that they startedd) to have started
29. a) likely to be clearedb) might be clearedc) wi l lprobably cleard) could be clear ing
10
28.
30.
I don't mind -(1)- to wait, but I hope she has time to see me after her meeting.
1. a) asking herb) her askingc) askingd) being asked
288
There is no doubt that supermarkets are very convenient. To begin with. they are cheap-
Products in local grocery shops can be twice -(z)-those in big supermarkets. Shoppers
also like supermarkets because supermarkets save -(3)- to several different shops in
order to buy different products. It's very quick and easy to drive to the supermarket and pick up
everything you need. It's not surprising, then, that some shoppers believe it is -(4)-
making the effort any more to walk round the busy city centre when the nearest supennarket is
only a short drive away.
2. a) more expensive thanb) as expensivec) the price ofd) the value of
5. a) used to gettingb) used to getc) was used for getting
d) was used to get
8. a) taken awaY his licence
b) to take awaY his licence
c) his licence taken awaYd) taken his licence awaY
3. a) them from goingb) from them goingc) them to god) them go
6. a) was givenb) gavec) was given to himd) gave to him
9. a) alreadyb) beforec) afterd) ago
4. a) waste of timeb) no point inc) not worthd) not a good idea
It's true that money doesn't always bring happiness. My friend Jonathan -(5)-
whatever he wanted from his parents. He was lucky because he had a rich father and on his
eighteenth birthday he -(6)- a car. He became -(7)- excited with his new
present that he decided to go out and celebrate in a bar. He got drunk and was on his way
home in his new car when the police stopped hirn. Jonathan was tested for alcohol and he
had -(8)-. That was two years -_(9)-- and now he is stil l waiting to get his
licence back.
1. a) qui teb) soc) suchd) too
It can be difficult to choose the right career, especially because some popular jobs are less
attractive than they first appear. For example, -(10)- young people dream about a
career in modelling. However, they rarely understand -(ll)- to be a professional
model. Exotic images of models in newspapers and magazines encourage _-(12)-
photographs ro modelling agencies in the hope of becoming the next Cindy Crawford. Only
a few are able to find work and they are often surprised by the nature of the work.
_(13)_ early in the morning day after day in all kinds of weather is especially tiring.
Job satisfaction is not guaranteed. It depends -(14)- get on with their colleagues.
The rnodelling world is full of ambitious and selfish people. In an environment where
people don't help _-(15)-, life can be tough. The money is usually good. but it cannot
289
go on forever. Unless a model has earned enough to retire -_(16)-_ time she is thirty. she
-( I 7)- discover that she has financial worries. Some models find that rhey _-( I B )___a different job for all those years with useful qualifications and experience at the end of it.
10. a) most ofb) a lotc) manyc) hardly any
12. a) their sendingb) them ro sendc) that they sendd) them for sending
14. a) that they canb) their ability toc) whether they cand) how can they
16. a) for ab) by thec) after ad) at the
I 8. a) should dob) could have donec) needn't have doned) may be doing
11 .
I J .
15
t7 .
a) that they likeb) they would likec) what i t is l iked) what to like
a) Getting upb) By getting upc) When they get upd) Ifthey get up
a) by themselvesb) by each otherc) themselvesd) each other
a) mightb) mustc) can' td) would
The government is reported -(19)- permission for an extension to London's GatwickAirport. This is good news for international travellers and people _(20)_ there since itwill protect jobs. However, it is -(21)- to be popular with residents in the surroundin-qarea - the government plans also include permission for additional night flights. A group o1,residents called the 'Keep Gatwick Quiet' organisation has accused the government
-(22)- the promises -(23)- while it was trying to win support for its electioncampaign. A spokesman for the residents association said, "I am --(24)_furious thatthe government has lied to us. We can't trust the politicians after this." Gatwick was choseninstead of Stansted. London's third airport. -(25a)_ disadvantage of buildin-s rheextension at Stansted is -(25b)- poor transport connections to the centre of London.Work will begin this year and the extension is expected to _(26a)_ over three years-(26b)-. The construction programme will -(27)- delays in some eveningflights in the first half of next year.
290
19. a) to give 20. a) theY workb) that it gave b) that workedc) to have given c) workingd) that it had given d) worked
21. a) unlikely 22. a) not keePingb) uncertain b) to keepc) probably not c) for keepingd) bound d) of not keePing
23. a) to be made 24. a) absolutelyb) it made b) fairlyc) that have been made c) veryd) who made them d) far
25. a) The . . . havingb) The ... that it hasc) Another ... havingd) Another ... that it has
27. a) originate inb) be due toc) lead tod) be caused by
l l
There _(l)_ many road accidents since yesterday's heavy snow. Early last night two
motorists _(2)_ serious injuries in an accident involving three vehicles. Mr. Ray
Amberly from Newden -(3)- along Pyke Road at 90 kph when he -(4)- the van
behind his car driven by Mr. Joseph Brown, moving out to overtake him. Mr. Amberly
braked slightly in order to -(5)- the driver of the van -(6) but instead of
slowing down, his car skidded on the slippery surface and crashed into the van. -(7)-,
the van was knocked into a third vehicle, coming from the other direction, driven by Mr. Luke
Porter. All three vehicles _(8)_ in the collision and the drivers -(9)- be taken to
hospital. The police believe that the crash might -(10)- if the drivers -(11)-
more careful.
1 . a) are 2. a) were suffering 3. a) travelledb) were b) had suffered b) was travellingc) have been c) were suffered c) has travelledd) had been d) suffered d) had travelled
4. a) had noticed 5. a) make 6. a) passb) has noticed b) get b) passedc) was not ic ing c) let c) passingd) noticed d) have d) to pass
26. a) take ... to buildb) need ... buildingc) spend . . . bui ldingd) have ... to build
291
7. a) As a result 8. a) had damaged 9. a) couldb) However b) have damaged b) mightc) Although c) were damaged c) had tod) On the contrary d) damaged d) should
10. a) have happened I l. a) wereb) not have happened b) would bec) not happen c) have beend) happen d) had been
A large British fishing boat, the Red Herring, sank yesterday morning after hitting rocks off
the south coast of England. Six of the boat's crew members _( 12)_ swim ashore ancl get
help. The authorities had a lifeboat team -(13)- out to search for the rest of the crew.
When the lifeboat crew returned to shore after rescuing five survivors, they _(14)_ theauthorities that there were stil l three missing crew members. The survivors of the shipwreck
-(15)- to hospital in Southampton, where they -(16)- from the accidenr. Air and
sea rescue teams are continuing to search for the missing crew members.
12. a) needed 13. a) sending 14. a) askedb) could b) send b) roldc) were able to c) was sent c) advisedd) would have to d) sent d) said
15. a) have taken 16. a.) are being recoveredb) had been taken b) recoveredc) had taken c) are recoveringd) have been taken d) were recovered
The seas al l over the world are in danger. They -(17)- with poison: industr ial and
nuclear waste, chemical fertil isers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead;
the North Sea is following. If nothing _(18)_ about it, one day soon norhing
_(19)_ l ive in the seas.
17. a) f i l l 18. a) had been done 19. a) would be able tob) are fil led b) is done b) was able roc) fil led c) were done c) would have been able rod) are fil l ing d) will be done d) will be able to
Peter asked his grandmother -(20)-. She answered that she felt very dizzy because she
had forgotten to take her pills that morning. She asked him _(21)_ the pills from rhe
kitchen. Moreover, she persuaded him _(22)_ his parents about it.
?0. a) how was she 21. a) to ger 22. a) rellb) how she was b) ger b) ro tellc) how had she been c) getting c) not to telld) how she had been d) got d) not tell
' rq)
A judge ordered a 65-year-old woman _(23)_ f4,000 damages to a burglar who
-(24)- to break into her house. As soon as Mrs. Lewis heard the noises, picking up
her gun, she went downstairs where she _(25)_ Michael Phillips in the hall with a bag
full of electrical equipment and shot him. Fortunately, Phillips suffered only minor wounds
to his legs. If he had been seriously wounded, he _(26)_ in hospital now. In the trial,
the judge explained that although Mrs. Lewis was defending her own property, she
_(21)_ Phillips.
a AL J
27.26.
a) payb) that she had to payc) payingd) to pay
a) wouldn' t beb) would have beenc) wouldn't have beend) would be
a) has tried 25b) has been tryingc) had triedd) would try
a) shouldn't shootb) shouldn't have shotc) shouldn' t be shotd) shouldn't have been shot
a) foundb) had foundc) was foundd) had been found
3. a) Hardly anyb) Manyc) Almost nod) Most of
6. a) wrongb) no rightc) his own faultd) not to blame for
t2Ben Johnson, the Canadian sprinter, won and lost the 100 metres final in 1988 Olympics in
Seoul in 24 hours. _(l)_ the tests done after the race showed that he had taken a
prohibited drug before the race. This _(2)_ in his losing his title and the gold medal.
_(3)_ people believe that athletes shouldn't take drugs because these drugs improve
performance unfairly. Some people said that Johnson _(4)_ have taken drugs because
he was an excellent athlete anyway and _(5)_ the race without them. Johnson was
banned from competing for three years. People who thought that he was _(6)_ to take
drugs also thought that this ban was -(7)- and that it would be better if these athletes
were banned from competing for life.
1 . a ) Mostb) None ofc) Very fewd) Al l
4. a) was bound tob) mightc) wasn't expected tod) needn't
2. a) originatedb) was one resultc) resultedd) led
5. a) shouldn't have wonb) could have wonc) shou ld be w inn ingd) must have won
7. a) short enoughb) too shortc) shorter thand) not as short as
I like dogs very much, but I lead -(8)- a busy life that I don't think I could spare the timeto look after one, so I have a cat. Cats are _(9)_ to keep because they don't demand
293
constant attention. If I -(10a)- a dog, I -(10b)_ worried because I couldn't get home
_(ll)_ to take it out for a walk. Dogs are believed _(12)_ good companions, but I
think that it all depends on _(13)_ sort of companion you want, one that keeps you on the
go all the time or one that helps you to relax. Some doctors claim that it is _(14)_ to keep
a cat if you suffer from stress because it enables _(15)_ rid of all your tension.
8. a) sob) quitec) suchd) extremely
1 1. a) on t imeb) at the timec) for a timed) in t ime
14. a) worthb) no point inc) a good idead) waste of time
9. a) much easierb) easiestc) easier thand) more easily
12. a) to have beenb) they arec) to bed) being
15. a) you to getb) to get youc) you from gettingd) getting you
10. a) had had.. .would have beenb) d idn ' t have. . .wou ldn ' t bec) had.. .would bed) don ' t . . .w i l l be
13. a ) whatb) whetherc)d) that
Kilroy's second day in the army was not much better than his first. Once again, the officers
made the recruits stand in the sun for several hours. They had no idea _(16)_ it. They
were allowed neither to talk _(17)_ nor to sit down. Next, they were forced to run six
miles in the hot sun, which was twice _(18)_ the distance they had run the previous day.
This, of course, was hard work for the recruits who _(19)_ to doing physical exercise.
Moreover, _(20)_ who couldn't run fast were required to run an extra mile as punrshment.
Then, they were ordered to go to the medical building, where they had _(21)_ In the
afternoon, they were told to do lots of other trivial and tiring things. When, at last. they were
allowed to return to their barracks, Kilroy, who hated _(22)_ what to do, was sorry that
he _(23)_ to join the army.
16. a) why they had to dob) why did they doc) how long do they have to dod) how long they have been doing
19. a) weren' t usedb) were usedc) didn't used) used to
11. a) one otherb) by themselvesc) themselvesd) to each other
20. a) onesb) the onec) some ofd) the ones
18. a) more thanb) as much asc) longer thand) length of
21. a) measured their blood pressureb) remembered measuring their blood pressurec) their blood pressure measuredd) their blood pressure should be measured
294
22. a) being toldb) tel l ingc) tel l ing himd) his tel l ing
13
23. a) was persuadedb) persuadedc) had been persuadedd) had persuaded
It is very difficult to understand the directions for use on medicines -(1)- they are
explained by doctors.
1. a) in case c) unlessb) provided d) as long as
Parents should set limits on the amount of time their children spend watching television
because -(2)-. the more violence they will probably see.
2. a) if they watch more television c) the television is watched more
b) the more television they watch d) watching television more often
The rock band Avalon are giving a concert in London this Saturday. There is usually a
long queue for concert tickets and although I -(3a)- to get into one of their
concerts for years, I _(3b)_ successful so far. I hope I will be able to get a ticket
this t ime.
3. a) have been trying... haven't been c) was trying... have never been
b) am trying.. . am not d) have tr ied . . . . wasn't
The local bank manager now regrets -(4)- to produce his play Bttsiness m
Business. As the first public performance is not far off, he -(5)- nervous. He is
afraid he will have a difficult time because there are no professional actors in the town's
theatre group.
4. a) offering 5. a) will be getting
b) to be offered b) gets
c) being offered c1 is getting
d) to offer d) will have got
It was very hot in the classroom and everybody was feeling -(6)-. After a tiring
morning, the students were anxious -(7)_- off to lunch.
6. a) asleep 7 . a) gettingb) sleep b) by getting
c) sleepily c) to get
d) sleepy d) that theY get
The fact that everybody enjoys a good mystery explains why magicians are -(8)-
popular entertainers. We all know that a magician does not really depend on 'magic' to
perform his tricks, -(9)- on his ability to act at great speed.
295
8. a) sob) suchc) thed) these
10. a) more . . . thanb) so.. . thatc) not only . . . but alsod) such.. . . as
12. a) hardlyb) everc) almostd) considerably
14. a) look depressedb) are looking depressingc) look depressingd) are looking depressed
16. a) got used to beingb) was used asc) used to bed) was used to being
9" a) orb) andc) alsod) but
I 1. a) fel tb) had been feltc) which it feltd) that felt
13. a) were beingb) have beenc) wered) had been
15. a) so as tob) for theyc) so thatd) because they
These days we are _(l0a)_ accustomed to e-mail messages _(l0b)_ it is
hard for us to imagine the excitement -(1 I )_ in the nineteenth century when the
first telegraph cables were laid.
Most working women have the same problem; they have to work at their offices and also at
home. As they get -(12)- any help from their children or husbands, they often think
that they are treated as if they _(13)_ maids.
In general , doctors'wait ing rooms _(14)_. They are usual ly packed with pat ients
who have to wait and wait for hours ( I 5) be examined.
Hunting -(16)- a matter of life and death since it was one of the main ways for our
ancestors to provide -(17)- with food. However, in today's world of tinned, canned
and frozen foods, hunting has become _(l8a)_ a social acriviry _(l8b)_anything else.
17. a) theirb) themselvesc) theirsd) them
18. a) ei ther . . . orb) both . . . andc) ne i ther . . . nord) as much . . . us
A group of scientists led by Captain Monroe started living under the sea 79 days ago. These
scientists want to prove that underwater farms are possible. Now they are trying
-(19)- up permanent stations under the sea. If they succeed, in the future we
-(20)- fresh fruit and vegetables grown under the sea. According to researchers, one
thousand hectares of land can be cultivated _(21)_ year, so if we can start cultivating
the sea bed in the next 3 years, thousands of hectares of sea bed will _(22)_ by the
end of this century.
296
20.19 .
22.21 .
a) to setb) to settingc) and settingd) setting
a) allb) wholec) samed) each
23. a) don't haveb) ought notc) are not abled) needn't
25. a) aboutb) quitec) fard) over
21. a) and inhabitb) which are inhabitedc) inhabitingd) wh ich inhab i t ing
29. a) leads tob) results fromc) is caused byd) is the result of
a) would be eatingb) are eatingc) will have been eatingd) will be eating
a) cultivateb) have to be cultivatedc) be cultivatingd) have been cultivated
24. a) too muchb) plenty ofc) a littled) a great deal
26. a) needs doingb) can't be donec) needn't be doned) can't have been done
28. a) one thatb) where itc) of whichd) among them
30. a) instead ofb) rather thanc) in spite ofd) had better
You _(23)_ to go to the Himalayas to do some climbing. It is not even necessary to
have a mountain: an old university building can also provide -(24)- excitement.
However, climbing a building is _(25)- more difficult, and for this reason it
-(26)- by people who are not specially trained.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species -(27)- a defined area. The
population figure is regulated by many factors, the most important -(28)- seems to
be the food supply.
A limited food supply often _(29)_ malnutrition and starvation for the members of a
population. Humans are the only animals that can choose voluntarily to decrease the birth
rate -(30)- suffer a population decline through starvation and disease.
Bob was out for lunch when he saw his girlfriend with another man. He watched them
_(31)_ away together in a car. The next day Bob asked his girlfriend
_(32)_ at noon the day before. She said, "I was working in the office."
_(33)_ her with another man, Bob knew she was lying. When she realized this,
291
his girlfriend was very embarrassed and
couldn' t change Bob's mind and they
_(35)_ him the truth.
apologised to him but
broke up. Now she
-(34)-- she tried. she
feels sorry and wishes she
31 . a) dr iv ingb) to drivec) droved) drive
34. a) no matter howb) however hardc) the harderd) whatever
36. a) Meanwhi leb) Afterwardsc) At firstd) First ly
39. a ') didn' t see.. . . would have beenb) hadn't seen . . . . would have beenc) didn' t see.. . . would bed) hadn't seen.. . would be
14
l . a ) h is . . .hersb) her. . .herself
I think it 's been two weeks since we
2. a ) i sn ' t i tb) don' t I
298
a) where she had beenb) where had she beenc) what she was do ingd) what had she been doing
a) toldb) would tellc) should have toldd) had rold
a) being servicedb) for servicingc) to be servicedd) serviced
33. a) Seeingb) That he sawc) Had seend) Having seen
) 2 .
35 .
Last July Art Fidler left washington in his private jet to fly to Bermuda. ___(36)____.everything seemed under control. He had the plane _(37)_ just before the llighr lnd
the weather conditions were favourable. However, he _(38)_ over the shinin-e warers of
the Atlantic Ocean for about ten minutes when suddenly the plane began to lose altrtude. It
was obvious that there was something wrong. Fortunately, he noticed an island nearby and
managed to land the plane there. "How lucky I am," he thought. " I f I _(39a)__ this
island, I -(39b)- dead." He looked at the plane and found some feathers stuck in one ot
the engines. It _(40) _ a bird that caused all the trouble.
38. a) was f ly ingb) had been flyingc ) flewd) had been flown
As i t is his daughter 's bir thday tomorrow, my boss wi l l take_(la)_ shopping so that shecan choose something for _( I b)_.
40. a) could beb) must have beenc) should have beend) might be
c) she. . .herd) him.. .herself
last visited our parents, _(2)_?
c) didn' t wed) hasn' t i t
It _(3)_ recently that doctors discovered that the reason for the epileptic-like selzure
in some children was viewing Pokemon, a cartoon series based on a computer game series
called Pocket Monsters.
3. a) was not unt i lb) is st i l l
Of all the places to visit in Britain, _(6)_ is as dangerous as the Scottish Cairngorm
mountains. In a very short time, the weather can change from bright sunshine to bitter
cold and snow. Climbers usually check the weather before they set off, but there are
always those who do not do so -(7)- warning they have had.
_(4)_ restoring his old
some of the parts as they are
4. a) Duringb) Whilec) Sinced) After
6. a) anyb) neitherc) noned) each
8. a) sawb) had seenc) were to seed) have seen
10. a) in caseb) as long asc) unlessd) even though
c) was not onlyd) i s so
American car, Sarah's father had
_(5)_ manufactured by Ford.
grear difficulty in finding
5. a) anywayb) any morec) no longerd) by far
7 . a) regardless of the number ofb) no matter how muchc) according to the amount ofd) however many
9. a) s inkb) which sankc) to sinkd) was sinking
Over the past two decades, the Seychellians _(8)_ their peaceful island. which was
considered the tropical paradise on Earth by many, -(9)- into terrorism. corruptiort
and economic decl ine.
Susan is a 21-year-old employee in the ticket office of an airplane company. She has been
told that _(10)_ she agrees to work on the night shift, she won't be able to get a pay
rise. " I 'd rather _(11)_ less than work at night," says Susan.
1 l . a) to be paidb) they paidc) they payd) be paid
Ronnie is one of the thousands of boys and girls who have been arrested for senous.
violent crimes in recent years. He was arrested last week for attacking _(12)_ boy
with a kni fe. So now, he is appearing in court_(13)_playing with his fr iends in the
schoolyard.
299
12. a) another 13. a) withoutb) the other b) instead ofc) the c) except whend) that d) apart from
Teenagers imitate people they look up to, chiefly film stars and pop performers. For
example, when David Bowie put on eye shadow, so _(14)_ many of his fans. However,
this only -(15a)- if the pop star -(15b)- in tune with the way youth culture is
already going.
14. a) are 15. a) succeeds . . . isb) were b) will succeed ... isn'tc) do c) succeeds ... will bed) did d) wi l l not succeed . . . is
When Jane arrived at the restaurant, she couldn't find a place to park her car, so she gave her
keys to the parking lot attendant_(16)_. On leaving the restaurant some time later, she
began to look for the attendant she had given her keys to. As she couldn't find him, Jane
walked around the parking lot, _(17)_ at all the parked cars.
16. a) for parking it 17. a) she lookedb) to have it parked b) having lookedc) to be parked c) lookingd) so as to park d) looked
In 1859. the English naturalist Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species. He said that
humans and monkeys _(18)_ from common ancestors. Many people later thought that
Darwin's ideas about evolution went against religious teachings. They reacted very angrily
and tried _( l9)_ schools to stop teaching the science of evolution.
18. a) have evolved 19. a) to getb) had been evolving b) gettingc) had evolved c) to have gottend) were evolving d) to be getting
When I saw David walking with a limp, I thought that he must _(20)_ a bad accident.
Later I discovered that he was doing it just to attract his mother's attention. I found that
extremely annoying. At the age of 24, one is expected to be _(21)_ to use such stupid
tricks. His mother, _(22)_just yesterday, knew nothing about David's trick and sounded
worried about her son's limp.
20. a) be having 21. a) so grown-upb) have had b) very grown-upc) have c) grown-up enoughd) had d) too grown-up
22. a) whom I talked aboutb) I talkedc) who I talkedd) to whom I talked
300
Before going on holiday, I asked my brother to take care of my cat. Upon my return, I saw
that my cat looked _(23)-. My brother had -(24a)- fed it twice a day -(24b)-
taken it to a veterinarian, who recommended some vitamins. I thanked my brother and said.
"I _(25)_ have left the cat with you a long time ago. It has never been so healthy."
Rose Jones has spent 20 of her 76 years in jail. Just a short while ago, she was caught again
practising her trade in Harrods - a favourite hunting ground for the pickpocket. Her fingers
aren't as quick as they -(26)- and she was spotted by a sharp-eyed store detective. Rose
blames her life of crime on her childhood and harsh upbringing. She feels that if her mother
_(27a)_when she was a little child, she -(27b)-a different life today. As it was, her
father remarried and her stepmother was cruel to her. When she was only 15, she was offered
a job as a waitress at a nearby restaurant, but she turned it down. Now, she wishes she
_(28)_ that opportunity, which she believes would have changed her life completely.
23. a) healthier thanb) much healthierc) the healthiestd) nearly as healthy
26. a) used to beb) were used to beingc) have beend) would be
28. a) had takenb) tookc) could have takend) take
29. a) that publishedb; publishedc) was publishedd) being published
3 1. a) areb) should bec) beingd) to be
24. a) not ... butb) either ... orc) not only . . . but alsod) neither ... nor
25. a) needn'tb) couldn' tc) mustd) should
The main obstacle to women's progress in business, according to a study -(29)- last
week by the Institute of Management, is men. Roger Young, director of the institute, said
that the idea of a'traditional management career' -(30)- to change. He suggested that
women managers _(31)_ allowed to work at home. He felt that this would enable
them -(32)- work with other responsibilities.
27. a) hadn't died ... would be leadingb) didn't die ... would leadc) didn't die ... was leadingd) hadn't died . . . would have led
30. a) hadb) had betterc) supposedd) was able
32. a) combiningb) being combinedc) to combined) from combining
3 0 t
-(33)- extremely generous of the people of France to give the American people theStatue of Liberty, especially as the money was raised by donations from the public whorecognised -(34)- in common. After all, -(35)- nations hacl fought revolutions tosecure their nationhood. The gift was returned with interest with the foundation of EurcrDisney near Paris. Nevertheless, many French people are unhappy with this 'present', whichthey _(36)_ a kind of 'cul tural colonial ism'.
The number of serious crimes -(31)- in the last few years. These crimes are usuallycommitted for economic and social reasons. -(38)_ strict sentences. criminals are norafraid of -(39)-. They know that prisons are overcrowded and thar they will ___('10)_*_for good behaviour in just a few years' time.
33. a) That they wereb) I t wasc) Most of thed) There were
35. a) plenty ofb) al lc) bothd) hardly any
a) has been increasedb) have been increasedc) have increasedd) has been increasing
a) punishingb) having to punishc) being punishedd) to be punishing
l . a ) w i l l qu ick ly d ie . . .don ' tb) wi l l have quickly died.. .didn' tc) would quickly die.. .didn' td) quickly die.. .don t
34. a) countries that hadb) what did the countries havec) countries which haved) what the countries had
36. a) feel symbolisesb) felt it symbolisesc) fee l symbo l is ingd) felt to symbolise
a) Although they areb) Despite the fact thatc) In spite ofd) Because there are
a) have releasedb) releasec) be releasingd) be released
2. a) even thoughb) otherwisec) despited) so that
38.37 .
40.39
15
Temperatures on earth have never remained the same. There have been times when
temperatures as high as 58" C and as low as -89" C were recorded. Luckily. life on earth isn'taffected very much by such temperature extremes. Most organisms __( la)_ at suchextremes i f they -(1b)- have the abi l i ty to keep condit ions insicle their bodies rhe same.What enables a living organism to maintain a constant bocly temperature _(2)___conditions in its environment change is called homeostasis.
302
When Europeans first arrived, forests covered a vast area in the eastern United States.
Almost all the original forest was cleared to make room for farms and towns and to
harvest timber. Today. Earth's _(3)_ forests, namely the tropical rain forests.
_(4)_ for the same reasons. Scientists fear that tropical forests -(5)- by the
end of this century. When the forest trees are cut, not only are the trees lost. but
thousands of animals that live on or among the trees also vanish. There's too much idle
talk about the matter and -(6)- action is taken. It's time that we -(1)-
seriously involved in the protection of our environment.
3. a) the largestbl the most lafgelyc) largestd) largely
a) very fewb) hardly anyc) noned) less
10. a) has takenb) has been takingc) had been takend) had taken
4. a) have been destroyedb) are destroyingc) destroyd) are being destroyed
7. a) had to getb) wi l l getc) gotd) would get
5. a) wi l l be disappearingb) wi l l have disappearedc) would have disappearedd) would disappear
It's known that most cosmetic companies have _(B)_ on animals before they put therr
on the market for sale. Every day researchers are accused by animal rights activists o1'
mistreating animals in their labs. Defenders of animal experimentation, however. find it
ridiculous that some people disapprove _(9)- rabbits, cats and dogs for testing
purposes. They argue that the welfare of an animal is much less important than the life o1'
even one human.
8. a) tested their products 9. a) that scientists useb) been testing their products b) to usec) had their products' tests c) of scientists usingd) their products tested d) of having used
To prove that it is necessary to carry out research on animals first, Dr. Joseph Wa-ener
showed some slides on a recent TV programme. One slide was of a cl-rild who was born
damaged by a drug his mother _(10)_ whi le she was carrying the baby. Obviously.
the drug _(11)_ tested more thoroughly. In fact, some animal r ights act iv ists are not
contpletelv- against the use of lab animals. They'd rather _(12)_ experiments that are
quite unnecessary. Peter Singer is one of those activists u'ho wish that animals
_(13)_ subjected to pain for unimportant reasons. "The difference between human
and animal intelligence," he points out, "does not mean that animals feel less pirin than
people".
I l. a) must have beenb) could bec) should have beend) need to be
303
I get -(14)- of letters at this time of year from people _(15)_ that they have a
cold which won't go away. There are -(16)- many different stories about how to
prevent or cure a cold that it 's often difficult to know what to do. Of course, you can buy
medicines which will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember
that -(17)- can actually cure a cold or make it _(ls)_ away faster. Another
thing is that some medicines are dangerous if you are already taking drugs for some other
illness. We advise you to check with your chemist or doctor first. Are they really all right
for you? And remember they can make you sleepy-please don't try to drive if they dol
-(19)-, as regards avoiding colds, -(20)_ you may be told abour magic foods
or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthv - you'll have less chance of
catchins a cold then.
12. a) not conductb) scientists didn't conductc) not conductedd) thev don't conduct
14. a) plentyb) a large amountc) the mostd) twice as much
17. a) everythingb) somethingc) nothingd) anything
19. a) At lastb) Lastlyc) Eventuallyd) In the end
13. a) weren' tb) won'tc) aren'td) wouldn't
15. a) to complainb) whose complaintsc ) compla in ingd) with the complaint of
18 . a ) to gob) goc) goingd) gone
20. a) whateverb) whoeverc) howeverd) whichever
16. a ) suchb) tooc) veryd) so
Life can be unjust sometimes. I guess my father and I have had our share of trouble, too.
Grandpa's sudden death put great responsibilities on my father's shoulders at a very early
age. When he was only 14, he -(21)- going to school in order to take over grandpa's
grocery shop. -(22)- the eldest son, he became the family's only provider. His dreams
of becoming a pilot were shattered and he was made to spend his life amongst boxes of rice
and detergents, in a small grocery shop.
I remember -(23)- us about the importance of education. He wanted his children tobecome college graduates and get 'decent' jobs.
My brother and I graduated with honors. At the time, _(24)_ of us was aware thlrgetting a job -(25)- very difficult. I can't forget the day when I had my first job
304
interview. How proud and self-confident I was with my diploma in my briefcase- I soon
discovered that a diploma alone was not enough to get a good position. At the interview'
they asked me how much experience -(26)- in my field of study. The job involved
speaking at least three foreign languages and, of course, using a computer.
It's eight months since I -(21)- up looking for a'decent' job. If you drop by at our
grocery store, you can see me -(28)- in my father's chair at the cashier's desk. I
wasn't _(29)_ to take over dad's shop, but that's what's happened after all. Dad and I
became grocers-but for different reasons.
21. a) hadbeen stopped 22. a) Whi lebeing 23. a) tel l ing
b) was stopped b) Being b) him to tell
c) had to stop c) Having been c) that telling
d) has had to stop d) To be d) him telling
24. a) either 25. a) would have been 26. a) I had
b) both b) will be b) have I had
c) neither c) was going to be c) did I have
d) each d) will have to be d) I have had
27. a) have given 28. a') as sitting 29. a) suppose
b) had given b) to sit b) suPPosing
c) have been giving c) sitting c) supposedly
d) gave d) sit d) suPPosed
305
ANSWER
KEY
1. VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
A.1. l ikes / loves 8. looks
2. has 9. has
3. washes / does 10. goes
4. goes 1 1- watches
5. does 12. l istens
6. lose 13. plays'7. plays 14. reads
B.l . are 29. belongs 57. is Bi l l t ry ing
2. aren' t 30. don' t understand 58. gives
3. have 31 . don' t do / aren' t doing 59. is working
4. is 32. am thinking 60. Is / Isn' t "" cont ing
5. has 33. am aPPearing 61. earns
6" isn' t 34. gets 62. doesn't seem
7. doesn't go 35. am working 63. is r inging
8. are 36. find 64. am writingg. l ives 37. are you doing 65. f in ish
10. hasn' t got 38. am having 66. usual ly have
I 1. goes 39. do you think 67' of ten vis i t
12. watches 40. usually teach 68. are going
13. want 41. don' t go 69. don' t of ten stay
14. don't understand 42. seem 70' have
15. is 43. leaves 71 . am si t t ing
16. l ives 44. doesn't stop 72. sel l ing
17. always gets up 45. is playing 7 3. is wearing
18. eats 46. guess 74. l ike
19. is makin g 47. is constant ly complaining 75. never go
20. f ly ing 48. understands 76. is v is i t ing
21 . is watching 49. belongs 77 . ate takin-e
22. am writing 50. are exPecting
23. seems 5 l ' a re . . . wear ing
24. are taking 52. want
25. are losing 53. Do . . . remember
26.live 54. are having
27. is changing 55. Is . . . bathing
28. are building 56. baths
C.1. Does the Nelsons' / their daughter go to school
Does Sue go to school2. Where is the Nelsons' / their house3. How many bedrooms are there I in the (Nelsons') house]
How many bedrooms does the house have4. Is there a garage5. What do you do
What's your iob
301
6. Do you work7. Where is / Where's8. Who is / Who's9. How old are10. Where does your husband / he haveI 1. How many cars have you got / do you have?12. Do they l ive13. What do you do14. What is your nationality
What nationality are you15. Where do you work16. Have you (ever) had / eaten / tried / tasted17. Who cooks18. Where are you from19. Who is that20. Is she your21. How old is she I Lisa I your sister22. Are you a student23. Where do her parents (her mother and father) live?24. Does Linda / she go25. Why does Linda / she want26. WhenlWhat time does the library / it close?
D.I . smells I 1. are thinking 21. is meeting 3 I " do they hord2. is studying 12. see 22. have 32. are holding3. am serving 13. are you cleaning 23. are doing 33. does it conrain4. think 14. am seeing 24. am typing 34. hear5. don't l ike 15. looks 25. f loats 35. rhink6. holds 16. are you still thinking 26. are giving 36. are always finding7. am having 17. goes 27. am thinking 37. is writ ing8. arrives 18. is thinking 28. boils 38. feels9. holds 19. doesn't come 29. f inishes 39. am having10. stops 20. feel 30. is smell ing
1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUSA.1 . a2 .dJ . d
B.1. They sold2. Werq you watching3. How long ago / When did he buy4. was not wearing5. When did he/Richard break his les6. l ived
308
i. What were you doing8. Did Bruno and his farnily have enough money to rent a house
Did Bruno and his family rent a house9. How much (money) does Bruno's father earn a month10. Why didn' t you cotneNVhy didn' t you goI 1. were making12. sought13 . swore1rl . was just beginning
had just begun
C. I .l . were you doing2. heard3. watch ing4. did you do5. ran6. running1. was holding8. was si t t ing9. got10. drove1 1. was dr iv ing12. wrote13. f lew14. started15. were'"vai t ing16. cont inued
II .1" were wait ing2. were getting3. were expecting4. finally arrived5. were si t t ing6. r.vere standing7. tookB. carried9. opened10. witnessed1 1 . w a s l i v i n g1 2 . c a m e13. were rnaking14. decided15. were f ight ing16. were having17. dropped
17. took18. moved19. am staying20. are attending2 l . ra ins22. is shining23. enjoying24. takes25. vis i ted26. was27. were talk ing28. were singing29. playing30. was pouring3 1 . w e n t32. dropped
18. wa lked19. f lew20. saw21. decided22. was cal led23. arrived24. was waiting25. am not26. don' t l ike1 . s a t28. was getting29. invi ted30. d idn ' t have3 1 . w a s t o l d32. is publ ished33. are becoming
33. broke34. was trying35. cu t36. were walking37. came38^ didn' t pay39. went40. were surfing41. appeared42. were43. looked44. knew45. b lew46. were try ing47. was48. phoned
34. are workin-e35. fel t36. shaking37. was ly ing38. reading39. got40. sat41 . was g iv ing42. received43. was dr iv ing44. heard45. were looking46. arrivccl47. was given18" got49. f-elt
309
D.1. They got divorced2. While I was making a salad, my mother arrived
My mother arrived while I was making a salad3. It took him two hours to do / finish4. When she saw the mouse under the table, our teacher screamed
When our teacher saw the mouse under the table. she screamedOur teacher screamed when she saw the mouse under the table
5. (I was) going to school, I found a purse
1.3 FUTURE
A. Suggested answersl . am going to see a dent ist .2. is going to wash them3. are going to play in the garden4. am going to look it up in a dictionary5. is going to have some coke6. are going to swim7. am going to sleep8. is going to stay at homef . is going to repair it10. am going to buy some eggs
B. Suggested answers C.L won't be 1. is going to have2. wi l l be 2. wi l l lend3. won't win 3. is going to drop4. will get 4. is going to faint5. wi l l d isappear 5. wi l l come
D.playing tennis and at l1:00 I 'm meeting David. I 'm having lunch at l3:15 with Sal ly andgoing to a party at 15:00. I'm meeting my husband in his office at 19:30.
E.l. are going to fall2. is going to rain3. starts . . . f in ishes4 are going to miss5. are eating6. takes off ... arrives7. am leaving
F.l . b 1 . a 1 3 . a2 . a 8 . c 1 4 . c3 . d 9 . a 1 5 . d4 . a 1 0 . b 1 6 . d5 . d l 1 . b 1 7 . b6 . c l Z . d 1 8 . d
3 1 0
G.1. probably won't go 20. Can / Could I May I (possibly) borrow2. won't lend 21. wi l l have dr iven1. won't do 22. wi l l be looking for2. will be resting 23. will be waiting5. will have constructed 24. will have missed6. won't have to use 25. retires7 . will have been learnin g 26. probably won't be8. wi l l be 27. ' l l help9. will be having 28. am going to change10. won't be able to see 29. 'm intendinsI l . wi l l be doing 30. give12. will have moved 31 . 'm going to wear13. Wil l you be able to support . . .? 32. wi l l have publ ished14. wi l l f ind 33. wi l l be given15. am going to work 34. will be watching
wil l work 35. wi l lprobably get16. wi l l probably miss 36. has been running17. wi l l go 37. was elected18. wi l l be 38. certainly won't vote19. wi l l never do
H.1. wi l l be having 6. wi l l be cooking2. will repair 7. is going to faint3. will be 8. will have been studying4. wi l l cal l 9. wi l l get5. wi l l st i l l love 10. wi l l be havine
I .1. the plane will have taken off2. you come home, I'11 have finished the decorating3. will have been living in this flat4. help you with your homework, (if you like)5. will have typed this report / will have finished typing this report
1.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
A.l. I have (haven't) drunk tealcoffee2. I have (haven't) read the newspaper3. I have (haven't) watched TV4. I have (haven't) made a phone call5. I have (haven't) done my homework6. I have (haven't) combed my hair1. I have (haven't) brushed my teeth8. I have (haven't) had a pop quiz9. I have (haven't) made my bed10. I have (haven't) washed the dishes
3 l I
B.l. Your ex-boyfriend has had an operation2. I've started going I've been to the Far East3. Jane has had twins4. We've bought a new house5. My dog has died out with Tom6.
D.l . Have you ever eaten sushi 3.
Yes. I haveWhere did you eat itI ate it when I was in Tokyo
2. Have you ever done rock clinibing 4.Yes, I haveWhat was it l ikeIt was exci t ing
C
l . He has become a doctor2. He has started r.vearing glasses3. He has got engaged4. He has gained some weight5. He has stopped playing video games6. He has grown a beard
Have you ever written ii storyYes, I haveWhen did you write irI wrote it two years agoHave you ever planted a treeYes, I haveWhen did you plant i tI p lanted i t last spr ing
E.Il -
2 .J .
4.5 .6.1 .
She's already made some / the sandwichesShe's just bought some/the dr inksShe's already invited the guestsShe's already cleaned the flatShe hasn' t t id ied up the l iv ing room yetShe's just blown the bal loonsShe hasn't la id the table yet
F.1. gone2. been3. beeu4. gone
5. been6" been1 " been8. gone
G.l .2 .J .
4.5 .
haven't mef his girlfriend yethas already cleaned Jim's trousershas already ironed his jeanshasn't made the salad yethas iust arrived
has been dead forhave already been abroadI have changed my job three timesThey haven't found tlie burglarTom has never been to Englandhave beenhasn ' t hadAmy has had/owned a carl the same car for two months
312
9" I have painted10. have lived /have been living in Chicago for1 1. He doesn't play cards12. is st i l l looking for a f lat13. She hasn' t lef t14. He hasn' t got the sack15. You haven't wri t ten16. hasn' t c leaned the ki tchen yet17. Jack hasn't watched a play (at the Royal Theatre) since last year
18. He has been famous ever since he published
19. a long t ime since she ( last) had20. ages since they (last) visited their grandparents
2 l. fifteen years since I (last) rode22. haven't seen them since we were / studied23. years since I (last) went to the theatre24. she rode a bike was when she was at high school.
25. he saw an opera was when he was 25
I.1. he hasn' t found one yet 6. I 've already asked
2. I 've just had some tea 7 . have just painted the door
3. She's broken her leg 8. I 'vejust had one
4. she's already lef t 9. I 've already posted i t
5 . I h a v e n ' t b e e n t o t h e b a n k t o d a y 1 0 . S h e h a s n ' t f i n i s h e d ( i t ) y e t
J.l. have completed2. has begun3. has served4. has landed
K.
5. have you known6. have knocked7. haven't found.. .are st i l l looking for
L have been sent 10. was.. .have been2. had 1 1 . l i ved
3. has been . . . f in ished 1 2. have you typed
4. has had I 3. have played
5. haven't learned 14. have never tr ied
6. fel t . . . have been 15. have you been'/
. didn't work . . . was I 6. have never enj oyed
8. wanted . . . was 17 . ska ted9. often visited
L.1. How long has Mary had her winter house2. Has Jack ever eaten snails3. Have you ever been to Spain4. Have you phoned John (recently/lately)
3 l-1
A.l . I 've been paint ing the cei l ing2. I've been eating all day3. Ann has been studying4. She's been washing clothes5. She's been crying6. I ' ve been p lay ing tenn is
B.l. has been studying for 3 hours2. I have been watching TV since 9 o'clock3. has been playing4. She has been typing5. How long have you been watching6. How long have you been working'7
. I 've been reading this book for8. have been going9. How long have you been waiting10. The students at the DBE have been learning English for
C.Suggested answers1. She's been studying harder since she started universi ty
(relevant month)
3. He has been looking for a job since he came out ol nr ison(relevant year)
4. They have been spending a lot of money since then
2. He has been staying in hospital sincel he had the car accidentlast month
(relevant month)
5. He has been having a treatment since he had a nervous breakdown
D.1. He's been taking photographs since 10
He has taken six rolls of film so far2. He has been working as a doctor for 40 years
He has performed a lot of successful operations so far3. He has been smoking for a few hours
He has smoked a packet of cigarettes so far4. He has been cleaning the room for an hour
He has cleaned the floor and tidied the bookcase so far
314
E.l .
2.
aJ .
A* .
How long have you lived/been living in this houseHow long ago did you move to this houseHow long have you known your friend BillHow long ago did you meet your friend BillHow long has he been walking on crutchesHow long ago did John break his legHow long has he been illHow long ago did he become illHow long have you had this carHow long ago did you buy this car
How long did it rain yesterdayHow long has i t been rainingHow long did she work as a translatorHow long has she been teaching in a schoolHow long did he travel all over the worldHow long has he been living in the country
Since last year. . . . . a year agoFor 10 yearsl0 years agoFor several weeks.. . . . months agoFor a long timeA long time agoSince last August. . . . . months ago
For half an hourSince early this morningFor five yearsFor a weekFor 40 yearsFor two years
F.l .
2 .
a-).
5 .
III. REVIEW OF PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
A.1. phoned2. weren't3. wasn't4. am calling5. are you doing6. have you been1. arrived8. Have you visited
B.1. am going2. haven't had3. cal led4. weren't
9. have already been10. haven't seenI l . are going12. went13. Have you ever eaten14. drank15. Did you l ike16. Is Tom
C.1. has not been affected2. looks3. think4. have not eaten5. is appearing6. expects
E.f . isn't2. usually play3. have already seen4. ate5. haven't been6. are going to drive / are driving1. hate dancing / hate to dance
D.l. are getting I are going to get2. have already bought3. haven't found4. 're I are looking5. has just read6. living
3 1 5
F.I " have2. bought3 . i sn ' t4. have lived / have been living5. spends6. goes7. don' t want
H.1. arr ived2. has been working3. has been studying4. hasn' t passed5. has just been given6. has been going7 . has visited8. spent
G.1 . does2. are grown3. was4. to come5. w i l l wa i t
am going to waitam waiting
6. lefi7. was st i l l wait ing8. came9. has just f in ishedI 0. have been standing
1.5 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
A. I .l . was going2. hadn't heard3. was affected4. had impressed
il.1. entered.. .had (not) been changed2. had stolen3. had laid4. had been standing5. had6. had already died7. hasn' t given8. is st i l l9. doesn't l ive10. always shinesI l . i s hav ing12" is thinking13. bel ieves14. had left15 . d idn ' t want16. were carrying17. had read18. had stopped19. informed20. were opened
B. looked9. was10. thought
21. had been made22. had been regarded23. were24. was flying25. dipped26. was trying / tried21. going / was going28. Trapped / Being trapped29. couldn' t / was not able to press30. try ing31. wou ld have been to rn32. had33. took34. had just got / were just gert ing35. not iced36. was walking31. moved38. pass39. had had40. had been bitten
5. found6. had also heard7. remember
3 1 6
41. d idn ' t want42. started43. liked / likes44. had never allowed45. would be46. was daydreaming47. were answering48. had attended49. had started50. realised51. hadn't answered52. began53. had done54. had been waiting55. was56. had served / had been serving
57. was thinking58. pu t59. had taken60. had always been61. d idn ' t know62. had left63. talking64. walked65. had had / had been having
66. was61. had thrown68. left/had left69. realised
70. hadn't taken7 l . weren ' t72. had eaten73. reached74. were waiting15. had planned76. ran77. was look ing78. hadn ' t changed79. had been wearing80. would vis i t81. happened82. had forgotten83. didn' t let84. had started85. fel t86. had left87 " had to ask88. were painting89. opened90. had told91. had taken92. got93. running94. telephoned95. stil l hadn't returned96. could have haPPened97. had98. were looking / were going to look / would look
99. had been driving
He had been working for 10 years at the bank when he became the manager
When he received a promotion, he had gained some experience
The police had supplied evidence when the man was convicted
They had moved to a different town when he died
He had kissed the children when he left the house
They had become members of the club when they changed all the rules
They had consulted a lawyer when they bought the house
He had driven through the red light when he got a fine
She had done all the shopping when he came in and offered to help
C.1. never found.. .had hidden
2. had forgotten...was3. had invi ted.. .didn' t appear4. real ised.. .had lef t5. felt...had been working
6. were...had been raining7. hadn't had.. .broke8. had done / did. . .stopped.. .decided9. looked...had given uP10. had f inished.. .real ised.. .didn' t go.. .decided
-r17
1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES
A.1. are getting / going to get2. have already bought3. haven't found4. are looking5. has just read
am going (to go)workedwentstudieddied
F.1. had arrived2. had made3. explained / had explained4. was l istening5. had entered6. were
I.L arrived2. cal led3. wasn ' t4. phoned5. was trying6. am staying
J.l " (had) put2. had spent3. was shining4. was cycling5. saw6. crashed7. have been looking8. haven't been able to find9. would never be able to run
workreceivedfleware stayingwas sleepingeat
D.1. had prepared2. had eaten3. rang4. gets5. saw
G.1 . k n o w2. have never met3. has been
7. wi l l probably start8. is organizing9. are having / going ro have10. w i l l be1 1. have already arrived
E.f . is sleeping2. saw3. wakes up / has woken
H.l . came2. has been I iv ing/has l ived3. was4. studied5. got6" was chatting7. heard8. is planning
B.l .
2.3 .4.5 .6.
c.,|'l
+ .
7. have already introduced8. wakes9. lets10. will take / am taking / am going ro rakeI 1. wil l have announced12. wil l give
K.1. were2. was flying3. dipped4. was trying / tr ied5. couldn't press6. failed
3 1 8
L.l . chose2. cl imbed3. didn' t want4. goes5. l ike6. don' t have7. is working8. wi l l be9. finishes10. is going to travel
N.l . saved2. has been fighting3. have made4. has appeared5. wi l l probably l ive
1.7 TIME EXPRESSIONS
A.1 . c 7 . a2 . d 8 . a3 . b 9 . b4 . d l 0 . c5 . c 1 1 . a6 . b 1 2 . a
B. I . II.1 . Before 1. when2. when 2. while3. While 3. before
4. after5. during
IV.L as soon as2. Firstly3. afterwards4. until5. Meanwhile6. At first7. during
M.1. mentioned2. don't look3. did you decide4. was wandering5. approached6. are attending7. didn' t mind8. was9. have been considering10. have been following1 1. haven't succeeded12. think
III.l . the 6. when2 . X 7 . X3. so 8. when4. such 9. X5. unti l 10. the
V.l . in order to2. Firstly3. Then/After that4. After that/Then5. As soon as
6. so that7. unti l8. While9. During10. Lastly
3 1 9
VI.1. As soon as2. previously3. immediately4. Meanwhile5. first
VIII.l . At one t ime2. some t ime3. on t ime4. at the time5. from time to time
duringwhilebefore
vII.1. at the same time2. for a time3. from time to time4. at the time5. on t ime6. after a time
whileDuringBefore
17. h is18 . h im19 . we20. there21 . She22. It
5. They ask questions to them.6. He knows i t .7. We have it.8. She cooks i t .
6. somebody7. Everybody8. anybody9. anybody10. somebody
6. then1. later8. After9. finally10. Afterwards
duringBeforebefore
C.1. broke his arm during the/a football match2. After the orchestra (had) played for several hours. the embassy
provided the musicians with refreshments3^ Where do you stay when you visit Washington4. It wasn't until we started working together on the same project
that I realised how ambitious she was
D.1 .2 .aJ .
4.5 .6.
7 .8 .9 .
2. PRONOUNS2.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
They'reMyWhosetheseonehersminehe's
9. him10. Ours1 1 . M ine12. my13 . me14. We15. They
He eats it every week.We play it very often.It is for them.They sell them.
c.l . Nobody2. Everybody / Anybody3. Somebody4. anybody5. nobody.. .nobody
320
2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSl. himself 6. himself
2. themselves 7. itself
3. herself 8. herself
4. yourself 9. Yourselves5. ourselves 10. mYself
2.3 FORMS OF OTHER1. another2. The other3. another4. The other5. others6. other'1. another8. The others
9. The other10. Others1 1. one another12. Another i Others13. The other / other14. others / others15. Another / The other
3. NOUNS3.1 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. aren't2 . isn ' t3. are4" is5. are6. are'1 . isn ' t8 . i sf . is10. areI 1 . needs12. were13 . i s14. come15 . i s16 . i s
17 . i s18. needs19 . i s20. l ive21. need22. is23. is24. is25. is26. was27. l ikes28. are29. has30. are31 . were32 . I s
33. wants34. were35. have36. don ' t37. is38 . i s39" are40. seem41 . loves42. love43. attends44. study45. were46. were
3.2 THERE + BE AND HAVE GOT1. has (got) 9. Are there
2. There are white boards 10. there isn't
3. has (got) a rack at the 1 l. hasn't got
4. is there 12. has (got
5. there is 13. there are
6. Is there a 14. have (got)
1. Have they/the rooms got 15' there is
8. Is there
321
3.3 ARTICLES
A.1 .X2 .a3. The4. the5 .X
B.l . the2 .a3 .a4 . a l t he5. the6 .X1 . X8. the9 .X10. the
7. the8 .X9. the10. the11 . X12. the
9. the la10. the1 1. the12. a13. x14. the15. the16. the
9 . a10. theI 1 . the12. the1 3 . a n14. the1 5 . a16. the
1 l . t h e12. a13. the14. a . . .a . . . the15. the16. the1 7 . a1 8 . a . . . t h e19. the20. The
13. the1 4 . X15. the16. The1 7 . X
17. the18 . X19 . a20. the21. an
17. The. . . the18. x19. the20. The21 . X22. the
C.1 . a2. the3. X.. . the4. the5.X6. a . . .X
D.1 . the2. the3,X4. rhe5 . a6 . X1. the8 . a
E.1. the2 .X3 .X4. the5 ,X6 .X7. the8 .X
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A.l . c2 .d3 . c4 . c5 .a
6 .b1 . b8 .a9 . b10 . b
322
B . I .1. convenient2. behind3^ in front of4. opposite
n.1 . o n2. from3 . a t l o n4. into / in5 . on6. Near
7 . i t8 . on9. above / behind1 0 . a1 l . one
v.1. between2. opposite3. next to4. in
7. on8. Next tof . i n1 0 . o f1 l. between12. behind / at
III.1. aren' t2. above3. front4" in5. between6. opposite
IV.l. up / along /down2. unt i l / t i l l3. left4. into5. past6. on1. opposite
c. I.1. ou t o f2. into3. along4. unt i l5. past / through6. on
Iv.l . w i th2. about / on3. o f4. from5. with6. for
D. I .1 . a t2. on3. from4. on . . .o f5. on.. . f rom6. from7. through8. to . . .X9. for10 . to
vI.l . above2. between3. convenient4. crowded5. in front of6. opposite7. below
III.l . i n2. from3. to4. for5. at
II.l . w i th2. to3. at4. for5 . on
7. about8. with9. up10. of11 . on12. about
11 . X12. in13 . on14. x15 . I n16. To17. In18 . On19" For
20. In21. In22. In23. in24. by25. from26. on27. for28. in
323
II.f . i n2 . in3 . on4. of5 . in6 . X7. in8. of9. on10. under / below1 1 . i n12. Next1 3 . o n . . . i n
III.1 . o f2. for. . . to3. of4. on5. to6. to1. to8. about. . .about9. for10. for. . .atI L o u t o f12. from... to13. fo r
14. at (on) . . . X15 . i n16 . up . . . X17. ago18 . a t19 . i n20. On. . . in . . . X21 .X22. on23. in24. at I on25. tn26. at
14. for / about15 . a t16. o f . . . in17 . i n1 8. from19 . i n20. for21. o f22. for23. o f24. on25. in
27. of28. for29. at30. by31 . t o32. for33. o f34. with (at)35. from36. on37. for... for38. for / about
3.5 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AND NUMBER
A.1 . much2. too / so3. any4. some5. many lenough
B.l . weren' t many2. i sn ' t any3. wasn't enough4. were quite a lot
D.l . some2. many3. any4. some5. not
324
26. with27. of28. on29. into30. on3l . o f . . . in32. in33. in to. . .on34" at35. to . . .on36. to37. towards. . .betwecl
6. much1. much8. enough / many9. many
C.1. Jane and her sister work in a bank2. Mary nor I have been to France3. Martin nor Frank is married4. We can eat either before or after the show5. I feel not only miserable but also tired
6. enough1. much8. many9. Quite
E.l . c 4 . a
2 . a 5 ' a3 . c 6 . d
F. I . I I . G. H.
1 . neither l. hardly any 1. neither I . much
2. none 2. neither 2' all 2' some
3. none / l i t t le 3. plenty of 3 ' every 3' twice
4. Each 4. each 4. both 4. both
5. none 5. none 5. either
6. neither 6. each 6. each
7. no 7 . none
4. QUESTIONS4.1 YES / NO. 'W'H-" SUBJECT / OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
A.1. Is Tom a secretary / teacher / etc.
2. When does Susan go running
3. Does Susan / she work4. Where does Your husband / he have
5. Do theY live
| 6. What do you do'
1. How old are You8. What's Your telePhone number
9. Where is Your house10. Can You use11. What time/When do you (usually) get up
12. Have You got a car13. Do you 1 go to work on Sunday(s)
workgo to the night club
14. What do you like/enjoY doing15. What does Mrs. Higgins / she look
16. What colour are her
17. How old do You think she
18. How long does it / the journey take
19. How much does it / a ticket cost
20. Whose are these / thosei the
21. Where'sAVhere is22. many restaurants are23. Why do you take24. Is he talking25. What are you reading26. How much oi l is21. Can I help28. What size (sweater) do You take
29. How much does it cost30. Is there a I public phone
post officephone box
(near)
325
31 . Where is32. How can I get / go ro33. How long does it take34. How do you feel35" Are you tired / Do you feel tired36. Did you see31. What nationali ty is38. Does Maria / she l ive39. When / How long ago did Patrick and Maria / they meet40. Is Maria / she41. when / How long ago I did Mr. and Mrs. wilson / rhey get married
I did Mr. Wilson / he marry42. Where did Mr. Wilson / he meet43. How many books I has Mrs. Wilson / she gol
does Mrs. Wilson / she have44. What are they going to do
What will they doWhere are they going to liveWhere will they liveWhat do they want to do
45. How many cars have you got / do you have46. How long does it take (you) ro get41. What size shoes do you wear48. What colour49. How often do you take50. Was it / the quiz difficult51. How many pop-quizzes does Mrs. Brown/she/your English teacher give52. Why didn't you come / go53. How are you feeling
How are you
55 .56.57.58 .59.60.61 .62.63.64.65.66.67.
68.69.t u .71 .72.
What are you going to doWhat are you planning to doWhat will you doHow long has he beenWhat time / When are you going (to go)Was she doingHow did you payHow often do you goWhat were you doingWere you drivingWhy didn't you stopWhat has happenedWhen did he breakHow long did your parents stayAre you going to vis i tHow much I is i t
I does it costHow long have you beenWhere were youWere you havingWhat do you do / What do you have to doHave you met / talked to / seen
326
73. Is she in her74. What does she look like15. was the old woman/she doing when the burglars broke into her flat16. does this/that jug hold77. How many invitations have you sent78. Have you ever tried79. Will your team lyou win
Is your team going to winAre you going to winWhich team lWho (do you think) is going to / will win
80. How long have you been playing (football)
How long have you played (football)How long have you been (a player)
81 .
82.83 .84.85.86.87 .
88 .
89.
Do you have to trainDo you trainDo you like beingHow much (money) do you earn (a year)flavour / flavorfarlongWhose is this / that (car)Whose car is this / thatWhere is I was it madeWhere are these cars madeWhere do they make these carsHow much did I he pay for it
l t cost90. features does it have91. What kind/sort of music92. don't you geVbuy93. How was your / the94. often95. How many people were (there)
96. What timeWhen
the concerti r
did startbegin
B.1. Who did Bill shout at a few minutes ago2. What has happened to her arm3. Who gave her a lot of money last month4. Who did she go out with last weekend5. What fell off the table6. What does he know1. What happened last month8. Who did she send plenty of letters to9. Who won the lottery10. What is wrons
327
C.l. Who grew2. What happened
What did you do3. How often do you do4. What kind/sort of (a) person is your brother5. Who bought / gave you / knitted
D.l . a 5 .d2 .a 6 .b3 . c 7 . d4 .a
E. I.l. How often does Mrs. Craig lshe visit Bill / her son / him2. How did Mrs. Craig / she go there / to Oxford3. Who met her at the station4. What did Bill / he give his mother / Mrs. Craig lher5. Why did Bill / he have to find a porter
n.1. How often/ How many times a year does Sister Wendy / she leave her caravan2. Who likes her clear and plain explanations of art3. How many programmes did Sister Wendy/ she make last year4. How much (money) did Sister Wendy/ she earn for the first series of her programme5. What does Sister Wendy/ she want to do (nor',,
III.1. How often does Mike / he go on tours2. How many pilots were there3. Who did Mike / he meet (on the last day of the tour)4. Who took the group / them to a pub5. How much wine did Mike/he drink
IV.1. How many climbers completed the 'Seven Summits' project2. How often does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad
How many times a year does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad3. When was AKUT set up (in Istanbul)4. Who (also) joins AKUT to learn search and rescue techniques5. What does Nasuh Mahruki / he want to do in the coming vears
V.1. Who introduced Laura / her to modelling2. How often / How many times a year does she fly to Jamaica3. How many television advertisements did she make la:;t,4. What does she want to do (now)
5. How much junk food does she eat
328
VI.1. How often does Mrs. Webb I go to the cinema (to watch a horror film)
Jane Webbshe
2. What does she do in the evenings3. Who called the Toronto police (and reported a suicide) (at I 1:00 p.m. on January 7 , 1999)4. What was she doing (at the door) when the police arrived5. Where did I Mrs. Webb I take I the two inspectors
she them
4.2 "tAG QUESTIONS
A.f . isn' t she 1 1. does she2. aren' t there 12. is i t3 . d idn ' t he 13 . was i t4. does i t 14. did she5. has she 15. is she6. didn' t I 16. was she7. have you 17. wi l l you8. can ' t she 18 . wasn ' t i t9 . haven ' t you 19 . wasn ' t i t10. won't you 20. doesn't i t
B.l . b2 . d- ) . a
4 .b
c.l . weren' t we 9. don' t they 17. shal l we2. won't i t 10. haven't they 18. wi l l you3. can' t she I 1 . aren' t you 19. wi l l / would you4. haven't they 12. could i t 20. doesn't he5. w i l l she 13 . don ' t they 21 . i sn ' t he6. hadn't he 14. wi l l you 22. hasn' t he7. did she 15. did they 23. wi l l there8. is there 16. wi l l you i would you
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS5.1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS1. careful ly 13. soft ly2. careful 14. beautiful...beautifully3. quickly 15. unsteadi ly4. s lowly 16. suddenly5. s low.. .rapidly 17. calm6. permanent...permanently 18. immediately7. easy.. .easi ly 19. tense8. hard 20. dangerously9. fast 21. s l ight10. serious...seriously 22. terrrble1 1. completely 23. highly12. soft 24. hardly
329
5.2 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ./NG AND -ED1. stolen 7. frightened2. surprised 8. confusing3. frightening 9. worried4. excited 10. misleading5. interesting 11. frustrating6. reassuring
5.3 ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS
A.1. o f 7 . on 12. about2. about 8. on 13. under3. with f. in 14. of4. a t lby 10. o f 15. wi th5. about 11. In 16. for6. with
B. C.l . c 1 . on 6 . I n2. b 2. with/by 7. by3. d 3. for 8. under4. a 4. as 9. to
5. of
5.4 NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES1. -week holiday 6. a five-star2. a three-hour 7. an eighteen-year-old3. a four-hour 8. a six-hour4. a four-room 9. a ten-minute5. a one-litre 10. a twenty-pound
5.5 ADJECTIVE ORDER
A.1. an old American car 6. some modern Italian furniture2. some new blue plates 1. an old oil painting3. some beautiful red curtains 8. a large sports bag4. an old gas cooker 9. a small round stone5. some comfortable brown chairs 10. some young French students
B.1. colourful Chinese porcelain2. small black wooden3. a big colourful Turkish carpet/a big and colourful Turkish carpet4. new black leather
330
5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A.l. are more dangerous than trains2. is smaller than New York3. is better than his (handwriting)4. neater handwriting than MarY5. is less expensive than a Volvo6. is less valuable than gold7. speaks English more fluently than8. eats less than9. less easily than10. She does yoga more often than she plays tennis
11. more confidently on the phone than (I do) in public
B.1. Which (river/one) is longer 10. more handsome than
2. more difficult than 1 l. loud / louder
3. easy 12. fasterthan
4. less difficult 13. better than
5. fewer 14. quiet
6. good 15. more thoughtful than
7. as shy as 16. excitedlY
8. more self-confident 17. fatter than
9. tal ler than 18. quicklY
C.1. Which is longer, the Ktztltrmak or the Sakarya
2. Which is higher, Mount Everest or Mauna Kena
3. Which has more members, the Turkish Parliament or the Italian Parliament
D.l. bigger than2. more expensive than3. worse than4. more convenient than5. quieter i quiet
A.1. play tennis as well as my brother (does)
2. as fast as he is3. as good a singer as Melody4. as well /efficiently / hard i carefully as
5. isn't nearly as big as theirs6. isn't nearly as interesting as London7. twice as many students8. are not nearly as good as German cars
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9. practises his skating routine nearly/almosUabout twice as much/as many hours (a week; asAndre (does)
10. wasn't / isn' t as fast asI l. is not quite as old as Andrew (is)12. doesn't speak English quite as fluently as Mike (does)13. are not as difficult to ride as motorbikes14. as comfortable as15. does not work nearly as well as Sheila16. am not as bad-tempered (now) as I used to be17. about I nearly half as many cigarettes as Gina (does)18. Henry doesn't do as much weightlifting as (he does) judo
judo as much as (he does) weightlifting
B.l . c2 . c3 . c4 . b5 . a
A.1. the happiest day2. the best player3. the oldest castle4. the hottest day5. the most intelligent6. the worst cook7. the most famous footballer
B.1. The tal lest2. heaviest3. most beautiful4. the most comfortable5. the most bor ing6. the most efficient
c.1. the richest2. the fastest3. the most popular4. the most comfortable5. the best6. the tallest7. the highest8. the biggest
9. the most impressive10. the greatest1 1. the most modern12. The best13. the most difficult14. the cleverest15. The best16. the finest
5 ) L
A.1. the best 26. tertibly 50. most interesting
2. mofe 27. comfortably 51. more attractive than
3. more dangerous than 28. as fast as 52. the best
4. the cheapest 29. carelessly 53. the hottest
5. slower than 30. as well as 54. cheaper
6. the biggest 31. carefully 55. more crowded than
7. fast 32. the easiest 56. more carefully than
8. heavier than 33. more interesting than 57. more expensive than
9. betterthan 34. cheaper 58. loud(ly)
10. the most interesting 35. the happiest 59. the most famous
I l. the most expensive 36. (most) famous 60. the most dreadful
12. cheaper than 37 . large 61 . more profitable
I 3. better than 38. cheaper than 62. more annoying than
14. clean 39. more helpful than 63. the least rapidly / less rapidly
15. more peaceful than 40. more convenient than 64. the most boring
16. the most expensive 41. more pract ical 65. complete
17. more beautiful than 42. as economical as 66. worse than
18. good 43. the largest 67. c losely
19. the least expensive 44. carefully 68. extremely
20. worse than 45. greater than 69. less satisfying than
21. themostrel iable 46. betterthan 70. lately
22. more annoying than 47. the slowest 71. the lowest
23. properly 48. the highest 72. straight
24. (more) closely 49. more easily than 73. hardly
, 25. l ight
B.1. The most borins2. highest3 hotter4. more important
5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
A.1. regularly you study, the better grades you'll get
regularly you study, the better your grades will be
2. children get, the more rebellious they become3. slowly you walk, the longer it takes to get there
4. carefully you write, the fewer mistakes you will make
5. farther/further the rally team went into the desert, the less hope of finding water they
had/the less hope they had of finding water
6. slowly you talk, the better the students can understand
B.1 . b2 . b
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5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS
Suggested answers1. extremely cold 6. bitterly disappointed2. slightly damaged 7. badly injured3. surprisingly easy 8. seriously ill4. absolutely delicious 9. reasonably cheap5. immensely popular 10. terribly sorry
Suggested answers1. pretty well2. incredibly quickly3. really slowly4. extremely fast5. completelycorrectly
6. MODALS6.l ABILITY
A. B.l. She can ride a three-wheel bike 1. haven't been able to make2. She can sing a song 2. might be able to leave3. She can't write 3. used to be able to swim4. She can't play computer games 4. would have been able to see5. She can't swim 5. Will vou be able to arrive6. She can't have a bath by herself7. She can comb her hair8. She can' t read stor ies
C. D.l. He could watch TV anytime he wanted l. were able to leave their houses ,2. He could go on holiday in the summer 2. were able to save their children3. He could wear jeans 3. was able to jump from the balcony4. He could drink alcohol 4. were able to rescue some people5. He could meet his friends 5. were able to send food and tents in time
6.2 PERMISSIONSuggested answers1. May I Can / Could I have2. May lCan / Could I bring3. May lCan / Could I keep4. May /Can / Could I smoke5. May lCan / Could I eat
6.3 REQUESTS
A.1. Would / Will you turn down the music, please2. Would / Will you lend me your newspaper, please3. Would / Will you keep an eye on my bags while I'm in the toilet, please4. Would / Will you draw the curtains, please5. Would / Will you help me to take my suitcase from the rack, please
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B.1. Could / Can you fetch my schoolbag so that I can do my homework2. Could / Can you bring me a pain killer and a glass of water, please3. Could / Can you make an appointment to see the doctor, please4. Could / Can you put a stool under my leg, please5. Could / Can you stay with me, please
6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A.1. don ' t2. Shall we play/lVhy don't we play3. Why don't you4. Let's/Let us go5. We could always play6. How/lVhat about going7. Why
B.Suggested answersl. Let 's play cards.2. Why don't we go out together?3. What about going to the laundry?4. Shall we have a party?5. We could (always) stay at home.6. How about going to the beach?1. Shall we take a taxi?8. Let's cook some chicken and rice.9. Why don't we study together?10. How about going shopping?
6.5 OFFERS
A.Suggested answersl. Shall I I turn I off the l ight
I swi tch I2. Shall I blose the window3. Shall I drive4. Shall I get you something to read5. Shall I carry it for you6. Shall I help you (push the car)7. Shall I fetch you a stool to rest your feet on
C.Suggested answers
B.Suggested answers1. I' l l give it some water.2 . I ' l l pay ( the b i l l ) .3 . I ' l l do the d ishes .
D.l. She offered to turn up the radio.
l. Would you like something to eat? 2. She offered to feed the cat.2. Would you like a lift? 3. He offered to answer the phone.3. Would you like some water'/ 4. He offered to do some shopping for his mother.
3 3 5
6.6 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
A.l . must do2. must wash3. must leave4. must keep5. must take
D.l. had better take2. had better see3. had better keep4. had better check5. had better put
G.f . is to wear2. are to give3. are to obey4. are to pay5. are to leave
6.7 PROHIBITIONl. mustn' t / can' t park2. mustn't I can't smoke3. mustn' t wash4. mustn' t / can' t use5. mustn' t / can' t enter
B.l has to do2. has to complete3. has to wear4. have to attend5. have to return
E.l . need to f i l l2. needs to wash3. need to draw4. needs to repair5. Do I need to / Need I pay
C.l . should / ought to be2. shou ld i ought ro v is i t3. should / ought to obey4. should / ought ro apologise5. should / ought to wear
F.l . i s supposed to beg in2. are supposed to attend3. are supposed to finish4. are supposed to go5. is supposed to answer
H.1. Yesterday, I ran over a cat so I had to take it to the vet2. We had to stop at the garage to buy some petrol3. Did you have to write a report last term4. I had to drink 2 litres of water before an urtrasound scan last week5. Sorry, I'm late but I had to take the children from school
6.8 LACK OF NECESSITY
A.Suggested answers1. don' t have to take2. needn't reserve3. doesn't need to wear4. don' t have to wear5. don' t need to put
B.1 .2 .{+.5 .
C.didn't have to / didn't need to get up 1. needn't have walked homedidn't have to / didn't need to cook z. needn't have watered the flowersdidn't have to / didn't need to pay 3. needn't have had the lesson notes photocopieddidn't have to / didn't need to use 4. needn't have prepared any / some .sandwichesdidn' t have to / didn' t need to wash 5. needn't have gone to the beach with his umbrel la
/ carried his umbrella to the beach
6.9 ADVISABILITYSuggested answers1. He should apply for a job2" We should call the police3. He should see a doctor4. She should iron them5. He ought to have a shave6. You ought to have a warm shower7. He ought not to eat salty food8. He ought to save some money9. She'd better hire a maid to help with the housework
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10. You'd better call the lost property officeI l. We'd better put the children to bed12. We'd better book a table at the restaurant
6.10 EXPECTATIONS1. She should be sick2. We should reach istanbul in half an hour3. They should finish it soon4. Her new one should be popular5. It shouldn't be difficult to find something to eat
6.11 CRITICISM AND REGRETSuggested answersL She shouldn't have / ought not to have eaten too many sweets
2. She should have lought to have been more careful about her diet
3. She should have / ought to have counted her daily calories4. She shouldn't have / ought not to have eaten anything after 6.00 p.m.
5. She should have I ought to have drunk 2 litres of water everyday
6.12 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY
A" B.Suggested answers Suggested answers1. must have a lot of boyfriends I . may i might / could feel anxious
2. must be very rich 2. may / might / could become ill
3. must be very happy and excited 3. may / might / could have a headache
4. must be cold 4. may / might / could be my father
5. must be very selfish 5. may / might / could be in the canteen
C.1. There are stains on the plate. I have just washed it so it can't lcouldn't be dirty
2. Tom studied hard. He got 50 in the exam so he can't / couldn't be pleased
3. There is a caf6 at the end of the street. It is always empty so it can't / couldn't be
popular4. They always spend a lot of money. They go abroad every summer so they can't /
couldn't be short of money5. The dog is barking. Tina has just changed its water so it can't / couldn't be thirsty
D.Suggested answers E.1. may / might not be l . must have cost2. may / might not be 2. must have been3. may i might not be successful 3. must have had4. may / might not tell 4. must have snowed5. may / might not come 5. must have moved
F.Suggested answers1. She may / might have forgotten to set the alarm clock2. There may I might have been a traffic jam
3. She may / might have had a traffic accident4. She may / might have missed the school bus5. She may / might have overslept
rr7
G. H.Suggested answers Suggested answers1. could have caught cold 1. can' t / couldn' t have lost al l her books2. could have broken their legs 2. can't lcouldn't have escaped from the window3. could have had a heart attack 3. can't I couldn't have cheated4. could have got the job 4. can't I couldn't have stayed there5. could have missed the exam 5. can' I lcouldn' t have taken the books back
I.l. Arthur may i might not have meant what he said2. Jim may / might not have arrived yet3. Mary may I might not have meant to leave the door unlocked4. Jane may / might not have found a place to park her car nearby5. The manager may lmight not have noticed me coming into work late
J .1. should / ought to beat2. should / ought to enjoy3. should / ought to receive4. should / ought to arr ive5. should / ought to be
K.Suggested answers1. a) She may / might / could have difficulty in finding friends
b) She may / might / could not get used to living therec) She may / might / could find it difficult to learn their language
2. a) He may / might / could miss his hometownb) He may / might / could have a hard time adapting to living in the dormitoryc) He may / might not become accustomed to eating at the cafeteria
6.13 PREFERENCE (WOULD RATHER)
A.l. I 'd rather not go there tonight2. I'd rather go for a walk3. I'd rather you didn't invite your friends tonight4. I'd rather you took off your shoes before you enter the house5. I'd rather you didn't smoke in the kitchen6. I'd rather you didn't tell anyone about the accident7 . I'd rather you didn't drive fast8. I'd rather you didn't tell my mother about this9. I'd rather you didn't eat fast food so often10. I'd rather not play tennis this afternoon
B.1. Tom would rather read than talk2. I'd rather have wine than beer3. I'd rather pay by cheque than (in) cash4. I'd rather have a coffee than gin5. I'd rather travel bv train than bv car
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6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS1. must have been taking2. shouldn't be watching ... should be sleeping3. must be using4. can ' t be cook ing5. must be talking
6.15 REVIEW OF MODALS
A. ABILITY1 . can / could 9. couldn' t2. couldn' t 10. was able to3. was able to 1 1. were you able to4. can't ... have ... been able to 12. can (is able to)
5. could 13. can6. Wil l . . . be able to 14. was able to7. was able to 15. can' t8. couldn' t
B. PERMISSION AND REQUESTS1. Would I Will you fil l in this form and sign it, please2. Can / Could you pass me the salt, please3. May / Could I go out, please4. Can you show me my seat, please5. Can / Could you tell me where the canteen is6. Can / Could I have breakfast in the morning7. Can / Could I bring the cat home8. May I make an appointment to see the dentist at 3.30 on Monday9. Can i May I borrow your new dress10. Could / May I use the photocopy machine
Can / Could you take photocopies of these pages
C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY
I.l . mustn ' t / can ' t2. has to / must3. Do I have to / need to4. You don't need to return5. mustn' t / shouldn' t give6. have to / need to come home early7 . don't have to / don't need to / needn't finish the report8. don't have to / don't need to / needn't wear a tuxedo to the wedding9. Do we have / need10. needsI l . need / have to wear a t ie12. needn't / don't need to / don't have to come to the office on Saturday13. You must / have to get a vis i tor 's pass14. mustn' t15. had to16. no need to book a room17. should br ing18. needn't have worried so much about your grades
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II. ilI. IV.l . should l . didn' t need to go l . didn' t have to / need to buy2. had better 2. mustn't exceed 2. shouldn't have argued3. ought 3. had to stop 3. had to take / needed to take4. needn't 4. mustn,t use5. supposed to 5. needn't have come
D. ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRETI.1. I should / ought to have told my father about the party2. You should / ought to / had better inform him about the problems3. You shouldn't / ought not to i had better not leave a room without saying goodbye4. She shouldn't / ought not to have crossed the street without looking at the traffic lights5. You shouldn't / ought not to i had better not mention the matter when Tom is around
because he really gets angry
il.1. shouldn't / ought not to have left your room in a mess. You should / ought to have put
everything away2. shouldn't / ought to have studied harder3. shouldn't / ought not to have gone to a disco without telling mum
III.Suggested answers1. You should / ought to have the tartar removed2. You should / ought to care about dental hygiene3. You should / ought to brush your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2 minutes4. You shouldn't / ought not to brush your teeth from right to left5. You should / ought to move the toothbrush up and down
IV.
1. You'd better not wear high-heeled shoes to school2. You'd better not invite Tom to the party3. You'd better see a doctor right away4. I'd better buy some petrol5. You'd better not play the guitar now
v.Suggested answers.1. You'd better talk to a friend2. You'd better eat less3. You'd better learn some Japanese4. You'd better take some sleeping pills5. You'd better spend less rnoney6. You'd better take a taxi1. You'd better go to a dentist8. You'd better not forget (to take) your driving licence before you drive to work9. You'd better take some medicine / go to a doctor10. You'd better book a table / make a reservation before you go to the restaurant
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E. MISCELLANEOUSI.1 . c 7 . d2 . a 8 . d3 . a 9 . b4 . a l O . b5 . a 1 1 . c
6 . b
II.1. should2. have to3 . can ' t4. have to5 . can ' t6. don' t have to1. don' t have to8. can
12. a13 . a14 . b15 . d16 . b
IV.1. had to tidy up
2. don't have to 2. MaY I borrow
IIr.1. can
3. mustn't4. ought to
3. can stay4. must have been5. don't need to take6. shouldn't have argued
v.Suggested answers1. should have reserved 14. can't have seen
2. could have warned us about the storm 15. could have been stolen
3. shouldn't have spent 16' can't have done
4. must have been 17. must have taken
5. ought not to have cheated in the exam 18. can't have seen
6. "ould
hau" had another drink 19. can't have been
7. should have told him the truth about the 20. needn't have sold
accident 2l . Do I have to wearg. could have bought a large house 22. didn't have to drive
9. must have been taken 23. can you pass
1 0. had to have 24. won't be able to play
1 1. might be 25" MayAvlight I leave '.. have to draw
12. needn't have taken 26. wlll have to take
13. might have left
7. THE PASSIVE7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
1. Furni ture is sold2. is being redecorated3. are published in Britain every day
4. are killed5. is published monthlY6. are collected at the weekend
L Are BMWs produced8. in the square is being pulled down
9. In this part of the country, many buildings get damaged by frequent storms
10.We're being fol lowed bYl l.the weekly meetings is announced on Mondays
3'1 I
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
l . wasn ' t inv i ted2. were interviewed yesterday3. was broken last nisht
were cleaned at the weekend(which was) falling apart was repairedwas being watched
AT .
5 .6.
B.l .2 .a-1 .
4.- ) .6 .1 .8 .9 .l 011 .12 .
A.1l .
2 .
3 .4 .
B.l .2 .a-1 .
4.5 .6.1 .8 .9 .10 .
was run overwas inventedis playedare ki l led
was dr iv inglostranwere wearingweren't injuredwere calledwere taken
7.3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
has been redecoratedHave your questions been answeredhas been cleaned completelyhave been produced since then
have just announcedhave been stolenwere takenwasn't workingwasn't discoveredhave been investigatinghaven't foundhas been shapedhave been bui l thave been formed
25. are caused26. was reported27. was sent28. was going29. crashed30. weren' t k i l led31 . were injured32. are try ing33. dropped34. was dcstroyed35. were ki l led
5. has been reduced6. Has the exact time of the match been announced1. has already been cleanedB. hasn't been typed yet
I 1. was completed12. was f inished13. have been made14. has been generated15. have burntI 6. have been destroyed17. reached18. were sleeping19. were rescued
13. are try ing14. was dealt15 . pushed16. open17. were point ing18. were arrested19. lef t20. stole21. was saved22. was rewarded23. didn' t lose24. happen
7.4 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
A.1. They told us that the murderer had been caught2. when we returned home, we found that our flat had been broken into3. By the time Sue gor here, all of the second-hand books had been sold4. Before the Green Peace members arrived. the pine trees had been cut down5. When Martha's mother came in, she noticed that the dinner had been cookecl. the kitchen
had been cleaned and the table had been laidThe burglar opened the door and walked in silently as the front door had been lefi unlockeclBy the time I got to class. the writing section of the mid-term had already been given bv theteacher
) + z
6.1 .
8. By the time she was 20, she had been given every possible advantage by her parents
9. She went to the post office after the letter had been written (by her father)10. After some exercises had been photocopied (by the janitor), the teacher went to the
classroom
B.l . h a d2. had recovered3" had been stolen-+. had f inal ly saved5. had been looking6. (had) bought
9. realized10. had been leftI l . h a d12. phoned13. had been found14. was told
7. had ridden / had been riding 15. had iust been arrested
8. was stolen 16. had taken
7.5 FUTURE
A. B .
I . will probably be given by the manager 1. b
2. wi l l be told in advance 2. c
3. wi l l be hired 3. c
4. will be sent to his wife by the hospital next week 4. b
will be sent the bill by the hospital next week 5. a
5. will be shown where to stay6. will have been finished by Monday-1.
won't have been finished until Friday8. is going to be paid by the insurance companyf . is going to be invited
7.6 MODALS
A.1. wi l l / are going to decide2. should be bui l t3. to be revised4. must be taken5. needs to be cut / needs cutting6. had to be bui l t
B .1. That typewri ter can' t be used2. The ship couldn' t be seen3. Cars mustn' t be parked here4. Jim shouldn' t be dismissed5. All the questions had to be answered6. All the food must have been eaten1. Your car might have been stolen8. These books can't be taken out of the library9. That TV set ought to be repaired10. These articles have to be taken to the publisherI l. The doctor needn't have been called12. The results should have been checked
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13. A few reporters might be invited to the party14. The report could have been finished by now15. The papers may have been lost on the way to school
7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
A.l. Where did it happen2. Was anybody injured3. Which hospital was she taken (to)4. When will she be allowed5. Has the accident been reported
B. C.l. has been broken into l. have been cut2. Was anything stolen / Did they steal anything 2. started3. Who called / phoned / informed 3. have been found4. had thrown 4. are running / have been rulning
5. will be dropped6. have already been warned
8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES8.1 TYPE Ol. is working 6. is working2. treat 7. press...starts3. see.. .cut 8. wrap.. .keeps4. cal l 9. Take.. .have5. let . . .don' t have 10. peel. . . lose
8.2 TYPE 1
A.l . needs 8. aren' t2. takes / doesn't take 9. pass...will take3. wi l l you take 10. wi l l go.. . is4. wi l l (can) lose/don't I l . wi l l have come5. leaves 12. don' t leave.. .wi l l be6. doesn't increase 13. wi l l have cooked7. wi l l te l l / am going to tel l
B .Suggested answersl . I ' l l go to bed early.2. I' l l be able to see Pavarotti.3. I ' l l ta lk ro him.4. I' l l take him out for a drink.
C.1. I happen to see him today, I will tell him to call you2. he happens to come here tomorrow, I will give him your message3. she happens to leave school early, she will go shopping with her mother
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8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS1. you lose points, you wi l l win2 you leave at once, I will call the police
3. they destroy the bomb, it will explode4. She won't be allowed to enter the country...she gets a visa
5. I can't read the subtitles...I wear my glasses
6. she has a library ticket, she cannot borrow a book
1. you go home early, your mother will get angry/you go home late, your mother won't
get angry8. Mark apologizes, I won't forgive him
9. help (me),I won't be able to/cannot solve
10. Bob won't pass the driving test...he practises regularly
I 1. can' t / won't be able to catch the school bus.. .we leave now
72. can'treturn this product...you bring the receipt
8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE
A.l . in case 8 . i f2. in case f . i f
3. i f 10. in case4 . i f 1 1 . i n c a s e
5. in case 12. in case6. in case 13. in case
7. i f
B .l . Don't move him in case his leg is broken
Don't move him in case he has a broken leg
2. Buy some candles in case there is an electricity cut
3. Take some cash with you in case some shops do not accept credit cards
4. I am going to insure the video camera in case it gets stolen
5. I reminded him about the invitation in case he forgot to send it
6. Drive careful ly in case the rpad is icy
i. Don't forget to I lock all the doors and windows in case there are
You should (remember to) | burglars in the neighbourhood
You shouldn't forget to I8. I will prepare some lemonade in case we get thirsty
9. I' l l give you my phone number in case you need to contact me
10. Arrange health insurance before you start working abroad in case you need medical
treatment1 l. Susan should type the letter now in case she doesn't have enough time later on
12. You should have a spare tyre in case you have apuncture
13. I have phoned the wake-up service in case my alarm clock doesn't go off
8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS
1. You can take out this book provided (that) you fil l out a form
2. She won't have to repeat the course as long as she studies regularly
3. I will be able to get there on time provided (that) you give me a lift
4. Inflation rate will decrease provided (thaQ the government takes appropriate
measures5. Your parents will forgive you providing (that) you apologize for what you have done
345
6. You will be allowed in as long as you are registered1. borrow my lap top as long as you (promise to) use it carefully8. They will take the jumper back as rong as you show them the receipt9" You can (only) improve yourtechnique as a viol inistprovided (thai) you attend a master,s class10. You can take these pills providing (that) you don't drink alcohol
8.6 TYPE 2
A .
I it,wasn't / yeren't raining, we could / would be able to have the party in the garden
2 . I l we re I a r rave l agenr I l cou ld)"ot I working at a travel agent's I t lwould receive free air t ickets
3. he I were I here (at the moment), he could help usl *ur l
4. I had his phone number, I would be able to / could call him5. I knew Sally well enough, I would invite her to dinner6. he earned more/enough money, he would take a longer holiday1. she were / was in our class, I would know her name8. I didn't have to clean my room, I could go out with you9. I liked him, I would invite him to my party10. you spoke English, they would interview you for the job1 1. I didn't have to work at the weekend, I could / would be able to go on the excursion
were you, I wouldn't openwere you, I'd ask him for a promotionwere you, I'd book a roomwere you, I'd take notes during the lectureswere you, I'd keep the milk in the refrigeratorwere you. I'd attend the classes regularlywere you, I wouldn't go out with such a rude man
B.1
aL .
AT .
6.1
t .
2 .3 .4.5 .
C.I.
was not / were not. . .would bookhated.. .would look forwould / could help.. .weren' t / wasn'thad.. .would / could starrwould accept...was / were offered
8.7 TYPE 3
A.1. John didn' t study./He fai led his exams.2. The car had a puncture./ We missed the train.3. The dress was cheap./Jane bought it.4. I didn' t know you were coming./ I didn' t t idy the l iv ing room.5. Rose saw the dentist./She had a hole in her tooth.
II.1 . wou ld jo in . . . d idn ' t have2. were . . . would ask3. leave4. miss . . . wi l l g ive5. ' l l be
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B.1. he hadn't woken up late, he wouldn' t have missed
he had woken up on time, he wouldn't have missed2. we hadn't been late to the meeting/we had come to the meeting early/on time, the chairman
wouldn't have goVgotten angry with us3. you hadn't got(ten) the highest score in the exam, they wouldn't have given you the job
4. I hadn't lost the car keys, I wouldn't have been so nervous5. wouldn't have crashed into a car if he had seen the red lights6. wouldn't have made a lot of / so many mistakes if he hadn't worked too fast1. Peter hadn't come home late, his wife wouldn't have got (ten) angry with him8. If Carol had been careful. she wouldn't have tripped over a stone
C.l" had been.. .wouldn' t have sunk2. wouldlcould have survived...had been3. had been able to. . .wouldn' t have drowned4. hadn't been.. .would have died
8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALSl. the students hadn't attended all the classes and worked hard. their Enelish wouldn't
be good now2. he hadn't been given a car by his parents last month, he couldn' t / wouldn' t be able to
go to school by car3. Atatiirk hadn't fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic
wouldn' t be able to I l ive in a democrat ic countrycou ldn ' t
4. he hadn't drunk too much at the party and driven home, he wouldn't be in hospitalnow
5. the villagers had used some fertil izers to enrich the soil, they would have a goodharvest
6" Jessie hadn't refused Jack's propasal, she wouldn't be single now7. he hadn't lost the opportunity of doing his Master's degree abroad, he wouldn't have
difficulty in finding a good job
8. I had chosen the profession I wanted, I would be happy9. she hadn't neglected to study regularly, she wouldn't be having a hard time these
days10. If you had set the alarm clock last night, I wouldn't be late to school.
8.9 WISHES
A.t. I could go to the disco tonight2. I could see him more often3. I didn't live in a suburb of Ankara / I l ived in the centre of Ankara4. Mary/she was/were here5. my husband/he knew how to dance6. my parents/they were here7 . you could come to our 25tl' anniversary8. I waslwere listening to the news9. she didn't have any freckles on her face10. he didn' t make so many mistakesI l. you had waited for me yesterday morning
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12. my brother/he had taken me to the cinema at the weekend13. she had told me the rruth14. I had woken up early today15. my father/he hadn't sold his car16. my upstairs neighbours/they would stop making noise / they weren't making noise17. my brother/he wouldn't whistle all the time18. I could stop smoking19. somebody would answer the phone20. my elder brother/he weren't/wasn't so untidy
B. c.l . would arr ive l . a2. wouldn't smoke 2. a3. hadn't bought 3. c4. had apologized 4. c5. couldlwould come 5. c6. had written7. were...weren't daydreaming8. paid9. wouldn' t talk
8.10 REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS
A.l . i t isn' t cheap, I won't buy i t2. I had a red sports car./I could afford/buy a red sports car3. I knew many/more/a lot of people here4. you don't finish your homework, I won't take you to the cinema5. you clear the table away, I won't let you go out6. her number was / were in the phone book, I could / would be able to phone her7. hadn't missed the bus, she would be in class8. you had phoned her last night, she wouldn't be upset with you9. you had told me the truth (yesterday), I wouldn't be angry with you10. you won the lottery on the New Year's Eve, what would you do1 l. to find my keys, could you let me know12. as if / as though she is angry13. you hadn't left the window open, the room wouldn't be cold14. I had gone to bed late last night, I would be tired today15. Tom hadn't eaten too much last night, he wouldn't feel sick16. I hadn't broken his heart last night17. you pay the ransom without informing the police, the kidnappers won't kill the hostage
B.I. u. ilI.l . in case 1. provided that I . unless2. unless 2. unless 2. unless3. so as to 3. in case 3. as long as4. Otherwise 4. unless 4. as lons as5. Suppose 5. Supposing
6. in case7. provided that
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C. D.l " c 5 . a 1 . were2. c 6. a 2. wouldn' t be3. a 7. d 3. will / may / might have to look for
4. b 8. c 4. had had.. .wouldn' t be5. is put
9. NOUN CLAUSES9.1 REPORTED SPEECH
A.1. Mr. Barnaby (that) he would have to pay2. (that) Mrs. Meadows hadn't left3. her mother (that) they had had to take4. (that) they were having their house redecorated5. Frank / him (that) he would have to get a visa for his daughter6. his secretary (that) he hadn't changed his mind7. his mother (that) he didn't want to help her with the housework8. (that) he hadn't had enough time to take the book back to the library
9. John (that) she would post the letters for him10. me not to make the same mistake againI 1. me to have dinner (together)
12. me to tell them the truth13. she had left her umbrella there that morning14. they didn't want a recent graduate15. he had drunk al lhis mi lk16. that she/his wife never remembered to take a map when they set off17. her (that) he would call her as soon as he arrived home18. Mary (that) he wouldn't forgive her19. (that) she would finish typing the letters in l0 minutes
20. Jack not to use the office phone for his personal calls21. Paul / him to buy some bread22. not to take the job. / that she (shouldn't) take the job
23. not to leave the lights on24. not to forget the meeting25. to his birthday party26. not to be stupid27 . to stop smokin g I that he should stop smoking28. to call the police29. to cook the meal
B . I .1. admitted that he had set the house on fire
admitted setting / having set the house on fire2. suggested (our / us) going to the new Italian Restaurant
suggested that we (should) go to the new Italian Restaurantsuggested that we went to the new Italian Restaurant
3. promised her (mother) that she would (definitely) help her with the houseworkpromised to help her mother with the houseworkpromised her mother to help her with the houseworkpromised that she would help her mother with the housework
4. congratulated Frank on having passed / passing his driving test
349
il.1. apologised for not returning / having returned2. discouraged me from applying3. congratulated me on
III.f . invited Linda ro have dinner with him
invited Linda to / for dinner2. admitted that he had been nervous before the performance
admined having been I being nervous before the performance3. reminded Mary to bring the doctor's report the next day / the following clay / tomorrow4. promised the children that he would take them to the park on Saturday
promised that he would take the children to the park on Saturdaypromised to take the children to the park on Saturday
IV.1. forbade the reporters to take pictures of the paintings2. asked Mr. Dove to dictate (more) slowly3. accused Liz of breaking the vase4. suggested that his parents / bought (should) buy rheir tickets in advance
V.1. told 5. suggested2. asked 6. warned3. explained 7. reminded4. advised
vI.1. He admitted that he didn't have enough (money) to pay the bill2. He suggested meeting I that they met / should meet in his flat tomorrow / the next
(following) day3. He asked if I had ever been to Britain4. He complained that their son never did his HW5. He introduced Miss Brown to Miss White6. He told us/them to read the questions twice and not to write in the margin1. He apologised for not bringing the book with him8. He promised to pay me back the following week9. He refused the ice-cream10. He offered to have lunch with him that day1 1. He explained his difficulty12. He greeted Mary13. He accepted the present14. He interrupted George
C.1. if / whether she knew how to type2. how long Janet was going to stay with him.3. if / whether his brother knew her (or not).4. if / whether I had finished my rerm-paper on time (or not).5. if / whether his sister was in her brother s.6. which airline company we were going to fly
350
7 . if / whether he had been brought8. how often his sister took him to the cinema.9. (me, him, her, etc.) if / whether Jane had bought a present for the children yet.
10. where she could buy1 1. how old he was12. whether / if he (really) spoke Arabic and Japanese (or not)13. if / whether I went jogging at the weekends (or not)14. if / whether she would / was going to be at home this / that weekend1 5 . J i l l a s k e d B a r b a r a i f / w h e t h e r s h e w a s g o i n g t o w e a r h e r w h i t e d r e s s t o t h e p a r t y16. The interviewer asked Mrs. Jackson how long she had worked for IBM.
17. Alex asked Janet if / whether she was leaving for Paris the next day/ the following
day I tomorrow (or not)18. how much he has to pay
D.1. My brother is hiding2. I have already had lunch3. When wi l l I f ind a job
4. I am going to visit my friends in Italy in the summer5. I have already phoned6. we are waiting1. we wi l l leave8. the driver lefi9. he reported10. Don't be discouraged, I'11 help you with your studies/ I promise to help you with your
studies/ I promise (that) I' l l help you with your studies1 1. I'm leaving for lstanbul this afternoon12. I will notlwon't be home at five o'clock13" I and my wife have never been abroad
g.2INDIRECT QUESTIONS
A.l. iflwhether they have had2. Do you have any idea where / Do you know where / Do you remember where
3. where they / your keys / the keys are4. where I put / have put5. how6. will be able to see7 . whether / if this bus goes to Manhattan8 if / whether he'll come back home9. whether I if she had10. i f i t wi l l be snowv todaY
B.
2 . a3 . c4 . b5 . d
35 r
9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A.1. What the children love is building snowmen2. What bothers me is the mosquitos3. What surprises me is his strange attitude4. What I have to make is a plan5. What worries me is his serious disease6. What I like is spaghetti
B.1. where Sally went2. when your parents are arriving at the airport3. which train they took to New York4. whose shares these are5. what they said6. who the owner of the house is7. how many people there were at the meeting8. how old the students start school in your country9. how far it is from Edirne to Kars10. why people need to tell l ies
9.4 NOUN CLAUSES WITH THAT
A.1. aware of the fact that there was very little petrol in the car, so on the way to Kansas the
car suddenly stopped2. Bill told a lie made me angry3. the fact that she lacked the necessary qualifications, she wasn't accepted for the job.4. he made the same mistake twice is unforgivable5. they accused us of committing a crime surprised us6. he doesn't know manners is obvious7. water boils at 100'C is a fact8. is apparent that Mary hasn't been able to make reliable friends9. pollution diminishes the quality of our lives is a fact hard to deny10. first visited Antalya, I was surprised by the fact that many people living there speak
German quite wellI l. she lied about it is what bothers everybody12. Tim tore my grandmother's antique table cloth isn't very important13. impressed by the fact that that automobile has the best brake system of any car
manufactured this year and would definitely recommend that everybody buy that make14. we can do about the fact that Jane lost our tickets to the cinema15. seems surprised to discover that it rarely rains in Antalya16. later understood why she hadn't called on them17 . a) that she didn't even apologize for her late arrival made me really angry
b) made me really angry was the fact that she didn't even apologise for her late arrival18. a) was the judge's view that the child should be sent to live with her grandparents
b) was that the child should be sent to live with her grandparents19. a) just don't understand how he manages to broaden his students' horizons in every
respectb) he manages to broaden his student's horizons in every respect is somethrng I don'tunderstand
20. a) is my opinion that children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk foodb) is that children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk food352
21. a) obvious to her teachers that the student was destined for a brill iant career
b) the student was destined for a brill iant career was obvious to her teachers
22. deplore the fact that old-age pensions are quite low at every occasion
23. she knows how to deal with such difficult situations indicates that she is quite
experienced24. reilly angered the teacher was the fact that he didn't even apologise for his rude
behaviour25. a) the parents' point of view that the child should be sent to a private school to get a
good educationU; polnt of view was that the child should be sent to a private school to get a -qoodeducation
26. says in public doesn't coincide with what he does
B.l. I am surprised that you think my brother is a dull person to get married to
Z. The fact that you have accepted his proposal means that you will have to settle down
in a foreign country3. I refused to believe that he had told me the date of his arrival
4. She insisted that I (should) check again to see that the plane arrived at midnight
despite the fact that I had already assured her that it did
5. Before buying that dress, you should make sure that it is the right size
6. The fact that one is ignorant of the rules is not an acceptable excuse
9.5 USING _EVER WORDS1. Whoever directed this film is not good
2. He is 18 now so he can go wherever he likes
3. Whatever is in that box is making a very funny noise
4. People always want more, however rich they are
5. However you travel, it ' l l take you at least three hours
6. There are 2 different computer programmes and you can use whichever you want to
wri te your report7. Whatever problems you have, you can always come to me for advice
8. Whoever phoned just now was very polite
9. Whenever I see you, I feel nervous10. Whatever you do, I' l l love You
9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
1. know 5. be control led . . . el iminated 8. be permit ted
2. take 6. be 9' be al lowed
3. be named 7. return 10' studY
4. be postponed
10. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES10.1 NON-DEFINING
A.1. I l ive on Main Street, which is the noisiest street in this neighbourhood.
Z. The Edinburgh Zoo, which is 5 km west of the city centre, has Scotland's biggest
collection on animals / The Edinburgh Zoo, which has Scotland's biggest collection of
animals, is 5 km west of the city centre3. Alice, who is the most successful businesswoman in town, is the owner of a food company
/ Alice, who is the owner of a food company, is the most successful businesswoman in
town 3s3
4. , whose father is also an athlete, ranked first in the race5. , who I bought this watch for, is my best friend6. , who prescribed medicine for my sore throat, works for the city hospital /. who works for
the city hospital, prescribed medicine for my sore throat1. , who I have been sharing a flat with for two years8. , which I had spent hundreds of dollars on, crashed into a tree during its first fl ightf . is much safer than New York. whose crime rate is climbing fast10. , where thousands of tourists spend their vacations each summer, is a holiday resort / is a
holiday resort, where thousands of tourists spend their vacations each summer1 1. His grandfather can remember his youth, when there were no televisions or computers12. We like going to the mountains in winter, when there is a lot of snow13. My parents celebrate their wedding anniversary in June, when they got married14. , whose death is stil l a mystery, has never lost her popularity15. Tourists like Turke!, where there is plenty of sunshine16. You'll enjoy yourself in London, where there are lots of interesting places17. , whose novels are sold all over the world, used to be my high school friend18. will be at the student centre, where there is a swimming pool
B.Suggested paragraphPablo Picasso, who was born in Barcelona in 1881. was a great Spanish art ist . / Pablo Ptcassowas a great Spanish art ist , who was born in Barcelona in 1881. In the be-einning. his work wasinfluenced by other artists. Then he developed his own style of painting. which consisted ofpictures of the poor in various shades of blue. In the following years, Picasso was influenced bythe ideas of C6zanne, whose technique was considerably different from his. After World WarII, he moved to the south of France, where he created many paintings and sculptures until hrsdeath in 1973.
C.l. who(m) we have known since we first met on an excursion in Paris2. which was quite close to the city centre3. when there were a lot of tourists in the city4. where / in which there were no bathrooms5. which was extremely distasteful
10.2 DEFINING
A.1 . d 5 . a2 . b 6 . d3 . c J . c4 . b
B.1. Alexander Bell was the man who invented the telephone2. Marilyn Monroe was the actress who starred in 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'3. Roald Amudsen was the explorer who first reached Antarctica4. Yuri Gagarin was the astronaut who made the first space flight5. Indira Gandhi was the politician who became India's first woman prime minister6. Alexander Fleming was the man who discovered penicill in7. A thermometer is something that / which measures temperature8. A microscope is something that / which makes small things look big9 . A telescope is somethin g that I which helps you see distant objects nearer
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10. A speedometer is something that / which measures speed
1 I . A radiator is somethin g that I which heats rooms
12. A compass is somethin g that I which shows where North is
I 3. A camera is somethin g that I which takes pictures
14. A calender is somethin g that I which shows what the date is
C .1. Jim has chosen the topic which / that I wanted for my research paper
Z. Can you recommend a car which / that can be useful in this mountainous area
3. The ieport which / that she gave at the meeting caused a great deal of discussion
4. we stopped our car at a place where we could see the coming cars well
5. Fruit juice which / that has artificial colour and sweetener is dangerous for children
6. Did you enjoy the movie which I thatl had recommended
1. Over there is the woman whose husband you met yesterdayg. Do you know the man who i that the jury gave the first prize tog. The tie which / that I bought last week was a horrible colour
10. The people whose house we went to were very nice
1 1. The book where I found that question is missing fiom the library
12. I didn't have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course which / that the
department offered this term
13. The woman whose son you met is my teacher
14. Coaches always look for players who / that should be strong and fast
15. Do you know the girl who / that I gave my books to earlier
16. The grade which / that I received in my report pleased me
17. The town where we spent our honeymoon was really beautiful
18. This is a well-built truck which / that will save you money
19. The professor whose course I'm taking gives hard tests
20. The agency where we bought our tickets has gone bankrupt
2l . That man who / that I complained to about the food is the manager / That man is the
manager who / that I complained to about the food
22. Ihelped the people whose car had broken down
23" There is a shop nearby where you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop where she buys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub where students often go
26. We have a neighbour whose dog barks all day
21. The man whose car my father wanted to buy was on holiday
28. Do you know a good disco where we can go during the weekend
29. They'll meet us at the restaurant which / that is across the street from the library
30. I want to introduce you to a famous writer whose last book was a best seller
D.2 .3 .4.5 .
A consumer is a person who / that buys or uses any service or product
A hospital is a place where ill people are looked after by nurses and doctors
A paring knife is a tool which / that you peel vegetables with
A hammer is a tool which / that you I use for fixing nails
E.l .2 .
which / thatwho / that
fix nails with
the doctor gave herwas allergic to foods and chemicalsshe talked tohad the same problems
3 5 5
3- The specialist who / that she went to found out that she was allergic to things she ate.breathed and touched
4- She avoids many things like cigarette smoke and chemicals in food which / thar make heri l l
5. She shares her house with some friends who / that understand her problem and trv to heloher
6. Because the jobs which / that interest her a lot are in London
10.3 OMISSION1. The soup I had for lunch was too salty2. The waitress who / that served us dinner was friendly3. I have a class which / that begins at 8 a.m.4. I don't know the man who / that is talking to Mary5. My daughter asked me a question I couldn't answer6. The people Ann is visiting now live on Elm Street7 . All of the people I asked can come to my party8. The students who / that came to class late missed the quiz9. I know a man who / that doesn't have to work for a living10. I didn't know any of the people John invited to his partyI 1. A lion is an animal which / that lives in Africa12. The market I usually go to has fresh vegetables13. Where can I catch the bus which / that goes downtown14. I had a good time on the trip I took to Glacier National park15. The notes I borrowed from you helped me a lot16. The person who / that is sitting at that desk should help you with your problem / The
person who / that should help you with your problem is sitting at that desk17. The plane I 'm taking to Denver leaves at7 p.m.18. She lost the pen she borrowed from me19. Here's the brochure which / that gives information about holiday resorts20. The police arrested the girl I used to work in the same office with yesterday
10.4 REDUCTION1. , the head of the ophthalmology department, operated on my mother's eye2. , one of the most important universities in Turkey, was founded in 1956 / , foundecl in
1956, is one of the most important universities in Turkey3. are standing on the bridge connecting the two continents4. carried out on Eskiqehir Road may cause traffic jams5. used in the bank robbery has been found6. surrounding the palace is full of tropical trees / full of tropical trees, surrounds the palace7 . exhibited in the Louvre really attracted the attention of the public8. lives in a flat looking out on a square9. driving the lorry has just passed his driving test10. city of Turkey, known for centuries for its history, has always been the centre of
Anatolian civilizations11. moulded into shape when heated, is an artificial substance I , an artificial
substance, is moulded into shape when heated12. , valued throughout the world, are made by hand over a long period of time / ,
made by hand over a long period of time, are valued throughout the world13. being punished are al l boys14. fond of people boasting all the time15. have some geographical formations ranging from soft hills to jagged cliffs
J) f )
10.s USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY1. He bought his daughtef some books, most of which were about gardening
2. of the people who take our language course are successful
3. the people who applied for the job were qualified
4. grammatical contrasts between English and Arabic, the most noticeable of which is in
word order5. wrote a lot of books, two of which are Oliver Twist and the Tale of Two Cities
6. students, many of whom play basketball. are very energetic
1 . has two pairs of jeans, both of which need cleaning
8. , some of whom were students. protested the war
9 " has just inherited a lot of money, a linle of which will go to the orphanage
10. we went to the village to visit my friend's family, all of whom welcomed us
10.6 NOUN+OF WHICH1. I have bought a camera, the flash of which is portable
2. In the bedroom, there is a wardrobe, the doors of which slide
3. He has a bicycle, the wheels of which are colorful
4. The instructor has assigned students a paper. the aim of which is to see the levels of
the students5. She is smoking a cigarette, the smoke of which disturbs the other passengers in the
compartment
10.7 PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS
I.1. The restaurant to which we went yesterday was spacious
2. I' l l never forget the day on which you proposed to me
3. This is the safe in which they keep their jewellery
4. I met the man from whom I received a letter the other day
II. (Part A)5. , for whom I bought this watch, is my best friend
7. , with whom I've been sharing a flat for two years
8. , on which I had spent hundreds of dollars, crashed into a tree during its first fl ight
10. , in which thousands of tourists spend their vacations is a holiday resort / is a holiday
resort, in which thousands of tourists spend their vacations
15. Tourists like Turkey, in which there's plenty of sunshine
16. You ' l len joyyourse l f inLondon inwh ich thereare lo tso f in te res t in -ep laces18. will be at the student centre. in which there is a swimming pool
(Part F)8. Do you know the man to whom the jury gave the first prize
1 l. The book in which I found that question is missing from the library
15. Do you know the girl to whom I gave my books earlier
17. The town in which we spent our honeymoon was really beautiful
20. The agency from which we bought our tickets has gone bankrupt
21. That man is the manager to whom I complained about the food
23. There is a shop nearby from which you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop from which she buys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub to which students often go
28. Do you know a good disco to which we can go during the weekend
35'7
10.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A.1. whose name comes from a small village in Greece2. where there was a war between the Greeks and the Persians3. who doesn't earn any money from sports4. which usually cost a lot
B.1. Star Trek, which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960's, is about the adventures of a
space ship and its crew2. The University of California conducted a study that tested 22 smells like vanillin and
vinegar on volunteers from different countries3. Every summer, hundreds of students try to find job opportunities, most of which are
seasonal work usually connected with tourism and agriculture4. My eldest sister, whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable, will be performing at the
presidential palace next Saturday5. The hotel where we wanted to stay was fully booked6. The biggest restaurant in the town, which we often go to, is near the seaside1. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classical musicians who interpret Vivaldi 's 'Four
Seasons', which has sold more than 250.000 copies, successfully8. Alexandria, which is the second largest cit)' in Eg)'pt, was built by Alexander the Great
on the site of an old fishing village, which had a small harbour that was sheltered by theisland of Pharos
9. The classroom we hold our lessons in is very cold and dark10. Rice, which we usuall.v serve with meat, is an important food in my country1 l. John travelled twenty miles to visit his sister, which was thoughtful of him12. The students the administration have chosen for the quiz show are excused fiom classes
today
C.l. I met at the party last night was a2. whose house had been vandalised was taken to hospital3. we had to write was completed in three hours4. I lent you was written by a friend of mine5. which / that can be washed in the dishwasher6. Picasso created a lot of paintings, which art critics highly value today7. Mr. Bailey hired yesterday can type 70 words per minute8. read the book their teacher had recommended9. five years in the school where there used to be only girls10. paintings on exhibition at the Louvre Museum, some of which are worth millions of dollars1 l. for whom the government constructed houses were thankful12. are full of plankton, most of which are consumed by fish13. dealing with different types of friendship is really interesting14. whose sister worked in the bakery gave me piano lessons15. the people who came to the interview got the job
16. her a gold chest the top of which is covered with diamonds
E.l . who / that2. which / that3. where4. which / that5. which
D.1. which2. who3. when4. that
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5. whose6. where7. whom8. why
F.1 . b2 .a3 . c4 "d5 .b6 . c7 . c8 .aO n
19 . b20. c21 . b22. d23. a24. c25. d26. c27. c
11. PARTICIPLES
A. I . r I .1. tiring 6. surprising 1. freshly madeZ. surprised 7 . excited 2. recently married
3. confusing 8. annoying 3. wel l -paid
4. tired 9. frightening / frightened 4. poorly il lustrated
5. disappointed 10. broken
IIr. IV.1. lasting 1. terriblY drawn2. broken 2. widelY known
3. lit / l ighted 3. recently oPened
4. frightening 4. well done
B . I .1 . b2 . b3 . d
II.1. Not knowing his room number, I asked the receptionist.2. Having drunk too much, he felt sick.3. Having finished all the housework, she went to her neighbour for a cup of coffee
4. Not knowing what to do, we decided to ask for some advice
5. Going down the stairs, he tripped and broke his legHe tripped and broke his leg going down the stairs.
6. Having booked our seats for the concert1. Having been warned about the high taxes8. Having done some window-shopping, we decided what to buy
9. Not knowing what to say, I just smiled.10. Not being a good player, he didn't have a chance of winning the tennis tournament.
I 1. Having cleaned the living room, I started tidying up the kitchen.
12. Not being interested to see what would happen, I left the meeting early.
Not interested to see what would happen, I left the meeting early.
13. Having witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.14. Tourists intending to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make early
reservations
10 . dl l . d12. b13 . c14 . d15 . c16 . c11 . d18 . c
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III. 1y.l. written 7 . accompanied i being accompanied 1. protesting2. Having reserved 8. fascinating 2. performecl3. Seeing 9. known 3. i l "O4. having had 10. amazin g 4. parked5. bel ieving I 1. exhausted S. done6. slamming 6. raken
1. hiding
12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVESI2.I ALLOW - MAKE - LETl. He wasn't al lowed to go out2. was allowed to come home3. made me go for a run / made me run4. makes me5. didn' t let me visi t / didn' t al low me to vis i t6. makes Tom do his homework1. weren't allowed to8. don' t let me grow9. make us stay10. They / The teachers didn't let us listen to
We weren't allowed to listen toI l. Are we allowed to take photographs12. made me come home.13. are allowed to walk around14. makes us speak English in class15. aren't allowed to work16. let us wri te17. doesn't let me keep18. (has) let the secretary take19. (has) made the driver pay a fine
12.2 ENOUGH AND TOO (... TO)
A. B.1. too 4. enough 1. There are too many2. enough 5. too Z. there is too much3. many 6. enough 3. There aren't enough rooms
C.1. She isn't old enough to travel alone2. light enough for me to carry3. too difficult for me to solve4. too hot for the baby to drink5. My car is not old enough to be considered a classic6. The text is too difficult for the new students to understand1. does not eat enough8. isn't comfortable enough (for me) to sleep in9. was too difficult (for the children / them) to do10. He is clever enough to understand wellI l. These clothes are too old (for me) to wear12. He is too afraid to tell her the truth
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13. The man is stupid enough to believe you
14. The story is short enough to read in one lesson
I5. That man is too tall for her to dance with
16. The film is too frightening for children to watch
17. The teacher spoke too fast for us to understand
18. The wind is strong enough to blow the roof off
19. courageous enough to be a mountaineer20. is not tall enough to become a model21. was too steep for the old farmer to climb22. lt 's not warm enough (for us) to have dinner on the balcony
We can't have dinner on the balcony because it's not warm enough
23. She didn't walk / wasn't walking fast I quickly enough to catch up with them / so she
couldn't catch up with themShe couldn't catch up with them because she didn't walk / wasn't walking fast /
quickly enough24. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on
D.L a
:5 . A
+ . L
5 . c
12.3 FORMS OF USED TO
A.1. They used to live in a small house, but now they live in a big flat
2. They used to have a dog, but now they don't
3. Mr. Black used to be a farmer, but now he's a salesman
4. They used to eat healthy food, but now they eat unhealthy food
5. Their son Andy used to be very lazy at school, but now he's hardworking
6. Mr. Black didn't use to smoke. but now he smokes a lot
7. Mrs. Black didn't use to be fat. but now she is very fat
8. They used to enjoy life, but now they don't
9. Andy didn't use to like school, but now he does
10. Mrs. Black used to be a housewife, but now she is a typist
B .1. There didn' t use to be2. am used to eating only vegetables and fruit
3. (have) got used to wearing / used to dislike wearing
1. didn't use to dye her hair5. am not / haven't got used to cycling to school
6. am used to speaking7. There didn't use to be an art gallery near my flat
8. There used to be a cinema on the Main street
9. didn't use to be cheap / inexpensive / used to be expensive
10. There used to be a few shopping centres in Ankara
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C.l . wi l l get used to the noise2. is used to l iv ing3. am used to him/his being4. isn't used to getting up5. didn' t use to be6. used to go1. am not used to eat ing8. is not used to drinkins9. got used to10. she got used to
12.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS
A.l. have / get my coat cleaned7. do you have / get your teeth checked3. hasn't had / got the central heating installed yet4. have / get it cleaned5. had / got your eyes tested6. Have you had / got it / your house (re) decorated7. have lget my blood pressure taken8. had / got my stomach X-rayed9. have / get your house painted10. always have my car washedI 1. have her hair done12. I have I getmy car serviced (at the garage) every six months
I take my car to the garage every six months to have I get it serviced13. are having / getting the leak in our roof repaired now
are having some workers repair the leak in our roof now / are getting some workers torepair the leak in our roof now
14. have I get your children entertained15. have our teacher explain the causatives again / get our teacher to explain the causatives
again
B.1. (has) got Tom / him to wash the car2. had their wedding photographs taken at a photographic studio
12.5 VERBS OF PERCEPTION1. snoring 10. reading 1 8. stop2. pract ic ing I l . f ly ing 19. yel l3. steal. . . leave 12. moving 20. getout4. win 13. crawl. . . fal l 21. enter5. open 14. sing/singing 22. ring6. shout 15. s leeping 23. burning1 . playing 16. playing 24. knock8. fal l 17. comins 25. break9. trickling
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12.6 REVIEW OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
A.1 . d 5 . b2 . c 6 . c3 . b 7 . d4 . b
B. I .l . being changed2. to take3. meeting4. watching
il.1 . buy ing2. crying3. covering4. going5. paint ing
to be painted6. to fil l7. to find8. to help9. publ ishing10. to let1 1 . be ing12. to wri te13. own ing14. buy ing15. to know16. being17. to buy18. spending
5. cutting / to be cut6. to get7. telling / having told8. taking
19. to meet20. to understand21. decide22. being23. to stop24. seeing25. to take26. putting off27. getting28. trying29. to rush30. to cut31 . h i k ing32. to pay33. walking34. not finding35. cal l ing36. to reach37. leaving
nnglngto bringbeing told / to be tol t -giv ingto stayto dodoinglookinghelpingstayingworryto practisetakingto gogettingtake
9. to buy10. to make1 l . to enter12 . tak ing
38 .39.40.41 .42.^ a+ J .
44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51 .52.53 .
C.1. for making / to make2. use / good cornplaining (about the room service)3. for drawing straight lines/to draw straight lines4. use it for correcting/use it to correct5. selling/ having sold his car6 . p lay tenn is than swim1 . point (in) applying for this job unless you have all the necessary qualifications8. his / him taking me to the airport9. of doing better work10. taking the train / that they (should) take/took the trainI l. people (from) taking the drug12. worrying about my exam results (although I'm sure I'l l pass.)13. is no point ( in) taking a shower14. He didn' t use to dr ink / He used not to dr ink15. isn' t good at cooking
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16. I can't afford (to buy) this jacket
17. her books lying around18. at writing computer programs19. can't stand people / people's interrupting me while I am working20. reminded Robert to lock the door21. spent three hours cleaning the house
D.l . of steal ing 5. of working2. for shouting 6. like doing3" for being 7. of/ about spending4. (from) resigning 8. to going
13. CONNECTIVES13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THATl. I was so worried about my exams that I decided to stay at home and study2. a silly excuse that I didn't accept it3. was such an interesting book that I finished it in one day4. a hardworking student/person that he never fails his examinations5. was such a successful performance that the audience applauded for fifteen minutes6. He was so successful that he graduated in only three years1. was such bad news that8. so delicious that she ate three pieces9. such a dense fog that the drivers couldn't see anything10. was such a dull party that the guests left early1 1. was driving so fast that he couldn't stop at the red light
13.2 EXPRESSING PURPOSE USING SO THAT, IN ORDER TO AND BECAUSE
A.1. because D 6. because I2. so that A 7. so that B3. so that F 8. so that H4. because C 9. because E5. so that J 10. because G
B.1. they do not / won't leave fingerprints2. you don't / won't feel hungry during the exam3. should handle the saucepan carefully so that your hand does not / won't get4. her husband's sudden death Mrs. Williams had a nervous breakdown5. bring excitement into their lives6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story so as not to cause any trouble7. Strict measures should be taken so as to prevent overhunting
c.1. Be quiet so that I can hear what Sharon is saying2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a babysitter so that they could go to a dinner party3. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:00 so that it could / would be ready I I could
eat i t by 6:304. She cashed a cheque yesterday so that she would have I had enough money to go
shopping
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5. They hurried so that they wouldn'tbe I weren't late for the meeting
6. We locked the door so that we could / would be safe
7. I speeded up so that I could overtake the car in front of me
8. Stand up so that I can see you9. Please turn up the radio so that I can listen to the news too
10. The government pulled down the old blocks of flats so that they could build the new
ones11. Anne tied a string around her finger so that she didn't / wouldn't forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library12. AII motor vehicles should use unleaded petrol so that the air pollution can be reduced
13. Turn down the music so that the baby doesn't / won't wake up
D.Suggested answers1. make some arrangements 4. the group is very popular
Z. Doctors/ Dentists wear masks 5. breath cigarette smoke
3. it would be easier to reach the other side 6. I don't have enough time
E.Suggested answersf . in order to live a quiet life when he retires
so that he could escape from the city lifebecause he likes being on his own
2. in order to become an actressso that she could be successful in her career
because she likes acting3" in order to start his own business
so that he could look after his grandchildrenbecause he had had a heart attack
4. in order to be healthyso that she could run fasterbecause it was bad for her health
5. in order to learn how to use itso that he can surf the internetbecause he likes playing computer games
14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A.1. was Van Gogh that painted the "Sunflowers"
2. I can't stand is (the fact) that David never apologizes for his mistakes
I can't stand about David is (the fact) that he never apologizes for his mistakes
3 wasn't until I got to the bookstore that I realized that I didn't have any money
4. that I l ike about Bennetton's advertisements is that they raise awareness about global
issues5. was Bob Marley who/that sang "Exodus"
6. that I hate about computers is that they rarely work properly
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B. Instead of 'that' it is possible to use 'who' or 'which' in some cases but it is aninformal usage so we prefer 'that'.
l. he wants is to get married2. was Kate that wore her best dress to the party last night3. was her best dress that Kate wore to the party last night4. was to the party that Kate wore her best dress5. was last night that Kate wore her best dress to the party6. makes the job interesting is the close contact with the customers7. I want is ten minutes' rest8. I saw was something very appealing9. stopped us was his inconsistency10. I don' t understand is why he boastsI f . is not Dorothy that is the manager; it 's Mary12. wasn't my purse that I lost; i t was my credit cards13. isn' t Europe that I have been to; i t is India14. isn' t engineering that he is studying; i t is economics15. isn' t I / me that is crazy; i t 's you16. is not encouragement (that) you need; it 's determination17. is not you that she loves; i t 's Bi l l1 8. I need is a pen19. I like is the way she treats people20. Ihate is his attitude21 . keeps me fit is jogging22. is after a war that children usually suffer the most23. was in London that I first saw the film which won two Oscars24. really inspired me to start writing a new book was talking to Smith25. was Bill that broke the news to me
14.2INVERSION
A.1. so was2. So do3. so has4. nor / neither can5. Nor i Neither have
B.l . Did you? I d idn ' t .2. Does she? I don't.
6. nor I neither will'7 . nor / neither does8. Nor / Neither do9. so wi l l10. nor / neither do
3. Have you? I haven't . 3. d4. Wil l they? I won't .5. Did you? I didn' t .6. Had they? I hadn't .1. Are you? I 'm not.8 . Can ' t you? I can .9. Wasn't he? I was.
D.1. Were they to enact that law , there would be a chaos.2. Were the police to have found out , you would really have gotten into trouble. / Had the
police found out, you would really have gotten into trouble.
366
C.1 n
z. t)
4 .b5 .d6 . c7 . c
8 .dO o
10 . c11 .b12. a13 . d
3. Should you become aware of anything , let me know.
4. Should he have stolen anything, he will have to be fired'
5. Had I known the truth, I would have rejected doing it.
6. Had Bill not dropped his keys, he would have managed to enter the house.
E.1. did the pol ice doubt his innocence.2. will I invest in that company.3. should we construct more factories.4. has (so much) environmental pollution taken place.
5. has so much snow fallen here during winter months.
6. were there more rabies cases than in this industrial city.'7.
making workers redundant can we save the factory.
8. have I encouraged people to exhibit offensive behaviour.g. did the colonel help to plan the curfew but he also supported the idea of Coup
de'etat.10. enacting new laws nor by freezing prices will the prime minister gain popularity
I 1. had they finished their work when the visitors arrived
12. do they tell us what is going on
13. had she entered the room than she was told about the bad news
14. I was told did Irealize his absence15. his mother was watching me the boy16. did I realize that I had forgotten my briefcase at home
17. have I been subject to such an indecent assault
18. had I switched on the TV than the lights went out
19. was Mary late, but she also had left all the documents at home
20. have I heard such a faulty statement21 . reading the critics did I understand the hidden message in the film
22. does it matter to me what people think of my attitude
23. should you invite him again24. did the student do his homework25. does an individual seize an opportunity like the one that Tom has
15. GENERAL REVISIONI5.I CLOZE TESTS
Izl . Were 5. His l . l istening2. didn't 6. any 2.fot3. came 7. Who 3.everY4. Our
34.1. do 5 . the l . To
2. walking 6. at 2. from
3. do 7. knitting 3. wearing
4. instrument 4. how
361
5
12 .a- l -
A
5 .
zl .
z .J .
Aa .
5 .
byreliableexpensivecosts/isslow
whoprefers / goesought / havetravelwi l l
g1. leaves2. arrives3. gets4. cheaper5. costs / is
2l . went / was / ate2. had / ordered I ate3. was4. enough / much
hasTherei n / o nbetweenthereisn' t
6. with1. which / that8. don' t / won't9. can10. on
6. wi l l / to7. better8. are9. has10. biggest / largest
5. many6. always7. on8. takes
7. don' t8. uncle9. to10. don' t1 1. l ive / are12. on ly
t21. playing2. score/ get3. boring/ dull4. do5. going
6. takes/lasts7. arrive/am8. safe9. crowded
01 . a2. some3. any4. faces5. many
11l . i n2. faces3. view4. try5. fit
101 .z.aJ .
4.5 .6.
l41 .2.aJ .
/1T .
131 .2 .J .
4.5 .6.7 .
dealsearnpromotedrepair / mend/ fixlost/ leftforget
however / asonrefundreceipt
5. on6. excursion7. local8. souvenirs
368
15l .2 .J ./1T .
5 .6.
borrowreturnpayreceiveJdialengaged/ busy
anyservedmuchget/gobook/reserveordered/had/ateenough/muchbi l lmore
17l .2 .1J .
Aa .
5 .6 .
madehadwheneverallowedDuringexcept
18L o n2. al3. who4 . a5. rold6. It7. Although8. because9. enough10. which
1 1 . a n12. h is13. Whi le / When14. After15. gave I got I bought16. became17. cal led18. w i th19. where20. songs / music
191. most2. spent3. up4. do5. in6. herself1. persuade / convince8. when / once / after9. well10. while
20l. made2. during / on3. until4. did5. with6. while7. on8. for
l l . ou t12. earnings / profits / income13. Despite14. have / need15. unless16. like / enjoY / Iove17. Having18. for19. out20. so
doesthedoorsuphavingbusy / engaged
2l1
L .
3 ./+ .
5 .6.
369
1','
l-2 .3 .4.5 .6.7 .8 .9 .10 .
24l .2.3 ./1
5 .6.
23l . since2. of3. for4. which
with/ aboutwhoseinwhereAS
l ive
)<i. which2. due / owing3. Although / Though4. allow/ permit5. with / having6. most7. they
hownonewhich / thatthis / i tusedaboutWhen / Afterbefore / previouslymuch / farsuch
15. neither16. with17. unable18. later19. le t20. until / till
whereoldestlothighforhaveyetbyhowA s / S i n c e / B e c a u s e
1 1 . w e12. that / which13. cal led14. with15. example / instance16. used17. than18. unless19. are20. them
5. after6. how7. to8. stil l9. to
7. with8. under9. of10 . inI 1. about12. about
8. to9. best10. nothing1 1. cost12. afford13. took14. could
10. thatI 1. where12. During13. for14. whose
26l .2.
4.5 .6.7 .8 .9 .10 .
11 . o f12. a13. wi th14. something15 . so16. both17. off18. unti l / t i l l19. may / might / could20. many
370
27l . t o2. out3. awful4. because / as / since5. in6. over7. of8. angrily / threateninglY9. off/out10. able
281. situated / located2. with3. between4. interested5. mind6. However7. the8. preparing / cooking / making
9. to10. Despite
311. to2. the3. world/ earth4. or5. journeys/voyages/triPs6. are7. First8. which/that9. did
15.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
Il .2.J .
/1T .
5 .6.'t.
8 .9 .10 .11 .12.
bdab
baabb
13. c14 . d15 . c16 . a17 . c18 . a19 . a20. d21 . b22. d23 . d24. c
1 l . Having12. While13. I f14. in15. broken16. finally / eventually17. After18. down19. unless20. have
291. for / to2. far3. Suppose/ Supposing4. on / upon5. (a) round6. up7. of8. with9. sight10. down
10. example/instance1 1. had12. today13. However14. their15. discovered16. history17 . i s18. not
25. a26. d27. b28. b29. d30. b31 . a32. c33. a34. b35 . c
301. defined2. concerned3. example / instance4. wel l5. such6. addition7. exemplified8. Although
19. about20. to21. the22. ago23. l ived24. of25. distance
371
)
td2 .a3 . c4 .d5 .a6 .b7 . c8 .a9 . c10 . dl l . a
I1 . d2 . c3 .d4 .a5 .a6 . c7 . b8 . c9 . cr0 . b
r2 . b13 . c14 . b15 . a16 . d11 . c18 . d19 . c20. d21 . b22. b
11 . d12. a13 . bt4 . d15 . c16 . at7 . b18 . a19 . b
9. c10 . b11 . d12. ci 3 . b14. a15 . d16 . b
10 . d11 . b12. a13 . dt4 . d15 . c16. ct 7 . d18 . c
23 . a24. b25. b26. c27. a28. c29. a30. d3 r . d32 . b33 . a
20. d21. b22. c23 . b24. c25. a26. c27. d
!1 . a2 .b3 . c4 .b5 . c6 .b-1. d8 .a
17 . a18 . c19 . b20. a21. c22. c23. a
babb
aba
t 9 . b20. d21 . a22. d23. a24. d25. b26. d
dabadad
7_1 . c2 .a3 .d4 .b5 . c6 .a7 . d8 .a9 . c10 . bl l . d
21 . d2 .d3 .b4 .a5 . c6 . c7 . a8 .d9 . c10 . b
10 . c11 . a12. c13 . bt4 . d15 . b16 . c17 . b18 . d
12. c13 . a14. b15 . a16 . a17 . b18 . c19. a20. b21 . c
10 . bl l . b12. c13 . a14 . d15 . d16 . d17 . a18 . b
11 . b12. b13 . b14 . a15 . c16. b17 . a18 . d19 . c20. a
!1 . d2 .a3 .d
5 .b6 . c7 . d8 . c9 .d
19. c20. c21. b22. a23. c24. a25. d26. a
22. d23 . a24. a25. c26. a27. b28. d29. c30. a31 . c
19 . c20. a21 . c22. b23. d24. a25. d26. a27. a
21 . a22. b23. c24. d25. b26. d27. d28. b29. b30. a
313
10l .2 .aJ .
4 .
5 .6 .1 .8 .9 .
d
q
bab
d
131 . c2 .b? q
4 .a5 . c6 .d
8 .b9 .d10 . b11 . a12. a13 . c14 . c
10 . c11 . c12. b13 . a14. c15 . d16. b17 . a18 . b
10 . b11 . d12. c13 . dt4 . b15 . d16 . c17 . b18 . b
9 .a10 . c11 . d12. c13 . a14. c15 . a16 . a
15 . a16. c11 . b18 . d19 . a20. d2 t . d22. d23. a24. b25. c26. b27. c
19 . c20. c21 . a22. d23 . b24. a25. b26. a27. c
111 ^l . v
a lL . ( - l
3 .b4 .d5 . c6 .a1 . a8 . c9 . c
12l . d2 . c3 .b4 .d5 .b6 .a1 . b8 . c
1 9 . d20. b21 . a22. c23. d24. c25. a26. d27. b
17 . d18 . b19 . a20. d21 . c22. a1 5 . c
28. c29. a30. b31 . d32. a33 . d34. b35 . d36. c37. d38 . b39 . d40. b
314
t4l " b2 .d3 .a4 .b5 . c6 . c1 . b8 .d9 .a10 . c11 . d12. a13 . b14 . d
t5l cz . a
3 .c4 .d5 .b6 .b7. c8 .d9 . c
15 . a16 . b17 . c18 . c19 . a20. b2r . d22. d23. b
25. d26. a2',7. a
10 . dl l . ct 2 . b13 . a14. a15 . c16. d17 . c18 . b19 . b
28. a29. b30. a31 . b32. c33 . b34. d35 . c36. a37. d38 . c39. c40. d
20. a21 . c22. b23 . d24. c25. c26. a27. d28. c29. d
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