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NRC Nestlé Research Center
Imre Blank
220th ACS Syposium, Washington, August 20-24, 2000
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Overview
Chemical classes
Occurrence
Analytical methods
Major topics of the presentation
Key odorants
Sensory relevance
Structure - activity
Flavor simulation
Food products
Natural
Fermented
Processed
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Major classes of sulfur compounds
Thiols(60)
Sulfides(~ 440)
Thiazoles(100)
Thiophenes(100)
Mono (55)
Di (95)
Tri (25)
Others (265)
Total : ~ 700 sulfur compounds≅≅≅≅ 10 % of volatiles listed in TNO compilation
Thiane (50)
Thiocyanate (45)
Thiolane (25)
Dithiazine (20)
Others (125)
NR
C N
estlé Research C
enterNumber of products
0 20 40 60 80
100
120Thiols
Methyl
H2S
Ethyl
Dimethyl
Methyl propyl
Dipropyl
0 20 40 60 80
100
120Thiazoles
Benzo
Thiazole
2-Acetyl
Trithiolane
0 20 40 60 80
100
120Thiophenes
2-Methyl
2-Aldehyde
2-Acetyl
Dimethyl
Methional
Diethyl
Dimethyl
Diethyl
Methyl propyl
0 20 40 60 80
100
120Sulfides
DiMe-DS
DiMe-S
DiMe-TS
Methional
NR
C N
estlé Research C
enterNumber of products
0 20 40 60 80
100
120M
onosulfidesDimethyl
Methional
Diethyl
0 20 40 60 80
100
120O
thers
H2S
CS2
Dithiazine
Trithiolane
Tetrasulfide
COS
0 20 40 60 80
100
120D
isulfides
Dimethyl
Diethyl
Methyl propyl
0 20 40 60 80
100
120Trisulfides
Dimethyl
Methyl propyl
Dipropyl
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants : Thiols in natural products
SH
GrapefruitSulfury, cattyOx= 0.00002 µg/L H2O
(Demole et al., 1982)
(R)-1-p-Menthene-8-thiol
OH
SH
OnionSulfury, onion, meaty Ox= 0.04 µg/L H2O
(Widder et al., 2000)
3-Mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol(2R,3S) / (2S,3R)
SH
O
Blackcurrant, olive oilSulfury, cattyOx= 0.001 µg/L H2O
(Rigaud et al., 1986Guth & Grosch, 1991)
4-Methoxy-2-methyl-2-butanethiol
Buchu leaf oilSulfury, catty
(Sundt et al., 1971)
8-Mercapto-p-mentane-3-onetrans-(1S,4S) / cis-(1S,4R)
SHO
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants : Thiols by thermal processing
Coffee, meat, ...Sulfury, coffee-likeOx= 0.01 µg/L H2O
(Reichstein & Staudinger, 1926;Mottram, 1985)
2-Furfurylthiol
OSH
Meat, coffeeSulfury, meatyOx= 0.007 µg/L H2O
(Gasser & Grosch, 1988;Holscher et al., 1990)
2-Methyl-3-furanthiol
O
SH
Beer, coffeeSulfury, cattyOx= 0.0003 µg/L H2O
(Kuroiwa & Hashimoto, 1961;Holscher et al., 1990)
3-Mercapto-2-buten-1-thiol
SH
Coffee, beerSulfury, cattyOx= 0.003 µg/L H2O
(Holscher et al., 1990;Schieberle, 1991)
3-Mercapto-3-methylbutyl formate
SH
O H
O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Occurrence of key odorants : Sulfides
Shiitakemushroom
Shellfish (cooked)
Passion fruit
N
S
S
S O S S
Potato (boiled)
White truffle Onion (raw)
SO
SS
Onion (boiled)
SS
O
Garlic
SS
S
Vegetables
S S
SSS
S O
O
S S CH3
Meat flavors,chocolate
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Odor quality and threshold value : Sulfides
Sulfury0.3 µg/L
(Sloot & Harkes, 1975)
Sulfury, meaty0.00002 µg/L
(Buttery et al., 1982)
Cooked potato-like0.2 µg/L
(Buttery et al., 1971)
Sulfury, fruity7 µg/L
(Takeoka et al.,1989)
Sulfury, roasty0.04 µg/L
(Mulders, 1976)
Sulfury, onion2 µg/L
(Boelens & van Gemert, 1993)
O
S S
OO
SS
S O S S
Roasty1 x 10-11 µg/L
(Kubota et al., 1991)
N
S
S
S O
O
SS
S
Sulfury, cabbage-like0.006 µg/L(Milo,1995)
SS
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants : Thiazoles, thiophenes, and others
S
N
O
N
S
O
N
S
O(1.3) (1.3)
(1.2)
(1.0)(10)
S
N
OS
N
O
NO
R
(0.1)
N
O
NO
(1.6)
N
S NCS
NCS
NCSS
S SS
SO O
NCS
(Tomato, 3.0)
(Leek, 7.0)
(Fried onion)
(Watercress)
(Chopped cabbage)
(Horseradish)
(Radish)
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Sensory Directed Chemical AnalysisProcedure Method Result
Aroma extraction Various Authentic aroma note
GC-Olfactometry Sniffing, Charm, AEDA, … Screening of odorants
Identification GC-MS, AED, RI, Structure of odorantspecific detectors, ...
Quantification Internal standard, IDA Concentration in food
Sensory evaluation Triangle test, profiling, Odor threshold + qualityvarious matrices, … Masking, sens. impact
Validation Recombination Flavor simulation
(Acree, 1993; Grosch, 1994; Schieberle, 1995; Blank, 1996)
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GC-Sniffing / GC-Olfactometry
Evers et al. (1976) Synthesis GC-MSWithcombe & Mussinan (1988) Tuna fish GC-O, GC-MSGasser & Grosch (1988) Beef GC-OGasser & Grosch (1990) Chicken GC-O, GC-MSHolscher et al. (1990) Coffee GC-OGasser & Grosch (1991) Pork GC-O...
O
SH
GC-O
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Dilution techniques : CHARM and AEDA
1/1 1/3 1/9Serial Dilution
retention index
dilu
tion
valu
e
time
resp
onse
1/1
1/3
1/9
010101
(Acree et al., 1984;Ullrich & Grosch, 1987)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in grapefruit
SH
SH OS O
(Demole et al., 1982)
(Buettner & Schieberle, 1999)
Sulfury, catty (0.0001 µg/L H2O)
FD = 128
Sulfury, catty (0.00002 µg/L H2O)
Cooked potato-like(0.2 µg/L H2O)
FD = 32
SH
FD = 128
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Isolation and selective enrichment of thiolswith p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
(Darriet et al., 1995)
Hg-OH
COONa
Hg-S-R
COONa
Hg-S-Cys
COONa
R-SH Cys-SH R-SHOH2
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Isolation and selective enrichment of thiolsby covalent chromatography
(Full & Schreier, 1995)
ON
N NO
O
HgCl
ON
N NO
O
Hg-SR
ON
N NO
O
Hg-SR'
R-SH
R’-SH
HCl
R-SH
SHO
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sensory relevance : Odor Activity Value
CxOAV =
Tx
Cx : Concentration
Tx : Threshold value
Thresholds : Odor (orthonasal)Aroma (retronasal)
PerceptionRecognition
Solvent AirWaterOilFood
Rothe & Thomas (1963)Guadagni et al. (1966)Acree et al. (1984)
Buttery et al.Grosch et al.Schieberle et al.
� : Relative importance of individual odorants estimated
� : Interactions remain unknown
Flavor recombination studies
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Threshold values : A very critical step
Odor orthonasal (through the nose)Aroma retronasal (in the mouth)
Perception different from solventRecognition characteristic note perceived
Solvents:Air (ng/L) 0.0002 n.d. 0.15Water (µg/L) 0.001 0.0001 0.2/1.8, 0.04/10Model (µg/L) n.d. 0.001 (10% EtOH) 0.27 (starch)Food (µg/L) 0.045 (oil) 0.003 (wine) 0.05/0.2 (oil)
SH OSH
OS O
CxOAV =
Tx
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Effect of the threshold value : Roasted sesame
(Schieberle, 1996)
Flavor compound Concentration Odor thresholds OAV (µµµµg/kg) (µµµµg/kg oil ; water) Oil Water
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline 30 0.1 0.1 300 3002-Furfurylthiol 54 0.4 0.01 135 54002-Phenylethylthiol 6 0.05 - 120 -Furaneol 2510 50 50 50 502-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 53 3 0.1 18 530Guaiacol 270 19 3 14 90(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal 89 180 0.2 <1 445...
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in natural products
Tomato, olive oil, basil
Odorants : Chemical structure Sensory properties Flavor recombination Catty odorants
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Odor characteristics of 2-isobutylthiazoleand its impact on the overall tomato flavor
Viani et al., 1969
• In pure form Green, similar to tomato leafsFirst identified in tomato fruit (500 kg)
Kazeniac & Hall, 1970
• In water Spoiled wine-like, horseradish-likeThreshold of 2-3 µg/kg water
• Added to canned tomato More intense fresh tomato note (juice / paste) Blended out harsh notes
Improved the mouth-feelEffective at 25-50 µg/kg level
N
S
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants of fresh tomato
(Buttery et al., 1989)
Flavor compound Concentration Odor threshold OAV (µµµµg/kg) (µµµµg/kg water)
(Z)-3-Hexenal 12000 0.25 50000Hexanal 3100 4.5 630β-Ionone 4 0.007 6301-Penten-3-one 520 1 500β-Damascenone 1 0.002 5003-Methylbutanal 27 0.2 130(E)-2-Hexenal 270 17 162-Isobutylthiazole 36 3.5 101-Nitro-2-phenylethane 17 2 8...
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants of olive oil (Spain)
(Guth & Grosch, 1991; 1993)
Flavor compound Concentration Odor Threshold OAV (µµµµg/kg) (µµµµg/kg oil)
4-Methoxy-2-methyl-2-butanethiol 1.8 0.045 40(Z)-3-Hexenal 53 2.8 19Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate 14 0.75 19(Z)-2-Nonenal 10 0.6 17Ethyl 3-methylbutyrate 7.9 0.75 11Ethyl cyclohexanoate 4.3 0.38 11Acetic acid 6680 1050 6.4Hexanal 390 74 5.3(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 3380 750 4.53-Methylbutanol 900 225 4.0...
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Recombination studies : Olive oil (Spain)
01
23
Pungent
Fruity
GreenFatty
CattyOil
Model
(Reiners & Grosch, 1998)
Similarity : 2.7 ± 0.3(21 odorants)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Effect of odorants on overall flavor- Olive oil (Spain) -
(Reiners & Grosch, 1998)
Similarity
0.9
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
S0
Sam
ples
Model mixture (21 odorants)
No acetaldehyde / propanal
No acetic acid
No 3-/2-methylbutanal
No ethyl 2-/3-methylbutyrate
No 4-methoxy-2-methyl- 2-butanthiol
SH
O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
01
23
Pepper-like
Flow ery
HerbaceousGreen
Clove-like
Key odorants and sensory profiling- Fresh basil -
(Guth & Murgoci, 1997)
Flavor compound OAV
(Z)-3-Hexenal 4130001,8-Cineol 2460004-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone 83000Linalol 400004-Allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 9900Eugenol 8900α-Pinene 90
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Recombination studies : Fresh basil aroma
(Guth & Murgoci, 1997)
Model mixture Similarity OAV
Complete mixture (11 odorants) 3.0
Compounds ommitted :Eugenol 0.7 8900(Z)-3-Hexenal 1.0 413000α-Pinene 1.3 904-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1.6 83000Linalol 1.8 400001,8-Cineol 1.9 246000
SH O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Structure - activity relationship : ‘Catty’
SH
SH
SH
O
SH
O H
O
SHO
SH O
O
SHSH
O
SH
O
(0.00002) (0.001)(0.0001) (0.003)
SH SH
SHSH
(0.00007) (0.2)
(0.08) (2.5)
(0.7) (0.0003)
O
SH
(3.0)
(Thresholds in µg/L water)
S O
(35)
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Molecular features determining the ‘catty’ odor
SHO
SH O SH
O
SH
Results :
• Tertiary mercapto amyl substructure• Keto group is not essential, might be in α- or β-position to SH• SH to C=O distance is 2-4 Å
(Polak et al., 1988)
Sensory evaluation :
• Tested in a confusion matrix• Factor correspondence analysis• Sensory panel (n = 15)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in fermented products
Wines : White (Sauvignon, Scheurebe) Red (Bordeaux)
Odorants : Chemical structure Sensory properties (‘catty’) Stereochemistry Precursors Flavor recombination
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in wine : Sauvignon blanc
SH O 4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (Darriet et al., 1993)
O = 0.1 ng/L water (Darriet et al., 1995)O = 1.1 ng/L 10% ethanolO = 1.4 ng/L 10% ethanol sucrose (100 g/L)O = 3.3 ng/L white / red wine
C = 12-34 ng/L white wine (Bouchilloux et al., 1996)
C = 0 ng/L white wine No typical aromaC = 9 ng/L white wine Weak typical noteC = 18 ng/L white wine Typical aromaC = 34 ng/L white wine Very typical note
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Further sulfur compounds in Sauvignon blanc
O
SH O 3-Mercaptohexyl acetate Passion fruit-likeO = 2.3 ng/L water
(Tominaga et al., 1996) O = 4.3 ng/L 10% EtOH
3-Mercapto-1-hexanol Passion fruit, grapefruitO = 17 ng/L water
(Tominaga et al., 1998) O = 60 ng/L 10% EtOH
4-Mercapto-4-methyl- Citrus peel-like2-pentanol O = 20 ng/L water
O = 55 ng/L 10% EtOH
3-Mercapto-3-methyl- Cooked leek-like1-butanol O = 1300 ng/L water
O = 1500 ng/L 10% EtOH
SH OH
SH
OH
SH
OH
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sensory impact of sulfur compoundsin Sauvignon blanc
O
SH O SH OH SH
OH
SH
OH
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 2 3 4 50
5
10
15
20
25
Con
cent
ratio
n ( µµ µµ
g/L)
Odo
r Act
ivity
Val
ue
SH O
(Tominaga et al., 1998)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
S-Cysteine conjugates as precursorsof thiols in Sauvignon blanc
S
OH
NH2HOOC
S O
NH2HOOC
S OH
NH2HOOC
Alcoholic fermenation(ββββ-lyase of yeast)
Thiols released(enhanced Sauvignon blanc aroma)
(Tominaga et al., 1998)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Use of the ββββ-lyse activity of yeast- Application to flavour generation -
S O
NH2HOOCYeast
(Tominaga et al., 1998)
O
SH
NH2HOOC
(Bel Rhlid & Matthey-Doret., 1998)
SH O
SHCHO
COOH
SH
H2N
+
+S
N
COOH
Yeast
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Use of the yeast ββββ-CS-lyse activityin flavour generation
Yeast
(Bel Rhlid & Matthey-Doret., 1998)
SHO
NH
SR
COOH
OSH
OO
SO
NO
H
O
SSH
NSH
H
SH
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in white wine : ScheurebeSH O 4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone
Sulfury, catty
Dimethyl sulfideSulfury, tomato-like
Dimethyl trisulfideSulfury, cabbage-like
3-(Methylthio)-1-propanolSulfury, cabbage-like
S
SS
S
S OH
(Guth, 1997)
O
O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants in Scheurebe wine
(Guth, 1997)
0
200
400
600
800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SH
OO
OO
OO
O
OO
OO
O
O
OH
O
O
Od o
r Ac t
ivit y
Va l
u e
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sensory impact of odorants in theScheurebe wine
(Guth, 1997)
Model mixture Similarity
Complete mixture (42 odorants) 3.0
Compound ommitted :
4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone 0.5SH O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in Bordeaux red wines
3-Mercaptohexyl acetate Passion fruit-likeO = 2.3 ng/L water C = 1-200 ng/L wine
3-Mercapto-1-hexanol Grapefruit-likeO = 17 ng/L water
C = 0.01-5 µg/L wine
3-Mercapto-2-methyl- Broth-like, sweatypropanol O = 3000 ng/L water
C = 1-70 µg/L wine
(Bouchilloux et al., 1998)
OH SH*
SH
OH
O
SH O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Stereochemistry of 3-mercapto-2-methylpropanol
(Bouchilloux et al., 2000)
OH SHH
(R) (S)
Brothy, sweaty3-7 µg/L (water) 35-40 µg/L20-27 µg/L (model) 120-130 µg/L
OH SHH
• Young red wines: 25-70 µg/L• Aged red wines: 1-4 µg/L• White wines: 1-2 µg/L
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in red wine (Vitis labrusca)
3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol Sulfury, cabbage-like
trans-2-Methylthiophan-3-ol Garlic-like
4-Mercapto-2,5-dimethyl Sulfury, sweet, fruity3(2H)-thiophenone
S
SHO
S OH
S
OH
(Guedes de Pinho et al., 1997)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sulfur compounds in processed foods
Food : Meat (stewed beef) Coffee (brew)
Odorants : Chemical structure Sensory properties Flavor recombination
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Key odorants found in stewed meat juice
(Guth & Grosch, 1994; 1995)
Flavor compound Concentr. (µµµµg/kg) Odor threshold OAV Beef Pork (µµµµg/kg water) Beef Pork
Methanethiol 300 500 0.2 1560 250012-Methyltridecanal 52 <0.5 0.1 520 <1Furaneol 8000 2700 25 320 108Acetaldehyde 6400 1500 25 256 60Methional 13 23 0.2 65 115(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal 12 10 0.2 60 503-Methylbutanal 10 21 0.4 25 53Sotolone 5 3 0.3 17 10Hexanal 72 15 10 7 2Acetic acid 2x105 3x105 3x104 6 82-Furfurylthiol 0.5 0.6 0.12 4 5…
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Sensory profiling of stewed meat flavor
(Guth & Grosch, 1995)
0
1
2
3Sw eet, caramel
Sulfury, meaty
Tallow y, beefyFatty
Roasty
Meat Model
0
1
2
3Sw eet, caramel
Sulfury, meaty
Tallow y, beefyFatty
Roasty
Meat Model
Beef Pork
Similarity : 3.0 Similarity : 2.5
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Effect of odorants on overall flavor : Stewed beef
(Guth & Grosch, 1994)
0.51
1.5
222
2.5
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
S7
S5
S3
S1
Sam
ples
Similarity
Model mixture (n= 15)No 2-furfurylthiol
No acetaldehydeNo sotoloneNo acetic acidNo 12-methyltridecanalNo furaneolNo methanethiol
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Interaction of odorants : Stewed beef
(Guth & Grosch, 1994)
Flavor compound Model A B C D
Methanethiol x x x xFuraneol x x x x12-Methyltridecanal x x x xAcetic acid x x x xSotolone x x x xAcetaldehyde x x x x2-Furfurylthiol x x xMethional x x xButyric acid x(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal x x xDiacetyl x x3-Methylbutanal x x x
Similarity : 0 2 2.5 3
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Some odorants detected in coffeeby GC-olfactometry
(Holscher et al., 1990-1992; Blank et al., 1991-1992)
OSH
SH
SH
O H
O
S O
O
SH
CH3SH
H2S SH
OH
S
N
N R
RR
OHO
R
R-CHO : Strecker aldehydes
OR
OHOO
OR
O
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants found in Arabica coffee brew (1)Flavor compound Concentration Odor threshold OAV
(µµµµg/kg) (µµµµg/kg water) (x103)
2-Furfurylthiol 1680 0.01 1683-Methyl-2-buten-1-thiol 8.6 0.0003 28.7Methanethiol 4700 0.2 23.53-Mercapto-3-methylbutyl formate 77 0.0035 222-Methyl-3-furanthiol 68 0.007 9.7Dimethyltrisulfide 28 0.01 2.8Methional 228 0.2 1.1
(E)-β-Damascenone 222 0.00075 296Homofuraneol 16800 1.15 14.6Furaneol 112000 10 11.2Diacetyl 48400 15 3.22,3-Pentanedione 34000 30 1.1
(Grosch et al.)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Key odorants found in Arabica coffee brew (2)Flavor compound Concentration Odor threshold OAV
(µµµµg/kg) (µµµµg/kg water) (x103)
3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine 59 0.005 11.82-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 249 0.16 1.62,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazine 73 0.09 0.8…
4-Vinylguaiacol 55200 20 2.8Guaiacol 3050 2.5 1.2…
3-Methylbutanal 18600 0.4 46.5Methylpropanal 32300 0.7 46.1Acetaldehyde 139000 10 13.92-Methylbutanal 20700 1.9 10.9Propanal 17400 10 1.7
(Grosch et al.)
NRC Nestlé Research Center
0123
Sw eet, caramel
Earthy
Roasty, sulfury
SmokeyCoffee
Model
Sensory profiling of Arabica brew aroma
(Czerny et al., 1999)
Similarity : 2.3
NRC Nestlé Research Center
0
1
2
3Sw eet, caramel
Earthy
Roasty, sulfury
Smokey
Coffee Cellulose Oil Water
Effect of the base used for sensory profiling
(Czerny et al., 1999)
Similarity : (3.0) 1.8 1.6 1.0
NRC Nestlé Research Center
0 2 4 6 8 10
S12
S10
S8
S6
S4
S2
Effect of odorants on Arabica coffee brew aroma
(Grosch et al., 1998)
Sam
ples
No phenols (4)No guaiacolNo 4-vinylguaiacolNo 2-furfurylthiolNo pyrazines (4)No 2-methyl-3-furanthiolNo methanethiolNo methionalNo aldehydes (3)No diones (2)No 3(2H)-furanones (2)No (E)-β-damascenone
Positive answers
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Off-flavor in food products
Food : Contamination Prepared meat Food-born Meat, coffee, spinach
Odorants : Chemical structure Sensory properties Formation pathways Decomposition
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Off-flavors caused by sulfur compoundsBeer
SH
O H
O
SH
(Kuroiwa & Hashimoto, 1961) (Schieberle, 1991)
Meat
SH O
(Patterson, 1969)
O H2S
Spinach
(Masanetz et al., 1998)
S OO
+
Milk
S OS COOH
NH2
∆T
NRC Nestlé Research Center
Major reactions leading to off-flavor in food
SH O
S O
O
H2S
S COOH
NH2∆T
Addition of H2S
• To double bonds
• To αααα,ββββ-unsaturated aldehydes S RRO
Thermal degradation
• Methionine
• Cysteine SHCOOH
NH2
H2S
NRC Nestlé Research Center
(Masanetz et al., 1998)
(Z)-1,5-Octadien-3-oneMetallic, geranium-likeOx = 0.001 µg/L water
O
Fish-like off-flavor in dried spinach
S O
MethionalCooked potato-likeOx = 0.2 µg/L water
O
(Z)-3-hexenalGreen leaf-like
Ox = 0.25 µg/L water
Compound Sample 1 Sample 2
Methional (10 µg/L) x xOctadienone ( 0.16 µg/L) x x(Z)-3-Hexenal ( 4.3 µg/L) - x
Fishy (2), green (0.5) Fishy (1.5), green (2) Potato (1), metallic (1.5) Potato (1), metallic (1.5)