XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

XXII.

 

SUMMA

W

large So

the Khora

nd

THA

ARY

While no sha

utheast Asia

at, Northern

Figu

S

AILAND

ale gas/oil e

an country h

Intermontan

ure XXII-1. Pro

ource: ARI, 201

XX

D

exploration a

has significa

ne and Cent

ospective Sha

3

EIA/ARI W

XII-1

activity has

ant prospect

tral Plains ba

ale Gas and Sh

World Shale Ga

been report

tive shale ga

asins, Figure

hale Oil Basin

s and Shale Oil

ted to date

as and shal

e XXII-1.

s of Thailand.

Resource Asses

in Thailand

e oil potenti

.

ssment

d, this

ial, in

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

T

recovera

Intermon

paucity o

and may

potential

T

Triassic

These s

pressure

and suita

local drill

developm

T

within th

Oligocen

including

nd

The Khorat B

ble shale ga

ntane and Ce

of available

y complicate

is promising

Table XX

Thailand’s gre

shale sourc

hales can

ed. Deposite

able for hyd

ling rigs, and

ment.

Thailand’s sh

he Northern

ne to Early M

g the 30,000

Basin in no

as resource

entral Plains

public data.

e future sha

g but needs

XII-1. Shale G

eatest poten

ce rocks in

be locally t

ed under sh

raulic fractu

d active inde

hale oil pote

Intermonta

Miocene ag

-b/d Sirikit-1

Reservo

ir 

Properties Re

AvThCl

Resource

Ga

GI

Ri

Ri

Physical Exten

t Pr

Th

De

Basic Data

XX

rtheast Tha

s, Table XX

s basins cou

Block faul

ale drilling a

to be better

Gas Reservo

ntial appears

the Khorat,

thick, organ

allow marine

uring. The K

ependent oil

ential appea

ne and Ce

e. These u

oil field. Th

OrgNetInteAve

eservoir Pressure

verage TOC (wt. %hermal Maturity (%lay Content

as Phase

IP Concentration

isked GIP (Tcf)

isked Recoverabl

rospective Area (m

hickness (ft)

epth (ft)

Basin/Gros

Shale FormGeologic

Depositional En

EIA/ARI W

XII-2

iland has a

XII-1. In add

uld be subst

ting has dis

nd developm

defined by f

oir Properties

s to be shale

the countr

nic-rich, dry

e conditions

Khorat Basi

l and gas pr

ars to be m

ntral Plains

units source

hermally imm

ganically Richt ervalerage

e

%)% Ro)

(Bcf/mi2)

e (Tcf)

mi2)

ss Area

mation Age

nvironment

World Shale Ga

an estimated

dition, shale

tantial but w

srupted Thai

ment. Over

further data

s and Resour

e gas depos

ry’s largest

gas prone

s, they are li

n has an ex

roducers wh

more limited.

s basins con

ed the basin

mature oil s

Khorat

(32,400 mi2)

Nam Duk FmPermianMarine

1,750

400200

6,000 - 12,0009,000

Mod. Overpres

3.0%2.50%Low

Dry Gas

83.0

21.8

5.4

s and Shale Oil

d 5 Tcf of r

oil potentia

was not quan

iland’s onsh

rall, Thailan

gathering a

rces of Thail

sits contained

onshore se

e, deeply bu

kely to mine

xisting gas p

hich could fa

Small iso

ntain organ

n’s conventio

hale deposit

m

0

ss.

Resource Asses

risked techn

al in the Nor

ntified due t

ore shale b

nd’s shale g

nd analysis.

and.

d in Permian

dimentary b

uried, and

eralogically b

pipeline netw

acilitate shale

olated sub-b

ic-rich shale

onal oil dep

ts that are lo

ssment

nically

rthern

to the

asins

as/oil

n and

basin.

over-

brittle

work,

e gas

asins

es of

osits,

ocally

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

mined at

Tertiary s

content w

INTROD

D

productio

Bcfd of n

fields in

Approxim

including

E

sandston

were dril

carbonat

reports o

tangible

Statoil a

unconve

A

onshore

1. These

basins (s

being mi

1 oil field

P

overlying

resource

thermal m

Basin ho

group of

nd

t the surfac

shales were

with low “frac

DUCTION

During the pa

on industry.

natural gas i

the Gulf

mately 40%

g most of the

Essentially al

ne and carb

led in Thaila

tes are being

of unconven

sign of activ

and PTTEP

ntional resou

ARI’s review

sedimentary

e include the

such as Ma

ned; and the

d.

Permo-Triass

g Permian c

e potential.

maturity win

osts an exist

active indep

ce may cont

deposited u

ckability”.

ast three de

The country

in 2011.1 N

of Thailand

of Thailand

e country’s p

l of the oil a

bonate reser

and during 2

g targeted in

tional shale

vity for Thai

in January

urces in Tha

w of publishe

y basins wh

e large Khor

ae Sot) in th

e similarly co

sic shale so

carbonate c

These mari

dow, often o

ing gas pipe

pendent oil a

XX

tain mobile

under lacust

ecades Tha

y produced

Nearly 90% o

d, with onl

d’s primary

ower genera

nd gas curre

rvoirs. Whi

2004-6, witho

n convention

e/tight oil or

land’s uncon

y 2011 cov

ailand and ot

ed geologic

ich may hav

rat Basin in t

he Northern

omplex Cen

ource rocks

conventional

ne-deposite

over-pressur

eline networ

and gas prod

EIA/ARI W

XII-3

hydrocarbon

rine sedime

iland has bu

393,000 b/d

of its curren

y limited p

energy co

ation and gro

ently produc

le a handfu

out commerc

nal anticlinal

gas explora

nventional r

vering poten

ther countrie

c literature i

ve unconven

the northeas

Intermonta

ntral Plains B

in the Khor

reservoirs,

ed shales ar

red, and ma

k, a local su

ducers.

World Shale Ga

ns at depth

ntary condit

uilt up a su

d of crude oi

t petroleum

production f

nsumption

owing vehic

ced in Thaila

ul of coalbed

cial success

traps in the

ation & deve

resources w

ntial joint s

es.2

ndicates tha

ntional oil an

st; a series o

ne Basin, w

Basin, which

rat Basin, th

, may offer

re thick, org

ay be minera

upply of suita

s and Shale Oil

h. However

ions and ma

bstantial oil

l and liquids

output com

from small

is supplied

le fuel usage

and comes fr

d methane

s, and some

e Khorat, the

elopment to

as an MOU

studies of c

at Thailand

nd gas poten

of smaller, is

where shale

h hosts the 3

hought to h

Thailand’s

ganic-rich, w

alogically br

able drilling

Resource Asses

r, these low

ay be high in

and natura

s in 2011 an

mes from offs

onshore f

by natural

e.

rom convent

exploration

low-permea

ere have bee

o date. The

signed betw

conventional

has three

ntial, Figure

solated pull-

oil deposits

30,000-b/d S

ave sourced

best shale

within the dry

rittle. The K

rigs, and a

ssment

w-rank

n clay

al gas

nd 3.6

shore

fields.

gas,

tional

wells

ability

en no

e only

ween

and

main

XXII-

-apart

s are

Sirikit-

d the

e gas

y gas

Khorat

small

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

O

available

downdip

scale in t

in the C

lacustrine

available

1. KHO

1.1 In

T

potential

within the

Ringed b

Drained

Thailand

mainly ag

T

Phan ant

Shan Th

sequence

numerou

Tertiary/

of the Kh

primary s

offer add

conventio

T

widespre

Carbonife

apart into

reef depo

nd

Oil-prone sha

e geologic in

extension o

the northern

Central Plain

e origin, low

e subsurface

ORAT BASI

ntroduction

The Khorat B

. Thailand’s

e southern h

by mountain

by the Moi

, with more

gricultural ba

The Khorat B

ticline. The

hai and Sou

e comprises

us unconform

Quaternary

horat Basin.3

source rock,

ditional sourc

onal petroleu

The structura

ead deposit

erous Si Tha

o numerous

osits of the

ale/tight res

nformation i

of lacustrine

n inter-monta

ns Basin. T

w apparent

e geologic da

IN

n and Geo

Basin in nor

s largest ons

half of the K

n ranges, the

n and Chi

extreme dry

ased, with fe

Basin is sep

Khorat rests

uth China p

s a series of

mities and

deposits. F3 The shallo

, while the fl

ce rock pote

um reservoir

al Khorat Ba

tion of clas

at Formation

horst and g

Pha Nok Kh

XX

sources in T

s scanter.

e oil shale (s

ane basins.

These oil-pr

thermal ma

ata.

logic Setti

rtheast Thai

shore sedime

Khorat Plate

e Plateau it

Rivers, the

y and wet s

ew large citie

parated from

s on the Indo

plates to th

Late Camb

dominated

Figure XXII-2

ow marine to

uvial to lacu

ential. Perm

rs.

asin depress

stic and ca

n.4 Tectonic

raben block

hao Formatio

EIA/ARI W

XII-4

Thailand ap

The most o

solid minera

Similar sha

rone shales

aturity, as w

ng

land appear

entary basin

au, a large

tself is relati

Khorat Pla

easonality.

es or industr

m the Sakon

ochina tecto

he west and

rian through

by Permo-

2 illustrates

o basinal Pe

ustrine Trias

mian dolomite

sion was init

arbonate se

c extension d

s separated

on formed o

World Shale Ga

ppear to be

obvious oil-

al) deposits

ale/tight oil d

s appear le

well as the

rs to have t

n, the 35,000

roughly circ

ively flat wit

ateau receiv

The local e

rial centers.

Nakhon Ba

onic micropla

d north, res

h Recent stra

-Carbonifero

the stratigra

ermian Sara

ssic Kuchina

e and karste

tiated during

edimentary

during the Ea

by high-ang

on regional h

s and Shale Oil

e less prosp

prone shale

which are m

deposits also

ss prospect

general pa

the country’s

0-mi2 petrolif

cular physiog

th 200-m av

es less rain

economy of

asin to the n

ate, which is

spectively.

ata, which a

ous, Triassi

aphy and pe

buri Group i

arai and Hua

ed limestone

g the Middle

rocks, beg

arly Permian

gle normal fa

highs, while

Resource Asses

pective, alth

e potential i

mined on a

o may be pre

tive due to

aucity of pu

s best shale

ferous Khora

graphic prov

verage eleva

nfall than ce

this rural ar

north by the

s bordered b

Its sedime

are interrupte

c/Mesozoic,

etroleum sys

is considere

ai Hin Lat Gr

es form the

e Paleozoic,

ginning with

n broke the

aults. Carbo

clastic and s

ssment

hough

s the

small

esent

their

ublicly

e gas

at lies

vince.

ation.

entral

rea is

e Phu

by the

entary

ed by

and

stems

ed the

roups

main

, with

h the

basin

onate

shale

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

deposits

approach

deposited

caused r

erosion r

Figure XXGroup is

Also H

Source: Tha

nd

of the Na

hing 20,000

d during the

regional upli

removed 3,0

XII-2. Stratigrs the Primary SHave Potential

ailand Ministry of

am Duk Fo

feet thick.

e Middle to

ft and thrust

000 to 9,000

raphy and PetSource Rock. . Permian Do

f Energy, 2007.

XX

ormation we

Mixed sed

Upper Perm

ting. Seism

feet of sedim

roleum System The Fluvial to

olomite and KaR

EIA/ARI W

XII-5

ere deposit

iments of th

mian. Later

mic and therm

mentary cov

ms of the Khoo Lacustrine Tarsted LimestoReservoirs.

World Shale Ga

ted in the

he Hua Na

basin-scale

mal maturity

ver during th

orat Basin. ShTriassic Kuchones are the M

s and Shale Oil

troughs, w

Kham Form

e compressio

y data indica

is event.

hallow Marinehinarai and HuMain Convent

Resource Asses

with some a

mation were

on and inve

ate that uplif

Permian Sarauai Hin Lat Groional Petroleu

ssment

areas

then

ersion

ft and

aburi oups um

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

F

the Kuch

A secon

clastics w

to Late

deposited

and clas

orogeny

F

western

Group so

These st

are not c

Saraburi

F

Basin. H

reservoir

rock doe

source ro

faulted a

prelimina

shale gas

F

illustratin

- the prim

the basin

complica

nd

ollowing the

hinarai Grou

d orogenic

were deposit

Jurassic, a

d. After a

tics of the M

brought abo

igure XXII-3

Khorat Basi

ource rock s

trata are ove

considered p

Group and,

igure XXII-4

Here, the low

rs of the Pe

es not appea

ock is relati

and overlain

ary informati

s exploration

igure XXII-

ng conventio

mary targets

n. The patc

ate shale gas

e Indosinian

p began to

collision ma

ted. A furth

after which

Middle Cret

Mahasarakha

out regional u

3 shows a

in. It highlig

shales and c

erlain by fluv

prospective

to a lesser

4 is a south

w-TOC Carbo

rmian Pha N

ar to be pres

vely thin. T

by fluvial a

ion suggests

n than the ea

5 is a sch

nal petroleu

s -- are quite

chy shale di

s exploration

XX

orogeny, Ea

unconforma

arked by vo

er erosional

non-marine

taceous peri

am Formatio

uplift and ero

southwest-

ghts possibl

carbonates, w

vial and alluv

due to their

extent, Kuch

h-north orien

oniferous Si

Nok Khao F

sent in this

These Carb

and alluvial

s that the w

ast.

hematic, no

m play conc

e discontinu

istribution a

n in the Khor

EIA/ARI W

XII-6

arly Triassic

ably fill the e

olcanics foll

or non-dep

e clastics a

iod of defor

on were dep

osion, remov

northeast o

e Permian S

which may b

vial clastic ro

r low TOC c

hinarai Grou

nted seismic

That Forma

Formation. T

part of the b

oniferous, P

clastic rock

western Kho

on-directiona

cepts. Note

uous, block f

nd structura

rat Basin.

World Shale Ga

c continental

extensional g

lowed, after

ositional hia

nd shales

rmation and

posited. Fin

ving up to 6

oriented seis

Saraburi Gr

be prospecti

ocks of the J

content. No

up rocks.

c time secti

ation is over

The primary

basin, while

Permian, an

ks of the Ju

orat Basin m

al cross-sec

the Permo-

faulted, and

al and erosio

s and Shale Oil

and lacustr

grabens of t

r which Late

atus occurred

of the Kho

volcanic ev

nally, the Te

,000 feet of

smic time s

roup and Tri

ive for shale

Jurassic Kho

ote significa

ion from the

lain by poss

y Saraburi F

e the Huai H

nd Triassic r

urassic Kho

may be more

ction of th

Triassic sou

d eroded in

onal comple

Resource Asses

rine sedimen

the Khorat B

e Triassic f

d until the M

orat Group

vents, evapo

ertiary Hima

rock.

section from

iassic Kuchi

e gas explora

orat Group; t

ant faulting o

e eastern K

sible convent

Formation so

Hin Lat Form

rocks were

rat Group.

e prospectiv

e Khorat B

urce rock sha

many portio

exity are like

ssment

nts of

Basin.

fluvial

Middle

were

orites

layan

m the

inarai

ation.

these

of the

Khorat

tional

ource

mation

block

This

ve for

Basin

ales -

ons of

ely to

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

Figure XXGroup an

Source: Tha

FiguCarbo

FormatioWhile th

Source: Tha

nd

XII-3. Southwend Triassic Ku

ailand Ministry of

ure XXII-4. Sooniferous Si Ton. The Sarabhe Huai Hin La

ailand Ministry of

est-Northeast Suchinarai Grou

Clas

f Energy, 2007.

outh-North Sehat Formationburi Formationat Formation S

f Energy, 2007.

XX

Seismic Time up Source Rocstic Rocks of t

ismic Time Sen Overlain by n Source Roc

Source Rock isCarbonif

EIA/ARI W

XII-7

Section in Weck Shales andthe Jurassic K

ection from EaConventional k Does Not Aps Relatively Tferous Sequen

World Shale Ga

estern Khoratd Carbonates, Khorat Group.

astern Khorat Reservoirs oppear to be Prhin. Note Signce.

s and Shale Oil

t Basin, Show Overlain by F

Basin, Showiof the Permianresent in this

gnificant Fault

Resource Asses

ws Permian SaFluvial and All

ing Low-TOC Pha Nok Kha Part of the Baing of the Per

ssment

raburi luvial

ao asin, rmo-

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

FigurPetroleu

Faulte

Source: Tha

A

gas disco

reservoir

organic-r

Cretaceo

rifting.5

F

interpreta

rock “kitc

clockwise

U

Basin. A

planning

Earlier th

reportedl

opportun

blocks bu

nd

re XXII-5. Schm Play Conceed, and Partly

ailand Ministry of

Although the

overies have

rs within ant

rich Permo-T

ous burial, a

igure XXII-

ation of a sm

chen”, the up

e rotation alo

UK-based ind

At last repor

its first exp

his year Yan

ly entered i

nities in the

ut have not r

ematic Non-depts. Note they Eroded acros

f Energy, 2007.

Khorat Bas

e been mad

ticlines and

Triassic shal

nd then pos

-6 illustrate

mall gas fie

plifted anticli

ong strike-sl

dependent S

rt, Salamand

ploration we

nchang Petro

nto a contra

Khorat. C

reported act

XX

irectional Croe Primary Permss the Basin.

Ex

sin is overma

de. These f

stratigraph

les, with gas

sibly migrati

es a detail

ld in the ce

nal fold that

lip faults tha

Salamander

der was acq

ll in 2012-1

oleum, Chin

act with Th

Coastal Ener

ivity in the p

EIA/ARI W

XII-8

oss-section of mo-Triassic So This Structurxploration.

ature for oil,

fields target

ic traps. N

s being gene

ing along fra

ed seismic

ntral Khorat

t formed a co

t created thi

Energy hol

quiring 3D s

3 to test co

na’s fourth la

ailand’s Min

rgy and Hes

past two year

World Shale Ga

the Khorat Baource Rock Sral Complexity

a small num

Permian ca

Natural gas

erated durin

actures and

c structure

t Basin. No

onventional

s local struc

lds several

eismic, cond

onventional

argest state-

nistry of En

ss also hav

rs.7,8

s and Shale Oil

asin, Showinghales are Disc

y may Complic

mber of con

arbonate an

likely was s

g the Early T

faults cause

time map

ote the deep

gas trap, an

cture.

license bloc

ducting bas

Permian ca

-owned petr

ergy to exp

ve interests

Resource Asses

g Conventionacontinuous, Bcate Shale Ga

nventional na

d Triassic c

sourced by

Tertiary follo

ed by extens

p and struc

p Triassic so

nd the interp

cks in the K

in modeling

arbonate targ

roleum comp

plore natura

in Khorat B

ssment

al Block as

atural

clastic

older

owing

sional

ctural

ource

preted

Khorat

, and

gets.6

pany,

l gas

Basin

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

Figure XXDeep Tria

Source: Sal

1.2 R

T

occur at

depth-sc

prone to

basinal s

Permian

producin

S

depths b

thermally

Early Pe

marine s

depth ra

The calc

shale tar

nd

XII-6. Seismicassic Source

amander Energy

Reservoir P

Thick, organ

prospective

reened area

over-matur

sedimentary

carbonate

g gas fields.

Shallow mari

below 13,00

y over-matu

ermian Nam

sediments, in

nges from 8

culated vitrin

rget that is u

c Structure TimRock “Kitchen

y PLC.

Properties

ic-rich sourc

e depth in t

as is not po

re, with little

y conditions,

and Triass

.

ine shales a

00 feet.9 H

re and not

Duk Forma

ncluding som

8,000 to mo

nite reflectan

nlikely to be

XX

me Map and Inn”, Anticlinal

(Prospecti

ce rock sha

the Khorat

ossible with

e or no liqu

, these sha

sic clastic r

also occur in

However, ba

prospective

ation contain

me organic-

re than 10,0

nce is over 2

prospective

EIA/ARI W

XII-9

nterpretation Fold, and Inte

Faults.

ive Area)

ales and ca

Basin, altho

current data

uids potentia

les are thou

eservoirs o

n the Carbo

asin maturit

for shale g

ns several t

-rich shale.

000 feet and

2.5%, thus t

e for liquids.

World Shale Ga

of Small Gas erpreted Clock

arbonates of

ough mappi

a. These sh

al. Deposite

ught to hav

f this regio

oniferous Si

ty modeling

gas develop

thousand fe

TOC repor

d the format

the Nam Du

s and Shale Oil

Field in the Kkwise Rotation

f Permian a

ng the loca

hales are th

ed under sh

ve sourced

on, including

That Forma

estimates

ment (Ro of

eet of contin

rtedly can e

tion often is

uk Fm is a

Resource Asses

horat Basin. n along Strike

and Triassic

ation and siz

hermally dry

hallow marin

the convent

g two signif

ation, typica

that this u

f 3 to 4%).

nental to sh

exceed 3%,

s over-press

potential dry

ssment

Note e-Slip

c age

ze of

y-gas-

ne to

tional

ficant

ally at

nit is

The

hallow

while

sured.

y gas

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

F

identified

thickness

within the

liquids po

1.3 R

A

suitable d

developm

Triassic

available

suitable

these pa

shale pla

A

Permian

depositio

clay), TO

0.6 vs 0.

and fault

Basin Wo

the analo

T

average

is discon

be rigoro

(~1,750 m

much les

extent, th

ARI assu

nd

luvial and

d as petroleu

s. The Kuc

e basin. Th

otential (Ro>

Resource A

As discussed

depth and th

ment. Additi

Kuchinarai F

e data on th

thickness, d

arameters we

ays that have

A good North

Basin, We

onal setting

OC content (

7 psi/ft for th

ed than the

olfcamp is le

ogy is imperf

The Nam Du

TOC, and fa

tinuously pr

ously mappe

mi2). Net o

ss than 20%

he pressure

umed 6% po

lacustrine d

um source ro

hinarai Grou

hermal matu

> 2.0%).

Assessmen

d above, the

hermal matu

ional shale g

Fm, but thes

he Khorat B

depth, TOC,

ere estimate

e been more

h American a

est Texas.1

(shallow ma

(average 3%

he Wolfcam

Permian Ba

ess thermall

fect.

uk Fm is we

alls within th

esent within

ed due to la

organic-rich s

of formation

gradient wa

orosity based

XXI

deposits of

ocks in the K

up reportedl

urity modelin

nt

Permian Na

urity and app

gas potentia

se were not

Basin is not

, thermal m

ed and augm

e thoroughly

analog for th10 These

arine), thickn

%), over-pres

p). The Kho

asin but the d

ly maturity, r

ll over 1,000

he dry-gas th

n the basin d

ack of data b

shale thickn

n thickness.

as assumed

d on the Wol

EIA/ARI W

II-10

the Triass

Khorat Basin

y averages

ng suggests

am Duk For

pears to be t

al may exist

assessed d

t sufficient t

aturity, and

mented by a

studied.

he Nam Duk

formations

ness (>1,000

ssuring (unc

orat Basin a

difference is

ranging from

0 ft thick, w

hermal matu

due to uplift a

but is assum

ess also is u

Known to b

to be 0.6 ps

lfcamp analo

World Shale Ga

sic Kuchinar

n, with high-

a prospecti

it reaches t

rmation cont

the most pro

in other orga

due to lack o

to constrain

prospective

nalogs with

k Fm could b

share sim

0 ft), litholog

certain in the

ppears to be

s not extreme

m the black

ith reported

urity window

and erosion

med to be 5

uncertain bu

be over-pres

si/ft, slightly

og.

s and Shale Oil

rai Group

-TOC interva

ive 6,500 to

the dry gas

tains organic

ospective tar

anic-rich sha

of data. Th

n the region

e area. Av

commercia

be the Wolfc

milar age (L

gy (high in c

e Khorat bu

e structurally

e. Furtherm

oil to wet ga

average 9,0

(Ro > 2.5%

. Prospectiv

5% of the K

ut is assume

ssured but n

below the W

Resource Asses

also have

als of unrep

7,000 feet

window, wi

c-rich shales

rget for shale

ales, such a

e limited pu

nal distributio

verage value

l North Ame

amp Shale i

Lower Perm

carbonate, lo

ut assumed

y more defo

more, the Per

as windows,

000 ft depth

). The Nam

ve area coul

horat Basin

ed to be 200

ot known to

Wolfcamp an

ssment

been

ported

deep

th no

s with

e gas

as the

ublicly

on of

es for

erican

in the

mian),

ow in

to be

ormed

rmian

, thus

h, 3%

m Duk

ld not

area

0 feet,

what

nalog.

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

B

estimated

recovera

and map

Basin.

1.4 R

N

2. CEN

2.1 In

T

including

Praya Ri

like the

discontin

The pro

Petchabu

T

Miocene

deposited

appear to

which m

discontin

S

punctuat

were dep

Middle M

sediment

some are

nd

Based on the

d to have

ble shale ga

p these para

Recent Activ

No shale gas

TRAL PLA

ntroduction

Thailand’s Ce

g the Bangko

ver. Coveri

Khorat but

nuous half-g

vince includ

un petrolifero

The Central

sandstone

d shales, wh

o have Thai

ay be ident

nuous nature

Similar to m

ed by period

posited durin

Miocene, de

ts were the

eas, up to 26

ese data and

22 Tcf of

as resources

ameters and

vity

s activity has

AINS BASIN

n and Geo

entral Plains

ok region an

ing a 25,000

rather com

rabens of T

des the pro

ous sub-bas

Plains Bas

reservoirs a

hich are orga

land’s best p

tified by fut

e of the sub-

most of Tha

ds of extens

ng Oligocen

epositing int

n deposited

6,000 feet of

XXI

d assumption

risked shal

s, Table XXI

d estimate t

s been repor

N

logic Setti

s Basin is l

nd the highly

0-mi2 area, t

mprises a n

Tertiary age,

ominent Ph

sins, among

sin is oil-pro

as well as p

anic-rich an

potential for

ure work a

basins.

iland’s basi

sion and sub

ne to Early M

terbedded f

towards th

f Cenozoic s

EIA/ARI W

II-11

ns, the Nam

e gas in-pl

II-1. More d

the full shal

ted in Thaila

ng

ocated in th

y productive

the Central P

number of

formed due

hitsanulok, S

others.

one and cu

pre-Tertiary

d considere

shale oil ex

re likely to

ins, the stru

bsequent ero

Miocene tim

luvial sands

e end of th

strata have b

World Shale Ga

m Duk Forma

lace, with 5

detailed stud

le gas reso

and’s Khorat

he south-ce

e rice-growin

Plains Basin

small, deep

e to transpre

Suphan Bu

urrently prod

fractured gr

d the primar

xploration. H

be limited

uctural histo

osion. Lacu

me.11 An act

stones and

he Tertiary a

been preserv

s and Shale Oil

ation in the K

5 Tcf of ris

dy is recomm

urce potent

t Plateau.

entral portion

ng regions o

n is not a co

p, north-sou

essional pul

uri, Kampha

duces oil fr

ranites. Mio

ry source ro

However, sh

in size, refl

ory of the

ustrine shale

tive margin

mudstones

and into the

ved.

Resource Asses

Khorat Basin

sked, techn

mended to d

ial of the K

n of the cou

of the lower

ontinuous de

uth trending

ll-apart tecto

aeng Saen,

om convent

ocene lacus

ocks in this b

hale oil pros

lecting the

Central Pla

es and sedim

developed i

s. Alluvial-f

e Quaternary

ssment

n was

nically

define

Khorat

untry,

Chao

eposit

g and

onics.

and

tional

strine-

basin,

pects

small

ain is

ments

n the

fluvial

y. In

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

M

conventio

Phitsanu

productio

The oil is

the S1 fie

next 10 y

while co

advanced

In

Miocene

equivalen

These ty

indices re

rich sha

Chumsae

feet. Oil

large ran

F

Central B

the Cent

within th

Clastic ro

under all

by Late M

Himalaya

F

Phitsanu

main sou

Saeng G

Significa

nd

Middle Mioce

onal target

lok Basin. T

on in the ea

s inferred to

eld from Tha

years. Duri

ntinuing to

d drilling and

n the Phitsa

Chumsaeng

nt sediments

pe I/II sourc

eaching ove

le interval o

eng and Ear

generation

nge in therma

igure XXII-7

Basin. Oligo

tral Basin, re

e Oligocene

ocks of the

uvial plains

Miocene to

an Orogeny.

igure XXII-8

lok Basin, o

urce rocks a

Group, which

nt normal fa

ene sandsto

in the variou

Thailand’s la

arly 1980’s,

have been s

ai Shell in 20

ing Q3-2012

drill new de

d exploration

anulok Basin

g Fm, which

s are also no

ce rocks disp

er 700 mg H

of at least

rly Miocene

depths in th

ally mature d

7 illustrates

ocene Nong

est unconfo

e to Early M

Oligocene L

settings, are

Recent allu

8 shows a w

one of nume

are fluvial to

h appear to

ulting may h

XXI

ones (and m

us Central P

argest onsho

with over 2

sourced from

003 and plan

2 PTTEP pr

evelopment

n techniques

n, the main

h was depos

oted in the S

play high to v

C/g.14 Gros

600 feet.

lacustrine s

he smaller S

depths for liq

the stratigr

g Bua and S

ormably on p

Miocene Ch

Lan Krabur a

e the conve

vial fan dep

west-east or

erous sub-b

lacustrine s

be disconti

hinder shale

EIA/ARI W

II-12

more recently

Plains sub-b

ore oil field,

50 wells dri

m the underl

ns to extract

roduced an

wells there.

s.12

organic-ric

sited in a de

Suphan Buri

variable TOC

s thickness

In the dee

shales may r

Suphan Buri

quids produc

raphy and c

Sarabop form

pre-Tertiary

hum Saeng

and Miocene

ntional rese

posits source

riented, unin

basins within

shales within

inuously pre

oil developm

World Shale Ga

y pre-Tertia

basins, such

the Sirikit (n

illed and 17

lying lacustr

t an addition

average 30

. PTTEP’s o

h lacustrine

eep lake en

and other s

C (average >

averages 1

eper parts o

reach maxim

Basin avera

ction.

conventiona

mations, the

basement.

Group act

e Pratu Nam

ervoir targets

ed by region

nterpreted se

n the overal

n the Oligoc

esent on top

ment in this

s and Shale Oil

ary granites)

h as at Sirik

now called S

70 MMBO p

rine shales.

nal 40 to 50

,000 b/d of

onshore foc

e shales com

nvironment.

ub-basins, u

>2.0%13), wi

,300 feet, w

of Central P

mum depths

age 7,000 fe

al petroleum

oldest sedi

Fluvial to

as the ma

m Nan forma

s. These in

nal uplift ass

eismic time

l Central Pla

cene to Early

p of pre-Mio

basin.

Resource Asses

) are the pri

kit field withi

S-1) comme

roduced to

PTTEP acq

MMbbls ove

oil from Sir

cus has bee

mprise the

Stratigraph

usually unna

ith high hydr

ith a net org

Plain basins

of nearly 15

eet, suggest

m systems o

mentary roc

lacustrine s

ain source r

ations, depo

turn are ove

sociated wit

section from

ains Basin.

y Miocene C

ocene basem

ssment

imary

n the

enced

date.

quired

er the

ikit-1,

en on

Early

hically

amed.

rogen

ganic-

s, the

5,000

ting a

of the

cks in

hales

rocks.

osited

erlain

th the

m the

The

Chum

ment.

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

Figure XXwithin thClastics

Figure XXThe Main

Group

Source: Tha

nd

XII-7. Stratigrahe Oligocene ts of the Oligoc

XII-8. West-Ea Source Rock

p, Discontinuo

ailand Ministry of

aphy and Petroto Early Miocecene Lan Krab

Source: Tha

st Seismic Tims are Fluvial t

ously Present

f Energy, 2007

XXI

oleum Systemene Chum Saebur and Mioce

iland Ministry of

me Section in to Lacustrine Son Top of Pre

EIA/ARI W

II-13

ms of Thailandeng Group areene Pratu Nam

f Energy, 2007

the PhitsanulShales within

e-Miocene Bas

World Shale Ga

d’s Central Base the Main Sou

m Nan Formati

lok Sub-basin the Oligocen

sement. Note

s and Shale Oil

sin. Fluvial tource Rocks, wons are Conv

n within the Cee to Early Mio

e Significant N

Resource Asses

o Lacustrine Swhile Alluvial Pventional Targ

entral Plains Bocene Chum SNormal Faultin

ssment

Shales Plain ets.

Basin. Saeng ng.

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

3. NOR

3.1 In

T

north-cen

quite unl

numerou

Several o

conventio

In additio

small-sca

thermally

map this

M

more pr

Intermon

900 mi2,

Gently u

averages

T

having th

units ove

basins a

formation

H

geologist

an oil sh

conducte

Division

nd

RTHERN IN

ntroduction

Thailand’s N

ntral and no

ike the relat

us small an

of these pul

onal sandsto

on, solid oil

ale mining d

y more matu

due to very

Mae Sot Sub

rominent in

ntane region

with one-thi

ndulating h

s about 650

The Mae Sot

he thickest s

erlying Perm

and half gra

ns, the latter

Hydrocarbon

ts in the late

hale reserve

ed feasibility

has renewed

NTERMONT

n and Geo

orthern Inte

rthwestern p

tively continu

nd complete

l-apart basin

one reservoi

shale miner

development

ure and con

sparse data

b-Basin. T

ntermontane

. This nort

rd of the are

ills and allu

feet above s

t Basin is div

sedimentary

ian to Juras

abens. Th

r recognized

exploration

e 1930’s. In

e evaluation.

y analyses o

d its researc

XXI

TANE BAS

logic Setti

ermontane B

portions of t

uous Khorat

ely isolated

ns, such as

irs that were

ral resource

t. These or

ntain mobile

a control.

The Mae Sot

e basins in

h-south tren

ea extending

vial plains c

sea level.

vided into no

y section. It

sic carbonat

hese units i

for its oil sh

n of the M

n 1947 Thail

. During th

of the oil sha

ch on Thailan

EIA/ARI W

II-14

IN

ng

Basin is a la

he country.

t Basin, the

structural t

the Fang B

e sourced by

s near the s

rganic-rich la

oil in the d

t Sub-basin

n this topo

nding basin

g across the

comprise th

orth and sou

contains m

te and clasti

nclude the

hale deposits

Mae Sot Ba

land’s Depa

e 1980’s, th

ale potentia

nd’s oil shale

World Shale Ga

arge loosely

Similar to t

Northern Int

troughs tha

Basin, produ

y organic-ric

surface in th

acustrine-de

deeper troug

of northwe

ographically

extends ov

e Moei River

he topograph

uth sub-bas

mainly non-m

ic rocks that

Mae Rama

s.

asin began

artment of M

he German

l. Since 20

e deposits.

s and Shale Oil

y defined a

the Central

termontane

at are sepa

ce oil in ant

ch Miocene l

he Mae Sot

eposited sha

ghs, althoug

stern Thaila

y mostly r

er an area

into Myanm

hy of the ba

ins, with the

marine Cenoz

t were depos

at, Mae Pa

with Swiss

Mineral Reso

and Japane

000 Thailand

Resource Asses

rea covering

Plains Basin

Basin comp

arated by u

ticlinal traps

acustrine sh

Basin are u

ales may bec

gh ARI coul

and is one o

ugged Nor

of approxim

mar on the w

asin itself, w

e southern re

zoic sedime

sited in pull-

a, and Mae

s and Japa

ources condu

ese governm

d’s Mineral F

ssment

g the

n and

prises

plifts.

from

hales.

under

come

d not

of the

rthern

mately

west.15

which

egion

entary

-apart

e Sot

anese

ucted

ments

Fuels

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

F

located

containin

a steep m

an avera

througho

first com

Figure XXwithin th

Clasti

Source: Tha

D

Himalaya

sediment

younger

undiffere

the sedim

T

Fang an

claystone

in an allu

layers wi

nd

ang Sub-B

about 150

ng Cenozoic

mountain ran

age elevatio

out the half-g

mercial oil fi

XII-9. Stratigrahe Oligocene tcs of Oligoce

ailand Ministry of

During the e

an collision

ts were dep

alluvium a

entiated grav

mentary seq

The stratigra

d underlying

e occur in th

uvial-fluvial e

ithin the Mae

asin. The

km north o

sediments,

nge to the ea

on of 1,500

graben, evid

eld, over 24

aphy and Petroto Early Miocene Lan Krabu

f Energy, 2007

arly Tertiary

opened up

posited durin

and marked

vels, sands, s

uence reach

phy of the T

g Mae Sot

he Late Mioc

environment

e Sot Forma

XXI

crescent-sh

of Chiang M

Figure XXII

ast. The Fan

feet above

denced by ho

0 wells have

oleum Systemene Chum Saer and Miocene

y, extension

the basin.

ng the Eoce

by a sign

soils, and cl

hes 10,000 f

Tertiary rock

formations.

cene to Pleis

and averag

ation have b

EIA/ARI W

II-15

aped Fang

Mai, is a f

I-9. The 220

ng Basin is g

e sea level.

ot springs in

e been drille

ms of Thailandeng Group aree Pratu Nam N

al faults and

Syn-rift seq

ene to Mioc

nificant unco

ays of Quate

ft.

ks generally

Interbedde

stocene Mae

e 1,400 feet

been the prin

World Shale Ga

Sub-basin

fault-bounde

0-mi2 trough

generally fla

.16 A high

n the northe

ed to date in

d’s Central Base the Main SouNan Formation

d rifting ass

quences of

cene, followe

onformity.

ernary to Re

can be div

ed coarse s

e Fang Form

t thick. Belo

nciple reserv

s and Shale Oil

in the far n

ed intermont

h trends NW

at with slightl

geotherma

rn region. S

the Fang Su

sin. Fluvial tource Rocks, wns are Conven

sociated with

alluvial-fluvi

ed by post-r

Overlying t

ecent age. T

ided into tw

sandstone a

mation; these

ow this unit,

voirs for con

Resource Asses

orth of Tha

tane depoc

W-SE and bo

ly rolling hills

l gradient e

Site of Thaila

ub-Basin.

o Lacustrine Swhile Alluvial Pntional Target

h the Indian

al and lacus

rift sequenc

these rocks

Total thickne

wo units, the

nd red to y

e were depo

fluvial sands

ventional oi

ssment

iland,

center

orders

s and

exists

and’s

Shales Plain s.

n and

strine

ces of

s are

ess of

Mae

yellow

osited

stone

l field

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

productio

productiv

Chaiprak

lacustrine

oil explor

3.2 R

M

conglome

Tertiary s

maximum

Oligocen

and mar

deposits

low-TOC

Mae Pa

undeterm

T

which is

relatively

maximum

calcite, d

lacustrine

mainly of

weight).

typically

Formatio

0.7% thre

F

into three

lacustrine

claystone

nd

on in the ba

ve locale, th

karn were ab

e mudstones

ration target

Reservoir P

Mae Sot Su

erate, sand

strata.17 Th

m total dept

ne Mae Pa F

ls, along wi

can occur w

C strata. The

formations

mined shale

The most org

dominated

y thin (10 t

m thickness

dolomite, a

e oil shale

f exinite, wit

Oil shale g

about 2,000

on appears t

eshold.

ang Sub-Ba

e units: a lo

e claystone,

e, mudstone

sin, beginni

he Fang Ba

bandoned in

s and shales

within the F

Properties

b-Basin. T

dstone, lime

he Mae Ram

th of availa

Formation, w

th prevalent

within the 30

e Mae Pa F

are not con

thickness an

ganically rich

by shale wit

to 15 feet)

can exceed

nd clay (pr

deposits are

h immobile o

grade is hig

0 feet deep

too shallow a

asin. The M

ower section

, shale, and

e, and sands

XXI

ng in the 19

asin has yi

n the mid 19

s within the

Fang Basin.

(Prospecti

The Paleoce

estone, and

mat Fm is up

ble well da

which conta

t limestone

00-ft thick M

Fm averages

nsidered via

nd low therm

h shale in the

th minor clas

oil shales

d 33 feet.

roportions n

e grey to gr

oil content ra

hest in the

p across mu

and immatu

Mae Sot Fo

n of brown t

d coal with i

stone along

EIA/ARI W

II-16

920’s. As th

ielded six o

80’s. These

Mae Sot Fo

ive Area)

ene Mae Ra

mudstone

p to 700 fee

ata). Overly

ins lacustrin

lenses in th

ae Pa Fm, a

s about 3,00

able source

mal maturity.

e Mae Sot B

stics. One

beds within

Rock miner

not reported

reen and ne

anging from

middle-lowe

uch of the M

re for shale

rmation of M

to reddish sa

nterbedded

with fossil i

World Shale Ga

he Northern

oil fields, al

e reservoirs

ormation itse

amat Forma

units that

et thick and

ying the Ma

ne and fluvia

he southern

albeit interbe

00 ft deep. O

rocks due

Basin is the M

interval with

n sandy sh

ralogy is dom

d). In the

early 100 fe

2.5 to 62 ga

er section of

Mae Sot Ba

oil develop

Miocene to P

andstone; a

sandstone;

inclusions.

s and Shale Oil

Intermonta

lthough the

apparently

elf, most like

ation contain

unconforma

deeper than

ae Ramat F

al deposits,

sub-basin.

edded with

Overall, the

to lack of o

Miocene Ma

hin the Mae

hale assemb

minated by

northern s

eet thick. K

allons per to

f the unit. T

asin. Overa

ment, with R

Pliocene ag

a middle zon

and an upp

The conven

Resource Asses

ne region’s

Pong Nok

were source

ly the main s

ns mostly al

ably overlie

n 3,300 feet

Fm is the U

including s

Minor oil s

large amoun

Mae Rama

organic rich

ae Sot Forma

Sot Fm con

blages, alth

quartz, feld

sub-basin, t

Kerogen con

on (1% to 26

This formati

all, the Mae

Ro well below

e can be div

ne of organic

per layer of

ntional sands

ssment

most

k and

ed by

shale

luvial

pre-

t (the

Upper

hales

shale

nts of

at and

ness,

ation,

ntains

hough

dspar,

these

nsists

6% by

ion is

e Sot

w the

vided

c-rich

f gray

stone

XXII. Thaila

June, 2013

reservoir

16 to 38

T

calculate

be up to

feet thick

feet, but

history m

minimum

of the Fa

prospect

REFERE

1 U.S. Energ

2 PTTEP, ne

3 Polachan, p.

4 KoysamraDepartmePetroleum

5 Schenk, CSurvey, 72

6 Salamandmention th

7 Coastal En

8 Hess Corp

9 Departmen

10 FairhurstGeologic Search an

11 Ronghe, Suphan B

12 PTTEP, 2

13 Patience,Evolution

nd

rs have 25%

degrees AP

The rich bitu

ed total orga

2,100 feet,

k (net). The

these likely

modeling su

m depth for m

ang Basin a

ive area give

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