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7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
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22. The Struggle for Hegemony inFourth-Century Greece (nastavak)
Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines the continuation of Spartan tyranny over
the Greek poleis and the response of the Greek world. According to Professor Kagan,
it became clear that the Greek poleis needed to do something to check the power of
Sparta. So, Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens along with some of the smaller
poleis joined together to fight Sparta in the Corinthian War. The war ended in a
stalemate, but now the Persians were afraid of the growth of Athenian naval power.
So, the king made an alliance with Sparta to bring about the King's Peace, which
emphasized Greek autonomy and which had the effect of breaking up all alliances,
except the Peloponnesian League. After this fact, Sparta continued in its tyrannical
behavior.
00:00 - Chapter 1. The Greek Mercenary Army and the March of the 10,000
08:46 - Chapter 2. Further Hostilities
21:32 - Chapter 3. The Corinthian War
40:12 - Chapter 4. Iphicrates's Light-Armed Troops; Conon's Fleet
51:06 - Chapter 5. The War Comes to an End
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website:
http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Fall 2007.
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1
00:00:01,630 --> 00:00:08,630
Professor Donald Kagan: In the year 401 the
prince of Persia, Cyrus, who was a younger
2
00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:21,840
son
and had
recently succeeded the King of Persia,
3
00:00:25,319 --> 00:00:32,319
Artaxerxes, his older brother, was in power.
Cyrus had always been ambitious for achieving
4
00:00:35,160 --> 00:00:41,960
the job of Shah in
Persia and his mother had worked on his behalf,
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00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:45,800
but it hadn't paid off. He was not prepared
to accept
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6
00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:52,300
the verdict and so he set out in the year
401 to launch a scheme
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00:00:52,300 --> 00:00:59,300
that would bring him to the throne of Persia,
and his scheme was to hire a good sized army
8
00:01:00,690 --> 00:01:06,119
of Greek
mercenaries and to trick them into becoming
9
00:01:06,119 --> 00:01:13,119
the army that
would defeat the army of his brother Artaxerxes,
10
00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:20,240
and make him king. As it turned out,
one of the men who joined up on that expedition
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11
00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:26,740
was an Athenian
cavalryman by the name of Xenophon,
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00:01:26,740 --> 00:01:32,939
and he left an account of that experience
in a work that is
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00:01:32,939 --> 00:01:38,899
called in Greek, the Anabasis,
which means "the march back." But it's the
14
00:01:38,899 --> 00:01:45,899
story of how
this body of roughly 10,000 Greek hoplite
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00:01:46,539 --> 00:01:52,100
mercenaries,
marched into the heart of the Persian Empire,
16
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00:01:52,100 --> 00:01:58,340
defeated the army of the great king--but in
the process Prince
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00:01:58,340 --> 00:02:02,920
Cyrus himself was killed and since the whole
point of the
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00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,149
expedition was to make him king there wasn't
any point any
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00:02:06,149 --> 00:02:10,170
longer. The great question--I've told
you about this earlier in the semester, what
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00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:13,560
should these
10,000 Greeks do? They end up,
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00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:20,560
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after their generals are put to death by treachery,
to elect new generals and to fight their way
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00:02:20,620 --> 00:02:24,410
out of the
empire back to the Black Sea, which was the
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00:02:24,410 --> 00:02:28,060
easiest way for
them to get home, and then to do whatever
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00:02:28,060 --> 00:02:33,860
it was
they would do.
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It was a very important event because--and
I think
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Xenophon's account of it was very,
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very important because it planted in the minds
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of many
Greeks a new notion that the vast,
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powerful, wealthy empire of the Persians was
remarkably
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vulnerable, and that it was possible,
and many thought highly desirable, for the
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00:02:56,450 --> 00:02:59,390
Greeks to
turn the tables on the Persians, to invade
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00:02:59,390 --> 00:03:02,840
Persia,
and to take from it, to subdue it,
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and to take from it the vast wealth that the
Persians had,
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and we shall see down through the years of
the fourth century
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00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:17,570
different speakers will come out and speak
or write urging that
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the Greeks do exactly this. Isocrates, the
Athenian teacher
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of rhetoric, was the foremost figure who kept
seeking somebody
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00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:30,980
who would undertake this chore. One of the
reasons that he
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00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:35,960
gave for it more than once was that Greece
was suffering,
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00:03:35,960 --> 00:03:42,960
and, of course, had been for some time,
from poverty produced by war and most particularly
40
00:03:44,010 --> 00:03:47,290
by civil
wars between democrats and oligarchs that
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00:03:47,290 --> 00:03:50,010
became more and
more common in the fourth century,
42
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00:03:50,010 --> 00:03:54,800
and his solution was if you need money, steal
it.
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00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:58,260
So, take it from the Persians and that would
put an end to the
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troubles. Well, of course,
none of the Greek city states was capable
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of establishing
leadership in Greece during the period we're
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00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:09,750
studying now,
so that it could carry out Isocrates' wishes.
47
00:04:09,750 --> 00:04:14,180
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So, he turned to a man that the rest of the
Greeks regarded as,
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or many of the Greeks regarded as a barbarian,
the King of Macedon Philip, and urged him
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00:04:20,250 --> 00:04:24,870
to take on that
course, and apparently whether it was Isocrates
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00:04:24,870 --> 00:04:31,530
or simply the
idea itself, Philip himself did intend to
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do
exactly that, to conquer the Persian Empire,
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00:04:35,450 --> 00:04:39,480
but he was killed before he could do it and
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the job was left
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00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:43,730
to his quite young son, Alexander, who in
fact
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00:04:43,730 --> 00:04:45,920
accomplished it; but we're looking down the
road.
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00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,630
Let's go back to 401 and there we see this
expedition of
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00:04:50,630 --> 00:04:55,690
10,000 Greeks accomplishing what I mentioned
to you.
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00:04:55,690 --> 00:04:58,340
That there could be 10,000 Greek hoplites
available for
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00:04:58,340 --> 00:05:02,150
such a purpose I think is a consequence of
the Peloponnesian
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00:05:02,150 --> 00:05:09,150
War. It shows us how much that war
had helped to uproot people and to impoverish
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00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:14,850
many of them,
so that the idea of becoming a mercenary soldier
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00:05:14,850 --> 00:05:17,960
for a Persian
prince was attractive enough to take them
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away from home,
something that would have been less likely
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in the prosperous
years before the Peloponnesian War.
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Well, of course, that aside, that is a kind
of a
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side show, it doesn't very much affect what
is happening to the
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Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor who
remain the issue
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as to what will happen. You remember,
these were under Athenian control during the
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00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:50,530
Peloponnesian
War, and when the war was over they
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were taken over in many cases by Lysander.
What was to happen to them ultimately still
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had to be
decided, because the King of Persia claimed
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that territory
still for his own. The Spartans had really
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00:06:06,330 --> 00:06:08,940
agreed
to that in the treaties they made with the
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great king during
the Peloponnesian War, but now Lysander didn't
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see any
reason for carrying out those promises and
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00:06:16,419 --> 00:06:20,130
so there was at the
very least conflict. Of course, what the cities
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00:06:20,130 --> 00:06:24,750
would have liked best of all was to achieve
autonomy for
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00:06:24,750 --> 00:06:30,720
themselves and they claimed that and regarded
the rule either by
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Persian or by Spartan as improper and something
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to be
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00:06:35,919 --> 00:06:42,919
resisted. Well, Tissaphernes the
satrap of the region of Lydia and to the west,
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00:06:44,410 --> 00:06:51,229
the ones that included the Greek cities,
attacked those cities, which he claimed for
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00:06:51,229 --> 00:06:54,990
the great
king but which cities were holding out.
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Those cities in turn, because the great menace
to
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00:06:58,130 --> 00:07:01,520
them for the moment was Persian, turned to
Sparta the great
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00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:06,570
victorious power, and asked the Spartans to
help.
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00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:12,680
In the year 400 and 399 the Spartans sent
an army under a
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00:07:12,680 --> 00:07:19,389
general by the name of Thibron, who recruited
about 6,000 of
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those 10,000 men who had marched into the
Persian Empire and who
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00:07:24,290 --> 00:07:28,500
still sought service as mercenaries rather
than go home
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89
00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:35,500
to poverty, plus about 5,000 or so
Peloponnesians. All of the overseas activities
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00:07:37,820 --> 00:07:43,800
of the Spartans in these years include practically
no Spartans.
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00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:48,650
They are just too short of troops to be risking
them in
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00:07:48,650 --> 00:07:55,650
overseas ventures. So, they use their
Peloponnesian allies, they sometimes use mercenaries,
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00:07:56,360 --> 00:08:02,070
and they also use some of these folks I told
you about the last
94
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00:08:02,070 --> 00:08:08,169
time who were neither this nor that.
The ones that they used on these campaigns
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00:08:08,169 --> 00:08:12,330
are the ones
that we are calling neodamodes,
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00:08:12,330 --> 00:08:17,160
people who had been helots, but who were liberated
and
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permitted to fight for the Spartans,
and the notion of sending neodamodes overseas
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00:08:22,460 --> 00:08:25,320
to
fight was very attractive to the Spartans,
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00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:28,759
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because it got them out of Laconia, for one
thing,
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00:08:28,759 --> 00:08:34,669
and provided them with soldiers as well.
So, that kind of army is the one that Thibron
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00:08:34,669 --> 00:08:38,649
is now using to
fight against the Persians, who just a few
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years ago had
been the allies of the Spartans for control
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00:08:43,450 --> 00:08:48,080
of the Greek cities
of Asia Minor. Now, meanwhile we have to
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00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:53,980
turn our attention to the sea, and especially
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to the island of
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Cyprus. It's a Persian possession,
but on that island there are some cities that
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have a degree
of autonomy. One of them has as its king a
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man called Evagoras, and he is very ambitious
for
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himself and for the Cypriotes, and so he is
eager to fight
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against the Spartans, presumably on behalf
of the
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great king, although his motives are not
made clear by our sources. Reasonable guess
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00:09:32,010 --> 00:09:36,589
is that he may
have hoped by achieving something great for
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00:09:36,589 --> 00:09:41,410
the great
king he might receive back thanks from the
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00:09:41,410 --> 00:09:45,380
great king in
whatever form you can imagine. It might be
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00:09:45,380 --> 00:09:48,510
allowing him to
rule over Cyprus, it might mean to give him
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wealth, who knows, but also on the
island of Cyprus where he had taken refuge
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00:09:55,890 --> 00:09:59,510
was the Athenian
Admiral Conon, who had been one of the
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admirals at the final defeat at Aegospotomi.
He had escaped from that battle and had not
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gone home to
Athens; he felt that the air there
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would not be healthy for somebody who lost
the entire
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00:10:12,970 --> 00:10:19,970
fleet at Aegospotomi and so he went to Evagoras,
who it took good care of Conon and he was
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a great sailor.
One of the very most distinguished admirals
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in Greek
history, and he too now continued his feeling
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that
Sparta was the enemy. So, he joined Evagoras
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in
urging the great king to build a navy, which
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00:10:42,330 --> 00:10:48,190
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would then defeat
the Spartan navy, which would by itself rid
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Asia
of the menace of Sparta and be a great thing
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00:10:51,660 --> 00:10:58,660
for the Persians.
Conon, I suspect, had some other hopes out
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00:10:58,720 --> 00:11:01,310
of
this activity, which in fact will come to
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00:11:01,310 --> 00:11:07,320
fruition and I'll tell you about them in due
course.
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00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:12,130
Well, the Spartans have their fleet out there
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and the king
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00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:15,350
agrees and he starts building a fleet of his
own,
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00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:19,870
which will ultimately be a very large one
indeed--some 300
133
00:11:19,870 --> 00:11:25,520
ships, and the king puts Conon in charge of
that fleet,
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00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:30,190
which is smart in a way because Conon is a
great admiral.
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00:11:30,190 --> 00:11:35,360
Maybe not so smart if you look at what Conon
is really up to.
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136
00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:38,180
In the face of these activities, the Spartans
decided
137
00:11:38,180 --> 00:11:44,580
to raise the ante and they sent an expedition
into Asia Minor.
138
00:11:44,580 --> 00:11:47,899
Thibron had not done very well and after about
a year the
139
00:11:47,899 --> 00:11:51,529
Spartans replaced him with another general
by the name of
140
00:11:51,529 --> 00:11:57,149
Dercyllidas, who does better,
but there's no decisive victory out there.
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141
00:11:57,149 --> 00:12:04,149
The war is dragging on and so they choose
to send the new King
142
00:12:04,519 --> 00:12:11,519
Agesilaus, who is the son of Aegis,
whose characteristics are among other things,
143
00:12:13,450 --> 00:12:17,800
that he was born lame; he probably would not
have been
144
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,089
allowed to live had he not come from the royal
family,
145
00:12:21,089 --> 00:12:28,089
but he did and he grew to be an ambitious,
aggressive Spartan
146
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00:12:28,410 --> 00:12:33,470
King, who I suspect--I mean, a cheap psychology
when you
147
00:12:33,470 --> 00:12:38,110
have a handicap like that in a society which
values physical
148
00:12:38,110 --> 00:12:41,760
valor and strength, and military success so
highly
149
00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:48,470
as the Spartans did, you're twice as aggressive,
and twice as ambitious as an ordinary Spartan.
150
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:53,760
In any case, that was the way Agesilaus
turned out to be. Another interesting thing
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about
Agesilaus is that he had been the tent mate
152
00:12:59,170 --> 00:13:05,680
of Lysander and
it's hard to believe that Lysander could ever
153
00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:08,250
have
achieved the eminence that he did,
154
00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:13,399
the command that was given to him, had he
not been a friend of
155
00:13:13,399 --> 00:13:16,300
the young man that people looked to as the
next king,
156
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:23,300
or possibly the next king. But as yet, Agesilaus,
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being a much younger man than Lysander, he
157
00:13:25,740 --> 00:13:28,990
seemed to be
deferential and everything was okay and so
158
00:13:28,990 --> 00:13:32,450
he was very keen on
doing what the Spartans did, which was to
159
00:13:32,450 --> 00:13:37,230
send Agesilaus out
with a new expedition to win the war against
160
00:13:37,230 --> 00:13:41,500
the Persians out
there. Agesilaus, it is plain,
161
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:48,500
had extremely lofty plans for himself and
for this expedition.
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162
00:13:50,760 --> 00:13:55,890
The way the expedition worked, Agesilaus chose
to leave with
163
00:13:55,890 --> 00:14:01,760
his fleet from the town of Aulis, which is
located in
164
00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:08,300
Boeotia. Does anybody recognize the name
and think why Agesilaus should have wanted
165
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:12,720
to leave from Aulis?
Tell us about it.Student:
166
00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:16,579
[inaudible]Professor Donald Kagan: That's
right.
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167
00:14:16,579 --> 00:14:23,510
Agamemnon took off for the Trojan War at Aulis,
and you remember how the legend goes.
168
00:14:23,510 --> 00:14:26,370
The winds were against the Greeks, they wouldn't
let the
169
00:14:26,370 --> 00:14:30,519
ships get away, and they asked a holy man
to
170
00:14:30,519 --> 00:14:33,100
tell them what the gods were up to and the
gods said,
171
00:14:33,100 --> 00:14:37,709
well you can't go until you sacrifice your
daughter,
172
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00:14:37,709 --> 00:14:43,240
your little daughter Iphigenia to the god
for that purpose.
173
00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:48,510
So Agamemnon did and the winds relented, and
Agamemnon would
174
00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:55,510
pay the price when he got back from Troy.
But it is precisely that the Greek fleet against
175
00:14:56,260 --> 00:14:59,180
the
barbarian, against the non-Greeks,
176
00:14:59,180 --> 00:15:04,230
the most important ones in all of their legends,
namely the Trojans, it was at all Aulis that
177
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they
left and Agesilaus wanted to bring that to
178
00:15:09,970 --> 00:15:13,649
the mind.
He was the new Agamemnon and he was not leading
179
00:15:13,649 --> 00:15:20,649
a Spartan fleet
against the Persians, he was the spokesman
180
00:15:23,079 --> 00:15:26,390
for the
Greeks. He was the leader of the Greeks
181
00:15:26,390 --> 00:15:31,930
revenging that original offense, whatever
that might be.
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00:15:31,930 --> 00:15:35,670
He was trying to make the case for a panhellenic
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motive for
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00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:40,649
what was absolutely a strictly Spartan one
and raising himself
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00:15:40,649 --> 00:15:46,700
to a legendary level practically.
Well, that turned out to be a mistake, because
185
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,930
the Thebans
happened at that moment to be, as far as we
186
00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:54,870
can tell,
led by a faction that was very hostile to
187
00:15:54,870 --> 00:16:00,200
the Spartans.
So, as Agesilaus' people were setting up the
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188
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:04,269
altars for
sacrifices before they took off, along the
189
00:16:04,269 --> 00:16:08,019
road came a Theban
army, knocked over all of the altars, and
190
00:16:08,019 --> 00:16:10,950
asked them who the
hell invited him into Boeotia in the first
191
00:16:10,950 --> 00:16:14,690
place,
to get the hell out of there, grossly insulting
192
00:16:14,690 --> 00:16:20,209
Agesilaus and
forcing him to skulk out of Aulis,
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193
00:16:20,209 --> 00:16:25,769
not in the grand way that he had imagined.
This turned out to be very significant.
194
00:16:25,769 --> 00:16:30,510
Agesilaus took it personally. He didn't like
that,
195
00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:34,550
and I suppose--well, never mind I was about
to make
196
00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:41,550
a bad joke, let it go. It had an enormous
impact
197
00:16:42,110 --> 00:16:46,250
on him because for the rest of his life Agesilaus
will be
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00:16:46,250 --> 00:16:53,250
hostile to Thebes, and when he could he would
promote a policy of attacking Thebes, of trying
199
00:16:54,450 --> 00:16:59,130
to defeat it,
to subject it to Sparta, and a whole piece
200
00:16:59,130 --> 00:17:02,529
of Spartan
foreign policy, which was to be very costly
201
00:17:02,529 --> 00:17:07,919
and
damaging to Sparta was the result of Agesilaus'
202
00:17:07,919 --> 00:17:12,069
attempt at
vendetta against the Thebans.
203
00:17:12,069 --> 00:17:17,760
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Well, he goes to Asia and begins to encounter
the
204
00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:21,459
Persians. He does pretty well,
as always, Greek hoplites if they can get
205
00:17:21,459 --> 00:17:24,549
the Persians to
fight them in a nice flat field will beat
206
00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:28,030
them,
and he did that on several occasions, but
207
00:17:28,030 --> 00:17:33,260
he was never able
to bring a large force of Persians to battle,
208
00:17:33,260 --> 00:17:37,570
so that he could really destroy a good chunk
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of Persian power in
209
00:17:37,570 --> 00:17:41,390
the region so that the victories were not
decisive.
210
00:17:41,390 --> 00:17:44,730
They could not win the war, he could win the
battles,
211
00:17:44,730 --> 00:17:48,200
but you couldn't win the war, at least he
didn't.
212
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:55,200
Meanwhile, things turned around against
the Spartans from the side that you might
213
00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:01,020
expect,
that is to say, from the sea.
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214
00:18:01,020 --> 00:18:05,960
Conon, with the Persian fleet, sailed against
the very
215
00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:11,210
important Island of Rhodes and captured it
and brought it back
216
00:18:11,210 --> 00:18:15,650
to--took it away from the Spartans in any
case.
217
00:18:15,650 --> 00:18:20,160
Where the Spartans went, you will remember,
they establish oligarchic governments,
218
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:26,520
and in this case the victorious Athenian admiral
removed the
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219
00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,820
oligarchic government and in its place there
rose up a democracy.
220
00:18:29,820 --> 00:18:32,900
I'm sure the great king didn't care what kind
of regime it was
221
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,010
for the moment, he just wanted to get rid
of
222
00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:42,010
the Spartans, which he did.
But it was, of course, on the Greek scene,
223
00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:45,049
it was a great defeat for the Spartans and
it was a challenge
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00:18:45,049 --> 00:18:50,559
to the Spartans. It was obvious that Conon,
at least, and who knew what might happen on
225
00:18:50,559 --> 00:18:53,870
the part of
other Greeks, were going to resist Spartan
226
00:18:53,870 --> 00:18:58,750
power and Spartan aggressiveness,
and that if he wanted to come back,
227
00:18:58,750 --> 00:19:04,919
then he would have to have a navy.
The Spartans set out to increase their navy
228
00:19:04,919 --> 00:19:08,700
to meet this
challenge and just to look ahead a few years,
229
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:13,750
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as I think we need to at this moment, it was
that Spartan
230
00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:19,320
fleet that Conon defeated thoroughly and decisively
a few
231
00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:26,320
years later in 394 at the Battle of Cnidus,
which really puts an end for considerable
232
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:34,910
time the whole idea
of Sparta fighting at sea entirely.
233
00:19:34,910 --> 00:19:39,260
It really means that that approach--remember
we were
234
00:19:39,260 --> 00:19:43,220
talking last time about the three different
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possibilities
235
00:19:43,220 --> 00:19:48,650
that the Spartans had to choose among,
and they chose for a while this thoroughly
236
00:19:48,650 --> 00:19:51,890
aggressive one
overseas, that's out now. If you had been
237
00:19:51,890 --> 00:19:54,110
defeated at
sea, you don't have a navy that can challenge
238
00:19:54,110 --> 00:19:57,620
your opponents,
you can't do it. As a matter of fact it will
239
00:19:57,620 --> 00:20:01,700
not
be very much longer when events in Greece
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240
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:05,770
compel them to
withdraw their army under Agesilaus and bring
241
00:20:05,770 --> 00:20:09,830
him back
home and no Spartan army ever goes back to
242
00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:14,500
Asia again.
We're looking ahead but the action that caused
243
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:19,730
that was the
victory at Cnidus.
244
00:20:19,730 --> 00:20:26,730
Now, of course, with the Spartans being
defeated in that part of the world, the Greek
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245
00:20:27,450 --> 00:20:30,570
cities that
have been under Spartan rule now typically
246
00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:34,419
rebel against the
Spartan rule, and we must imagine that for
247
00:20:34,419 --> 00:20:37,789
a
few years there are really quite confused
248
00:20:37,789 --> 00:20:44,640
conditions in Asiatic
Greece. Some places may have continued
249
00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:48,010
to be under Spartan rule, some may have continued
to be
250
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00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:53,440
under Persian rule, no doubt about it,
some of them became autonomous. We just don't
251
00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:57,059
know what the
numbers were and there could have been mixtures
252
00:20:57,059 --> 00:21:01,220
of things
going on too. I make that point because when,
253
00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:08,220
later on, a final settlement is produced there,
it is imposed upon a condition of confusion
254
00:21:10,010 --> 00:21:15,789
rather than simply
overthrowing a single thing that was characteristic
255
00:21:15,789 --> 00:21:20,280
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across the
board. Still, many of those towns as I
256
00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:27,280
say did return to Persian rule as well.
That's the situation which leads us to the
257
00:21:28,830 --> 00:21:32,710
next great event
in Hellenic history across the board.
258
00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:39,710
The Corinthian War, as it is called,
which breaks out in 395 and runs down to 387-386,
259
00:21:41,210 --> 00:21:46,090
so called because the bulk of the fighting
on land was around
260
00:21:46,090 --> 00:21:53,090
the city of Corinth. But it was a war that
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engaged
261
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:59,059
all of the major cities of Greece right around
its core and
262
00:21:59,059 --> 00:22:06,059
its center. I think a fair way to see it is
the cause of that war was, in its most fundamental
263
00:22:08,750 --> 00:22:14,090
sense,
Sparta's tyrannical behavior towards the other
264
00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:19,600
Greek cities
which produces a variety of reactions.
265
00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,850
Let me remind you of some and tell you about
some others that
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266
00:22:21,850 --> 00:22:24,590
we haven't talked about. Remember there were
these
267
00:22:24,590 --> 00:22:29,299
grievances that lingered from the end of the
Peloponnesian War
268
00:22:29,299 --> 00:22:34,039
when Spartan allies like Corinth and Thebes
had been very
269
00:22:34,039 --> 00:22:38,880
dissatisfied with the way the booty had been
shared that came
270
00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:43,460
from the defeat of the Athenians,
and you remember those two cities were aggrieved
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271
00:22:43,460 --> 00:22:46,549
also
because the Spartans ignored their wishes
272
00:22:46,549 --> 00:22:50,720
as to what should
happen to Athens and went their own way there
273
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:54,400
too.
I think I mentioned as well that in all contacts
274
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,450
with
non-Spartans in this period, the Spartans
275
00:22:57,450 --> 00:23:01,320
seemed to be very
arrogant, very hard to get along with, and
276
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00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:07,929
they certainly inspire
considerable unhappiness and discontent.
277
00:23:07,929 --> 00:23:14,500
Those things you know about. Now in 402, the
Spartans
278
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:18,710
launched a war against the polis of Elis located
up
279
00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:25,320
in the northwestern corner of the Peloponnesus.
Olympia is included in that area, just to
280
00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:31,380
help you fix it in
your mind. Now, the Spartans called upon
281
00:23:31,380 --> 00:23:38,380
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their allies to join them in this expedition,
as is their right, according to the traditional
282
00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:46,120
rules of the game in the Peloponnesian League.
Thebes and Corinth refuse to send their contingents.
283
00:23:47,549 --> 00:23:54,059
That is practically an act of rebellion against
the Spartans.
284
00:23:54,059 --> 00:23:58,039
It's a violation of their treaty agreements
and it shows
285
00:23:58,039 --> 00:24:03,789
you how much irritation there existed between
them.
286
00:24:03,789 --> 00:24:06,530
The whole campaign seemed to these states
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very annoying
287
00:24:06,530 --> 00:24:12,240
because why were the Spartans attacking Elis,
partly because they had a continuing debate,
288
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:18,929
a conflict with them about a border town,
the old stuff. But also I think as an act
289
00:24:18,929 --> 00:24:23,780
of revenge, because the Elians had been disloyal
during the
290
00:24:23,780 --> 00:24:30,780
Peloponnesian War, during the Peace of Nicias
after 421, Aulis was one of the four democracies
291
00:24:31,559 --> 00:24:36,299
that joined up
in this new separate league that ended up
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292
00:24:36,299 --> 00:24:39,720
fighting against the
Spartans for a period of time. At the great
293
00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:43,240
Battle of
Mantinea, in which the very existence of Sparta
294
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,600
was at
issue, Elis was on the side of the enemies
295
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,799
of Sparta.
So, that was why the Spartans suddenly decided
296
00:24:51,799 --> 00:24:54,669
to attack them
and the allies didn't think that was right,
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297
00:24:54,669 --> 00:24:59,870
the ones who were
discontented in any case. So, that's in the
298
00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:04,270
background, and all these other irritations
that I have
299
00:25:04,270 --> 00:25:09,070
mentioned, but it wasn't enough because
even if you were as mad as you could be at
300
00:25:09,070 --> 00:25:13,730
the Spartans and
determined to try to undo their effort at
301
00:25:13,730 --> 00:25:18,780
hegemony over the
Greeks, there was no easy way to think
302
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00:25:18,780 --> 00:25:22,880
of fighting them successfully. All of these
states that were
303
00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:27,490
discontented Thebes, Corinth, and as we will
quickly
304
00:25:27,490 --> 00:25:31,820
see, Athens as well, were isolated from each
other.
305
00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:35,809
They didn't belong to any common activity
and they all
306
00:25:35,809 --> 00:25:42,520
were not strong enough, individually,
to take on the Spartans. Moreover, there was
307
00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:45,400
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the problem
if you wanted to fight these people, it would
308
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:50,929
require money,
and all of them were short of funds for that
309
00:25:50,929 --> 00:25:56,730
purpose.
So the critical element necessary to create
310
00:25:56,730 --> 00:26:01,850
a coalition
that could undertake a war against Sparta--that
311
00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:06,460
decision
was made by the Persians. The King of Persia
312
00:26:06,460 --> 00:26:11,620
presumably, although it very much looks like
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the new
313
00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:16,740
satrap in that region--there were two
satraps in the western part of the Persian
314
00:26:16,740 --> 00:26:19,020
Empire
remember; the one whose capital is at
315
00:26:19,020 --> 00:26:25,809
Sardis in Lydia, and the one whose capital,
or whose territory is along the Hellespont
316
00:26:25,809 --> 00:26:28,059
and the straits in
general, Pharnabazus,
317
00:26:28,059 --> 00:26:31,480
our old friend Pharnabazus from the Peloponnesian
War,
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318
00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:38,480
and a new sIatrap in Sardis, both want this
to happen and so
319
00:26:39,730 --> 00:26:46,520
they find a Rhodian Greek and give him a batch
of money and
320
00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:52,970
send him to the Greek cities seeking out those
factional
321
00:26:52,970 --> 00:26:58,570
leaders who were known to be hostile to Sparta
and offering
322
00:26:58,570 --> 00:27:02,169
to give them some of the money that he was
carrying,
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323
00:27:02,169 --> 00:27:05,030
which was not in itself a vast amount and
certainly not enough
324
00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:08,120
to fight in any war, but was obviously a sign
of
325
00:27:08,120 --> 00:27:13,350
good faith saying the King of Persia and his
satraps in
326
00:27:13,350 --> 00:27:17,669
this region are against the Spartans and would
like for you
327
00:27:17,669 --> 00:27:20,940
to put an end to the things you don't like
that are happening in
328
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00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:26,070
the Greek world and he will support you with
his money.
329
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:32,419
That, I think, turned out to be an absolutely
critical act. He went to a town I have
330
00:27:32,419 --> 00:27:37,820
not mentioned that belongs in the company
of the anti-Spartan
331
00:27:37,820 --> 00:27:42,840
people at this point, of course is Argos,
the traditional enemy of Sparta running back
332
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:47,909
at least into the
eighth century and perhaps further than that,
333
00:27:47,909 --> 00:27:50,740
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who seem to find themselves in a war with
the Spartans at least
334
00:27:50,740 --> 00:27:54,159
once a century and it looks like this is the
time in the fourth
335
00:27:54,159 --> 00:28:01,159
century for them. Argos is a democracy too,
and as you know that is a relevant fact.
336
00:28:02,690 --> 00:28:06,350
Corinth is not a democracy, but they are so
angry they want
337
00:28:06,350 --> 00:28:12,770
to play too and they join up. Thebes, again,
it's hard to tell what the government is.
338
00:28:12,770 --> 00:28:16,690
It looks throughout this entire period as
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oligarchy and
339
00:28:16,690 --> 00:28:20,130
democracy may well have been very close to
one another,
340
00:28:20,130 --> 00:28:23,299
so that at any time one faction or the other
may have the upper
341
00:28:23,299 --> 00:28:27,870
hand. And, of course,
Athens, which is a democracy again.
342
00:28:27,870 --> 00:28:32,039
Now, the Athenians have been very, very reluctant
to do
343
00:28:32,039 --> 00:28:35,919
anything to annoy the Spartans for very good
reasons.
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344
00:28:35,919 --> 00:28:42,860
They have no navy, they have no walls,
and they have no money so to buck the Spartans
345
00:28:42,860 --> 00:28:45,600
would be an
act almost of suicide, because all the Spartans
346
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,059
needed
to do was coming marching into Attica and
347
00:28:48,059 --> 00:28:51,840
they have no defense.
Up to now therefore they've been very, very
348
00:28:51,840 --> 00:28:55,880
careful not to
annoy. In fact in 402 when the Thebans
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349
00:28:55,880 --> 00:29:00,190
and Corinthians refused to go to Elis with
the Spartans,
350
00:29:00,190 --> 00:29:04,960
the Athenians sent their force, as they were
required to do by
351
00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:09,570
their treaty with the Spartans. But the new
situation changed
352
00:29:09,570 --> 00:29:13,980
things in Athens just as it did, perhaps even
more than it did
353
00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:18,669
in other cities. Now the great king--the
Persians were not the enemy, the Persians
354
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00:29:18,669 --> 00:29:22,789
were going to
support the war, if they were ready to launch
355
00:29:22,789 --> 00:29:27,380
it
against the Spartans. There was no war yet
356
00:29:27,380 --> 00:29:29,679
I should
point out when this money is being handed
357
00:29:29,679 --> 00:29:33,600
out.
This is an effort to stir up that kind of
358
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,490
activity.
Of course, the enemies of the policy refer
359
00:29:36,490 --> 00:29:42,559
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to these transfers
of money as bribes and there's nothing in
360
00:29:42,559 --> 00:29:49,240
Greek practice or
Greek tradition to reject the idea that some
361
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:54,200
of these Persian
coins ended up in the pockets of the men that
362
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:58,010
they were given to,
but I don't think we really should think of
363
00:29:58,010 --> 00:30:02,929
them as bribes.
Most of the money was used for the purpose
364
00:30:02,929 --> 00:30:07,740
for which it was
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intended, to help these leaders stir up support
365
00:30:07,740 --> 00:30:11,950
for a war
against Sparta. It was something they believed
366
00:30:11,950 --> 00:30:16,950
in anyway, it was a source of their ability
to carry out their
367
00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:20,570
wishes. But as I say,
the Greeks didn't think there was anything
368
00:30:20,570 --> 00:30:27,559
wrong with picking
up a few bucks along the way. Now, a war breaks
369
00:30:27,559 --> 00:30:34,559
out on the
frontier between Phocis and Locris, two towns
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73/177
370
00:30:35,039 --> 00:30:39,029
in central
Greece, both of which are quite close
371
00:30:39,029 --> 00:30:46,029
to Boeotia, the land ruled by the Thebes.
The Spartans, and I think this was
372
00:30:47,230 --> 00:30:50,840
probably--well, I'm pretty confident that
it
373
00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:56,820
was what--motivated by the Spartan unhappiness
about
374
00:30:56,820 --> 00:31:03,820
Thebes, the Spartans assist Phocis
against Locris, knowing that Thebes is allied
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
74/177
375
00:31:05,539 --> 00:31:11,820
to Locris, and that this would be,
they believed and hoped, a pretext for war.
376
00:31:11,820 --> 00:31:14,890
This was their chance to get even with the
Thebans for all
377
00:31:14,890 --> 00:31:18,649
the things that the Thebans had done that
irritated them since
378
00:31:18,649 --> 00:31:25,649
the war. So, Sparta invaded Boeotia;
their strategy to win this war was that they
379
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:29,760
would invade
Boeotia from two sides. One army coming from
380
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75/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
76/177
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77/177
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78/177
396
00:32:47,210 --> 00:32:51,980
probably didn't
remember to mention that. But they had that
397
00:32:51,980 --> 00:32:53,770
reason,
but more important than that, was what they
398
00:32:53,770 --> 00:32:57,760
were saying,
you have a chance now to escape from your
399
00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:01,770
bondage to the
Spartans, where the Athenians certainly were
400
00:33:01,770 --> 00:33:06,140
and to
re-establish yourself as an autonomous polis
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79/177
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80/177
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81/177
incompetent to fight them now, but with the
Persian support
412
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:03,799
and with the prospect of forming a coalition
against Sparta,
413
00:34:03,799 --> 00:34:07,419
the strategic situation had changed and Thrasybulus
now came
414
00:34:07,419 --> 00:34:13,200
out a hundred percent for the war.
But unanimous vote in favor of the war, I
415
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,069
can't imagine the
Athenian assembly giving unanimous vote in
416
00:34:17,069 --> 00:34:20,959
favor of
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82/177
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83/177
422
00:34:37,569 --> 00:34:43,879
that the emotion was so strong at the moment
that once it was
423
00:34:43,879 --> 00:34:49,459
evident that there was a large majority in
favor of the motion,
424
00:34:49,459 --> 00:34:53,219
nobody wanted to be seen as being against
it.
425
00:34:53,219 --> 00:34:57,660
It would had the look of cowardice, of a lack
of
426
00:34:57,660 --> 00:35:03,559
patriotism, and people in these circumstances,
it has been my experience, hate to seem not
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
84/177
427
00:35:03,559 --> 00:35:07,839
to be going
along when everybody is enthusiastically going
428
00:35:07,839 --> 00:35:12,859
in a
particular direction. So that's how I interpret
429
00:35:12,859 --> 00:35:18,450
Xenophon's remarkable testimony, but whatever
the truth of it,
430
00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:24,719
what is clear is the great enthusiasm, overwhelming
majority, they are prepared to fight for their
431
00:35:24,719 --> 00:35:29,079
true autonomy in
the war to come.
432
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85/177
00:35:29,079 --> 00:35:35,739
So, the coalition is finally formed.
Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Argos,
433
00:35:35,739 --> 00:35:38,209
those are the main states on the mainland
and they'll do most
434
00:35:38,209 --> 00:35:44,709
of the fighting, but it's worth pointing out
that there are other places that join too.
435
00:35:44,709 --> 00:35:49,869
Euboea, the island to the east of Attica,
not surprising;
436
00:35:49,869 --> 00:35:54,109
they're so thoroughly influenced by the Athenians.
That's not a great surprise but it's interesting
437
00:35:54,109 --> 00:35:57,789
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86/177
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87/177
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88/177
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89/177
453
00:37:15,660 --> 00:37:21,029
this, but it's the big four that
really matter and they do most of the fighting
454
00:37:21,029 --> 00:37:25,219
in the war.
Well, there's no point in going through the
455
00:37:25,219 --> 00:37:29,539
war in great detail;
just a few highlights, I think, need to be
456
00:37:29,539 --> 00:37:32,349
mentioned.
The largest highlight of all being how in
457
00:37:32,349 --> 00:37:37,390
the world are you
supposed to win this war, what is the strategy
458
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90/177
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91/177
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92/177
of the war in
469
00:38:36,019 --> 00:38:43,019
their favor, and the bottom line is neither
side is able to do it. The bulk of the fighting
470
00:38:45,349 --> 00:38:51,959
throughout the years of that war surround
the city of Corinth,
471
00:38:51,959 --> 00:38:55,200
walls are put up by the Corinthians meant
to keep the
472
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:57,680
Spartans out, they do so for a great chunk
of
473
00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:02,239
time, Spartans can take part of the
walls but they can't manage to take everything
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93/177
474
00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:04,989
and to punch
through, and so for all these years
475
00:39:04,989 --> 00:39:10,170
that's what happens. There are some big battles
that are fought. There's one in 394,
476
00:39:10,170 --> 00:39:17,170
soon after the beginning of the war at Nemea,
which is located to the south of Corinth.
477
00:39:17,579 --> 00:39:24,579
It's a very big tough standard hoplite battle,
both sides having strong armies, both sides
478
00:39:26,979 --> 00:39:31,569
fighting well
and determinedly. The Spartans technically
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94/177
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95/177
00:39:47,479 --> 00:39:51,660
destroy the other, neither side could now
advance
485
00:39:51,660 --> 00:39:55,789
into the region that they had to get to in
order to make a
486
00:39:55,789 --> 00:40:02,789
difference, so that I think is the major
story of that war. There's another event in
487
00:40:07,299 --> 00:40:09,920
there
that has interesting consequences for future
488
00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:11,660
Greek
warfare that deserves mentioning.
489
00:40:11,660 --> 00:40:18,660
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96/177
At a certain point in that war the Athenians,
under an extraordinary general by the name
490
00:40:20,119 --> 00:40:27,119
of Iphicrates,
had put together a force of light-armed troops,
491
00:40:28,959 --> 00:40:35,959
not hoplites, people without hoplite armor
and shields who threw missiles at the other
492
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:41,569
side,
probably mainly slingers, but they also would
493
00:40:41,569 --> 00:40:46,559
have been
spear throwers, throwers not thrusters,
494
00:40:46,559 --> 00:40:52,569
and bowmen, and these guys could never confront
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97/177
the phalanx
495
00:40:52,569 --> 00:40:54,969
in the normal way and they would normally
not even be able to do
496
00:40:54,969 --> 00:41:01,969
much harm in an extraordinary way,
but what was new was that Iphicrates had trained
497
00:41:03,309 --> 00:41:08,529
them as a
professional force, so that they could move
498
00:41:08,529 --> 00:41:13,229
swiftly
and together as a body in such a way as to
499
00:41:13,229 --> 00:41:17,759
be as effective as it
was possible for light-armed troops to be
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
98/177
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99/177
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100/177
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101/177
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102/177
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103/177
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104/177
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105/177
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106/177
for their
power where it is truly an empire where almost
542
00:45:04,029 --> 00:45:08,749
every state
in the league is contributing money,
543
00:45:08,749 --> 00:45:13,589
which allows the Athenians to not only build
but to sustain in
544
00:45:13,589 --> 00:45:18,690
peace time and war time the biggest navy and
the best navy
545
00:45:18,690 --> 00:45:23,049
around. They never get there.
They do become very important as a naval power
546
00:45:23,049 --> 00:45:26,789
again, they are going to be a very significant
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
107/177
state again,
547
00:45:26,789 --> 00:45:29,420
but even though they are turning in that other
direction
548
00:45:29,420 --> 00:45:31,619
they never get there. But I think we need
to remember
549
00:45:31,619 --> 00:45:34,579
that probably there's a very good chunk of
the Athenians,
550
00:45:34,579 --> 00:45:39,229
who regard those days as the good old days
and as the natural
551
00:45:39,229 --> 00:45:41,279
state of things, and is the place to which
they
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
108/177
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109/177
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110/177
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111/177
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112/177
union between the cities of Corinth and Argos.
573
00:47:21,630 --> 00:47:24,979
It was brought about by a special emergency
situation
574
00:47:24,979 --> 00:47:28,619
created by the war in which all the fighting
was around Corinth
575
00:47:28,619 --> 00:47:32,160
in which there was terrible destruction of
Corinthian
576
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:37,900
property, in which poverty came to be a
problem with Corinth in a way that it had
577
00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:41,299
never been.
There was a topsy-turvy situation.
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113/177
578
00:47:41,299 --> 00:47:45,079
It had been throughout the whole fifth century
back into
579
00:47:45,079 --> 00:47:51,529
the sixth century--an oligarchic government,
a broad oligarchic government, one that was
580
00:47:51,529 --> 00:47:55,689
widely thought to
be a good government, and that so far as we
581
00:47:55,689 --> 00:48:00,900
know was
never touched until sometime here in the Corinthian
582
00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:03,219
War when
these extreme conditions produced what looks
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114/177
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115/177
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116/177
Assembly you could
do it and vice versa. This is something absolutely
594
00:48:57,579 --> 00:49:04,579
new. The idea of anything but a
polis being by itself or being on top of other
595
00:49:05,099 --> 00:49:11,519
poleis, but the notion of their being a
sharing of a regime interpoleis sharing of
596
00:49:11,519 --> 00:49:18,180
governmental responsibilities is really new,
and it becomes more usual in the course of
597
00:49:18,180 --> 00:49:22,319
the next century
and the century after that. This one hardly
598
00:49:22,319 --> 00:49:25,150
lasts at all;
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
117/177
it's just a few years as a consequence of
599
00:49:25,150 --> 00:49:28,400
the war,
and it's undone at the end of the war.
600
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:32,049
But it's an indication of what people might
be thinking about
601
00:49:32,049 --> 00:49:36,189
and we shall see that in the course of this
century there
602
00:49:36,189 --> 00:49:39,519
will grow up federations--that's something
different,
603
00:49:39,519 --> 00:49:45,519
but still it's the same thing in a way.
A federation is a political union that allows
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
118/177
604
00:49:45,519 --> 00:49:49,859
for the
maintenance of local powers on the part of
605
00:49:49,859 --> 00:49:54,009
the original
members, but also takes some powers for
606
00:49:54,009 --> 00:50:01,009
a central body, which is made up of more than
one. We Americans of course have
607
00:50:01,329 --> 00:50:07,140
some idea about that, but there was the Arcadian
League that came into being, and the Achaean
608
00:50:07,140 --> 00:50:10,209
League that
came into being, and the Aetolian League which
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
119/177
609
00:50:10,209 --> 00:50:17,209
came into being, and as a matter of fact our
founding fathers read very carefully about
610
00:50:17,329 --> 00:50:20,910
these
experiments in federal government as they
611
00:50:20,910 --> 00:50:24,469
were writing
the American Constitution, we have hard evidence
612
00:50:24,469 --> 00:50:29,469
about
that. The best evidence for those
613
00:50:29,469 --> 00:50:34,140
confederations does not occur in our period,
it occurs later,
614
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120/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
121/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
122/177
was that the
625
00:51:22,599 --> 00:51:28,479
Athenian control of the sea was rapidly making
Athens stronger
626
00:51:28,479 --> 00:51:34,709
and stronger, and more like that scary thing
which Athens had been to its neighbors and
627
00:51:34,709 --> 00:51:40,459
its opponents in
the fifth century B.C., such that the Persians,
628
00:51:40,459 --> 00:51:47,459
who after all, had started the war by virtue
of encouraging the anti-Spartan factions to
629
00:51:47,599 --> 00:51:51,759
get together and had
been supporting it to some degree during the
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
123/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
124/177
635
00:52:08,499 --> 00:52:11,920
you really can't threaten Persia very much,
at least until
636
00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:16,259
Alexander came along and figured out a way
to do it.
637
00:52:16,259 --> 00:52:20,939
So, all of that gives the Spartans, who really
want to get
638
00:52:20,939 --> 00:52:27,469
out of this war, because it isn't going
anywhere, the hope that they can bring
639
00:52:27,469 --> 00:52:32,640
about a peace and so the Spartans try to make
peace with
640
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
125/177
00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:39,640
the aid of Persia. There's a Spartan political
figure by the name of Antalcidas who emerges
641
00:52:39,890 --> 00:52:43,109
on this scene,
and we shall see in his life, the few times
642
00:52:43,109 --> 00:52:48,759
we hear about him
he's always engaged in attempting to contain
643
00:52:48,759 --> 00:52:53,499
Sparta's
ambitions, to certainly exclude the
644
00:52:53,499 --> 00:52:57,359
possibility of overseas commitments and I
would argue,
645
00:52:57,359 --> 00:53:01,589
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
126/177
I think most scholars would agree, even not
to be engaged
646
00:53:01,589 --> 00:53:06,859
outside of the Peloponnesus very far.
He seems to represent a traditionalist point
647
00:53:06,859 --> 00:53:10,900
of view,
which obviously comes to the fore as this
648
00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:14,650
war,
which the Spartans have started really as
649
00:53:14,650 --> 00:53:19,390
part of Agesilaus'
aggressive policy, isn't working.
650
00:53:19,390 --> 00:53:25,079
The Spartans are having to constantly fight,
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
127/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
128/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
129/177
661
00:54:10,079 --> 00:54:14,519
necessary from the Spartan point of view.
What the Spartans really want is to break
662
00:54:14,519 --> 00:54:20,640
up this coalition
and all anti-Spartan coalitions. That's really
663
00:54:20,640 --> 00:54:23,819
the bottom line
for Sparta. There's no sense making peace,
664
00:54:23,819 --> 00:54:27,049
if you leave these people in tact.
What's to stop the whole thing from happening
665
00:54:27,049 --> 00:54:31,219
again in the
future? That's the bottom line and they
666
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
130/177
00:54:31,219 --> 00:54:35,459
are unable to persuade the Greeks to make
the concessions
667
00:54:35,459 --> 00:54:39,890
that are necessary. So, the war continues
and
668
00:54:39,890 --> 00:54:46,890
nothing really changes except things get worse.
This time Antalcidas again negotiates a peace
669
00:54:51,939 --> 00:54:56,339
and he really
negotiates it with the great King of Persia.
670
00:54:56,339 --> 00:55:00,729
The King of Persia has changed his mind about
where the
671
00:55:00,729 --> 00:55:04,529
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131/177
great threat comes from. Thrasybulus in the
390s,
672
00:55:04,529 --> 00:55:09,299
in the latter part of the 390s, engages in
a series of naval
673
00:55:09,299 --> 00:55:14,789
campaigns all around the Aegean Sea in which
he recovers one
674
00:55:14,789 --> 00:55:19,380
city after another that used to be under Athenian
rule and once
675
00:55:19,380 --> 00:55:23,749
again puts it under Athenian rule.
He even once again starts collecting money
676
00:55:23,749 --> 00:55:27,349
from them.
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
132/177
He did something also that the Athenians had
677
00:55:27,349 --> 00:55:30,449
done late in the
Peloponnesian War; he establishes a customs
678
00:55:30,449 --> 00:55:34,650
house
in the Hellespont in the Bosporus and every
679
00:55:34,650 --> 00:55:37,630
ship that
goes through pays a tax to the Athenians.
680
00:55:37,630 --> 00:55:43,069
So, there's a real feeling in Persia obviously
that the
681
00:55:43,069 --> 00:55:44,999
Athenians are coming back to rebuild their
empire,
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
133/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
134/177
687
00:56:10,489 --> 00:56:14,839
international organizations should be broken
up.
688
00:56:14,839 --> 00:56:21,839
Obviously, the league of four states that
have conducted the war must stop, but on top
689
00:56:22,199 --> 00:56:27,410
of that,
the union between Argos and Corinth must be
690
00:56:27,410 --> 00:56:31,400
broken up;
that's especially critical to the Spartans.
691
00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:35,119
That's right next door. Argos would be strengthened
by
692
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
135/177
00:56:35,119 --> 00:56:38,869
its association with Corinth and if it were
allowed to continue,
693
00:56:38,869 --> 00:56:43,400
it would be a problem in the future.
So, it had to be broken up. Thebes, of course,
694
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:49,339
was a great problem for the Spartans and they
insisted that
695
00:56:49,339 --> 00:56:53,759
before peace was to come, the Thebans had
to give up
696
00:56:53,759 --> 00:56:58,039
their control of Boeotia. They had used the
war as an
697
00:56:58,039 --> 00:57:01,199
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136/177
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
137/177
that they couldn't
703
00:57:23,380 --> 00:57:28,239
be challenged in easily -- their control of
the sea and so a
704
00:57:28,239 --> 00:57:31,239
compromise had to be made if a peace was to
be made.
705
00:57:31,239 --> 00:57:35,589
Athens would not join unless it was allowed
to keep Lemnos,
706
00:57:35,589 --> 00:57:42,589
Skyros, Imbros. So, that was permitted.
So the peace came and the critical part--Xenophon
707
00:57:45,509 --> 00:57:50,339
reports
the exact language of a message that King
7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE
138/177
708
00:57:50,339 --> 00:57:56,549
Artaxerxes sent to the
Greeks that was in effect the instrument that
709
00:57:56,549 --> 00:58:01,759
made the peace.
Here's what it said, "King Artaxerxes thinks
710
00:58:01,759 --> 00:58:05,769
it just
that the cities in Asia, and the islands of
711
00:58:05,769 --> 00:58:12,199
Klazomenai
and Cyprus shall belong to him. Further, that
712
00:58:12,199 --> 00:58:14,979
all the other
Greek cities, small and great,
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713
00:58:14,979 --> 00:58:20,589
shall be autonomous." Listen to that word,
that's critical. This peace is associated
714
00:58:20,589 --> 00:58:23,160
with
the principle of autonomy, there shall be
715
00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:28,679
no breach of
autonomy except, says the king,
716
00:58:28,679 --> 00:58:34,119
"Lemnos, Imbros and Skyros which shall belong
to Athens as
717
00:58:34,119 --> 00:58:41,119
in the past. If any refuse to accept this
peace, I shall make war on them, along with
718
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00:58:43,179 --> 00:58:48,900
those who are of the
same purpose, both by land and sea and with
719
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:53,170
both ships and money." Ancient writers and
modern
720
00:58:53,170 --> 00:58:57,709
writers have disagreed as to what is the name
of this peace,
721
00:58:57,709 --> 00:59:03,779
some of them speak of the Peace of Antalcidas,
more of them I think speak, and I think they're
722
00:59:03,779 --> 00:59:09,979
right in
this decision, as the King's Peace.
723
00:59:09,979 --> 00:59:12,569
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734
01:00:00,449 --> 01:00:04,329
Peloponnesian League, that doesn't count as
any kind
735
01:00:04,329 --> 01:00:09,829
of a violation of autonomy and so that's the
nature of the
736
01:00:09,829 --> 01:00:16,829
peace, whether among the results are
that the Asiatic Greeks are abandoned by the
737
01:00:18,709 --> 01:00:21,109
Greek states
once and for all, and of course that means
738
01:00:21,109 --> 01:00:25,829
Sparta
mainly, until finally Alexander will impose
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739
01:00:25,829 --> 01:00:29,859
his rule when he
conquers the Persian Empire. The Boeotian
740
01:00:29,859 --> 01:00:33,299
League is
dissolved, Argos and Corinth are split, and
741
01:00:33,299 --> 01:00:38,559
Athens loses all that
has been gained except for those three islands
742
01:00:38,559 --> 01:00:44,140
that are
mentioned. Sparta regains,
743
01:00:44,140 --> 01:00:47,890
and in a certain sense, gets greater control
of the
744
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01:00:47,890 --> 01:00:52,150
mainland Greek situation. It is the hegemon
of
745
01:00:52,150 --> 01:00:56,469
Greece now as a kind of a partner of the great
king,
746
01:00:56,469 --> 01:00:59,429
and the great king leaves Greece essentially
to the
747
01:00:59,429 --> 01:01:03,039
Spartans without any interference.
How did he do that? In the same way that they
748
01:01:03,039 --> 01:01:06,089
did
it to win the Peloponnesian War. An enemy
749
01:01:06,089 --> 01:01:11,489
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of the Spartans would
say because they were Medizers, they had done
750
01:01:11,489 --> 01:01:15,089
the work of the
Persians; they had collaborated with the
751
01:01:15,089 --> 01:01:18,170
Persians against the Greeks. That's now how
the Spartans saw
752
01:01:18,170 --> 01:01:22,650
it of course; they would have something
like--I guess there's a crack in Plutarch
753
01:01:22,650 --> 01:01:27,410
somewhere,
it says, we have not Medized; it's the Persians
754
01:01:27,410 --> 01:01:31,539
who have
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warfare from this
781
01:03:42,869 --> 01:03:45,650
event and he concludes his account of this
by saying,
782
01:03:45,650 --> 01:03:49,279
well, that shows you that you should not build
your city
783
01:03:49,279 --> 01:03:56,279
around the river. So, if any of you are planning,
keep that in mind.
784
01:03:58,279 --> 01:04:02,929
Then soon afterwards, the Spartans turn on
another
785
01:04:02,929 --> 01:04:09,929
city in the Peloponnesus, the city of Phlyus,
which is to the southwest of Corinth, not
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812
01:06:20,009 --> 01:06:27,009
lasted from 382 to 379, they defeated Olynthos,
dissolved the confederacy, and destroyed again
813
01:06:29,559 --> 01:06:36,009
any notion
of a league other than the Spartan League.
814
01:06:36,009 --> 01:06:39,589
There was an event that was connected with
that movement up
815
01:06:39,589 --> 01:06:46,309
towards the northeast, up to the Chalcidice,
which was the most famous, I think--there's
816
01:06:46,309 --> 01:06:48,749
a small
competition for a couple of events,
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817
01:06:48,749 --> 01:06:51,539
but one of the most famous anyway in this
period
818
01:06:51,539 --> 01:06:56,859
illustrating the arrogance and power of the
Spartan hegemony,
819
01:06:56,859 --> 01:07:02,089
a Spartan force was sent off ostensibly to
reinforce their
820
01:07:02,089 --> 01:07:09,089
Spartan army up there in the Chalcidice.
It was led by a general named Phoebidas.
821
01:07:09,859 --> 01:07:12,869
As he was moving north on a route that would
not have been
822
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which is called the Cadmea.
They did so on a sacred day, a holiday was
828
01:07:45,779 --> 01:07:49,749
being celebrated,
everybody was in the same shape people are
829
01:07:49,749 --> 01:07:56,749
on a holiday.
Nobody was ready, they took the city;
830
01:07:57,009 --> 01:08:00,439
the enemies of the dominant party that had
invited the
831
01:08:00,439 --> 01:08:05,269
Spartans in were put to death, if they could
not flee
832
01:08:05,269 --> 01:08:12,269
successfully. The Spartans left a
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838
01:08:41,099 --> 01:08:45,520
against Sparta of course throughout the Greek
world.
839
01:08:45,520 --> 01:08:50,299
There was no real case for him, but surprisingly
enough,
840
01:08:50,299 --> 01:08:53,389
even though he was not a member of Agesilaus'
faction.
841
01:08:53,389 --> 01:09:00,349
Agesilaus got up at the trial and simply said,
you guys are all talking about the wrong thing.
842
01:09:00,349 --> 01:09:03,880
There's only one question that should be asked
about the
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of what happened
in the time of the Thirty Tyrants in Athens.
859