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C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R 21
© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Governmentand Fiscal Policy
Appendix A: Deriving the Fiscal Policy MultipliersAppendix B: The Case in Which Tax Revenues
Depend on IncomePrepared by: Fernando QuijanoPrepared by: Fernando Quijano
and Yvonn Quijanoand Yvonn Quijano
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
2 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Government in the Economy
• Nothing arouses as much controversy as the role of government in the economy.
• Government can affect the macroeconomy in two ways:• Fiscal policy is the manipulation of
government spending and taxation.• Monetary policy refers to the behavior of the
Federal Reserve regarding the nation’s money supply.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
3 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Government in the Economy
• Discretionary fiscal policy refers to deliberate changes in taxes or spending.
• The government can not control certain aspects of the economy related to fiscal policy. For example:• The government can control tax rates but not
tax revenue. Tax revenue depends on household income and the size of corporate profits.
• Government spending depends on government decisions and the state of the economy.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
4 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Net Taxes (T), and Disposable Income (Yd)
• Net taxes are taxes paid by firms and households to the government minus transfer payments made to households by the government.
• Disposable, or after-tax, income (Yd ) equals total income minus taxes.
Y Y Td ≡ −
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
5 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Adding Net Taxes (T) and Government Purchases (G) to the Circular Flow of Income
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
6 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Adding Net Taxes (T) and Government Purchases (G) to the Circular Flow of Income
• When government enters the picture, the aggregate income identity gets cut into three pieces:
Y Y Td ≡ −
Y C Sd ≡ +Y T C S− ≡ +Y C S T≡ + +
• And aggregate expenditure (AE) equals:
AE C I G= + +
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
7 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Budget Deficit
• A government’s budget deficit is the difference between what it spends (G) and what it collects in taxes (T) in a given period:
Budget def G Ticit ≡ −
• If G exceeds T, the government must borrow from the public to finance the deficit. It does so by selling Treasury bonds and bills. In this case, a part of household saving (S) goes to the government.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
8 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Adding Taxes to theConsumption Function
• The aggregate consumption function is now a function of disposable, or after-tax, income.
C a bYd= +
Y Y Td ≡ −
C a b Y T= + −( )
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
9 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Equilibrium Output: Y = C + I + G
Output9+ 1501,3501001002501,1501,4001001,500Output9+ 1001,2001001002001,0001,2001001,300Output9+ 501,0501001001508501,0001001,100
Equilibrium0900100100100700800100900Output8− 5075010010050550600100700Output8− 1006001001000400400100500Output8− 150450100100− 50250200100300
ADJUSTMENTTO
DISEQUILIBRIUM
UNPLANNEDINVENTORY
CHANGEY − (C + I + G)
PLANNEDAGGREGATE
EXPENDITUREC + I + G
GOVERNMENTPURCHASES
G
PLANNEDINVESTMENT
SPENDINGI
SAVINGS
(Yd – C)
CONSUMPTIONSPENDING
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
DISPOSABLEINCOME
Yd / Y − T
NETTAXES
T
OUTPUT(INCOME)
Y
(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
Finding Equilibrium for I = 100, G = 100, and T = 100(All Figures in Billions of Dollars)
C Yd= +100 75. C Y T= + −100 75. ( )
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
10 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Finding EquilibriumOutput/Income Graphically
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
11 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Leakages/Injections Approach
• Taxes (T) are a leakage from the flow of income. Saving (S) is also a leakage.
• In equilibrium, aggregate output (income) (Y) equals planned aggregate expenditure (AE), and leakages (S + T) must equal planned injections (I + G). Algebraically,
S T I G+ = +
AE C I G≡ + +Y C S T≡ + +
C S T C I G+ + = + +
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
12 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Government Spending Multiplier
• The government spending multiplier is the ratio of the change in the equilibrium level of output to a change in government spending.
Government multiplierMPS
spending =1
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
13 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Government Spending Multiplier
Output9+ 501,2501501002001,0001,2001001,300
Equilibrium01,1001501001508501,0001001,100
Output8− 50950150100100700800100900
Output8− 10080015010050550600100700
Output8− 1506501501000400400100500
Output8− 200500150100− 50250200100300
ADJUSTMENTTO
DISEQUILIBRIUM
UNPLANNEDINVENTORY
CHANGEY − (C + I + G)
PLANNEDAGGREGATE
EXPENDITUREC + I + G
GOVERNMENTPURCHASES
G
PLANNEDINVESTMENT
SPENDINGI
SAVINGS
(Yd – C)
CONSUMPTIONSPENDING
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
DISPOSABLEINCOME
Yd / Y − T
NETTAXES
T
OUTPUT(INCOME)
Y
(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
Finding Equilibrium After a $50 Billion Government Spending Increase(All Figures in Billions of Dollars; G Has Increased From 100 in Table 25.1 to 150 Here)
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
14 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Government Spending Multiplier
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
15 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Tax Multiplier
• A tax cut increases disposable income, and leads to added consumption spending. Income will increase by a multiple of the decrease in taxes.
• A tax cut has no direct impact on spending. The multiplier for a change in taxes is smaller than the multiplier for a change in government spending.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
16 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Tax Multiplier
∆YMPS
=
(initial increase in aggregate expenditure)
1×
∆ ∆ ∆Y T MPCMPS
TMPCMPS
= − × ×
= − ×
( )
1
Tax multipMPCMPS
lier ≡ −
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
17 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
• The balanced-budget multiplier is the ratio of change in the equilibrium level of output to a change in government spending where the change in government spending is balanced by a change in taxes so as not to create any deficit.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
18 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
Output9+ 1001,4003001001,0001,2003001,500
Output9+ 501,2503001008501,0003001,300
Equilibrium01,1003001007008003001,100
Output8− 50950300100550600300900
Output8− 100800300100400400300700
Output8− 150650300100250200300500
ADJUSTMENTTO
DISEQUILIBRIUM
UNPLANNEDINVENTORY
CHANGEY − (C + I + G)
PLANNEDAGGREGATE
EXPENDITUREC + I + G
GOVERNMENTPURCHASES
G
PLANNEDINVESTMENT
SPENDINGI
CONSUMPTIONSPENDING
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
DISPOSABLEINCOME
Yd / Y − T
NETTAXES
T
OUTPUT(INCOME)
Y
(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
Finding Equilibrium After a $200 Billion Balanced Budget Increase in G and T(All Figures in Billions of Dollars; G and T Have Increased From 100 in Table 25.1 to 300 Here)
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
19 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Fiscal Policy Multipliers
1Simultaneous balanced-budgetincrease or decrease in thelevel of government purchasesand net taxes:
Balanced-budgetmultiplier
Increase or decrease in thelevel of net taxes:
Tax multiplier
Increase or decrease in thelevel of governmentpurchases:
Government-spendingmultiplier
FINAL IMPACT ONEQUILIBRIUM YMULTIPLIERPOLICY STIMULUS
Summary of Fiscal Policy Multipliers
1MPS
− MPCMPS
∆GMPS
⋅1
∆TMPC
MPS⋅−
∆G
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
20 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Federal Budget
• The federal budget is the budget of the federal government.
• The difference between the federal government’s receipts and its expenditures is the federal surplus (+) or deficit (-).
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
21 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Federal Budget
Total
Total
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.+ 125.3Current Surplus (+) or deficit (−) (Receipts − Current Expenditures)
100.01,909.62.752.5Net subsidies of government enterprises
12.4236.9Net interest payments14.4274.2Grants-in-aid to state and local governments43.6831.9Transfer payments26.9514.1Consumption
Current Expenditures100.02,034.935.4720.6Contributions for social insurance
5.5111.0Indirect business taxes9.5193.2Corporate taxes
49.61,010.1Personal taxesReceipts
PERCENTAGE OF TOTALAMOUNT
Federal Government Receipts and Expenditures, 2000 (Billions of Dollars)
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
22 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Federal Government Surplus (+) or Deficit (-) as a Percentage of GDP, 1970 I−2003 II
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
23 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Debt
• The federal debt is the total amount owed by the federal government. The debt is the sum of all accumulated deficits minus surpluses over time.
• Some of the federal debt is held by the U.S. government itself and some by private individuals. The privately held federal debt is the private (non-government-owned) portion of the federal debt.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
24 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Federal Government Debt as a Percentage of GDP, 1970 I−2003 II
The percentage began to fall in the mid 1990s.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
25 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Economy’s Influenceon the Government Budget
• Automatic stabilizers are revenue and expenditure items in the federal budget that automatically change with the state of the economy in such a way as to stabilize GDP.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
26 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Economy’s Influenceon the Government Budget
• Fiscal drag is the negative effect on the economy that occurs when average tax rates increase because taxpayers have moved into higher income brackets during an expansion.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
27 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Economy’s Influenceon the Government Budget
• The full-employment budgetis what the federal budget would be if the economy were producing at a full-employment level of output.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
28 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
The Economy’s Influenceon the Government Budget
• The cyclical deficit is the deficit that occurs because of a downturn in the business cycle.
• The structural deficit is the deficit that remains at full employment.
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
29 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Review Terms and Concepts
automatic stabilizersautomatic stabilizers
balancedbalanced--budget multiplierbudget multiplier
budget deficitbudget deficit
cyclical deficitcyclical deficit
discretionary fiscal policydiscretionary fiscal policy
disposable, or afterdisposable, or after--tax, tax, incomeincome
federal budgetfederal budget
federal debtfederal debt
federal surplus (+) or deficit (federal surplus (+) or deficit (--))
fiscal dragfiscal drag
fiscal policyfiscal policy
fullfull--employment budgetemployment budget
government spending multipliergovernment spending multiplier
monetary policymonetary policy
net taxesnet taxes
privately held federal debtprivately held federal debt
structural deficitstructural deficit
tax multipliertax multiplier
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
30 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Appendix A:Deriving the Fiscal Policy Multipliers
The government spending and tax multipliers algebraically:
Y C I G= + +C a b Y T= + −( )
Y a b Y T I G= + − + +( )Y a bY bT I G= + − + +Y bY a bT I G− = − + +Y b a bT I G( )1− = − + +
1 ( )1
Y a bT I Gb
= − + +−
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
31 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Appendix A:Deriving the Fiscal Policy Multipliers
• The balanced-budget multiplier is found by combining the effects of government spending and taxes:
G T∆ = ∆
1( )Y G MPS GMPS
∆ = ∆ = ∆
• The balanced-budget multiplier equals one. An increase in Gand T by one dollar each causes a one-dollar increase in Y.
G∆increase in spending:
( )C T MPC∆ = ∆- decrease in spending:
( )G T MPC∆ −∆= net increase in spending
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
32 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Appendix B: The Case In WhichTax Revenues Depend on Income
Y C I G= + +
dY Y T≡ −
200 1 3T Y= − +
T T tY= +0
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
33 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Appendix B: The Case In WhichTax Revenues Depend on Income
dC a bY= +
dY Y T≡ −200 1 3T Y= − +
( 200 1 3 )dY Y Y≡ − − +
200 1 3 )dY Y Y≡ + +
100 .75( 200 1 3 )C Y Y= + + −900Y =Y C I G= + +
100I = 100G =
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
34 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Yb bt
a bT I G=− +
− + +1
1 0( )
Appendix B: The Case In WhichTax Revenues Depend on Income
The Government Spending and Tax Multipliers Algebraically:
( )C a b Y T= + −
0C a bY bT btY= + − −0( )C a b Y T tY= + − −
0Y a bY bT btY I G= + − − + +Y C I G= + +
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C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 21: The Government and Fiscal Policy
35 of 35© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair
Yb bt
a bT I G=− +
− + +1
1 0(
Appendix B: The Case In WhichTax Revenues Depend on Income
• The government spending and tax multipliers when taxes are a function of income are derived as follows:
)Y C I G= + +C a b Y T= + −( )
0C a bY bT btY= + − −0( )C a b Y T tY= + − −
Y a bY bT btY I G= + − − + +0
Y bY btY a bT I G− + = − + +0
Y b bt a bT I G( )1 0− + = − + +
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