5101-205

Department of Energy

Flat-Plate Solar Array Project

20th Project Integration Meeting

Handout

Pasadena Center April 21 and 22, 1982

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, Californ ia

Prepared by the Jet Propulsion Labo ra tory, Ca lifornia Institute of Technology, for the Department of Energy through an agreement with the National Aeronau tics and Space Admin istra tion.

T he J PL Low.Cost So lar Array Project is spo nso red by the Department o f Energy (DOE) and forms part of the Photovoltaic Energy System s Program to initia te a major effort toward the development of low-cost solar arrays.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contr:ictors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liabili ty or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any informat ion, apparat us, prod tlct or process d isclosed, or re presents tha t its use would not infr inge pr ivately ow ned rights.

REMINDER: Please bring this Handout

with you to the PIM

l,_c.J

.--,

·-,

--,

,--,

--,

---,

5101-205

Department of Energy

Flat-Plate Solar Array Project

20th Project Integration Meeting

Handout

Pasadena Center April 21 and 22, 1982

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California

I FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR

RESEARCH AREA

K.M. KOLIWAD, MGR M. LEIPOLD, DEP. MGR

SILICON MATERIAL TASK -

R. LUTWACK, MGR

LARGE-AREA SILICON SHEET TASK -

J. K. LIU, MGR

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION -

C. COULBERT, MGR

FLAT-PLATE SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT

STAFF

E. CHRISTENSEN D.G. TUSTIN

I CELL AND MODULE

FORMATION RESEARCH AREA

D. B. BICKLER, MGR

- CELL FORMATION

- MODULE FORMA Tl ON

- TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

- TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

PROJECT MANAGER W. T. CALLAGHAN

DEPUTY MANAGER R.R. McDONALD

SECY: M.J. PHILLIPS

ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION

AREA

P.K. HENRY, MGR

- PROJECT INTEGRATION

- ARRAY TECHNOLOGY COSTS

-ECONOMICS

FINANCIAL B. S. LENCK, MGR

PROCUREMENT P.S. RYKEN

MANAGEMENT AUDIT R.L. MORCK

I ENGINEERING

SCIENCES AREA

R.G. ROSS, MGR

- ARRAY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

- ARRAY SUBSYSTEM ANALYSIS

- ARRAY COMPONENT ANALYSIS

- RELIABILITY DESIGN

- PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND TEST METHODS

I MODULE PERFORMANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS

AREA

L. D. RUNKLE, MGR

- PROBLEM-FAILURE REPORTING AND ANALYSIS

- ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS

- PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS

- FIELD TESTS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, • , , • ,

MAP: Meeting Locations . . . . . . . AGENDA • • • • , , , •

TECHNICAL SUMMARIES

Project Analysis and Integration , •

Silicon Material •

Large-Area Silicon Sheet •

Evironmental Isolation ,

Cell and Module Formation Research ,

Engineering Sciences •

Module Performance and Failure Analysis

FSA PROJECT ACTIVE CONTRACTS

FSA PROJECT PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

1

2

3

9

9

COMMERCIAL FLAT-PLATE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE MANUFACTURERS

11

16

23

28

35

44

47

49

60

MAPS: Pasadena Area and Pasadena Center

For Your Information

Inside Back

Cover

Check-in: Please check in at the registration desk on the lower level of the conference building before the start of the meeting on Wednesday morning .

Telephone Messages: Incoming calls will be received at JPL on (213) 577-9520 . Constant coverage of this phone will be provided and messages will be transmitted.

BADGES: We will appreciate your returning your badges at the end of the meeting . You will find deposit boxes at the lower-level exits .

INTRODUCTION

1he Flat-Plate Solar Array Project (FSA) Project will convene its 20th Project Integration ~eting (PIM) at the Pasadena C.enter , Pasadena, California, on April 21-22, 1982. Registration will begin at 7:30 a.m. oo April 21 , lower level of the Conference Building (see maps on following page and on inside back cover.)

1he co-themes of this PIM are Future Itiotovol ta i c Needs and FSA Progress. Subjects to be covered during the PIM are:

1. FSA's new direction and activities and the rationale behind these changes. 2. 1he needs for photovoltaic research. 3. FSA status and progress.

Il.Jring the Wednesday morning plenary session, presentations will be made on:

1. Federal Government viewpoints on pbotovoltaics. 2. FSA objectives, plans, and methods of CCXIlllunicating with universities,

industry, and users. 3. FSA technology surrmaries. 4. 'PV central-station study. 5. Status of some new applications.

At the Wednesday afternoon plenary session the needs for photovoltaic research will be discussed by a number of speakers representing government, industry and university viewpoints.

1he Project meetings are held to provide an exchange of data within the photovoltaic conmunity, the FSA contractors, FSA personnel, D:!partament of Energy, NASA Headquarters and other government agencies. 1his exchange is required to assess recent progress; to identify, implement, and evaluate the integration of activities; to gain perspective of trends and new develoµnents, and to guide the near- and long-term planning and adjustment of priorities with in the Project.

It is requested that you bring this Handout to the meeting with you, since we publish a limited number .

1

SILICON MATERIAL

CHAIRMAN: R. wtwack

THURSDAY - APRIL 22 - 8:00 am (ClOl)

8:00 Silane/Silicon Process

8:40 Hydrochlorination Process

9:20

9:50

10:30

10:50

Coffee

Dichlorosilane CVD Process

Fluidized-Bed Reactor Research

End of ~eting

4

Union Carbide Corp.

Solarelectronics, Inc.

femlock Semiconductor Corp.

JPL

r' bl

F kJ

r ~

F ~

r bi

C

C C

C

C

C

C

C

F1 k;

r LiliJ

L.J

-,

,...,.,

LARGE ARFA SILICON SHEET

CHAIRMAN: A. lt>rrison

'IHURSDAY - APRIL 22 - 8:00 am (Cl02)

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

9:45

10:15

10:45

11:15

11:45

12:15

Dendritic Web Ribbon

Edge-Defined Film-Fed Growth

Ubiquitous Crystallization Process

CDffee

Advanced Czochralski

Material Cllaracterization

Grain Boundary Studies

Surface Studies

C.ell Fabrication

Fnd of ~eting

5

Westinghouse Electric CDrp.

lt>bil-1yco Solar Energy CDrp.

Semix, Inc.

Kayex CDrp.

CDrnell University

JPL

University of Illinois

Applied Solar Energy CDrp.

ENVIRONMENfAL ISOLATION

CHAIRMAN: C. C.Oulbert

'IHURSDAY - APRIL 22 - 8:00 am (Cl03)

8:00

8:25

9:05

9:20

9:40

Encapsulation Technology Available

Material Research and Evaluation

Ion-Plating

Coffee

Polymer Stabilization

Fhotodegradation t-bdel

Fhotothermal Characterization

Interface Stability

Internal Reflection Collector Concept

C. C.Oulbert, JPL

Springborn laboratories

Illinois Tool Works

A. Gupta, JPL

A. Gupta, JPL

R. Liang, JPL

Rockwell Science C.enter

Science Applications, Inc.

10:00

10:10

10:25

10:50

11:05

11:35

11:55

12:00

Fncapsulant Design .Anal. & Verification Spectrolab Inc./Hughes

Fncapsulant Field Testing

Discussion

Fnd of Meeting

P. Frickland, JPL

6

F' kill

C .

r1 kJ

r ~

F1 lid

C r:

C C

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH ARF.A

CHAIRMAN: D. Bickler

1HURSDAY - APRIL 22 - 8:00 am (Cl04)

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:15

9:45

10:00

10:30

11:00

11:30

12:00

Ni-Cu ~tallization

~tal Inks

'Il1ick Film ~tallization

Ion Implantation

Coffee

N:m-Mass Ion Implantation at JPL

Process Research

Process Research

J!V Assessment

wnch

7

Ebotowatt International, Inc.

Bernd Ross Associates

Spectrolab, Inc.

Spire Corp.

D. Fitzgerald, JPL

Solarex Corp.

Westinghouse Electric 0:>rp.

University of Pennsylvania

·1

>

~

,,

,..

Q

.,

r,

ENGINEERII>K; SCIEN::ES/MODULE PERFDRMANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS

CHAIRMEN: R. Ross and D. Runkle

TIIURSDAY - APRIL 22 - 8:00 am (ClOS)

8:00

8: 20

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

11:00

12:00

1:30

1:50

2:10

2:30

Array/Power Conditioner Interface Update

Array Iegradation and Voltage Control Strategies

1-V C.Urve Iata &ise Application

Irradiance Iata for JPL Test Site

AMl..-5 Filtering System for LAPSS

C.Offee

JPL Residential Array Research

Electrical Breakdown of Dielectric Films

Leakage C.Urrents in Fncapsulants

Environmental Isolation Session

JJ..mch

C. Gonzalez -:ff'L.

Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. C:N/?'2<- ,.s Cbx Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. C~e:.~ce /-/4;zr

R. Weaver J PL.

tll-/ C. Seaman .::JP1...

A. Wilson

G. Mm

A. Sht.mka

Room 103

Clemson Fncapsulated-C,ell Test Program Clemson University

long-term Mxlule Testing at Wyle D. Otth

Preliminary long-term Testing Results G. :tvbn

Coffee

8

I

I

I

TECHNICAL SUMMARIES

LI

M

L.J

. ....,

LJ•

-,

.-,,

.....,

In-House Program

PROJECT ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California

In November 1981, a two-day short course on the effective use of SAMICS was presented by the PA&I area of the FSA Project. Thirteen companies sent_ attendees to the course, including sever a 1 outside the DOE Photovoltaics Program. The attendees represented a mix of Program Managers, Engineers, and Financial Analysts. The theory underlying the SAMICS methodological approach to computing required revenue prices was presented. The course, however, emphasized practical applications of the use of SAMICS via detailed explanations and demonstrations.· A sumnary of course material has been documented: Solar Array Manufacturing Industry Costing Standards (SAMICS), Short Course, JPL Document 5101-196.

SAMIS Release 4 preparation and documentation was a major undertaking since the last PIM. Significant changes in SAMIS have been incorporated in the new release.

The SAMIS cost catalog has been revised and updated, including the section on effluent requirement costs which are now derived by specifying effluent quantities as by-products on Format A's.

The financial reports have been improved via revisions in the one-time costs model and the inclusion of year-by-year financial reports.

The input formats have been redesigned, and the User's Manual, Design Document, and the Computer Source Codes have all been updated.

A companion document, Sumnary Guide to Using SAMIS, is being distributed as part of SAMIS Release 4 along with an abridged version of the Cost Account Catalog. The former should enable the first-time user to more readily operate the program.

The SAMIS Release 4 documents and reference numbers are:

SAMIS User's Reference Card, JPL Document 5101-183. SAMIS User's Guide, 5101-60. SAMIS Design Document, Revision C, 5101-70. SAMIS Computer Program Source Code, Revision c, 5101-71. SA.MIS Cost Account Catalog Catalog (revisions are on-line) •

9

PROJECT ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION

·Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California

Sunmary Guide to Using SAMICS, 5101-193. Abridged Cost Account Catalog, 5101-191.

The computer program SIMRAND (SIMulation of Research ANd ~evelopment) has been publishe~JPL Document 5101-204). SIMRAND was designed as a management tool for ranking of alternative R&D project tasks. The methodology uses analytical techniques of probability theory, decision analysis, and computer simulation to select an optimal set of R&D tasks.

Analysis of optimal manpower requirements and downtime of industrial PV manufacturing equipment was initiated at the beginning of the quarter. A methodology was designed to estimate requirements based on the adaptation of a queuing model to a probabilistic production costing model for electric power systems. A computer program which incorporates the new methodology has been implemented on a micro­computer system.

An economic assessment of the Westinghouse MEPSDU is nearing completion. Differences between Westinghouse and FSA data inputs have been reconciled and new Format A's have been processed for a SAMICS analysis of a 25 megawatt dendritec-web factory.

PV energy payback analysis was presented at the DOE Annual Review in Washington. The analysis showed energy payback times for modules using technology which will be available by mid-decade to be 0.6 to 1.1 years and system energy payback to be approximately 2 to 5 years depending on system efficiency. There have been reports published in various popular and technical journals which claim PV to have energy payback times in the 10 to 20 year range. These neglected to include the advances in technology resulting from the DOE PV program and assumed a new technology status similar to that in 1974.

A new Allocation Guideline (AG) is being developed for the FSA Project. This new AG reflects revised priorities of the Photovoltaics Program and includes guidelines for PV Array subsystems.

The development and validation of the metallization grid design program is continuing. Laboratory verification of the predictions of e grid desi program will be attempted in the coming months.

10

3/~2./n,. 1 Dafe

C

C

r:

·,

L.J

,......,,

In-House Program

SILICON MATERIAL TASK

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California

The two-inch-diameter fluidized bed reactor (FBR) experiments in defining operating window and Si deposition kinetics were completed. In the temperature range from 650°C to 750°C, silane concentration varied from 20% to 65%, limited by heating capacity of existing set-up. It is found that the temperature control at the bottom part of reactor is critical in preventing the excessive fines formation and the subsequent bed agglomeration. This is because low temperature silane inlet (i.e. less than the decomposition temperature 400°C) tends to cool the bottom of reactor, which if not maintained hot for heterogeneous Si deposition to occur on seed particle surfaces, will give out a large amount of homogeneous fines and may subsequently lead to reactor clogging. Experimental data are being analyzed.

The six-inch-diameter FBR system is being checked out in terms of leak, fluidization and heating tests. A technical review with emphasis on experimental plan was conducted with Task Consultants, Drs. O. Levenspiel and T. Fitzgerald on Feb. 19. Its start-up is . scheduled in April.

The in-house processing research group prepared a .journal paper on "Fines Formation and Bed Agglomeration in Fluidized Bed Si Deposition." A presentation titled "Silane Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor," based on recent 2-inch FBR experiments, was accepted for the Electro­chemical Society Symposium at Montreal in May 1982.

Approval Signature

11

Task I - Silicon Materials Task

Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation

Hemlock, Michigan 48626

Contract Title: Development of a Polysilicon Process Based on Chemical Vapor Deposition (Phase 2)

Contract No. : 955533

The objective of this program is to demonstrate the feasibility of a chlorosilane based chemical vapor deposition process for the production of a low cost-high purity polysilicon. Efforts are currently being expended in the following technical areas:

- Operating Model 8D and Model 11D dichlorosilane decompo­sition reactors

- Operating and maintaining a process development unit that produces dichlorosilane

- Evaluating the 5" diameter redistribution reactor - Evaluating polysilicon produced from dichlorosilane - Constructing a laboratory quartz tube reactor dichloro-

silane deposition system

One-hundred-three reactor runs have been completed in the Model 8D reactors and have been analyzed for polysilicon purity.

The Model 11D reactor piping system was installed and the reactor system approved for dichlorosilane operation. The integrated PDU-Model 11D reactor system was successfully started up in March, 1982. ·

The evaluation of the 5" redistribution reactor is complete.

Construction of a laboratory quartz tube reactor/dichloro­silane deposition system is complete.

A program plan that integrates laboratory experimentation with reactor operation has been developed to address the problem of silicon deposition on the quartz bell jar wall.

~11?4~~ ' Approval s~V 3-/7-8~

Date

12

F ~

F ~

rm lw

1: .

'

~

r1 ~

C ,F' I

.bl

F 6d

F ~

,....,

L...J

....,

,..,

TASK I SILICON MATERIAL

SOLARELECTRONICS, INC. Bellingham, Massachusetts.

Contract Title: Investigation of the Hydrochlorination of Sic14

Contract No. : 9 56 061 ·

A research and development program was carried out to study the hydrochlorination of silicon tetrachloride and metallur­gical grade silicon metal to trichlorosilane,

+ + Si = 4 SiHClJ

Presently, SiHC11 is the most widely used raw material for the production of electronic grade silicon metal. The goal of this program is to provide a basic understanding on this reaction and to generate reaction kinetic and engineering data so that the potential application of the hydrochlo­rination process for the production of high purity, solar grade silicon metal can be fully evaluated. The effect of pressure was studied by carrying out experi­ments at low pressures. A large pressure effect was noted. In general, the reaction rate is higher at a lower reaction pressure. On the other hand, a higher equilibrium yield of SiHC1

3 is observed at a higher reaction pressure.

The presence of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the hydrochlo­rination reaction was analyzed. Approximately 0.1 to 0.6% HCl was detected in the reaction product mixture. A corrosion test was carried out on various material of construction for the hydrochlorination reactor. Materials include carbon steel, Type J04 stainless steel, Incoloy 800Hp Alloy 400 (Monel), Hastelloy B-2 (Ni/Mo), Nickel and coprer. The corrosion test was carried out at JOO psig, 500 C and H2/SiC14 feed ratio of 2.0 for a total of about 87 hours. Results of the corrosion test show that all the samples produce a weigh gain. Evidently, the weigh gain by the test samples is due to the deposition of silicon on the metal alloy surface to form a silicide protective film. Interestingly, the weigh gain per unit surface area differs widely among different metals and metal alloys. For example, pure nickel showed a weigh gain of about 16 m,g./cm2, which is about ten times that of Hastelloy B-2, 1.5 m.g./cm2. Preliminary evaluation of the corrosion data shows a much more complex mechanism on the question of corrosion of metal alloys under the hydrochlorination reaction enviroment.

~:?£7/4: rJ'rol'al Signature

13

March 18, 1982, Date

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

SILICON MATERIAL TASK

TEXAS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

PORT NECHES, TEXAS 77651

SILICON PRODUCTION PROCESS EVALUATIONS

956045

The goals of this program are to perform chemical engineering studies and analyses of the preliminary process design activities for the processes under consideration for production of silicon. The program also includes provisions for performing economic and cost analyses of the polysilicon production processes being evaluated by the Silicon Material Task.

Chemical engineering analysis of the HSC process (Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation) for producing silicon from dichlorosilane was continued for a 1,000 MT/yr silicon plant. Primary efforts in the analysis are nearing completion for the initial process engineer­ing activities. Progress and status for all major process engineering activities involved in the analysis of the plant are reported: base case conditions (100%), reaction chemistry (100%), process flow diagram (100%), material balance (100%), energy balance (100%), property data (80%), equipment design (60%), major equipment list (60%), and labor (60%).

Specific raw material requirements necessary to produce the silicon in the process are presented. The primary raw materials include metallurgical grade silicon, silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen, copper (catalyst) and lime (waste treatment). Hydrogen chloride is produced as a by-product in the silicon deposition.

Cost analysis of the HSC process (Hemlock Semiconductor Corpora­tion) was initiated during this reporting period. The initial cost engineering activities involving process design inputs, base case conditions, raw material costs and utility costs are 20% complete.

3/19/82 Approval Signature Date

14

F' ~

r ~

C

r: .

C C:

r·•,

.. __;

-,

....,

'--'

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

SILICON MATERIAL TASK

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION

TONAWANDA, NEW YORK 14150

Fluid Bed Silane Decomposition R&D

954334

The objective of the current research and development phase (Phase IV) of contract is to develop fluidized bed silane decomposition tech­nology for producing semiconductor-grade silicon for photovoltaic application. Under Phase III R&D program, a fluid bed PDU was designed, fabricated, and assembled in early 1981. The unit was successfully started up with silane feed concentrations up to 21 percent in hydrogen. Despite this promising startup, the PDU operation had to be temporarily suspended in May 1981 due to funding recisions. This activity was re­vived in the last quarter of 1981:

The major activities in the current reporting period include:

• PDU modifications involving the design and installation of a new heating system

• calibration of flow control valves and system checkout

• fluidization and bed-heating tests in hydrogen atmosphere

• startup with silane

Heating experiments in hydrogen atmosphere showed that bed temper­atures in the range 650 to 700°c could be achieved while maintaining a low distributor temperature of about 300°c. The temperature distribu­tion observed during these tests was very favorable for decomposing silane heterogeneously on the bed particle surfaces, while minimizing reaction near the gas distributor. The PDU was restarted with silane and an initial run was conducted with 6 percent silane in hydrogen for approximately 4 hours. Complete conversion of silane in the fluidized bed was obtained.

In the coming months, our plan is to investigate steady-state operation of the PDU reactor.

Approval Signature SRIDHAR K. IYA

15

March 19, 1982

Date

In-House Program

Crysta 1 Growth

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET TASK

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena. California

Siltec's Czochralski experimental sheet growth unit {ESGU) has been delivered to JPL and is being installed for further research on crystal growth. Anticipated start-up date is in the third quarter of FY82.

A new crystal growth technique was invented in collaboration with IBM. The technique consists of rotating the crucible during direc­tional solidification by ramping its speed from zero to 20 rpm and back to zero in 10 second periods. This results in better stirring of melt and provides favorable conditions for single crystalline or large size grain growth.

Wafering

More than 24 hours continuous wafering of silicon ingots using a JPL conceived water base slurry compound has been demonstrated suc­cessfully. An unattended wafering was performed without any technical difficulties.

Materials and Cell Characterization

Zeeman atomic absorption and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy mea­surements were made on Semix material. Preliminary results indicate that the material contains traces of Al, Cu, and Ti and their concen­tration distributions are not uniform.

A preliminary experiment of effects of pre-annealing of EFG and HEM materials on their cell efficiencies was performed. A two step anneal (600°C/24 hrs+ 1050°C/2 hrs) and a single step anneal {600°C/ 24 hrs) were used. The result indicates that only the two step an­neal can improve the HEM cell performance and none of them is bene­ficial to EFG cells.

A new technique for the measurement of the carrier recombination velocity at grain boundaries in silicon using a photoconductive ki­netic technique was developed. The relationships between the recom­bination velocity and other grain boundary parameters of silicon using this technique are under investigation.

~~ Approval Signature

16

3/t7/g2-I D ate

C

r1 kw

C C

C

C C

.--,

,--,,

-,

. ....,

·,

--,

. -,

-,

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET WORK

APPLIED SOLAR ENERGY CORPORATION City of Industry, California 91746

Silicon Solar Cell Process Development, Fabrication and Analysis 955089

The objective of this program is to investigate, develop, and utilize technologies to assess and improve the efficiency of solar cells made from various unconventional silicon sheets. Silicon sheets processed in this period included EFG (Mobil-Tyco) and·ucP (SEMIX). Also some HEM (Crystal System) were used in a gettering test.

For EFG material, a baseline process was applied to ribbons grown in with or without CO2 in the ambient. In general, cells made from EFG grown in CO2 performed better. However, the results on both groups were lower than previously reported. An effort to correlate cell position in the ribbon and cell performance yielded inconclusive re­sults.

For the UCP material, work continued on Ingot 5848-13C. High effi­ciency processes were applied and the results will be presented. Also, a series of more severe gettering schedules were performed on identi­fied portions of the ingot. It was shown that short circuit current improved with gettering up to a limiting value (which was still below control Czochralski). Light biased diffusion length measurements showed that there was a negative light biased effect (Ld decreased as light intensity increased) that limited the improvement of short circuit current in the more severely gettered cells. These results wi 11 be presented •.

In the most severe gettering step (1oso0c 1 hr.) both UCP and HEM materia 1 ·were processed. No obvious improvement was observed for the HEM. These results will also be presented.

Besides the work on the UCP Ingot 5848-13C, baseline process was applied to 10cm x 10cm UCP wafers randomly selected (not from a single ingot). These results will also be presented .

17

March 18, 1982 Date

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET TASK

·CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ITHACA, NY Contract Title: Characterization of Structural, Electrical and

Chemical Properties of Silicon Sheet Material.

Contract No.: 956046

In the period 7/12/81 to 3/18/82 the following work was carried out

(a) STEM and Microprobe investigations of processed EFG The structure of processed EFG was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The following process induced changes in the defect structure (as compared to unprocessed EFG) were noted: i) Processing introduces regularely spaced, sub-boundary like

dislocation arrays in the bulk (base section) of the material. ii) Some (but not all) of the dislocation nodes in these networks

act as nucleation centers for small (d > loo i) precipitates. iii) Large precipitates (d ~ 1 µ) are formed in the bulk of the

material. The chemical composition of the large precipitates was studied by non dispersive x-ray analysis in a JEOL 200 CX STEM and by dispersive analysis (for C) in a JEOL 733 SUPERPROBE. The following elements were identified: Ti, Fe, W, Mo, Cl, Ca and C. Non of these elements were found in the matrix. It appears that the precipitates act as gettering centers for impurities. Cl is traceable to the Cl bakeout of the graphite dies.

(b) SEM investigations of processed WEB material. The structural arrangement and the electrical activity of dislocations at or close to the central twin plane in processed WEB material was studied by electron beam induced current microscopy on shallow bevel specimen. The majority of the dislocations in the twin plane are regularely spaced and mostly straight arrays of dislocation of like sign, accomodating a tilt component. Dislocation density in the twin plane is high and the dislocations are effective recombination centers. Inspection of straight sections under higher magnification shows that the electrical activity varies along the dislocation, possibly due to precipitates (TEM will be carried out after completion of EBIC to clarify this point). Temperature dependent EBIC is being carried out in order to determine the electronic energy levels associated with the various sections.

Approval Signature

18

3 - 18 ... 82 Dote

F b

r b

r ~

F bu

r L

r kJ

r b

·,

.--,

_J

_ _J

-,

-,

.....,

....,

__J

--,

-,

Large Area Silicon Sheet Task

Kayex Corporation

Rochester, New York

Contract Title: Development of an Advanced Czochralski Growth Process to

Produce Low Cost 150 kg Silicon Ingots from a Single Crucible.

Contract No.: 955733

The goals of this contract are summarized as follows: 1. To design and construct a crystal grower capable of producing

150 kg of ingot from one crucible (5 x 30 kg ingots). 2. Accelerated recharge and growth rate. 3. Microprocessor controls with improved sensors. 4. After-growth yields of 90%. 5. Throughput of 2.5 kg/hr.

Subsequently, a Technical Direction Memorandum was issued which placed emphasis on (1) the improvement of growth rates using radiation shielding, and (2) investigation of the crucible-melt interaction for improved yields.

During this reporting period, the Hamco microprocessor control system was interfaced to the JPL growth facility, including the sensor for automatic control of seeding temperature, and the sensor for automatic shouldering. Efforts focused upon optimization of the seeding, necking, and shoulder growth automation programs. Demonstra­tion of automatic crown growth has been completed with six-inch diameter ingots and melts up to 45 kg. A laser beam reflection system for melt level sensing has been installed on the grower and shown to function acceptably, although it has not as yet been interfaced with the microprocessor.

Growth runs have been performed from both 15 and 16-inch diameter crucibles, producing 30 and 37 kg ingots respectively. Efforts to increase the growth rate of 6-inch diameter ingots have been limited by temperature instabilities believed to be caused by random thermal convections in the larger melts. The radiation shield improved the growth rate somewhat, but the thermal instability is still evident, leading to non-round ingots and loss of mono crystal structure.

Analyses of the crystal grower exhaust gas for CO, H 0, and H by gas chromatography are now routine and automatic. Very iigh leve~s of CO accompany overheating of the crucible/melt, suggesting melt-down procedures should be controlled more closely to prevent excessive dis­solution of the crucible. Graphite bakeout procedures have been im­proved by measuring CO and H2 during the bake-out process to determine when graphite parts are sufficiently out-gassed.

A 38 kg zero-dislocation crystal was grown to demonstrate the feasibility of 150 kg with four growth cycles.

Approval Signature

19

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

LARGE AREA·SILICON SHEET TASK

Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corporation

Waltham, MA 02254

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET BY EFG

954355

The 1981 goals for the program of development of the growth performance and quality of 10 cm wide EFG ribbon in single cartridge furnaces have essentially been achieved. Optimization work has improved growth con­ditions at the target speed of 4 cm/minute to a level where growth can be sustained over periods of an hour or more. Ribbon flatness has been improved, stress and buckling levels reduced, and satisfactory thick­ness uniformity at the desired thickness of 200 µm achieved at this speed. A significant increase of cell efficiency to the range of 11 to 12% (AM! and AR coated) has been demonstrated on large areas (50 cm2) for ribbon grown with cold shoes at 3.5 cm/minute. The best cells, at 11.7% efficiency, are just short of the goal of 12% for this year. These results have been obtained in a new design of the 10 cm cartridge incorporating a lengthened linear cooling plate and ribbon exit gas seal for ambient control purposes.

A new 10 cm cartridge system has been developed, capable of growth up to speeds of 2.8 cm/minute without the conventional design of cold shoe, and will be used to help evaluate the effect of cold shoes on ribbon quality. Annealing experiments on as-grown ribbon have been started to examine the influence of different annealing ambients, tem­peratures and times on SPV diffusion length of ribbon grown under vary­ing conditions.

All work on the program on multiple ribbon furnaces was discontinued on October 1, 1981, and this effort has now been taken over by Mobil Tyco in its entirety.

A program to develop a capability to calculate ribbon temperature and stress fields has been started. Characterizing and comparing of post­growth temperature fields of several designs of the 10 cm cartridge is

0 underway. Temperature differences of up to 90 C between the linear cooling plate center and edges are found, with the magnitude of this difference somewhat dependent on design parameters. The goals of this program will be to develop a capability to predict temperature and stress fields in growing ribbon for given system component temperature distributions, and use it to arrive at an understanding of ways to re­duce stress levels in silicon sheet.

~,f_ /2 jfz Date

20

C

C

F1 ~

C

-,

'_J

,-,

·--J

·-,

Contract Title:

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle

Chicago, Illinois 60680

STUDY OF ABRASIVE WEAR RATE OF SILICON USING n-ALCOHOLS

Contract No.: 956053

The goals of this contract are to investigate the fundamental mechanisms of surface property modification of silicon. An experiment was designed to abrade silicon by diamond in fluid environments. The abrasion rate is determined by varying the fluid, normal force on the abrading diamond, depth of damage in the semiconductor and speeds of the diamond. The abraded surfaces, wear of the diamond and the debris generated are studied by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, analysis of acoustic signals generated during abrasion is being detect­ed and analyzed.

The results of measuring the cross-sectional area of the groove generated as a function of normal force on the diamond and varying the fluids, all other experimental variables being held constant are that the groove cross-sectional areas fall in the ratio of 1:2:3 for water, absolute ethanol and acetone, respectively, for a constant normal force. In addition, at a constant normal force the presence of water resulted in a chipped silicon surface while the other two fluids resulted in ductile ploughing as the main mechanism for silicon removal. Also, the depth of damage in the silicon was higher using water than ethanol. The tensile stresses on the diamond resulted in cracks which propagated beyond the contact region of the two materials and this led to a change in the diamond geometry and consequently the wear rate of the silicon. The diamond geometry (size, shape and apex angle) affects the wear rate. These results have been compared to a model of lateral crack propagation and chipping for brittle (ceramic) materials. In addition,.there appears to be a correlation of the abrasion rate and dielectric constant of the fluid and the stress imposed by the diamond.

21

Contract Title:

Contract No.:

LARGE AREA SILICON SHEET

Westinghouse Research and Development Center

Pittsburgh, PA 15235

ADVANCED DENDRITIC WEB GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

955843

A set of three computer models which were developed to characterize cri­tical elements of silicon web growth have been successfully used to define a growth system configuration which provides reduced thermal stress and increased throughput. The models: (1) predict the critical stress at which buckling will occur within a silicon ribbon of specific width and thickness, (2) relate the thermally generated stress and the temperature distribution for a silicon ribbon and (3) predict the sili­con ribbon temperature distribution which will be generated by a speci­fic thermal geometry and dimensions within the growth system. The models had previously been individually verified by correlation with data obtained from existing, experimentally developed web growth confi­gurations. With this latest development, the models have, for the first time, predicted and defined a new and better system configuration. This configuration was subsequently built and the model predictions were verified in experimental web growth. The first configuration defined by the models has grown web with lower thermally generated stress than with any configuration heretofore developed by solely experimental methods rather than computer models.

It was found that model (3), above, which predicts the web temperature distribution resulting from a given thermal system geometry, was not sufficiently definitive to provide the desired further growth improve­ment. Consequently, a more definitive model has been developed and has been verified by comparison with known performance of existing and well characterized web growth configurations. This model will be used to develop the next generation web growth configuration to be defined by computer models.

The initial version of each computer-defined thermal configurations which is actually built for experimental web growth does not limit or maintain a fixed width of growth. This is an intentional characteristic of the initial design and allows the configuration to be used to verify the model predictions over a wide range of growth conditions. Subse­quently, a new configuration is modified to provide the capability of growing web at a constant width, a necessary ingredient of steady-state growth.

A width control version of a low-stress model-define web growth configu­ration has been constructed and is undergoing tests in an experimental web growth machine. This machine is equipped with closed-loop control of melt replenishment to provide constant melt level during web growth. Constant width of growth has been attained and fine tuning of the system !:a:..'.j:~;:~.to demonstrate semi-automatic steady-state web gr~owth ~n the

e: .,A ~-4-11..-L- :3 'Ip #2 Approval Signature '~te

22

C .

F ~

C .

F bJ

,-,

-,

_ _J

---,

-'

·,

......,

-,

In-House Program

Environmental Isolation Task

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, CA

The focus of FSA Environmental Isolation research on polymeric material long-term aging effects has been the characterization and quantification or modeling of the long-term chemical/physical changes in the polymeric materials exposed to the probable PV module operational environments. This effort continues with new materials and a wider range of exposure conditions.

As a result of these studies, three benefits have accrued to the PV in­dustry. First, available polymers having the potential of long-term weatherability in PV modules have been identified, evaluated, and ranked and their limitations identified. Second, criteria for the composition or modification of polymers required to achieve long-term stability have been defined and demonstrated experimentally with the development of new chemically bound UV stabilizers. Third, accelerated material and module testing techniques required to assess the potential long-term UV stabil­ity of materials and material combinations have been developed and de­monstrated. A UV stability module test chamber for full-size modules has been designed and built and is being checked out in the JPL testing facilities.

~~~~ Approval Signature

--23

March 22, 1982

Date

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION

Illinois Tool Works, Inc., Venture Group

Elgin, IL

Contract Title: Ion Plating of Solar Cell Arrays

Contract No.: 955506

The I'IW contract was initiated to investigate, develop and demonstrate the capability to produce operational solar cells having metallizations and AR coatings deposited by gasless ion plating, which will be of low cost and meet the FSA project life and performance goals. Metalliza­tion of 100mm diameter, 5mm thick Pon N wafers has resulted in pro­ducing cells with an average efficiency of 12.49% (AMI). This being done without a post-metallization baking step or a degenerately doped back surface on the wafer. Efforts to metallize Non P type wafers have not been successful due to problems in making consistent ohmic contact to the non-degenerate P type back surface. Investigations into developing a metallization system for ohmic contacts on P silicon have involved using Al-Band Ti-Al alloys for the contact followed by a copper layer for current carrying capacity. Why a good ohmic contact will be produced in one run and not another is currently being investi­gated by Auger electron spectroscopy to determine if this phenomena can be explained in chemical terms.

3- 18- 48~ Date

24

F' lw

F ~

C

F' ~

F' bJ

~ i

r

F Lfj

. ...,

-,

--,

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION

Rockwell International Science Center Thousand Oaks, CA 91360

Contract Tit I e : STUDY PROGRAM FOR ENCAPSULATION MATERIALS INTERFACE FOR FLAT PLATE SOLAR ARRAY

Contract No. : 954739

Development of a generic ·materials selection criteria for encapsulant bond integrity has been completed. The criteria are expressed in computer based models for chemical, physical, and mechanical response of encapsulant materials and encapsulant interfaces. These materials selection models are entitled 1) Atomic and Molecular Properties, 2) Polymer Chemistry and Physical Properties, and 3) Polymer Chemistry and Mechanical Properties. The first mo.del provides for a detailed analysis of the chemical and mechanical integrity of a wide variety of ceramic, metal and metal oxides. A detailed chemical theory of bonding by acid-base interactions is designed into this first model and the consequences of employing corrosion inhibitors and silane adhesion promoters can be examined by direct calculations. The second model permits direct examination of the significant physical properties of essentially all ordinary polymer encapsulants. Properties of chemically new encapsulants can be generated by direct computation. The third computer model translates a chemical description of encap­sulant chemistry into detail estimates of stress-strain response strengt~ entensibility and fracture toughness over ranges of both time and temperature which reflect the extremes of outdoor exposure and long term aging.

These models have been developed to assist in the direct chemical assessment of encapsulant interface durability. These models will be tested and applied in the development and evaluation·of interface bond strength (!BS) and interface aging.

~ 1 PL Approval Signature Date

25

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION

Spectrolab, Inc.

Sylmar, California

Contract Title: The Design, Analysis, and Test Verification of Advanced Encapsulation Systems

Contract No.: 95556 7

The objective of this program is to develop analytical methodology for advanced encapsulation designs. From these methods design sensitivities will be established for the development of photovoltaic module criteria, and the definition of needed research tasks.

During this period analysis of thermal, thermal structural, structural deflection, optical, and electrical verification testing has been com­pleted. Correlation with the models was achieved in all cases except thermal structural. Experimental problems with the testing preclude the gathering of sufficiently accurate data to verify the thermal structural model.

Design of the qualification modules has been approved by JPL. Three variations of wood substrate modules will be produced:

1) A Tedlar/cell string/Tedlar EVA lamination bonded to the substrate with a room temperature adhesive.

2) An Acrylar/cell string/Acrylar EVA lamination bonded to the substrate with a room temperature adhesive.

3) An Acrylar/aliphatic polyether urethane module cast at room tem­perature.

~~~ Approval Signature

26

March 19, 1982

Date

C

t:

,....,

--,

---,

__J

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION SPRINGBORN LABORATORIES, INC. Enfield, Connecticut 06082

Contract Title: INVESTIGATION OF TEST METHODS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES FOR SOLAR CELL ENCAPSULANTS

Contract No. : 954527

The goal of this program is to identify, develop and evaluate materials and processes for the low cost encapsulation of silicon photovoltaic cells. Material selections are based on performance criteria and the FSA objective of achieving a solar flat-plate or concentrator array at a manufactured cost of $0.70 per peak watt ($70/m2) (1980 dollars).

Four pottants were developed in this program; EVA and EMA for lamina­tion, butyl acrylate and aliphatic urethane for the casting process. Work is continuing on the "technology readiness" phase of these materials. New curing agents for EVA have resulted from this investigation that may permit significant reduction of both time and temperature required for cure.

Experiments are underway to identify protective outdoor coatings for mild steel and hardboard substrate candidates. To date, some promising coat­ings for mild steel have been identified that have survived over 2000 hours of salt spray and outdoor exposure.

A series of soil resistant surface treatments were applied to low iron glass and to Acrylar and Tedlar outer cover films. Based on standard cell measurements, fluorosilane treatments were found to give significant im­provement over control values throughout the ten month outdoor exposure period.

Continuing studies of adhesion chemistry for bonding pottants to other module components resulted in primers for EVA, butyl acrylate and ure­thane to glass, Tedlar and polyester films.

The evaluation of pottants and cover films under RS/4 radiation is contin­uing. To date, the E:vA formulation has survived at total of 30,000 hours without change. EMA and BA pottants and the Tedlar film are also un­changed after 15,000 hours. A new accelerated aging technique is also being implemented. This technique employs heat accelerated degradation of polymers in the presence of natural sunlight ..

Additional experiments include non-extractable UV stabilizers, outdoor ex­posure of modules, thermal aging effects and self-priming adhesive chem­istries ..

~ L[,. ,&/d4_ 3/17/82

Approval Signature Date

27

Cell & Module Formation Research Task

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, California 91109

In-House Program Ion Imp 1 ant at ion

The results of tests to evaluate the combined effect of non-mass­analyzed junctions and back surface fields {BSF) showed an increase of about 50mV in the open circuit voltage (Voe) due to the back implant, however the Voe was still lower {by about 40nV) than the diffused ref­erence cells. It was suggested at the last PIM that iron may be get­ting into the ce 11 by virtue of the stain 1 ess s tee 1 masks which were used to collimate the ion beam. The masks have since been changed to graphite and additional tests have shown no change in the previous result·. Since the back implant appears to be increasing Voe by the expected amount, it was felt that the front junction may be the problem. This contention has resulted in further tests to evaluate the effect of changing the front dose of phosphorous. These samples are in process and will be discussed at the PIM.

Work has also begun on a pulsed plasma source which may be able to perform pulsed 1 i quid phase epitaxy processes. The current objective is to develope a source which can deposit a layer of aluminum-silicon eutectic on the back of a cell; i.e., to produce a BSF. Preliminary tests with a high voltage {25KV) linear electrode pulsed plasma source did ablate silicon but the deposition on a glass witness plate showed a lack of uniformity. A lower voltage (< SKV) high energy coaxial source is now under construction which borrows heavily from pulsed plasma thruster technology. Preliminary results from this source should be available at the PIM.

Approval Signature

28

2'( ~ &-2 Date

r1 ~

C

r' ~

--,

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH TASK

BERND ROSS ASSOCIATES

SAN DIEGO, CA 92109

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALL-METAL THICK FILM COST

EFFECTIVE METALLIZATION SYSTEM FOR SOLAR CELLS

955688

This summary covers work done from November 1981 to April 1982. The objective of this investigation is the study of thick film solar cell electrodes based upon screenable base metal compositions.

Solar cell test results with several silver fluoride activated copper pastes containing various germanium-aluminum eutectic powder additions have been evaluated. Results do not show significant improvement with germanium-aluminum eutectic additions. Anomalous S shaped IV curves were observed at the lowest peak firing temperatures (550°c). Forma­tion of a Schottky barrier was suspected and an electrical analog (us­ing a reversed germanium transistor emitter in series with a good so­lar cell) gave. similar 8 shaped curves.

Further evidence has been found showing that hydrogen tends to dis­place metallic bonds at the silicon surface during high temperature processing. The admission of hydrogen ambients during the latter por­tion of the firing cycle, at lower temperatures, provides better adhesion of screened fritless copper electrodes at the expense of sintering maturation.

The use of carbon monoxide ambients appears to solve the above pro­blem. SEM analysis of CO fired screened silver fluoride activated copper pastes shows coherent films with good adhesion. ·However, under these circumstances fluorocarbon activated pastes have lacked good adhesion. 2x2cm solar cells have been fabricated with CO fired silver fluoride activated copper back contacts. Electrical evaluation and solar cell testing are in progress.

Approval Signature

29

3 )9 ]982 Dote

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH TASK

PHOTOWAtT INTERNATIONAL, INC. T~MPE, ARIZONA 85281

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUE FOR AR COATING AND NICKLE Contract TitleAND ·coPPER METALLIZATION OF SOLAR CELLS

Contract No.: 955986

The goal of this project is to analyse and evaluate a base metal

system for metallizing solar cells. The system to be investigated

is printed nickle overplated with copper and applied on top of a

predeposited silicon mitride antireflecti~e coating.

Further tests of fritted nickle pastes doped with silver fluoride

failed to give good e lectrica 1 contacts. These pastes had good

adhesion as fir.ed but· adhesion was poor after copper plating. SEM

examination of the interface area under lifted contacts revealed

large amounts of unconsolidated frit residues, presumably the resid­

uum of a concentration of frit at the interface after loosening by

chemical reaction with the plating solution. All of the fritted

nickle pastes produced contacts having a high series resistance.

Good electrical contacts were obtained with a paste prepared by

blending approximately 30% EMCA 7069 silver paste with TFS 5517

nickle paste. Adhesion of this contact also degraded on exposure to

copper plating solution with the formation of unconsolidated frit

residues at the interface. Attention has been shifted to frittless

pastes with tin substituted for frit and with additives to attack

the silicon nitride.

Dote

30

rm ~

F lt&i

F ~

F bJ

C .

F' bu

.

C

1......J

,.....,

..-,

.. .....,

......,

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH TASK

Spire Corporation

Bedford, MA 01730

DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF A SOLAR CELL JUNCTION

PROCESSING SYSTEM

DOE/JPL 955640

7 October 1981 - 22 March 1982

The objectives of this program are to build experimental equipment and to develop processes to ion implant and pulse anneal junctions for 4" diameter solar cells.

Since the last report, the electron beam pulse annealer has been com­pleted and has successfully annealed 4" diameter implanted wafers. We are now building the companion equipment--a non-mass analyzed ion implanter.

The design of the implanter has begun with some experiments to develop ion beam parameters •. Experiments have shown that beam incidence angle and neutral beam components have no effect on the efficiency of cells produced. Efficiencies of these cells were the same as controls im­planted with mass analysis. Further experiments are now being con­ducted on electrostatic methods of controlling beam defocus and steering.

In parallel with these experiments, the design of the wafer transport, vacuum locks, and ion source assembly is underway. The overall assembly drawing of the equipment is almost completed. The detail design should be completed by June and the construction of the equipment should be completed by September 1982 •

31

22 March 1982 Date

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

CELL AND MODUL_E FORMATION RESEARCH TASK

SOLAREX CORPORATION

Rockville, MD 20850

Process Research of Semix Silicon Material

955902

During this quarter the emphasis of this contract was shifted from the development of a cost-effective process sequence to research designed to understand the mechanisms of photovoltaic conversion in semicrystal­line silicon. With this change has gone a change of title from Module Experimental Process System Development Unit (MEPSDU) to Process Re­search of Semix Silicon Material. Efforts are now underway to prepare a revised program plan with emphasis on determining the,mechanisms limiting voltage and current collection in the semicrystalline silicon.

While the automated process sequence effort has now been terminated a summary report of this phase is in preparation. The following is a summary of the most important developments in this phase:

1. A cost-effective process sequence was identified, equipment was designed to implement a 6.6 MW per year automated produc­tion line, and a cost analysis projected a $0.56 per watt cell add-on cost for this line.

2. Three process steps were developed for this program:

• Glass bead back clean-up. • Wave-soldering of fronts. • Ion milling for edging.

3. While spray dopants were advertised as an off the shelf devel­oped product, they proved to be unreliable with shorter than advertised shelf life.

4. Equipment for handling and processing solar cells is available for all of the cell processing steps identified in this pro­gram.

32

March 22, 1982 Dote

F, ~

C

r bJ

r' b

r· b

F' bu

C

.--,

--,

·-'

-,

-·-'

-,

·-,

-,

_J

1

·-'

' -,

--,

-,

'

-,

Contract Tit I e :

Contract No. :

CELL AND MODULE FORMAT! ON RESEARCH TASK

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA

Analysis and Evaluation of MEPSDU Processes

JPL 956034

The effort under this project has shifted from an emphasis on process effectiveness to one on efficiency.

The preceding work on contact pattern design, material selection, and processing has been ended with an evaluation of the Westinghouse l'fan~' grid line pattern. Although the grid pattern is a good des!gn, its per­formance (shading losses plus Joule losses) is not better than that of a parallel grid line pattern of equal line width and thickness, while the latter may provide somewhat better redundancy through its bus line.

Next, the published data relati~g to the dependence of minority car~ rier lifetime on doping concentration, and particularly to Auger recom­bination, were reviewed. The large scatter at the intermediate and low impurity concentrations is attributable to differences in sample quality (type and density of recombination centers). At the higher doping con~ centrations, all the data can be interpreted by INA-Nnl-2 dependencies, i.e. by Auger recombination. There is no need to resort to an empiri­cal fNA-Nnl-1 relationship, which cannot be backed up by an existing re­combination theory. The data seem to conform to Shockley-Read-Hall re~ combination theory for deep or shallower traps, depending on the sample preparation, with either doping independent or dependent lifetimes, re­spectively. Direct Auger recombination, however, should be an absolute, limiting recombination process, independent of material preparation. It should determine the ultimately achievable solar cell efficiency. How­ever, the available data indicate disagreement about the Auger coeffi­cients by more than an order of magnitude, and consequently of the mi­nority carrier lifetime at a given high doping concentration. The most conservative data are the ones which are currently generally accepted, and the differences are often ascribed to problems with the measurement methods applied.

This led to a more detailed evaluation of the methods used for minor­ity carrier lifetime (or diffusion length) measurement. All the methods have been derived for a special case, where the mathematics becomes tractable. The methods are frequently applied in cases where the as­sumptions no longer hold. A valid lifetime, or diffusion length mea­surement, therefore requires a thorough knowledge of the structure and characteristics of the sample to be tested, and of the constraints of the methods.

33

March 18 2 1982 Dote

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH AREA

WESTINGHOUSE ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEMS DIVISION

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15236

Contract Title: PROCESS RESEARCH OF DENDRITIC WEB SILICON MATERIAL

Contract No. : 955909

The primary objective of th~s contract is to study two highly developmental but promising research and development processes associated with fabrica­tion of solar cells_ from dendritic web silicon. Either of these tasks, which are related to cell junction formation techniques, could signifi­cantly improve the cost effectiveness of the state-of-the-art dendritic web process sequence.

The first task will determine the technical feasibility of producing high efficiency solar cells from dendritic web silicon using liquid dopant techniques to form the front and back junction structures in conjunction with the exisitng baseline process sequence for dendritic web solar cell fabrication. Various techniques for liquid application and high tempera­ture diffusion are being investigated. The resulting process will be more easily automated than the existing gaseous diffusion junction formation process.

The second task will determine the technical feasibility of producing uniform high efficiency solar cells from dendritic web silicon usin~ an ion implantation junction formation technique as part of the standard cell processing sequence. In this work, the ion implantation and anneal­ing process parameters that, in conjunction with the remainder of the Westinghouse process sequence, produce the highest efficiency solar cells with the smallest standard deviation will be determined.

In addition, the applicability of the selected ion implantation and annealing process to web strips having minimum lengths of 42 cm·· and widths up to 5.5 cm will be studied.

C.rn. e,, Approval Signature

34

March 19, 1982

Date

r ~

F L

r b

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

ENGINEERING AREA

Clemson Univerdity

Clemson, SC 29631

INVESTIGATION OF RELIABILITY ATTRIBUTES AND ACCELERATED STRESS FACTORS ON TERRESTRIAL SOLAR CELLS

954929

The objective of this study is the investigation of the reliability attributes of terrestrial solar cells through the development and use of accelerated test methods. The overall program approach involves analyzing the physical and electrical changes which occur when cells are subjected to various overstress conditions in the laboratory involving accelerating factors of humidity, temperature, current, and the rate of change of temperature wit h time. Unencapsulated cel l s, which can be stressed up to the solder melting temperature, can be used to determine the sensitivity of cells to both diffusion and corrosion phenomena, whil e encapsulated cells can be used to investi­gate the ability of encapsulants to retard corrosion related effects.

A new round of unencapsulated cel l testing was recently begun on state of the art cells, with the test results being transmitted directly to contributing manufacturers as they became available . Changes can now be observed in as little as 250 hours of testing as a result of experience gained in interpreting the test data, and the use of computerized measurement methods and data analysis procedures permits the rapid feedback of information. As expected, different cell types respond directly to the appl i ed stresses.

A test program involving encapsulated minimodules i s being implemented. Some of the samples have been encapsul ated by cell manufacturers using both their cells and encapsulation techniques, while other samples are being fabri cated by Springborn Laboratories using a variety of cell types and several different "standard" encapsulation processes.

Date

35

ENGINEERING SCIENCE AREA

IIT Research Institute Chicago, I 11 .

Contract Title: A Program to Develop Elements of a Reliability Design Guidebook for Flat Plate Photovoltaic Modules/Arrays

Contract No.: 955720

The objective of the overall !ITRI support study is to provide and/or develop engineering-oriented reliability data, guidelines, procedures and techniques to serve as elements of a reliability design guidebook on terrestrial, flat-plate, photovoltaic (PV) modules/arrays.

Phase I of the support study focused on developing new techniques for the evaluation of problems and/or module failures occurring during block buy qualification tests, exploratory tests and field tests as reported in JPL's problem/failures reporting (P/FR) system. Also as part of the Phase I effort an approach to appropriately allocate reliability was formulated.

This report presents the results of the Phase II support effort. The objective of the Phase II support effort was to establish component failure rate data. Also the feasibility of deriving failure rate data from analytical models based on the Arrhenius failure relationship was to be investigated.

The fault tree analysis procedure was applied during the Phase II support effort to the U.S. Coast Guard Photovoltaic Aid to Navigation (AN) System. AN system arrays have been placed at Marine exposure test facilities in Groton, Connecticut and Fort Lauderdale, Florida since 1978, thereby providing extensive actual environmental application exposure data. In addition, identical arrays were run through an accelerated pressure, inmersion, and temperature (PIT) test. Results of arrays subjected to the PIT tests were compared in a case study with the marine test results and acceleration factors were derived from statistical analysis of specific failure modes. The acceleration factors provides a basis to extract component failure rates as well as to specify the parameters of a formal PIT test sequence that can be used to effectively qualify competing module designs under controlled laboratory conditions to the marine environment.

A Draft of the Final Report is now in review prior to its release and distribution.

P. Milhalkanin/R. Anderson 03/15/82 Approval Signature Date

36

·--'

-,

o.......J

l

. ....,

--,

.-,

l

. -,

· . ....J

:~

Contract Title:

Contract No. :

ENGINEERING SCIENCES AREA

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Melville, New York

Development of Photovoltaic Array and Module Safety Requirements

955392

The present objective is to provide safety requirements for photovoltaic arrays for private sector use. This objective includes: (1) the identification of module safety design requirements; (2) the development of safety system concepts for the array; (3) the generation of detailed design concepts for the grounding network for modules and the array subsystem; (4) and the development of generic intermodule/array, wire/cable systems.

Modul~ safety design requirements are surnnarized in a UL Proposed Standard for Safety--Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels to be released to members of a UL Industrial Advisory Group (IAG) on April 2, 1982. Results of the IAG meeting, scheduled for June, 1982, will be published for distribution to the PV conmunity and other interested parties. The workability of the document is being tested by product evaluation.

Work to date covering safety system concepts and grounding of the array subsystem is documented in a final report to be released during the week of April 12, 1982. Included in this report is a copy of the UL Proposed Module Safety Standard referenced in the previous paragraph. Other items of significance include: (1) the rationale behind some of the more important safety requirements; (2) an overview of the proposed NEC Code Article 690; (3) a description of several grounding configurations; and (4) a description of how a ground fault detection circuit might be used in an array •

A 11 an Levins Approval Signature

37

March 29, 1982 Date

In-House Program

ARRAY REQUIREMENTS

ENGINEERING SCIENCES AREA Jet Propulsion LabDratory

Pasadena, California

The Array Requirements activity addresses the identification and development of detailed design requirements and test methods at the array level. Continuing areas of activity that addressed improved definition of array requirements included the establ­ishment of module and array electrical safety criteria and the development of array-to-power conditioner electrical interfaces (coordinated with Sandia-and MIT/LL).

Safety Requirements

Personnel from the FSA Engineering Sciences Area participated in the National Electrical Code (NEC) Code-Making Panel-3 (CMP-3) meeting on proposed PV revisions for the 1984 NEC in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, on January 12, 1982. The proposed new Article 690 addresses special array-related concerns (i.e., maximum allowable system voltage, specific labels or markings for modules and module definitions) and was "accepted in principle" by CMP-3 voting members. After formal voting by letter ballot and processing by the NEC Correlating Committee, Article 690 will be sent out for public comnent, sometime in June, 1982.

Research aimed at developing module/panel and array subsystem electrical and fire safety requirements continued with an ex­tensive reorganization of UL's draft final report to emphasize work at the module level (first phase) and include UL's "Proposed Standard for Safety, Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels." This document will supersede JPL Document 5101-164 (same title); final drafts are scheduled for publication in 1982.

In support of array safety the General Electric Company released a final report disclosing research on protective bypass diodes and mounting configurations for modules with power dissipation require­ments in the 5 to 50 watt range. In addition to characterizing applicable PN silicon and Schottky diodes, typical diodes were selected for representative ranges of current carrying capaci­ties. Also, the study identified heat dissipating mounting concepts and a thermal analysis defining junction temperature as a function of power dissipation.

ApprovalSignature'

38

2., H,.~ ''8'"2-oate

,....,

-,

,....,

,-,

L.I

.. -,

-,

1.;,f

Power Conditioning Interface

Specific areas of activity on the array-power conditioner task during this reporting period included: (1) submittal of the written input supporting the analysis to Sandia Labs for their Power- Conditioning Specification and 270 review drafts to the P-V conmunity. Conments on the report from the large distribution are being reviewed and collated into a JPL final report draft, (2) expansion of the characterization analysis and output format to investigate the effects when using array 1-V curves represent­ing various fill-factors and degraded conditions. A more complete set of results can now be provided to the JPL Lead Center and Sandia personnel involved in defining the array-power conditioner interface and in power conditioning design efforts. (3) present­ation of the JPL task and summary of recent results at the Sandia Systems PIM, February 9-11, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, (4) conferring with MIT Lincoln Labs on their array/power conditioner investigation based on a different analysis model which confirmed JPL's results and (5) conferring with Sandia personnel on their Power-Conditioning Specification currently in the review cycle.

ARRAY SUBSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The Array Subsystem Development activity is focused on the development of conceptual designs for integrated flat-plate array module/support structures as a key approach to minimizing total array costs. An important output of array conceptual designs is the definition of specific design requirements addressed to functional performance, interface and maintainability (at the array level}.

Integrated Residential Arrays

Residential array research continued with a review of the draft final report documenting the candidate concepts from the General Electric Company. The report presents the conceptual evolution process leading to the selection of their optimized integrated residential array design displayed at the November 1981 FSA PIM. The report also documents the systems level approach used in defining and resolving technology/performance tradeoffs and includes production and installation costs for the optimized module/array concept.

JPL Engineering Sciences Area in-house efforts have focused on the utilization of PVC vinyl extrusions to complete a prototype of a direct mounted residential array design which eliminates the need of a 100% watertight interface between the PV module and the support structure. The array acconmodates 12 frameless Block IV. 2' x 4' modules and provides a test model to verify structural loading thermal performance, environmental endurance, assembly and module installation considerations associated with the design. The UV resistant PVC plastic support structure features drainage channels and has the additional advantages of being non-conductive and light weight.

39

MODULE ENGINEERING

Module engineering addresses the development of design methods, analysis tools and design concepts necessary to support signifi­cant cost and performance improvements at the array element level. Activities are conducted to clarify design tradeoffs, develop analysis tools and test methods and provide ~eneralized design solutions for the PV cormnunity. Specific activities during this reporting period included (1) Cell Reliability Testing; (2) Module Voltage Isolation, (3) Interconnect Fatigue (4) Cell Fracture Mechanics, and (5) Reliability/Durability Research.

Cell Reliability Testing

The joint JPL in-house/contractor-supported R & D test program to stress test and evaluate encapsulated cells continues in cooperation with the Environmental Isolation Task and Cell and Module Formation Research FSA Areas. Seven new cell types from six different cell manufacturers are currently at Clemson University for the phase 2 part of the accelerated stress program. Detailed planning for cell reliability and sensiti~ity was completed and involved development of a matrix of available cell metalization types versus a wide spectrum of recorrmended encapsulation systems. Results from the pre-test experiments verified the required level of integrity necessary for the samples and Clemson investigations. Research and Development groups at two manufacturers have also prepared a total of 7 different types of encapsulated cell test specimens that will also be included in the Clemson Phase 2 investigations. Followup failure analysis from these test specimens will be coordinated closely between Clemson and the particular cell suppliers involved to understand any failure mechanisms that may be uncovered.

Module Voltage Isolation

The voltage isolation task addresses the source and magnitude of leakage currents to ground caused by initial insulation flaws or material aging. The development effort is directed toward predictions of module life and providing for human safety. The high voltage electrical insulation environmental test chamber (HIVEC) for accelerated aging of mini-modules and test coupons with experimental encapsulants was completed and is currently under preliminary shakedown tests. HIVEC tests include Block IV, PROA and commercial designs plus test coupons, supplied by the Cell and Module Formation Research and Environmental Isolation Task Areas in a joint testing program.

The electrical insulation research activity in the FSA Engineering Sciences Area achieved a major milestone with the final delivery of a state-of-the-art AC/DC Partial Discharge Pulse Analyzer. The large apparatus which has been on order from James Biddle Co. for over a year will serve as the key investigative tool in analyzing

40

r: ' I

f I

~

F I

b

C

.,..,.,,

,...,

,.....,

,-,

-,

electrical breakdown phenomena in modules, array circuitry com­ponents and applicable insulation materials. The Cell and Module Formation Research group is currently preparing coupon test specimens supporting voltage breakdown testing of insulation systems with EVA and EMA encapsulants.

Characterization of voltage breakdown levels of various contractor and JPL in-house polyester films and multilayer composites using the low-voltage breakdown apparatus continued with a focus on the effects of aging. A 4-layer composite mylar film was aged for two months at 400C and 90% RH and then dried for several days in a dessicating chamber to shakedown the aging equipment. The film will now be subjected to voltage breakdown testing to ascertain changes, if any, in voltage breakdown characterization as a result of aging.

Residential and central-station module field exposure insulation. studies using the 3000 voe voltage test stand continued with reinstallation of the experimental RTV and EVA modules previously removed for examination by the FSA fail,ure analysis group. Installtion was completed on the four Block IV mini-module designs also scheduled for the above electrical insulation tests. The results will give the responses of those encapsulants to exposures of temperature and humidity variations while under 3000 volt electrification.

Interconnect Fatigue

Examination of the mechanical-fatigue life of 5 mil thick clad laminates and aluminum interconnects continued; the generated fatigue resistance data will be compared with the performance of commonly used silver tinned copper interconnects. Difficulty was experienced in joining aluminum interconnects to solar cells and copper pads during earlier fatigue tests, however, the soldering problem was overcome by electroplating the aluminum strips. A second interconnect shaker was constructed to aid in the fatigue testing and data collection rate.

A recent engineering area publication that will aid in the design of OFHC copper interconnects is FSA document 5101-173 dated March 1, 1982, "Interconnect Fatigue Design for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules" by Mon, G.R.i Moore, D.M., and Ross, R.G. The report presents a 20 year lire predictive model using a material fatigue curve and observed interconnect failure statistics.

Cell Fracture Mechanics

During this reporting period, efforts centered on the evaluation of the effect of light on the mechanical strength of silicon solar cells. Preliminary tests, conducted with Motorola CZ chemical polished wafers, subjected cells to biaxial stresses in dark irradiated environments. Irradiation was provided by quartz halogen fiber optic lamps. The results indicated significant

41

increases in the biaxial strength of the chemical polished CZ wafers with irradiation. Further testing is planned to determine the currently unknown mechanism causing the increased strength from the lighted environment.

Reliability/Durability Research

Specific reliability and durability development efforts are addressed to provide the technical base required to achieve reliable modules with 20-year lifetimes. !ITRI has completed its work in compiling reliability data on all module design technologies versus how each design technology has performed in both field use and field tests. A major input to the !ITRI work was made when the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center agreed to provide FSA with reliability data obtained from different module designs they have tested, refer to the contractors progress surrmary.

JPL in-house efforts included the development of a humidity degradation rate curve based on comparisons of humidity testing cycles and humidity temperature data from SOLMET weather tapes. To obtain the required temperature-humidity acceleration factors a contract was initiated with Wyle Laboratories to subject Block II, III and IV mini-modules to a 9 month long humidity test with environments of 400c, 93% RH and 950c, 85% RH. Engineering Sciences personnel continued with the data analysis of module failures after 180 days of accelerated humidity-temperature testing. Specific visual and electrical module degradation was coordinated with Management Audit plus Module Performance and Failure Analysis Areas in an effort to correlate similar module field site degradation and quantify aging rates. Data from the previously conducted Clemson University Temperature-Humidity tests is under review for significant aging mechanisms and rates that supplement the Wyle test series.

Long term temperature soak testing with Block III and IV mini-modules in 85oc and 1000c chambers was initiated at Wyle and supports the development of temperature degradation rate curves. Data generated from these tests will be compared with the Wyle humidity temperature test results to separate the aging effects of humidity and temperature.

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND TEST STANDARDS

Active interfaces are maintained between the FSA Engineering activities and the SERI Performance Criteria/Test Standards (PC/TS) project to establish an Interim Performance Criteria (IPC) document (issue 2) and test standards covering both flat-plate and concentrator ar~ays. JPL Engineerin~ Sciences Area and SERI's IPC-2 edit team focused on final reviews of environmental test methods for flat-plate modules while Arizona State personnel chaired an Electrical Performance Subgroup meeting January 26, 1982, to finalize reformatted copies of electrical performance test methods for concentrating photovoltaics.

42

r71 hBJ

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

--,

--,

-,

-,

, _J

--,

--,

......J

......,

'--'

--,

--,

--,

--,

ENGINEERING SUPPORT

The engineering interface activities provide for transfer of array requirements, specifications, conceptual designs, design guidelines, analysis tools and test methods to the overall photovoltaic conmunity. During this reporting period JPL Engineering Sciences Area personnel participated in the Southwest Residential Experimental Station Consulting Committee Meeting and the Sandia National Laboratories PV Residential Overview Conmittee Meeting held in Las Cruces, N.M. on December 1-2, 1981. The meetings provided a significant opportunity for industry personnel to conment and influence the direction of the federal effort in residential photovoltaics.

Several manuscripts were completed by the Engineering Area for presentation at the upcoming ISES Conference in Houston Texas, June 1982:

0

0

0

"Photovoltaic Array Power Conditioner Interface Requirements, 11 C. Gonzalez.

11 Advanced Residential Photovoltaic Array Designs," R.S. Sugimura, N.E. Shepard and G. Royal •

"Photovoltaic Array Grounding and Electrical Safety," A. Levins and R.S. Sugimura.

Recent Contractor Publications

1. ByPass Diode Integration, Final Report No. DOE/JPL 955894-5, Prepared for JPL by General Electric, Advanced Energy Programs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19101 December 1981.

2. Integrated Residential Photovoltaic Array Development, Final Report No. DOE/JPL 955893-82/3, Prepared for JPL by AIA Research Corporation, Washington D.C. 20006, April, 1982.

3. Integrated Residential Photovoltaic Array Development, Final Report No. DOE/JPL 955894-6, Prepared for JPL by General Electric, Advanced Energy Programs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19101 April, 1982.

4. Comnercial/Industrial Photovoltaic Module and Arra Requirement Study, Final Report No. DOE JPL 955698-81/1, Prepared for JPL by Burt Hill Kosar Rittelman Associates, Butler, Pennsylvania, 16001, December 1981.

43

MODULE PERFORMANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS AREA

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California

In-House Program

Work aimed at completing the Block IV design contracts continues at a slow pace. An acceptable design for the ARCO batten seam residential module that will survive the Block IV environmental tests continues to elude the best efforts of ARCO; accordingly, the ARCO contract will be concluded with the design in its present state. The Photowatt module survived all the environmental testing but final approval of the design awaits resolution of a hi-pot test anomaly. Spire Corporation and ARCO Solar delivered the full complement of intermediate load modules ordered from them for field testing this period.

Contracts with ARCO Solar, Inc., General Electric Company, Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corp., Solarex Corp., and Spire Corp. for the design of modules meeting the requirements of the Block V Specification have been completed. These contracts called for a paper design including a formal preliminary design review. The latter were held at JPL between December and February. A summary of this experience will be given at the PIM. The original intent of following-up these contracts with design comple­tion contracts was given up for lack of funding; however, the contract­ors have been solicited to complete the design on their own and deliver modules to JPL for testing to the Block V requirements.

The quarterly PFR summary issued in February showed a total of 1108 PFR's issued since the inception of the FSA program. At the present time, 978 of these have been investigated and formally closed. PFR's are written when anomalous performance occurs whether during the course of qualification testing, operation in the field, special tests or other occasions such as incoming inspection. Sixty one percent of all the PFR's were written during qualification testing with half of those occurring during temperature cycling. Field testing accounted for 28% of all the PFR's.

The field test restructuring plan was implemented to the degree possible with the installation of arrays and reinstallation of modules. An array of 20 Motorola modules and another array of 18 ARCO modules has been completed, and other arrays will be emplaced as the Block IV modules are delivered. The data acquisition system has been refurbished so that eighteen irradiance measurements are made every five minutes, and I-V curves on every module are made once a day near solar noon. Work on a portable data logger for use in measuring the performance of arrays in the field is expected to be completed by the time of the PIM.

Approval Signature

44

(

(

r b

L..l

w

Ld

L.J

In-House Program

MODULE PERFORMANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS AREA (Continued)

The environmental test and failure analysis activities have continued to perform testing and failure analysis of Block IV modules and other FSA Project modules as well as modules for other parts of the DOE program.

Approval Signature

45

0:J -;s--B-2-Date

CONTRACTS AND DOCUMENTS

w

r,

LJ

,--,

·~

--,

. ...,

,..,,,

i...d

NAME

SILICON MATERIAL TASK:

HEMLOCK SEMICONDUCTOR CORP. HEMLOCK, MI

SOLARELECTRONICS CAMBRIDGE, MA

TEXAS RESEARCH & ENGINEERING PORT NECHES, TX

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION NEW YORK, NY

LARGE-AREA SILICON SHEET TASK:

APPLIED SOLAR ENERGY CORP. CITY OF INDUSTRY, CA

CO'ltNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NY

KAYEX CORPORATION ROCHESTER, NY

MATERIALS RESEARCH, INC. CENTERVILLE, UT

MOBIL-TYCO SOLAR ENERGY CORP. WALTHAM, MA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHICAGO, IL

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. PITTSBURGH, PA

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATION TASK:

ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS ELGIN, IL

ROCKWELL SCIENCE CENTER THOUSAND OAKS, CA

SPECTROLAB, INC. SYLMAR, CA

SPRINGBORN LABORATORIES, INC. ENFIELD, CT

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA

FSA PROJECT ACTIVE CONTRACTS

EXPECTED START COMPLETION DATE DATE

10/79 07/82

07/81 07/82

08/81 05/82

10/75 12/83

05/78 12/82

03/78 05/82

09/80 05/82

06/80 09/82

10/75 12/81

06/81 07/82

10/80 09/82

09/79 05/82

03/77 02/83

11/79 12/82

05/76 08/82

01/80 04/82

47

CONTRACT NUMBER

TASK DESCRIPTION

955533 DEVELOPMENT OF A POLYSILICON PROCESS

956061 INVESTIGATION OF HYDROCHLORINATION REACTOR

956045 SILICON PRODUCTION PROCESS EVALUATION

954334 ~!LANE TO SILICON EPSDU

955089 SOLAR CELL PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

956046 CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON

955733 ADVANCED CZ GROWTH PROCESS

955676 ANALYSIS OF DEFECTIVE STRUCTURE IN SILICON

954355 EDGE-DEFINED FILM-FED GROWTH FOR SILICON GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

956053 STUDY OF THE ABRASIVE WEAR RATE OF SILICON

955843 DENDRITIC WEB PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

955506 DEMONSTRATION OF CAPABILITY TO METALLIZE SOLAR CELLS BY ION-PLATING

954739 MATERIALS INTERFACE PROBLEM STUDY

955567 DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND TEST VERIFICATION OF ADVANCED ENCAPSULATION SYSTEMS

954527 METHODS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES EVALUATION

955591 PHOTODEGRADATION MODELING

EXPECTED START COMPLETION CONTRACT

NAME DATE DATE NUMBER

CELL AND MODULE FORMATION RESEARCH AREA:

APPLIED SOLAR ENERGY CORP. CITY OF INDUSTRY, CA

BERND ROSS ASSOCIATES SAN DIEGO, CA

PHOTOWATT INTERNATIONAL TEMPE, AZ

SOLAREX CORPORATION ROCKVILLE, MD

SPIRE CORPORATION BEDFORD, MA

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PHILADELPHIA, PA

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. PITTSBURGH, PA

ENGINEERING SCIENCES AREA:

CLEMSON UNIVERSITY CLEMSON, SC

WYLE LABS HUNTSVILLE, AL

03/79

05/80

05/81

11/80

01/80

05/81

11/80

12/77

08/80

MODULE PERFORMANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS AREA:

PHOTOWATT INTERNATIONAL TEMPE, AZ

04/79

10/82 955423

08/82 955688

06/82 955986

12/84 955902

10/82 955640

05/82 956034

10/84 955909

09/82 954929

09/82 955853

11/81 955410

48

TASK DESCRIPTION

LABORATORY SERVICES

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALL METAL THICK FILM COST EFFECTIVE METALLIZATION SYSTEM FOR SOLAR CELLS

AR COATING AND Ni/Cu METALLIZATION OF SOLAR CELLS

MODULE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT UNIT (MEPSDU)

DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF A SOLAR CELL JUNCTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

MODULE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT UNIT (MEPSDU) ANALYSIS/EVALUATION

MODULE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT UNIT (MEPSDU)

INVESTIGATION OF RELIABILITY AND ACCELERATED STRESS FACTORS ON TERRESTRIAL SOLAR CELLS

TECHNICAL SUPPORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DURABILITY/RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND TEST METHODS FOR ARRAY SUBSYUSTEM ELEMENTS

DESIGN AND FABRICATION, BLOCK IV MODULES

Fl; kw

F1 lrild

r: ~

C F, ~

F kt

fl kJ

F' b

C .

~ 25 March 1982

,..,.,,

--,

.. _J

Document Number

5040-29 ERDA/JPL-1012-76/3

5101-2 ERDA/JPL-1012-76/1

5101-5 ERDA/JPL-1012-76/4

5101-7 ERDA/JPL-1012-76/6

5101-8 ERDA/JPL-1012-76/7

5101-10 ERDA/JPL-1012-77/1

5101-12

5101-13

5101-14

5101-15

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Author/Date

Doane, J. W. June, 1976

PROJECT OFFICE January, 1976

PROJECT OFFICE April, 1976

PROJECT OFFICE October 8, 1976

PROJECT OFFICE July 30, 1976

PROJECT OFFICE

Zoutendyk, J. October 28, 1976

Gonzalez, C. C. February 14, 1977

Edelson, E. January 26, 1977

Chamberlain, R. G. September 1977

49

Prepared by: Solar Data Center ext. 9519

Document Title

The Cost of Energy From Utility-owned Solar Electric Systems

Proceedings of the First Task Integration Meeting

Proceedings of the Second Project Integration Meeting

LSA First Quarterly Report - April 1976 to June 1976

Proceedings of the Third Project Integration Meeting

LSA Second Quarterly Report - July 1976 to September 1976

Progress in Silicon Crystal Technology for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion

Availability of Ultraviolet Radiation Data (for Encapsulation System Design)

Preliminary Analysis of Industrial Growth and the Factors That Affect Growth Rate

Samics (Solar Array Manufacturing Costing Standards) Workbook

5101-16 Rev. A DOE/JPL-1012-78/10

5101-19

5101-20

5101-21 Rev. B

5101-24 ERDA/JPL-1012-77/2

5101-31

5101-32 DOE/JPL-1012-77/3

5101-33

5101-36

5101-39

5101-40

5101-43

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

LSA. ENGR. AREA November 1, 1978

Moore, D. February 28, 1977

Cantu, A.H. February 28, 1977

Bishop/Anhalt November 3, 1978

PROJECT OFFICE

Stultz/Wen July 29, 1977

PROJECT OFFICE

Chamberlain/Aster September 10, 1977

Smokler, M. October 15, 1977

Jaffe, P. August 3, 1978

Coulbert, C. D. June 8, 1977

Grippi, R. A. October 7, 1977

50

Block IV Solar Cell Module Design and Test Specification for Intermediate Load Center Applications

Cyclic Pressure - Load Developmental Testing of Solar Panels

Test Program on Low-Cost Connector for Solar-Array Modules

Acceptance/Rejection Criteria for JPL/LSA Modules

Project Quarterly Report - 3 for the Period October 1976, to December 1976

Thermal Performance Testing and Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules in Natural Sunlight

Quarterly Report - 4 for the Period January 1977 to March 1977

Interim Price Estimation Guidelines: A Precursor and an Adjunct to SAMIS III, Version One

User Handbook for Block II Silicon Solar Cell Modules

LSA Field Test Activity System Description

Development & Validation of A Life-Prediction Methodology for LSA Encapsulated Modules

Module Efficiency Definitions, Characteristics and Examples

F1 1®i

r kJ

r ~

C C '

C '

r b

C

.....,

....J

-,

. ...,

-,

·1

_J

.,

...,

..J

.,

.,

d

j

5101-45

5101-46 DOE/JPL-1012-77/4 JPL Pub 1. f/78-9

5101-51

5101-53 DOE/JPL-1012-77/6

5101-54 Vol. I DOE/JPL-1012-78/1

5101-54 Vol. II DOE/JPL-1012-78/1

5101-55 DOE/JPL-1012-78/2

5101-56 DOE/JPL-1012-78/3

5101-57 DOE/JPL-1012-78/7

5101-58

5101-59

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Gonzalez, C. c. December 6, 1977

PROJECT OFFICE June, 1977

Praturi/Lutwack/ Hsu July 17, 1977

O'Donnell/Leipold/ Hagan March 1, 1978

Smith, J. L. April 1978

Smith, J. L. March 1, 1978

PROJECT OFFICE

Turner, G. B. March 1, 1978

Chen, C. P. February 22, 1978

Estey, R. S. March 15, 1978

Environmental Hail Model for Assessing Risk to Solar Collectors

Project Quarterly Report-5 for the Period April - June 1977

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon from Silane Pyrolysis

Compatability Studies of Various Refractory Materials in Contact with Molten Silicon

Historical Evidence on Importance to the Industrialization of Flat-Plate Silicon Photovoltaic Systems: Executive Sununary

Historical Evidence of Importance to The Industrialization of Flat-Plate Silicon Photovoltaic Systems

Project Quarterly Report-6 for the period July 1977 - September 1977

Structure of Deformed Silicon and Implications for Low Cost Solar Cells

Multi-Wire Slurry Wafering Demonstrations

Measurement of Solar and Simulator Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance

Chamberlain, R. G. SAMICS Usage Update No. 1 February 1, 1978

51

5101-60 Rev. B

5101-61

5101-62 DOE/JPL-1012-78/6

5101-65 DOE/JPL-1012-78/7A

5101-68 Rev. A DOE/JPL-1012-47 JPL Puhl. fi80-51

.5101-69

5101-70 Rev. B

5101-71 Rev. B

5101-72

5101-73 DOE/JPL-1012-78/8

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Metcalf, M. S. April 21, 1980

Cuddihy, E. April 13, 1978

Moore/Wilson October 15, 1978

LSA ENGR. AREA March 24, 1978

Aster, R. W. January 15, 1980

Daud/Koliwad June 15, 1978

Standard Assembly-Line Manufacturing Industry Simulation (SAMIS) Computer Program User's Guide-Release 3 Release 2

Encapsulation Material Trends Reliability 1986 Cost Goals

Photovoltaic Solar Panel Resistance to Simulated Hail

Photovoltaic Module Design, Qualification and Testing Specification

Price Allocation Guidelines January 1980

Effect of Grain Boundary in Silicon Sheet on Minority Carrier Diffusion Length and Solar Cell Efficiency

Chamberlain/Firnett Standard Assembly-Line Manufacturing /Horton Industry Simulation SAMIS Design April 21, 1980 Document Release 3

Chamberlain, R. G. April 21, 1980

Maxwell, H. June 15, 1978

Von Roos, O. May 31, 1978

52

Standard Assembly-Line manufacturing Industry Simulation (SAMIS) Computer Program Source Code/Release 3 Release 2

Encapsulant Candidate Materials for 1982 Cost Goals

Determination of Bulk Diffusion Lengths for Angle-Lapped Semiconductor Material via the Scanning Electron Microscope -A Theoretical Analysis

C '

F b

r bu

!'...,,..,

L.d

,....,

--,

5101-75

5101-76 DOE/JPL-1012-78/9

5101-77

5101-79

5101-81 DOE/JPL-1012-78/13

5101-82 DOE/JPL-1012-79/6

5101-83 DOE/JPL-1012-78/14

5101-84 DOE/JPL-1012-78/11

5101-85 DOE/JPL-1012-78/12

5101-88 DOE/JPL-1012-2 JPL Puhl. #79-14

5101-91, Vol. I DOE/JPL-1012-25,Vol.1 JPL Puhl. #79-103,Vol.l

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Smith, J. L. May 30, 1978

Stultz, J. W. July 31, 1978

Gupta, A August 10, 1978

Gupta, A. August 18, 1978

PROJECT OFFICE November 15, 1978

Smokier, M. I. February 1, 1979

LSA ENGR. AREA November 1, 1978

Hoffman/Miller October 15, 1978

Jaffe, Peter September 15, 1978

PROJECT OFFICE

Smith, J. H. January 15, 1980

53

The Penetration of the International Market by Domestically Produced Photovoltaic Power Systems: A Survey of Recent Estimates

Thermal and Other Tests of Photovoltaic Modules Performed in Natural Sunlight

Photodegradation of Polymeric Encapsulants of Solar Cell Modules

Effect of Photodegradation on Chemical Structure and Surface Characteristics of Silicon Pottants Used in Solar Cell Modules

Project Quarterly Report-7 for the Period October 1977-December 1977

User Handbook for Block III Silicon Solar Cell Modules

Block IV Solar Cell Module Design and Test Specification for Residential Applications

Bias-Humidity Testing of Solar Cell Modules

LSA Field Test Annual Report August 1977- August 1978

Project Quarterly Report-8 for the Period of January - March 1978

Handbook of Solar Energy Data for South-Facing Surfaces in the United States-Volume I: An Insolation, Array Shadowing, and Reflector Augmentation Model

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

5101-91, Vol. II DOE/JPL-1012-25,Vol.2 JPL Publ. #79-103,Vol.2

Smith, J. H. January 15, 1980

5101-91, Vol. III Smith, J. H. DOE/JPL-1012-25,Vol.3 January 15, 1980 JPL Publ. #79-103,Vol.3

5101-93 DOE/JPL-1012-79/5

Chamberlain, R. G. January 15, 1979

5101-94 DOE/JPL-1012-78/17

5101-96 DOE/JPL-1012-23

5101-98 DOE/JPL-1012-79/1

5101-99 DOE/JPL-1012-3

5101-100 DOE/JPL-1012-4 JPL Publ. #79-16

5101-102

5101-103 D0E/JPL-l0l2-79/8A

Aster, Robert December 1, 1978

Tsou/Schwartz March 1, 1979

Griffith, John S. January 1, 1979

PROJECT OFFICE

PROJECT OFFICE

Slonski, M. L. February 15, 1979

Repar, John February 15, 1979

54

Handbook of Solar Energy Data for South-Facing Surfaces in the United States-Volume II: Average Hourly and Total Daily Insolation Data for 235 Localities (Alaska-Montana)

Handbook of Solar Energy Data for South-Facing Surfaces in the United States-Volume III: Average Hourly ana Total Daily Insolation Data for 235 Localities (North Carolina-Wyoming

A Normative Pirce for a Manufactured Product: The SAMICS Methodology Volume I: Executive Summary/Volume II: Analysis

Economic Analysis of A Candidate 50¢/WPK Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology

Module Performance Assessment: Laboratory and Field Environment

Environmental Testing of Block II Solar Cell Modules.

Project Quarterly Repor-9 for the Period April - June 1978

Project Quartgerly Report-IO for the Period July - September 1978

Energy Systems Economics Analysis (ESEA) Methodology & User's Guide·

Experience with Silicones in Photovoltaic Modules

Fl ~

~ ~

F I I

bJ

rm l ; ' I

bJ

5101-104 DOE/JPL-1012-79/7B

5101-105 DOE/ JPL-1012-20

5101-106 DOE/ JPL-1012-21

5101-107 DOE/ JPL-1012-18

5101-108 DOE/ JPL-1012-19

5101-109 DOE/ JPL-1012-26

5101-112 DOE/JPL 1012-27

5101-131 DOE/JPL-1012-49 JPL Pub. 1180-8 7

5101-133 DOE/ JPL-1012-29 JPL Puhl. #79-88

5101-134 DOE/JPL-1012-30 JPL Puhl. #79-96

5101-135 DOE/JPL-1012-31 JPL Puhl.# 79-92

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Goldsmith/Bickler August 30, 1978

Praturi, A.K. April 15, 1979

Praturi, A. K. Apri 1 1, 1979

Rhein, Robert A. April 15, 1979

Rhein, Robert A. April 15, 1979

PROJECT OFFICE

PROJECT OFFICE

Hoffman/Maag November 1, 1980

PROJECT OFFICE

Griffith, J. S. September 1, 1979

Laue/Gupta Septmber 21, 1979

55

LSA Project Technology Development Update

Modeling of Silicon Particle Growth; a A Progress Report

On the Modeling os Silane Pyrolysis in a in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Purification of Silicon by the Silicon Fluoride Transport Process-A Thermo­chemical Study

Silicon Preparation and Purity from the Reaction of Sodium with Silicon Tetrafluoride and Silicon Tetra­chloride-A Thermochemical Study

11th Project Integration Meeting/ Quarterly Report for 10-12/78

Progress Report 12 for the period January to April 1979 and Proceedings of the 12th Project Integration Meeting

Photovoltaic Module Soiling Studies May 1978-0ctober 1980

Progress Report 13 for the period April 1979 to August 1979 and Proceedings of the 13th Project Integration Meeting

Enviornmental Testing of Block III Solar Cell Modules/Part I: Qualification Testing of Standard Production Modules

Reactor for Simulation and Acceleration of Solar Ultraviolet Damage

5101-137 DOE/JPL-1012-32 JPL Puhl. #79-102

5101-138 DOE/JPL-1012-36

5101-139 DOE/JPL-1012-34 JPL Puhl. #79-116

5101-141 DOE/ JPL-1012-38 JPL Publ. /180-5

5101-142 DOE/JPL-1012-42 JPL Puhl. #80-21

5101-143

5101-144

5101-146 DOE/JPL-1012-37 JPL Pub. #80-25

5101-147 DOE/JPL-1012-40 JPL Puhl. #80-12

5101-148 DOE/JPL-1012-41 JPL Puhl. #80-34

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Chen, C. P. October 15, 1979

LSA ENGINEERING January 15, 1980

Salama, A. M. November 1, 1979

Jaffe, Peter December 15, 1979

PROJECT OFFICE

PROJECT OFFICE January 1980

Cuddihy,E. F. January 15, 1980

Leipold/Radics/ Kachare February 15, 1980

Bouquet, F. L. February 1, 1980

Moore, D. M. March 1, 1980

56

Fracture Strength of Silicon Solar Cells

1982 Technical Readiness Module Design and Test Specification-Intermediate Load Applications

Characterization of Deliberately Nickel-Doped Silicon Wafers and Solar Cells

LSA Field Test Annual Report August 1978 - August 1979

Progress Report 14 for the Period August 1979 to December 1979 and Proceedings of the 14th Project Integration Meeting

Electricity from Photovoltaic Solar Cells/Status of Low-Cost Solar Array Project

Encapsulation Materials Status to December 1979

Cost of Czochralski Wafers as a Function of Diameter

Glass for Low-Cost Photovoltaic Solar Arrays

Proposed Method for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Solar Collector Panels

F' ~

P'"'· I

6

,.....,

,...,

,..d

5101-150

5101-151 DOE/JPL-1012-44 JPL Publ. #80-27

5101-154

5101-155

5101-156 Rev. A

5101-158 Rev. A.

5101-159 Rev. A.

5101-160 DOE/JPL-1012-51 JPL Pub. #80-100

5101-165 DOE/JPL-1012-53 JPL Pub /!81-30

5101-166 DOE/ JPL-1012-52 JPL Pub. //81-12

5101-169 DOE/JPL-1012-50 JPL Pub. /!81-1

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Christensen, E.

JPL April 1980

Electricity from Photovoltaic Solar Cells/LSA Project/As displayed at Congressional Hearings February 1980

Progress Report 15 for the period December 1979 to April 1980 and Proceedings of the 15th Project Intregration Meeting

Chamberlain/Aster/ SAMICS Cost Account Catalog/Version 4 Firnett April 21, 1980

Christensen, E. June 1980

Firnett, P. J. November 17, 1980

Aster/Chamberlain Miller/Firnett November 17, 1980

National Photovoltaic Progam/Electrical Power from Solar Cells

Improved Price Estimation Guidelines (!PEG) Computer Program User's Guide Release 2

Improved Price Estimation Guidelines (IPEG) Design Document Release 2

Chamberlain/Firnett Improved Price Estimation Guidelines Miller (!PEG) Computer Program Source Code November 17, 1980 Release 2

Project Office

WILSON, A.H. June 15, 1981

Jaffe, Peter December 30, 1980

Seaman, C.H. January 15, 1981

57

Progress Report 16 for the period April to September 1980 and Proceedings of the 16th Project Integration Meeting

Low-Cost Solar Array Structure Development

LSA Field Test Annual Report August 1979-August 1980

The Correction for Spectral Mismatch Effects on the Calibration of a Solar

5101-170

5101-171 DOE/JPL-1012-55 JPL Pub. f/81-37

5101-172 DOE/JPL-1012-54 JPL Pub. //81-35

5101-175 DOE/JPL-1012-61 JPL Pub. #81-112

5101-176 DOE/JPL-1012-56 JPL Pub. //81-64

5101-I78C

5101-186 DOE/JPL-1012-58 JPL Pub //81-94

5101-187 DOE/JPL-1012-66 JPL Pub • //82-9

5101-188 DOE/JPL-1012-63 JPL Pub. #81-118

5101-189 DOE/JPL-1012-57 JPL Pub. //81-76

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Engineering Area May 20, 1980

Mokashi/Kachare March 15, 1981

LSA Project

Mokashi, A. R. December 15, 1981

DAUD/CHENG November 1, 1981

LSA Project July 1981

PROJECT OFFICE

JPL February I, 1982

Burger, D.R. January 15, 1982

K. A. Yamakawa September I, 1981

58

Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Module & Array Circiot Design Optimization Workshop Proceedings-May 19 & 20, 1980

Sensitivity Analysis of the Add-On Price Estimate for the Edge-Defined Film-Fed Growth Process

Progress Report 17 for the Period September 1980 to February 1981 and Proceedings of the 17th Project Integration Meeting

Sensitivity Analysis of the Add-on Price Estimate for the Silicon Web Growth Process

Measurement of Surface Recombination Velocity for Silicon Solar Cells Using a Scanning Electron Microscope with Pulsed Beam

Electricity form Photovoltaic Solar Cells-Low Cost Solar Array Project As Displayed at the 15th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference-May 1981 Revised for Project Integration Meeting

Progress Report 18 for the Period February to July 1981 and Proceedings of the 18th Project Integration Meeting.

Proceedings of the Low-Cost Solar Array Wafering Workshop (8 - 10 June 1981, The The Pointe, Phoenix, Arizona)

Vacuum Lamination of Photovoltaic Modules

The Effects of Impurities on the Performance of Silicon Solar Cells

1...d

5101-204 OOE/JPL-1012-68 JPL Pub • /182-20

FSA PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

JPL March 1, 1982

Introduction to SIMRANS Simulation of Research and Development Project

Please contact the Solar Data Center for those documents which do not carry a DOE number. (213) 577-9519 or 577-9520

59

CCMMERCIAL FLAT-PI.ATE PHOIOVOLTAIC MODULE MANUFACTURERS

March 1982

TIit foHowing 1lstin1 Includes those U.S. organizations whkh to the best of our knowledae are now anufacturlng photovoltaic flat modules for sale to the public. JPL disclaims any responablllty for aay •llilltentlonal omission, and don not endorse the products of any of tbe manufacturen listed.

APPLIED SOLAR ENERGY CORP. 15251 Fast D:>n Julian Road P.O. Box 1212 City of Industry, CA 91749 Attn: 1hanas J. Brawley

Vice President-Marketing (213) 968-6581

ARCO SOLAR, INC. 20554 Plunmer Street Olastsworth, CA 91311 Attn: Robert Nath

Vice President Marketing Jay O,eatham Regional International ~fgr. Tim Geiser l'brth hnerica Regional Mgr. Dick Fraekel Latin hnerica Regional Mgr.

(213) 700-7000

FREE ENERGY SYSTI11, INC. Price and Pine Streets lhlmes Industrial Park lblmes, PA 19043 Attn: Mark Sanderson

Sales Manager (215) 583-4780

t-OBIL 1YCO SOLAR ENERGY CORP. 16 Hickory Drive Waltham, MA 02254 Attn: Boh Hamnond

Marketing Manager (617) 890-0909

PHOION POOER, rn::. 13 Founders Blvd. El Paso, TX 79906 Attn: 1\/fartin F. Wenzler

Marketing Director (915) 779-7774

PHOTO..JA1T I~TERNATIONAL, 11-C. 2414 W. 14th Street Tempe, p.;z. 85281 Attn: Greg T. Love

Marketing Director (602) 894-9564

SILICON SENSORS, INC. Highway 18 fast n:idgeville, WI 53533 Attn: Robert Bachner

President Marketin~ ~~nager

(608) 935-2707

SOLAR PG/ER CORP. 20 Cabot Road \..bburn, MA 01801 Attn: Bill Brusseau

E'd Mahoney ~arketing Managers Robert P. Carter International Manag~r

(617) 935-l.600

SOLAR.EX COlU>. 1335 Piccard Drive Rockvelle, ~k:I 20850 Attn: Ted Blumenstock

Director of Sales (202) 948-0202

SOLAVOLT INl'ERNATIONAL Silicon Division P. 0. Box 2934 Itioenix, p.;z. 85062 Attn: Clyde Ragsdale

Marketing ~anager (602) 244-7325

60

SOLF.C INI'ERNATIONAL, INC. 12533 01adron Avenue Hawthorne, CA 90250 Attn: Vincent D. D:! Leo

~arketing Manager (213) 970-0065

SOLENERGY CORP 171 Merrimac St • woburn, MA 01801 Attn: C. William Clark

Vice President Marketing (617) 938-0563

SOLWS, INC. 1519 Comstock Ave. Los .Angeles, CA 90024 Attn: Dr • Mi lo Macha

President (213) 203-0728

TIDELAND SIGNAL CORP. 4310 Directors Ra~ P. 0. Box 52430 Jbuston, TX 77052 Attn: r.arl Kotila

A9sistant Manager International Dept.

(713) 681-6101

UNITED ENERGY CORP. 1176-D A<;ter Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Attn: Ernest Lampert

President (408) 243-0330

PASA DENA CENTER

300 E. Green S1reet

Pasadena. CA

1213) 577-4 34 3

HILTON HOTEL-PASADENA

1 50 South Los Robles Avenue Pasadena, CA (213) 577-1 000

HUNTINGTON-SHERATON HOT EL 1401 South Oak Knoll Avenue

Pasadena, CA (2 13) 792-0266

TAAVELODGE PASADENA

276 7 East Colorado Blvd. Pasadena, CA

(2 13) 795-7213

HOLIDAY INN

303 Cordova Pasadena. CA 12 13) 4 49-4000

>,

"' ;: -t "' 0..

0 >,

2 -0: Under-

Q)

> <(

0 Cl C

~ "' ~

ground + Park ing

Entrance*

FSA PIM Pasadena Convention Center 300 E. Green Street Pasadena, California

TO JPL

PASADENA AREA

>-~ u. CJ) <{

~ "' ~ <{ N 0 Q

w ~ <{

"' -' ... :s -' j -'

:i: <{ <{

PASADENA CENTER

---Exhibition

Bldg.

8 Te nnis

~

Apt s.

DEL MAR

,...r--1

--l---4- >-1-"C::;A~Ll::...FO= AN'-"le::A+ -=L=-e.:-:,-=!j.. __ ....j..._ w

6 a: <:> w <:> z <{ a: 0

0~ ~ CALIFORNIA ~ INSTIT UTE

a: a: OF ~ ~ TECHNOLOGY

p~S~O~~~N~~;....+--~~-+-"'

' ' F\/'J'i

PASADENA CENTER

Co lorado Blvd .

Green St.

Civ ic I Aud.

~

Ice Cha le t

'

Ho l iday Inn

C ord ova St.

Del Ma, Blvd .

•

- t Conference I---

Bldv

~ X

' oi

8 >

Q) <( >

<( {/) Q)

-0 :0 u 0 :, 0: w

<I)

0

~ ...J

!

" - Park ing ~Entrance

....... >--Reg istra t ion : Lobby, low e r f loo r

En tra nces

Undergr ound p arkin g has ent rance t o confere nce bui ld ing