2021 NCAA Softball Rules Exam Commentary · 5/1/2020 · 2021 NCAA Softball Rules Exam Commentary 1. The requirement for Division I regular-season barrel compression testing has

2021 NCAA Softball Rules Exam Commentary

1. The requirement for Division I regular-season barrel compression testing has been delayed until the

Spring 2022 season (which is the same as Divisions II and III).

A. True

B. False

Reference: May 1, 2020 NCAA Memorandum: "Delayed Implementation of Selected Playing Rules Changes" Due to the financial challenges that many NCAA conferences and institutions are experiencing as the result of COVID-19, the Playing Rules Oversight Panel (PROP) voted to delay by one year the implementation date. A memo was posted on Arbiter on 5/4/2020.

2. Which of the following is NOT true regarding concussions and substitutions/re-entry?

A. A player who exhibits signs, symptoms, or behaviors consistent with a concussion must be

immediately removed and receive appropriate medical evaluation. She may not return until

cleared by the appropriate medical personnel.

B. While the evaluation is taking place, the injured player, whether a starter or a substitute, may be

replaced by any eligible player who has not yet participated in the game.

C. If the injured player is cleared to resume participation, she may resume her lineup spot. The

temporary replacement player may again participate in the game as a substitute in the same

lineup spot only, and provided she was not already a withdrawn substitute or a reentered starter

before becoming the temporary replacement player or otherwise becomes ineligible.

D. If a team has no remaining eligible players, a starter or substitute who has previously participated

in the game may replace the injured player.

E. A player rendered ineligible by ejection can replace the injured player.

Reference: 2021 Major Rules Change and Experimental Rule for Softball

The NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (CSMAS)

recommended a rule change to allow a player to be removed from the game to be evaluated for a

concussion without being disqualified. A player rendered ineligible by ejection is not allowed to be a

temporary replacement player. This rule change was first posted on Arbiter on 7/22/2020.

3. In the 2nd inning, starting player Robbins (#6) has a possible concussion and is removed from the game

for evaluation. Substitute player Thompson (#22), who has not yet entered the game, is used as a

temporary replacement player in that spot. In the 4th inning, Robbins (#6) is medically cleared of a

concussion and her coach wants her to return to the game. What is allowed for her and for the

temporary replacement player?

A. Robbins (#6) is allowed to return to the line-up but it counts as her re-entry. Thompson (#22) is

allowed to be used as a standard substitute in that same spot.

B. Robbins (#6) is allowed to return to the line-up but it counts as her re-entry. Thompson (#22) may

no longer be used as a substitute for the remainder of the game.

C. Robbins (#6) is allowed to return to the line-up and retain the same rights she had when she was

removed (she can be withdrawn and re-enter once). Thompson (#22) is allowed to be used as a

standard substitute in that same spot.

D. Robbins (#6) is allowed to return to the line-up and retain the same rights she had when she was

removed (she can be withdrawn and re-enter once). Thompson (#22) may no longer be used as a

substitute for the remainder of the game.


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Reference: 2021 Major Rules Change and Experimental Rule for Softball; A.R. 8-26

A player may be removed for a concussion evaluation and replaced by any eligible player who has not

yet participated. If the evaluated player is cleared to resume participation, she may reenter in her

original lineup position (this includes a substitute who would otherwise not be able to reenter under

current reentry rules). The temporary replacement player may again participate in the game, but only

in the same lineup spot, provided she is not otherwise ineligible. This rule change is meant to

encourage timely reporting and evaluation of a possible concussion. See A.R.s 8-26 through 8-32 for

more information on concussion protocol.

4. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the NCAA Approved Softball Bat List?

A. The first page and whichever pages are relevant must be provided for each competition.

B. If BCT occurs, the testing manager's printed name and initials, along with sticker color and number

of passed bats is needed on the first page.

C. The pages may be laminated.

Reference: NCAA Approved Softball Bat List; 5.2.1; A.R. 5-3

The dry erase marker writing on laminated can be easily smudged or erased. The new bat list header

requires the BCT Site Testing Representative Printed Name, Sticker Color, Total number of passed bats,

and the Site Testing Representative Initials. The approved ruling regarding lamination was first issued

on Arbiter on 4/2/2018, and the revised bat list was first published on Arbiter on July 20, 2020.

5. A NCAA softball umpire participates in a fantasy football contest that the umpire pays to enter and which has a cash prize. Could this trigger further investigation and potentially render that umpire ineligible to officiate in any round of the NCAA championships?

A. Yes. The NCAA conducts a championship in football. B. No. This umpire would only be prohibited from wagering on the winner or loser of a particular

game. Reference: NCAA Championship Officials Conflict of Interest Policy The NCAA opposes all forms of legal and illegal sports wagering, which has the potential to undermine the integrity of sports contests and jeopardizes the welfare of student-athletes and the intercollegiate athletics community. More specifically, there are several conflicts that could trigger further investigation and, based on the totality of circumstances, may render an official ineligible to officiate in any round(s) of any of the NCAA championships. One of them is participating in a fantasy contest (e.g., daily, weekly, season-long, etc.), brackets, or similar contests in any sport, either amateur or professional, in which the NCAA conducts a championship, and in which anything of value is at risk with an opportunity to win a prize. Another is betting, legally or illegally, on sports, either amateur or professional, in which the NCAA conducts a championship.

6. Which of the following is NOT true regarding artificial crowd noise? A. Items such as artificial noisemakers, air horns and electronic amplifiers, may not be part of artificial

crowd noise. B. Bands, or any component thereof, shall not play while the ball is live. C. All music, chants or crowd-cuing messages must stop when the batter steps into the batter’s box.

Audio may not be played in a manner that may incite spectators to react in a negative fashion to umpires’ decisions or to visiting players.


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D. The umpires have the authority to regulate and/or eliminate the artificial crowd noise in the event the umpire determines that it is interfering with the conduct of the game.

E. Conferences are encouraged to approve the crowd noise being used by its institutions. F. Artificial crowd noise is not permitted. Reference: 5.9.8; 5.11; Appendix G; A.R. 5-21 Artificial crowd noise is permitted during the 2021 softball season under certain stipulations.

7. Monitoring devices (e.g., glucose and heart monitors) required to be worn due to a medical condition

are permissible on the field. However, the device and information obtained from it can only be used for

medical reasons and not for coaching purposes. The device should be attached in a way that will not

interfere with play and, if possible, padded to protect not only the wearer but also her opponents.

Medical documentation requiring the need to wear the device should be available to the game umpires

and the opposing coach before each game.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 5.9.8; A.R. 5-23 Team personnel, including players, are prohibited from wearing any device capable of transmitting information while on the field (e.g., cell phone, smart watch, etc.). But this rule was not intended to prohibit the wearing of devices necessary due to a medical condition. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 1/2/2018.

8. “Clearly beaten by the throw” ONLY applies to obstruction for blocking the whole base or base path. It

does NOT apply to obstruction ruled for impeding the progress of a runner while the fielder is not in

possession of the ball or in the act of fielding a batted ball.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 9.5.1 Note 3; 9.5.7.8; A.R. 9-13 When Rule 9.5.1 was rewritten in the 2018-2019 rule book, a note was added saying, “The runner may still be called out if she was clearly beaten by the throw.” The intent of this was to allow for a caveat to obstruction being called if a defensive player is blocking the whole base/plate or base path without the ball and/or the runner does not have a clear path to the base/plate only. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 12/15/2017.

9. A runner who is obstructed sliding into a base cannot be tagged out if she overslides the base losing contact with it. The act of obstruction awards her this base. The oversliding is viewed as part of the runner’s action that was obstructed.

A. True B. False Reference: 9.5.3; A.R. 9-23 See A.R. 9-23. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 3/2/2018.

10. Attachments (e.g., screening, flags, pennants) are allowed on the foul side of the pole.

A. True

B. False


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Reference: Rule 2.16.3 This was a new rule for 2020. The foul side of the pole must not have anything which could distract the view of the umpire.

11. Offensive players are permitted to hang a towel from their pants while at bat or running the bases.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 3.1; A.R. 3-1 See A.R. 3-1 for explanation.

12. A player is not permitted to play while wearing visible undergarments which are yellow or gold. Visible

undergarments must contrast with the color of the ball.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 3.10.8; A.R. 3-24 See A.R. 3-24. New in 2020, undergarments must contrast with the color of the ball. Yellow and gold have been specifically designated as not allowed. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 9/11/2019.

13. (R3, 2 outs): The batter is in the batter's box with an inappropriate bat. She swings and misses at strike

three, but F2 does not catch the pitch and it rolls away. R3 scores. The batter/batter-runner safely

reaches 1B. Immediately after the safe call at 1B, F2 calls time to show the bat to the PU and it is

confirmed to be inappropriate. The bat is removed from the team’s possession and at the end of the

game the PU will submit an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor and

equipment consultant, but what is the ruling on this play on the field?

A. The batter/batter-runner is out and given an administrative ejection. R3's run does not score since

the third out was at 1B.

B. The batter/batter-runner is out and given a behavioral ejection. R3's run does not score since the

third out was at 1B.

C. The batter/batter-runner is out and given an administrative ejection. R3's run scores since the

batter-runner had obtained 1B and was later declared out.

D. The batter/batter-runner is out and given a behavioral ejection. R3's run scores since the batter-

runner had obtained 1B and was later declared out.

E. All play stands since it was a non-contacted pitch.

Reference: 3.4.1 EFFECT Exception; 11.11; A.R. 3-13 The effect for an inappropriate bat will always result in an administrative ejection to the batter who used it. But because the ball wasn’t batted advances are legal including, ironically, the advance to 1B by the batter on the dropped third strike.

14. (R2/R3, 0 outs): The batter uses an inappropriate bat and hits a fly ball caught by F8. R3 scores on the

sacrifice fly and R2 is thrown out at 3B. Immediately after the out, F2 calls time to show the bat to the

PU and it is confirmed to be inappropriate. The bat is removed from the team’s possession and at the

end of the game the PU will submit an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules

editor and equipment consultant, but what is the ruling on this play on the field?


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A. The batter is out and given an administrative ejection. R2 and R3 are returned to the bases

occupied at the time of the pitch.

B. The batter is out and given a behavioral ejection. R2 and R3 are returned to the bases occupied at

the time of the pitch.

C. The batter is out and given an administrative ejection. R2 remains out and R3 is returned to 3B.

D. The batter is out and given a behavioral ejection. R2 remains out and R3 is returned to 3B.

E. All play stands.

Reference: 3.4.1; A.R. 3-6 When the ball is batted using an inappropriate bat, base runners not put out on the batted ball are returned to the bases occupied at the time of the pitch, but base runners who are put out will remain out.

15. On a 2-1 pitch, the plate umpire calls a ball and gives the count as 3 balls and 1 strike. The defensive

coach thinks the count should be 2-2 since the batter swung and missed on the first two pitches, and

asks the plate umpire to confirm the count. During the crew discussion, a base umpire remembers the

batter swinging and missing at the first two pitches, but the plate umpire did not see one of them and

called it a ball. The plate umpire may NOT correct the count because a pitch had been thrown after the

missed swing.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 4.10, 7.3.3, 11.10; A.R. Ump-1 (4); 2021 CCA Manual p41 If there is a checked swing or full swing that is not ruled a strike, it must be appealed prior to the next pitch (legal or illegal). Once a pitch has been thrown, the call cannot be changed. This typically occurs with runners moving on the pitch. The plate umpire needs to give the count after steals, pick off attempts, checked swing requests, illegal pitches, timeouts, dead balls, and foul balls. The count needs to be given so both the offensive and defensive teams can hear and see it and make an appeal as necessary. This also allows the crew to be on the same page and make any corrections as needed. NOTE: If the plate umpire signals a swing and then forgets that it happened during the ensuing play, the count can be corrected any time during the at bat if another crew member knows that it was ruled a strike. See Q#16.

16. The plate umpire has an incorrect count. On what should be the 3-1 pitch, a ball is called but the batter

does not proceed to 1B. The next pitch is a foul ball. Before the seventh pitch, the offensive coach asks

the plate umpire to confirm the count and the crew determines the count is actually 4-2. The plate

umpire may correct the count and award the batter first base even though a pitch has been thrown after

the mistake.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 4.10.1; 7.3.3; 11.10; A.R. Ump-1 Since the batter has not completed her turn at bat, the umpire may correct the count. As opposed to the scenario in Q#15, this does not involve a pitch called a ball that should have been called a strike. See A.R. Ump-1 for a more complete display of possible scenarios regarding an incorrect count.


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17. (R1/R2/R3, 0 outs): The batter hits a ground ball back to the pitcher. The pitcher throws to home plate

for the force out of R3. Then F2 attempts a throw to first. The batter-runner is not running in the

runner’s lane and is hit by the throw, interfering with F3 taking the throw at 1B. What is the ruling?

A. The ball is dead at the time of the interference by the batter-runner and she is called out. Nullify

the out on R3 and return all base runners to the bases occupied at the time of the pitch.

B. The ball is dead at the time of the interference by the batter-runner and she is called out. The

out on R3 also stands. The remaining base runners R1 and R2 are returned to 1B and 2B which

are the bases they occupied at the time of the pitch.

C. The ball is dead at the time of the interference by the batter-runner and she is called out. The out

on R3 also stands. The remaining base runners R1 and R2 are returned to 2B and 3B which are the

bases they occupied at the time of the interference.

Reference: 4.10.5; 12.17.1.5.2; A.R. 12-48 A.R. 12-48 published 12/7/2020. Had there not been an out made on R3, all base runners would have been returned to the bases occupied at the time of the pitch. Since R3 was put out before the interference, it would advantage the offended team to put her back on 3B.

18. (R1): The batter hits a ground ball towards F4. R1 is obstructed by F3 who does not have a reasonable

chance to field the ball. The contact by F3 knocks R1 to the ground where she is unavoidably hit by the

batted ball as F4 is in position to field it. What is the ruling?

A. Interference by R1. An obstructed runner may not commit an act of interference.

B. Penalizing the offense would unfairly advantage the defense. The ball is dead at the time of the

apparent interference. The batter-runner is awarded first base and credited with a fielder’s

choice, and R1 is awarded 2B since she is forced to advance.

Reference: 4.10.5; 9.5.3.6; 9.5.7.3; 9.5.11; 12.12.7.1; 12.17.2.1.1; 14.6.1.5; A.R. 9-37 A.R. 9-37 published 12/7/2020. While it is true that an obstructed runner may be called out when she subsequently commits an act of interference, applying that effect here would advantage the offended team. The ball is still ruled dead on what appears to be interference, but the runner is not called out. Note, however, that if the action of the obstructed runner in this case were intentional, despite her having been knocked to the ground by obstruction she would still be charged with interference and called out.

19. The use of artificial noisemakers, musical instruments, air horns, and electronic amplifiers by student-

athletes and team personnel is prohibited in team areas. However, violations must be brought to the

attention of the umpire by the opposing coach in order for umpires to issue a team warning.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 5.11.2 This was a new rule for 2020. Artificial noisemaker use no longer needs to be brought to the attention

of the umpire by a coach. Umpires must enforce this on their own. First violation is a team warning

and subsequent violation(s) result in a behavioral ejection of the offender. Flagrant acts may be

penalized by an ejection without warning.

20. Players are banging bats and balls in the dugout. Choose the proper effect.


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A. Equipment misuse. When brought to the attention of the umpire by the opposing coach, the

umpire shall issue a warning to the offending head coach. Subsequent violation shall result in the

abused equipment being removed from the game (not returned to the dugout) and the ejection of

the head coach (Behavioral ejection).

B. Equipment misuse. The umpire shall issue a warning to the offending head coach. Subsequent

violation shall result in the abused equipment being removed from the game (not returned to the

dugout) and the ejection of the head coach (Behavioral ejection).

C. Artificial noisemakers use. When brought to the attention of the umpire by the opposing coach,

the umpire shall issue a team warning. Any subsequent violation by the same team shall result in a

behavioral ejection of the violator. If the umpire judges the act to be flagrant, the offender shall

be ejected without warning.

D. Artificial noisemakers use. The umpire shall issue a team warning. Any subsequent violation by

the same team shall result in a behavioral ejection of the violator. If the umpire judges the act to

be flagrant, the offender shall be ejected without warning.

E. No effect is applied.

Reference: 5.11.2; 13.6.2 This was a new rule for 2020. Use of equipment to make noise was reclassified from equipment misuse

to artificial noisemaker use. Also see Q#19.

21. All substitutes must be present, in uniform, in the dugout area, and available to play at the start of the

game in order to be listed on the lineup card.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 5.7 Note 2; A.R. 5-10 Substitutes must be listed on the lineup card, but are not required to be in uniform in the dugout area

and available to play at the start of the game.

22. If team personnel, including players, are wearing any device capable of transmitting information while

on the field (e.g., cell phone or smart watch), it must be brought to the attention of the umpire by a

coach for the umpire to issue a warning to the violator(s) and their head coach.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 5.9.8 Violation of this rule must still be brought to the attention of the umpire by a coach.

23. By rule, an umpire should not temporarily suspend play at the request of players or coaches until all action in progress has been completed and the ball is in the circle.

A. True B. False Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p45; 6.11.3.1; 6.11.3.3 It is not required by rule that the ball be in the circle for an umpire to grant a team time. Umpires routinely call time for a wet ball once it is returned to the infield - it need not be in the pitcher’s possession in the circle. Certainly, more discretion should be used when the defense requests time and


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there are runners as the offensive team could look to take advantage of the look back rule. If the offensive team requests time, they have essentially indicated they intend to conclude action.

24. The defensive head coach comes onto the field to speak to an umpire about the application of a rule.

The defensive pitching coach goes to the circle to speak with the pitcher and returns to the dugout before the head coach's discussion is finished. The defensive team is not charged with a conference in this situation.

A. True B. False Reference: 6.12.4; A.R. 6-28 The offense could hold an uncharged conference in this case (runners are restricted to their bases), but because the defense is holding up the game to have a rule discussion with the umpire, they are not allowed to have an uncharged conference.

25. During an offensive conference, the pitcher plays catch with the shortstop, throwing the ball underhand.

She is ready to play when the offense and umpires are ready. This is legal. A. True B. False Reference: 6.12; 10.19.1; A.R. 6-20 The pitcher could not, however, throw warm-up pitches to home in this circumstance.

26. A drop-dead or no new inning time must be decided at the pregame meeting, and only applies to air

travel. A. True B. False Reference: 6.17.4; A.R. 6-37 There are no other circumstances in which a drop dead time or no new inning time can be decided.

27. (R1/R2, 1 out): The batter grounds to F3 who immediately steps on 1B and then throws to F6 in an

attempt to make a play on R1 who has not yet reached 2B. The throw goes over F6's head into LF. R2

touches 3B and home. R1 misses 2B and arrives safely at 3B. Then the defense properly appeals that R1

missed 2B, and she is called out for the third out. Does R2's run count?

A. No, R2's run does not count. The appeal of R1 missing 2B is the third out of the inning at a forced

base.

B. Yes, R2 scores on a timing play. R1 missed a base to which she was not forced.

Reference: 6.2.3; 7.1.1.2.7; A.R. 7-4 F3 stepping on 1B removed the force on R1 at 2B.

28. (R1/R2/R3, 2 outs, Bottom 7): The game is tied. The batter walks. R3 touches home but R1 joins the

celebration and does not touch 2B. Which of the following are true?

A. If R1 is declared out for abandonment it is a timing play, and if R3 had touched home plate before

R1 is declared out, the run would score.

B. If the defense appeals that R1 did not touch the base to which she was forced, R1 is declared out

and R3's run does not count.

C. A and B


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Reference: 6.2.3.1; 12.12.2.1; A.R. 12-28 No run shall be scored if the third out of an inning is the result of a base runner being forced out. After

the base on balls, R1 must advance to 2B with no liability to be put out.

29. (R1/R2/R3, 2 outs): The batter gets a base hit to the outfield that scores R3 and R2. R1 misses 2B and

heads towards 3B. After R3 and R2 have touched home, R1 is thrown out at 3B for the third out. The

defense immediately appeals R1 missing 2B. How should the umpires rule?

A. R1 is called out for missing 2nd base. Because it is a force out which would have been the 3rd

out, R3's and R2's runs do not count.

B. R1 is called out for missing 2nd. R3 and R2 score because it is a timing play.

C. The appeal at 2B is not allowed since it was made after the third out of the inning. R3's and R2's

runs count.

Reference: 6.2.3.1; 6.2.4; 7.1.1.2.7; A.R. 6-5 At the time R1 misses 2B, it is a forced base. Therefore the timing of the appeal does not matter.

When R1 is called out for missing 2B, it is a force out and no run shall be scored if the third out of an

inning, or in this case the fourth out, is the result of a force out.

30. (R1/R2/R3, 1 out): The batter hits a ground ball to F5, who fields the ball, steps on 3B for the 2nd out,

then overthrows 1B in her attempt to complete the double play. The ball deflects off the wall and rolls

into RF foul territory still in play. R3 scores. R1 misses 2B on her way to 3B. The batter runner ends up at

2B. After the ball is returned to the infield the defense appeals R1 missing 2B, and she is called out for

the 3rd out. Does R3's run count?

A. No, R3's run does not count. The appeal of R1 missing 2B is the third out of the inning at a forced

base.

B. Yes, R3's run counts because the appeal of R1 missing 2B is a timing play.

Reference: 6.2.3.1; 7.1.1.2.7 Similar to Q#29, at the time R1 misses 2B it is a forced base no run shall be scored if the third out of an

inning is the result of a force out.

31. (R1/R3, 1 out): On a base hit, R3 scores. R1 misses 2B and arrives safely at 3B. The batter-runner misses

1B and arrives safely at 2B. The defense appeals the batter-runner missing 1B for the second out,

followed by an appeal of R1 missing 2B for the third out. Which of these explains what happens with

R3's run and why?

A. R3's run scores because this is a timing play. All appeals not made prior to a runner touching home

are timing plays.

B. R3's run scores on a timing play. When the batter runner is called out on appeal for missing 1st

base before R1 is called out on appeal for missing 2B, it removes the force on R1 at 2B.

C. R3's run does not score. R1 and the batter runner were forced at the moment the bases were

missed. No run shall be scored if the third out of an inning is the result of a force out. The order

of the appeals does not matter.

Reference: 6.2.3.1; 7.1.1.2.7; 12.10.1; A.R. 7-2 Similar to Q#29..


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32. (R2, 2 outs): The batter singles to centerfield. The throw to home plate is cut off and relayed to 2B and a

tag applied to the batter-runner. R2 missed home plate just before the 3rd out on the batter-runner at

2B. Choose the correct answer regarding the scoring of R2's run.

A. R2's run scores on the timing play in all circumstances.

B. R2's run scores on the timing play if there is no appeal or no attempt by R2 to return to touch

home plate.

C. If R2 returns to touch home plate, the run does not score because the third out (at 2B) preceded

R2 touching home.

D. B and C

Reference: 6.2.3.2; 12.10.11; 12.10.12.1; A.R. 12-22 If she returns and touches home plate, the time is established upon contact with home plate. If she does not return, the time is established at the time she passes home plate.

33. Between half innings and during pitching changes the batter due up first may only take warm-up swings

in foul territory closest to her dugout, provided she is outside the batter’s box.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 6.5.4.1 The batter may take warm-up swings from either side (she is allowed to “cross over”), as long as she is in foul territory and the umpire does not consider her too close to the home plate area. The on-deck batter is restricted to her team’s side of home plate.

34. If using the media format, each team is allowed one charged conference per half inning for each extra

inning. Once the defense uses its conference in an extra inning, they are not allowed an additional

conference for each pitcher entered into the pitching position who has not yet pitched in that inning.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 6.7.2; 1.12.3; A.R. 6-16 When using Media Format, Rule 6.12 applies in regulation innings provided the total number of conferences does not exceed seven (7). Once in extra innings, each team is only allowed one (1) charged conference per half-inning (one in its offensive half and one in its defensive half). NOTE: The aspects of Rule 6.12 which govern how umpires adjudicate what is and what is not a charged conference are the same in regulation and extra innings.

35. (R3, 2 outs): On a ground ball to 1B, the batter runner successfully and legally avoids the tag of F3 but

misses first base as a result. Her momentum takes her a few steps past 1B. Meanwhile, R3 touches home

plate. F3 then tags the batter runner on a successful appeal for missing 1B. Does R3's run score?

A. No, the batter-runner was out on an appeal of missing first base; it is a force out.

B. Yes, the batter runner is considered to have touched the base at the time she passes it, which

makes this a timing play.

Reference: 7.1.1.2.5b; 6.2.3.1; A.R. 7-5 The batter-runner is considered to have touched first base unless an appeal play is made before she returns to it. Compare this with Q#32 where there is no appeal made. In that question, the runner sets the timing by touching, or by passing if she doesn’t return to touch. In this question, had the batter-


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runner returned to touch first base prior to the appeal, or if there had been no appeal at all, the run would have counted.

36. (R2, 1 out): R2 (#44) leaves 2B too soon on a caught fly ball to LF. F7 attempts to throw #44 out at 3B.

The ball is thrown offline, enters the dugout untouched, and the umpire rules the ball dead and

suspends play while #44 is standing on 3B. The umpire awards #44 home. The base coach, who suspects

#44 had left 2B too soon, first instructs her to return to touch 2B, then proceed to touch 3B and home.

Immediately after #44 touches home, the defense appeals her leaving 2B before the caught fly ball was

first touched. What is the ruling?

A. #44 is ruled out on the dead ball appeal.

B. #44 is ruled safe. She had returned to touch the base left too soon, then properly touched her

awarded bases.

C. #44 is ruled safe. The defense must wait until the umpire places a new ball in the game before

making a dead-ball appeal.

Reference: 7.1.4.3; 7.1.2.2.3; 12.10.16.3 A runner may not return to touch a base left before a fly ball was first touched when she is standing on a base beyond the base she left too soon, and the umpire suspends play. The defense allowed the runner to complete her base running responsibilities and then properly made a dead ball appeal.

37. The batter hits a ground ball towards F5. The ball hits F5's glove directly over the foul line between

home and 3B, then deflects into dead ball territory. The PU calls the ball foul. The offensive coach

believes the batted ball was fair and asks the PU to confer with U3. Which of the following scenarios is

true?

A. This situation is not able to be corrected regardless of additional information that might be

provided to the PU, since a foul ball cannot be made fair.

B. The crew will get together. If another umpire can provide information that the ball was first

touched over fair territory, the call is corrected and a ground-rule double is awarded.

C. The crew can get together as a courtesy but they should stick with the PU's call to avoid

embarrassing that umpire.

Reference: 7.3.5; 11.4.1; 11.5.2; 12.12.3.4; 2.14; A.R. Ump-11; 2021 CCA Manual 6.15.7 pp49-50 Since the correction of this foul ball call results in a dead-ball award, it is specifically allowed by rule to be changed.

38. (R1, 0 out): The batter hits a line-drive to F6 which is caught. F6 throws to F3 in a live-ball appeal

attempt on R1 who was leading off 1B. The thrown ball is caught by F3 but it pulls her away from and off

1B. As F3 tries to tag R1, the ball comes out of F3's glove and enters the dugout. U1 awards 3B to R1. The

offensive coach substitutes for the upcoming batter. Then the crew gets together to discuss the

placement of R1 at 3B. Which of the following scenarios is true?

A. R3 remains at 3B.

B. R3 is awarded 2B. If the offensive coach wants to retract the substitution based on the umpire’s

mistake on the base award, the coach may do so.

C. R3 is awarded 2B. However, if the offensive coach wants to retract the substitution based on the

umpire’s mistake on the base award, it is not allowed.

Reference: 7.3.5; 12.12.7.4; A.R. Ump-9


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This is covered in A.R. Ump-9. Note: This is not an overthrow. The ball was first caught by F3, then lost.

39. (R1, 1 out, 1-1 count): R1 attempts to steal 2B. F2 throws to F4 who tags R1 as she slides into 2B but the

ball is not securely held and comes loose. U3 does not see this and calls R1 out. F4 scoops up the ball

quickly and tags R1 who is now off 2B heading toward her dugout, believing she was put out. U1 is 100%

certain the ball was dropped after the tag. Which of the following is true?

A. Since the ball was not securely held and was dropped after the tag, R1 is not out on the initial

tag. U1 should approach U3 unsolicited (and ideally should include the PU) and alert U3 that the

ball was not securely held. Since the reversal of U3's decision placed R1 in jeopardy of being

tagged while off a base, she is awarded 2B.

B. Even though the initial tag was dropped, R1 is responsible for knowing she is not out. When the

secondary tag is applied, R1 is legally tagged out.

Reference: 7.3.5; 12.9.1.1.1; 12.11.4; 2021 CCA Manual 6.15 #3e & 3k

This is a scenario where a partner who is 100% certain they have information should approach a

partner unsolicited.

40. In the 3rd inning the offensive coach has the Flex run for the DP. This counts as a substitution for the DP,

but not for the Flex.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 8.2.4; A.R. 8-8

The player(s) in the DP spot is charged with a substitution when she is withdrawn from the batting

order. As long as the Flex continues to play defense, she is not charged with a substitution.

41. During the course of the game, the Flex has entered the batting order for the starting DP twice to run

the bases. Substitutes are available on the bench, but since the starting DP is not eligible to re-enter the

game, the DP option is no longer allowed and the Flex must stay in the batting order. The team may not

return to 10 players in the lineup.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 8.2.5.2.1; A.R. 8-5

The player in the Flex position may move into the DP spot any number of times. As long as there are

eligible subs to enter the game as the DP, the lineup may return to 10 players every time.

42. The defensive head coach notifies the plate umpire that the DP (#3) will pitch for the Flex (#10), reducing

the number of players in the lineup to nine. Later in the game, that coach wants to enter a substitute

(#11) into the Flex position and have her pitch, increasing the number of players in the lineup to ten.

The DP (#3) will return to playing offense only. The umpire allows the change without first re-entering

the starting Flex (#10).

A. True

B. False

Reference: 8.2.9.3; A.R. 8-6


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If the Flex spot is inactive and there are nine players participating in the game, a substitute may be

entered in the 10th spot without first reentering the starting Flex player.

43. The offensive coach reports #4 for #21 pinch running at 2B. The PU records the change but mistakenly

does not confirm that #4 is actually the player sent to 2B. After a pitch is thrown to the next batter and

with the pinch runner still on 2B, the defensive coach reports to the PU that the pinch runner at 2B is #6.

The PU sees that there is no #6 listed anywhere on the line-up card. The offensive coach confirms that #6

Jane Smith is the pinch runner, but is listed on the lineup card as #4 Jane Smith. How should the PU rule?

A. "No pitch" is declared. Player #6 is out and administratively ejected.

B. Player #6 is out and administratively ejected.

C. "No pitch" is declared. Player #6 is out and declared officially in the game. The lineup card shall be

corrected.

D. Player #6 is out and declared officially in the game. The lineup card shall be corrected.

E. The lineup card shall be corrected and there is no penalty.

Reference: 8.3.2 Note; 8.3.2(g); A.R. 8-13

A player’s name supersedes a listed uniform number. Jane Smith is the pinch runner, she is listed on

the line-up card, but with an incorrect number. This is an inaccurate lineup card. Because the pinch

runner has not advanced, the error is correctable without penalty.

44. A starter is wearing uniform number 7 and is listed correctly in the hand written lineup, but is listed as

number 18 in the pre-printed roster on the bottom of the card. After she makes a play on defense, and

before the next pitch, the offensive coach reports to the PU that the player is listed as number 18 but is

wearing number 7. How should the PU rule?

A. A correction to the pre-printed roster would be made but no other action is taken.

B. The offensive coach shall have the option to nullify the play or take the results of the play and

disregard the violation.

Reference: 8.3.2; 5.7.3; A.R. 8-10

The starting lineup (the batting order and Flex if applicable), whether hand-written or preprinted,

takes precedence over the preprinted roster at the bottom of most lineup cards. However, substitutes

on the preprinted roster must have the correct number.

45. In the fifth inning, #11 leads off with a double. The next batter, #22 receives a walk. The following

batter, #33, has a 2-1 count when a wild pitch is thrown. #11 and #22 each advance one base. Before the

next pitch, the defensive coach appeals that #11 is an unreported re-entry. Which of the following is

true?

A. “No pitch” is declared. #11 shall be called out and declared officially in the game. All other play is

nullified.

B. #11 shall be called out and declared officially in the game. All other play stands.

C. #11 is declared officially in the game, and all play will stand.

Reference: 8.3.3.3.3

When the unreported/misreported player has completed her turn at bat and a pitch (or many pitches)

has been thrown legally or illegally to the next batter(s), if reported to the umpire by the opposing

team, the unreported sub is declared out if on base and declared in the game.


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46. (R2, 0 outs): The batter, #43, hits a double scoring R2. The ball is returned to the pitcher who takes the

pitch signal while not in the proper pitching position. PU calls an illegal pitch. The defensive coach calls

time and informs the PU that #43 is an unreported player. The PU declares #43 officially in the game.

How should the results of #43's batted ball be treated?

A. Player #43 is called out. R2 is returned to 2B. The illegal pitch is ignored.

B. Player #43 is called out. R2 is returned to 2B. The batter is awarded a ball on the illegal pitch.

C. Player #43 is called out. R2's run counts. The illegal pitch is ignored.

D. Player #43 is called out. R2's run counts. The batter is awarded a ball on the illegal pitch.

E. Player #43 remains at 2B. R2's run counts. The illegal pitch is ignored.

F. Player #43 remains at 2B. R2's run counts. The batter is awarded a ball on the illegal pitch.

Reference: 8.3.3.3.3; 10.8; 10.11

The unreported player completed her turn at bat and an illegal pitch occurred prior to the opposing

team’s challenge. The unreported player is out if on base and declared in the game, but all other play

stands. A pitch need not be thrown for it to be illegal.

47. In the top of the 8th inning using the tie-breaker rule, #22 is an unreported sub placed as the runner on

2B. The first batter of the inning, #55, contacts a 2-0 pitch and is put out on a ground ball to shortstop.

#22 remains at 2B. Before the next pitch, the defensive coach appeals #22 as unreported. Which of the

following is true?

A. “No pitch” is declared. #22 is called out and declared officially in the game. #55 is returned to

bat with a count of 2-0.

B. #22 is called out and declared officially in the game. #55 remains out. 2 outs are obtained on this

play.

C. #22 is declared officially in the game and remains at 2B. #55 remains out. 1 out.

Reference: 8.3.3.4.1

The unreported player is the base runner placed on second base in the tiebreaker, and a pitch has

been thrown. She is on her original base when the violation is reported. Since the effect includes “No

pitch”, #55 cannot remain out. This is not a situation where imposing an effect for an infraction

advantages the offending team (Rule 4.10.5). The challenge made by the defensive coach is that #22 is

unreported. As a result, #22 is called out which is the proper effect. The timing of when the coach

chooses to report this would not invoke 4.10.5.

48. In the top of the 4th inning, the defensive head coach does not report substitute #33 pitching. The

pitcher throws three pitches to the leadoff batter who swings and misses at all three for a strikeout.

Before the first pitch to the next batter, the offensive coach reports to the plate umpire that #33 is an

unreported substitute. How should the umpire rule?

A. The unreported player (#33) is declared officially in the game, and all play will stand.

B. The unreported player (#33) is declared officially in the game. The offensive team has the option

of taking the result of the play or having the leadoff batter return and assume a count of 0-2.

Reference: 8.3.3.5.1; 8.3.3 Note 3; 1.18.1

The unreported player is the pitcher and each time she throws a pitch she is making a play.

49. (R3, 1 out, 1-1 count): F7 #24 catches a batted fly ball, and R3 legally tags up and attempts to score. R3 is

put out on the throw from #24 (F7 to F2). Before the next pitch, the offensive coach reports to the plate


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umpire that #24 is not on the opposing team's line-up card and also was not reported as a substitute.

The PU confirms both of these things to be true. The offensive coach does not want the result of the

play. How should the umpire rule?

A. Inaccurate Lineup Card. The batter returns and assumes a 1-1 count. No out is recorded on the

play. The line-up card is corrected. R3 is returned to 3B.

B. Unreported Player. The batter returns and assumes a 1-1 count. No out is recorded on the play.

The line-up card is corrected and #24 is declared officially in the game. R3 is returned to 3B.

C. Illegal Player. The batter returns and assumes a 1-1 count. No out is recorded on the play. #24 is

administratively ejected. R3 is returned to 3B.

D. Illegal Player. The batter returns and assumes a 1-1 count. No out is recorded on the play. #24 is

administratively ejected. R3 is awarded home.

E. The line-up card is corrected and all play stands. Defensive changes do not need to be reported.

Reference: 8.3.4.1.4; 8.3.4.2.4; 8.3.3 Note 1; 1.18.1

Player #24 is unreported, but also is an illegal player since she is not listed on the lineup card. If an

unreported player is also an illegal player, the penalty for an illegal player applies.

50. (R3, 1 out): The batter hits a sacrifice fly which is caught for the second out. R3 leaves early and

apparently scores. The offensive coach enters a pinch hitter. The defensive coach then successfully

appeals that R3 left early and she is called out ending the half inning. The offensive coach now doesn't

want the pinch hitter since they are going on defense. The umpire allows the offensive coach to rescind

the substitution.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 8.5.1.2; A.R. 8-25

See A.R. 8-25 for explanation.

51. A fielder makes a diving catch and immediately lifts her glove in the air over her head to show the

umpire that she has possession of the ball. The ball comes out of her glove and lands on the ground.

Which of the following is true?

A. The umpire can judge that the player has completed the catch because the ball landed on the

ground as a result of a secondary move and not as part of the action of the catch.

B. This would never be ruled a catch since release was not voluntary.

Reference: 9.2.1, A.R. 9-2


52. A defensive player who is in the act of catching a thrown ball, but who does not yet have possession of

it, is allowed to impede the progress of a runner who is legally running the bases on a live ball, as long as

the defensive player is not blocking the whole base/plate or base path.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 9.5.1

When Rule 9.5.1 was rewritten in the 2018-2019 rule book, obstruction for blocking the whole

base/plate or base path without the ball was added, but no change was made that would allow a


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defensive player not in possession of the ball nor fielding a batted ball to impede the legal progress of

a runner.

53. In the 1st inning, F3 (#10) is issued a warning for returning obstruction and her head coach is notified.

Later in the game, F3 (#10) impedes the progress of R1 legally leading off 1B on the release of a 1-0

count pitch. The pitch is called a ball, and F2 attempts a pick-off on R1 where F3 (#10) tags R1 out. What

is the correct ruling?

A. "No pitch" is declared. R1 is awarded 1B.

B. "No pitch" is declared. R1 is awarded 2B.

C. The ball is dead at the time of the apparent putout. R1 is awarded 1B. The count is 2-0.

D. The ball is dead at the time of the apparent putout. R1 is awarded 2B. The count is 2-0.

Reference: 9.5.1; 9.5.3.8; 9.5.7

This base runner cannot be called out between the two bases where she was obstructed. When #10

obstructs the base runner leading off after #10 had already been warned for returning obstruction, she

commits a second violation of the same rule (9.5.3.8 which combines leading and returning in the

same rule), resulting in a one-base award to the obstructed base runner.

54. (R3): On a batted ball to shortstop, F2, who is not in possession of the ball, obstructs R3 advancing

towards home. Before the throw from F6 is even close to F2, R3 remains on her feet and with excessive

(flagrant) force collides into F2. Choose the correct ruling.

A. The ball is dead, R3 is called out for deliberately crashing into F2 and issued a behavioral ejection.

B. The ball remains live. At the conclusion of the play R3 is called out for deliberately crashing into F2

and issued a behavioral ejection.

C. The ball is dead, R3 is safe on the obstruction and is issued a behavioral ejection. The run scores.

Reference: 9.5.3 The key to this question is that the fielder is not holding the ball.

55. On a ground-ball to F6, her errant throw to 1B pulls F3 up the line (toward home plate). F3, who is not in

possession of the ball but is attempting to catch the throw, makes contact with the batter runner who is

in the runner's lane and has not yet reached 1B. This is obstruction.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 9.5.3.1; 12.13.3; A.R. 12-31


56. Early in the game on a fly ball to right field which is eventually caught, the batter-runner rounding 1B is

obstructed by F3, #14. A warning for rounding obstruction is issued to #14, and her head coach is

notified. Later in the game, #14 again obstructs the batter-runner rounding first on a caught fly ball to

center field. What is the ruling?

A. The batter runner remains out on the caught fly ball.

B. The batter runner is awarded 1B.

C. The batter runner is awarded 2B.

Reference: 9.5.3.7, 1.5, 4.10.4.2; 9.5.7.7; A.R. 9-29


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See A.R. 9-29 published 12/7/2020 for explanation.

57. The first batter of the game hits a fly ball to deep right field near the foul line. As she is rounding first

base, she is obstructed by F3, #34. The batted ball is not caught and lands foul. Is a rounding obstruction

warning issued to F3, #34 and her coach notified?

A. Yes

B. No

Reference: 9.5.3.7; A.R. 9-30

A fielder shall not obstruct a runner rounding a base at any time. So although the ball ended up being

an uncaught foul ball, there is still a warning given. Note as in Q#56 that if the batted ball had been

caught, the batter runner would be out even if obstructed while rounding first base, regardless of

whether or not the fielder had previously been warned for it.

58. On an attempted pickoff, if a defensive player obstructs the base runner returning to the base, choose

the correct interpretation of Rule 9.5.3.8?

A. If the defensive player is making a play on the returning base runner and obstructs her, the

defensive player will still be charged with obstruction, but will not be given a warning for

violation of Rule 9.5.3.8.

B. If the defensive player is making a play on the returning base runner and obstructs her, the umpire

may choose whether or not to charge the defensive player with obstruction and issue a warning.

Reference: 9.5.3.8; A.R. 9-33

See A.R. 9-33 published 12/7/2020 to clarify rule 9.5.3.8 and to help alleviate possible confusion based

on the use of the word “may” in the rule.

59. A runner is advancing toward home and there is a play at the plate. F2 drops the thrown ball. She picks up the ball in her bare hand and shoves the runner with her glove to prevent the runner from touching home plate. What is the ruling?

A. Obstruction. Delayed dead ball is signaled. If the runner is tagged out, the ball is declared dead. At the conclusion of the play the runner is awarded home. In addition, the umpire shall issue a warning to F2 and notify her coach. Subsequent violation of the same rule by F2 shall result in a one-base award to the obstructed runner and each other runner forced to advance.

B. Obstruction. Delayed dead ball is signaled. If the runner is tagged out, the ball is declared dead. At the conclusion of the play the runner is awarded home.

C. Legal play. The runner is out and the ball remains live. Reference: 9.5.3.9; A.R. 9-35 See A.R. 9-35. The spirit and intent of rule 9.5.3.9 also applies to the situation described in this question. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 4/2/2018.

60. (R1): On a base hit into the gap, R1 is obstructed by F4 and falls to the ground. The batter runner passes R1 and arrives at 2B for a stand-up double before the ball is returned to the infield. R1 then also arrives at 2B. When the ball is returned to the infield, F6 tags both runners who are standing on 2B. What is the ruling?

A. When the batter runner is tagged, the ball is declared dead. R1 is awarded 3B and the batter runner remains at 2B.


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B. When the batter runner is tagged, the ball is declared dead. R1 is awarded 2B and the batter runner is returned to 1B.

C. The batter runner is out when she passes R1 and the ball remains live. At the conclusion of the play, the ball is declared dead and R1 is awarded 3B.

D. The batter runner is out when she passes R1 and the ball remains live. At the conclusion of the play, the ball is declared dead and R1 is awarded 2B.

E. When R1 is tagged, the ball is declared dead. R1 is awarded 3B and the batter runner remains at 2B.

F. When R1 is tagged, the ball is declared dead. R1 is awarded 2B and the batter runner is returned to 1B.

Reference: 9.5.3; 12.4.3 exception (1) and Note 2 If an obstructed player does not reach the base she would have had there been no obstruction, she is awarded the appropriate base(s) at the end of playing action. If the BR is able to reach 2B for a stand up double before the ball is even thrown to the infield, R1 would have reached at least 3B. Not included in the possible answer choices is awarding R1 home, which could be a possible outcome of this play depending on umpire judgement, and permissible by rule but less likely. As to the BR passing R1, the obstruction of R1 allows her to be passed by other runners. Runners are returned to proper order as soon as the ball is declared dead. The ball becomes dead when the BR is tagged. Since R1 is forced to advance to 2B, she retains the right to that base until she touches the next base, which she did not do. NOTE: R1 would need to touch 2B on her way to the dead ball award of 3B (Rule 12.10.1).

61. (R1/R2, 0 outs): The batter grounds to F3 who immediately steps on 1B for the force out then throws to F5. R2 gets caught in a rundown between 2B and 3B as R1 advances from 1B to 2B and is standing on 2B. F4 is blocking 2B without possession of the ball and the umpire rules obstruction as R2 attempts to dive back into 2B where she is tagged before reaching it. What is the correct ruling?

A. The ball becomes dead when R2 is tagged. R2 is awarded 2B and R1 is returned to 1B. B. The ball becomes dead when R2 is tagged. R2 is awarded 3B and R1 is awarded 2B. Reference: 9.5.3; 9.5.9; 12.15 The base R2 would have made without obstruction is 2B. Because a trailing runner (R1) is on that base, she is returned to the preceding base since she was not forced to advance (the batter-runner had already been put out at 1B).

62. (R2, no outs): R2 leaves 2B too soon on a caught fly ball. As the defense is making a live ball appeal at 2B, R2 is obstructed while returning to 2B to attempt to tag up. What is the ruling?

A. If R2 would not have returned safely to 2B before the throw arrived, she would remain out. B. R2 is protected between the two bases where she was obstructed even if she is attempting to

return to tag. Reference: 9.5.7.2; A.R. 9-38 See Q #63 and Q #64.

63. (R2, no outs): R2, who left 2B too soon on a touched fly ball, is advancing toward 3B when she is obstructed. R2 attempts to return to 2B to tag up but an appeal is made in advance of her return. What is the ruling?

A. If R2 would not have returned safely to 2B before the throw arrived, she would remain out. B. R2 is protected between the two bases where she was obstructed even if she is attempting to

return to tag.


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Reference: 9.5.7.5; A.R. 9-39 See Q #62 and Q #64.

64. (R2, no outs): R2 leaves 2B too soon on a caught fly ball and is obstructed advancing toward 3B. R2 arrives safely at 3B and remains standing there. The defense calls time and makes a dead ball appeal at 2B for R2 leaving before the fly ball was first touched with R2 still standing on 3B. What is the ruling?

A. R2 is called out on the dead ball appeal. She was not attempting to return to tag up. B. R2 is protected between the two bases where she was obstructed. She remains at 3B. Reference: 9.5.7.5; 7.1.4.3 Along with Q #62 and Q #63, these are challenging questions and associated A.R.s. 1) Q #62: In general, an obstructed runner may not be called out between the two bases where she

was obstructed unless certain things occur. One is “when another violation is being played upon” (Rule 9.5.7.2). In Q#62, R2 has left 2B early on a caught fly ball (a violation) and that violation is being played upon by the defense (the live ball appeal at 2B). If she would have been out even if not obstructed, she would remain out. (Note that per Rule 9.5.3.8, a warning for returning obstruction is not issued since a play is being made.)

2) In Q#63, at the time R2 is obstructed a violation is not being played upon. She could conceivably advance or even score, and without an appeal made by the defense her advance would be legal. In Q #63 and in A.R. 9-39 R2 is being described as returning to attempt to tag and she is ruled safe on the obstruction.

3) In Q #64 however, unlike in the other two questions, she advanced a base(s) and did not attempt to return. When play was suspended, she was standing on a base beyond the one which she left too soon. She is therefore liable to be called out on proper appeal.

65. The batter hits a pop up to F4 and is obstructed running to 1B by F2. The batted ball is caught by F4 for an out. The umpire negates the out and awards the batter runner 1B on the obstruction by F2.

A. True B. False Reference: 9.5.7.7 This is another exception to the general principle that an obstructed runner may not be called out between the two bases where she was obstructed.

66. On a batted ball to the infield, the fielder contacts the base umpire and it prevents the fielder from making the play she had a reasonable chance to make. This is umpire interference. The ball is dead. The batter-runner is awarded first base. If forced, each base runner advances one base with no liability to be put out. If not forced, each base runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

A. True B. False Reference: 9.6.1.3 Note There is no interference called on contact between an umpire and a fielder on a batted ball. The ball remains live.

67. On a base hit to right field, the umpire makes contact with the batter runner as she is between 1B and 2B. The batter runner is thrown out on a close play at 2B. The umpire declares the ball dead on the apparent putout and awards the batter runner 2B, which is the base she should have received had there not been obstruction.

A. True


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B. False Reference: 9.6.1.3 Note; 9.5; A.R. 9-11 There is no obstruction called on contact between an umpire and a runner. The ball remains live.

68. (R1/R3, 1-1 count): On the pitch, R1 attempts to steal and the pitch is called a ball. The plate umpire interferes with F2's attempt to throw R1 out at 2B. R1 stops running and F6, who caught the thrown ball, begins to chase R1 back towards 1B. R3 breaks for home. Which of the following is/are true?

A. The ball remains live until the conclusion of the play. The umpire allows the result of the play to stand.

B. The ball is dead immediately when R1 is not out on the initial throw by F2. C. R1 is returned to 1B and R3 is returned to 3B. "No pitch" is declared. D. R1 is returned to 1B and R3 is returned to 3B. The count will be 2-1. E. B and C F. B and D Reference: 9.6.1.3; A.R. 9-43 If R1 had been out on the catcher’s initial throw, the ball would have remained live with no umpire interference. But once a rundown or some other action starts, the ball is dead and base runners are returned to the bases occupied at the time of the pitch. Also, since the interference happened after the pitch crossed the plate, the call on the pitch stands – in this case a ball.

69. The pitcher is in the proper pitching position required for a legal pitch. She has both feet in contact with the pitcher's plate. After taking the signal, she slides her stride foot in any direction but maintains contact with the pitcher's plate, before taking her forward step with it to start the pitching motion. This is legal.

A. True B. False Reference: 10.1.1; 10.2.1.2; 10.5.1; 10.5.2; A.R. 10-2 See A.R. 10-2. When the 2020-2021 Rule Book was published, only stepping back farther to increase the distance behind the pitcher’s plate was included. This approved ruling (now A.R. 10-2) was first issued on Arbiter on 10/21/2019 and clarified that once the pitcher takes the proper pitching position required and takes the signal, she may not move her stride foot in any direction, whether it is in contact with the pitching plate or not. Note: Once the pitcher has established her stride foot, simply dropping or rocking onto her heel is not a violation.

70. The pitcher has her pivot foot in contact with and her stride foot outside the 24-inch length of the pitcher’s plate and looks at her signal arm band or to the catcher who, by her hand/arm movements, apparently gives the pitcher the signal. This is an illegal pitch.

A. True B. False Reference: 10.1; 10.2; A.R. 10-1 The pitcher must be in the proper pitching position in order to take the signal.

71. A pitcher wants to call her own game and give, rather than take, the signal. Provided the pitcher complies with all aspects of Rules 10.1 and 10.2, this is allowed.

A. True B. False


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Reference: 10.1; 10.2; A.R. 10-5 See A.R. 10-5 published 12/7/2020.

72. The pitcher is in the proper pitching position required for a legal pitch. Her stride foot is behind the pitcher's plate. After taking the signal, she slides her stride foot forward to be in contact with the pitcher's plate and bring her hands together. Her catcher then calls "time" and the plate umpire grants it to her. Choose the correct answer.

A. There has been no violation on this play. B. The pitcher's footwork is illegal, but because the pitch did not officially begin, no illegal pitch is

called. The time out called by the catcher avoids an illegal pitch. C. Illegal pitch. Reference: 10.2.1.2; 10.8 An illegal pitch does not have to be thrown in order to apply the effect. Note that a pitcher may legally discontinue a pitch and remove herself from the pitching position by stepping backward before the start of the pitch. Umpires should continue to be patient before calling an illegal pitch when a pitcher steps backward.

73. The coach gives visual or verbal pitch signals while the pitcher is not in the pitching position (e.g., giving numbers or physical signs). Subsequently, the pitcher assumes the proper pitching position and looks at her signal arm band or the catcher to take or appear to take the signal. This is legal.

A. True B. False Reference: 10.2.2; A.R. 10-3 See A.R. 10-3 for explanation.

74. The coach or catcher is giving defensive signals to the infield while the pitcher is not in the pitching position. Is this legal?

A. Yes B. No Reference: 10.2.2; A.R. 10-4 See A.R. 10-4 for explanation.

75. A pitcher taking a defensive signal from a coach or catcher prior to stepping on the pitcher’s plate is allowed. However, the pitcher may not look at the signal arm band until she is in the pitching position.


76. (No runners, 0-0 count): The pitcher throws an illegal pitch. The batter hits the ball to the outfield and misses 1B or her way safely into 2B. The defense immediately completes a live ball appeal and the umpire calls the batter runner out for missing 1B. What is true about the illegal pitch effect?

A. The offensive team may choose either the result of the play, or the out is nullified and the batter is returned to bat with a 1-0 count.

B. The illegal pitch is cancelled and the out stands.


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Reference: 10.8; 7.1.1.2.5; 12.10.11 Once a runner has passed a base, she is considered to have reached the base, even if she missed it. Therefore the illegal pitch is cancelled since the batter reached first base safely.

77. A pitcher is not restricted to using her pants to wipe any substance (dirt, resin, saliva) off her pitching hand. She can touch another part of her uniform or her body.

A. True B. False Reference: 10.13.1; A.R. 10-18 See A.R. 10-18. This approved ruling was first issued on Arbiter on 4/2/2018.

78. (R3, 0 outs): The batter hits a sacrifice fly. R3 leaves 3B before the batted fly ball is first touched by the outfielder, and scores. Time is not called after the play. The ball is returned to the pitcher who takes the pitching position. She then throws to 3B for a live-ball appeal while her foot is in contact with the pitcher's plate. How should the umpire rule?

A. Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal pitch is enforced. The appeal is canceled. R3's run counts. The next batter is awarded a ball.

B. R3 is out on the live-ball appeal. Reference: 10.17

79. (No runners, 0-2 count): The pitcher throws a pitch which bounces in front of home plate. After the bounce, the batter swings and the ball is tipped sharply and directly into the catcher's glove and caught. The batter is still entitled to attempt 1B on the dropped third strike.

A. True B. False Reference: 11.11.1; 11.6.1; A.R. 11-5 A dropped third strike applies when the catcher fails to catch a third strike before the ball touches the ground with two outs or with first base unoccupied. A foul tip is a ball that travels sharply and directly from the bat to the catcher’s hand or glove/mitt and is legally caught unassisted by the catcher. That is to say it is only a strike when the catcher catches it. If the catcher does not catch it, it is a foul ball. Therefore, you cannot have both a dropped (i.e., “uncaught”) third strike and a foul tip.

80. When the batter hits or bunts the pitch, drops the bat, and the batted ball and the discarded bat make contact in the air (rather than on the ground) clearly over fair territory, the ball is dead, the batter is out, and any base runners would return to their bases at the time of the pitch. The bat is assumed to have hit the ball.

A. True B. False Reference: 11.12.1; A.R. 11-18 The effect for Rule 11.12.1 only allows for an umpire to judge between ball rolling against bat or bat hitting ball when the bat is on the ground. Otherwise, the ruling is bat hits ball.

81. A legally batted ball hits the ground, then bounces up and hits the batter near the front of the box (the part in fair territory). For this to be a foul ball, the batter must be completely WITHIN the batter's box (i.e., she may not have any part of either foot that is in contact with the ground extend beyond the


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outermost edge of the batter's box line, even if at least part of each foot remains in contact with the line).

A. True B. False Reference: 11.14; 2.20 Rule 11.14 says if a batted ball hits the batter, her attached equipment or clothing and she is “in” the batter’s box, it is a foul ball. She need not be “within” the box if she is hit with a batted ball - she may have part of either foot in contact with the ground beyond the outermost edge of the line, just not an entire foot.

82. (R1/R2, no outs): The batter hits a pop up between home and 1B. It is declared an infield fly. The pitcher and first baseman both call for it, but defer to each other and the ball falls between them in fair territory untouched. R1 goes halfway to 2B but stops seeing that R2 is still on 2B. As F3 is preparing to field the batted ball to make what appears will be an easy play on R1, the ball bounces up and hits the batter-runner in fair territory. As a result, R1 is able to return to 1B safely. What is the ruling?

A. The ball remains live until the conclusion of the play. The batter-runner is out on the infield fly and R2 and R1 are returned to their bases at the time of the interference.

B. The ball is dead when it contacts the batter-runner. The batter-runner is out on the infield fly and R2 and R1 are returned to their bases at the time of the interference.

C. The ball is dead when it contacts the batter-runner. The batter-runner is out on the infield fly and R2 is also declared out. R1 is returned to 1B.

D. The ball is dead when it contacts the batter-runner. The batter-runner is out on the infield fly and R1 is also declared out. R2 is returned to 2B.

Reference: 11.16; 12.17.3.1; A.R. 11-4(2) When the batter-runner is declared out on the infield fly, she becomes a retired member of the offense. When she interferes with a defensive player making a play on an active runner, the ball is dead, the runner closest to home plate at the time of the interference shall (also) be declared out, and each other base runner must return to the last base legally touched at the time of the interference.

83. (R1, no outs): The batter hits a line drive towards F6, who lets the ball hit the back of her closed glove and fall to the ground. F6 picks up the ball, steps on 2B in advance of R1, then throws to F3 at 1B in advance of the batter runner. What is the ruling on this play?

A. The ball is declared dead as soon as F4 deliberately lets the uncaught ball fall to the ground. R1 is awarded 2B and the batter runner is awarded 1B.

B. The ball is declared dead as soon as F4 deliberately lets the uncaught ball fall to the ground. The batter runner is out and R1 is returned to 1B.

C. The ball remains live. Both R1 and the batter runner are out as a result of the play. Reference: 11.17; 9.2 This batted ball was not caught (it does not meet the definition of a catch), therefore the intentionally dropped ball rule cannot be applied.

84. (R2, 1-0 count): The batter swings and misses with R2 stealing. On her backswing, the bat accidentally contacts the catcher who is attempting to make a play on R2 at 3B. The contact occurs inside/over the batter’s box. What is the ruling?

A. Batter interference. Delayed dead ball. The defensive team shall choose either the result of the play, or the batter is out and R2 returns to 2B.

B. The ball is live and there is no interference unless the contact by the bat is judged intentional.


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Reference: 11.20.2; 11.18; A.R. 11-34 See new A.R. 11-34.

85. The leadoff batter strikes out. The second batter is skipped in the batting order, and the third batter grounds out. Before a pitch to the fourth batter, the defensive coach informs the umpire that the second batter in the order was skipped. The inning is over with three outs.


86. (R1/R2, no outs): The batter hits a declared infield fly. F4 catches the batted ball, then voluntarily and deliberately drops it to the ground. R2 had left 2B prior to the first touch of the fly ball. F4 picks the ball off the ground and throws to F6 who, with the ball in her glove, touches 2B in advance of R2's return. No tag is applied to R2. How should the umpire rule on this play?

A. The batter-runner is out on the declared infield fly. The ball is declared dead as soon as F4 deliberately drops the caught ball. R1 and R2 are returned to the bases they occupied at the time of the pitch.

B. The batter-runner is out on the declared infield fly. R2 is out on the live-ball appeal. The ball remains live.

Reference: 11.16; 11.17; 12.10.14.1; 7.1.1.3; 7.1.2.1; 9.2 The infield fly rule (11.16) covers this well. The batter-runner is out whether or not the fly ball is caught. Since it is caught, it is treated the same as any caught fly ball, and base runners who leave before the fly ball is first touched are liable to be called out on appeal. This was a live ball appeal made by F6. The intentionally dropped fair fly ball rule is intended to protect the offense from double-plays on fly balls with forced base runners. Since the infield fly rule has the same intent, it takes precedence over an intentionally dropped ball, which is why the ball remains live on this play.

87. (R1, 0 out): R1 leaves legally on the pitch. The pitch is bunted towards F3 who fields the ball and approaches the batter-runner (BR) to make the tag. The BR stops as R1 rounds 2B and heads towards 3B. As F3 goes to apply a tag, the BR steps back toward home plate in an attempt to allow R1 to reach 3B. What is the ruling on this play?

A. The ball is dead when the BR steps back towards home plate. She is out, and R1 is awarded 3B. B. The ball is dead when the BR steps back towards home plate. She is out, and R1 is returned to 2B. C. The ball is dead when the BR steps back towards home plate. She is out, and R1 is returned to

1B. D. The ball remains live. The BR is out when she is tagged by F3 and R1 remains at 3B. Reference: 12.10.4 The batter-runner stepped back toward home plate to delay the tag by F3 so R1 could reach 3B. Therefore, the ball is dead, the batter-runner is out, and R1 must return to 1B which is the base she legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

88. (R1/R2, 0 outs, 1-2 count): Each base runner leaves her base before the pitcher releases a legal pitch and are both safe at the next base. The pitch was called strike three. The defensive coach opts to take the effect for leaving early. What is the effect?

A. "No pitch" is declared, the batter remains at bat with a 1-2 count and both base runners are out.


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B. "No pitch" is declared. The umpires must determine which base runner was called out first and only she is out. The other base runner is returned to the base occupied at the time of the pitch and batter remains at bat with a 1-2 count.

C. The batter is out on strike three and both base runners are out. D. The batter is out on strike three. The umpires must determine which base runner was called out

first and only she is out. The other base runner is returned to the base occupied at the time of the pitch.

Reference: 12.14.2 EFFECT; A.R. 12-38 See A.R. 12-38 for the interpretation that both runners who leave early are called out. Since the coach chose the effect for leaving early, it includes “no pitch”. The strikeout is nullified.

89. (R3): The batter receives ball four, begins jogging to 1B, and the ball is returned to the pitcher's possession and control in the circle. Before the batter-runner touches 1B, R3, who was legally off her base and stopped, begins to move towards home, stops, then begins to return to 3B, then stops again not in contact with 3B. The batter-runner touches 1B, and R3 immediately returns to 3B. How should the umpires rule on this play?

A. Legal play. The ball remains live. B. The ball is dead because R3 violated the look-back rule. R3 is out and the batter-runner is awarded

1B. Reference: 12.16.1 The look-back rule is not in effect until the batter-runner has touched first base. R3’s actions as described are legal, since she complies with the look-back rule once the batter-runner touches first base. Note: When a batter receives an award of first base after a base on balls, she becomes a batter runner. There are several A.R.s which provide this interpretation (A.R.s 12-26, 12-41, 12-47, 14-9).

90. (R1/R3, 1 out, 1-1 count): After the pitch crosses the plate and the ball has been returned to the pitcher's possession in the circle, neither R1 nor R3, who were leading off their bases, immediately return or advance. All requirements for the look-back rule are in effect. U3 and U1 simultaneously call dead ball and call their closest base runner out. What is true about the effect for this play?

A. Both base runners are out. B. The umpires must determine which base runner was called out first and only she is out. The

other base runner is returned to the base occupied at the time of the infraction. Reference: 12.16.3 EFFECT It is not possible to obtain more than one out under the look-back rule.

91. On a bunt, the batter runner is running to 1B outside of the runner's lane in fair territory the entire time. F2 hesitates, then throws the ball well over the head of the batter-runner and out of the reach of the outstretched glove of F3. The ball sails into foul territory in RF untouched. Which is true?

A. Not interference - it is not possible to determine if the fielder taking the throw at 1B would have been interfered with if an errant throw is made.

B. The batter runner is out for interfering with the fielder taking the throw at 1B. Reference: 12.17.1.5.2; A.R 12-46 The batter-runner has not interfered if a fielder does not throw, hesitates before throwing or makes an errant throw. See A.R. 12-46 for more complete explanation.


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92. (R1/R2): F6 misplays a ground ball such that the ball deflects off her glove and goes behind/past her. As F6 is turning her body around to recover the ball, which is still within a step and a reach, she and R2 inadvertently collide. What choice does the umpire have for a ruling?

A. This must always be ruled interference because the fielder is still considered to be fielding a batted ball if it remains within a step and a reach in any direction.

B. This may be considered inadvertent contact, interference, or obstruction subject to the opinion of the umpire.

Reference: 12.17.2.1.5.3; A.R. 12-57 The defender is still considered to be attempting to field a batted ball if the misplayed ball remains in front of the fielder (interpreted in A.R. 12-57 as within a step and a reach) and still has an opportunity to make a play. Since this misplayed ball went past/behind the defender, an umpire has more options in judging the play.

93. (R2): The ball is hit to F5’s left and is deflected by her toward the middle of the infield where F6 still has an opportunity to make a play. While F6 moves to attempt to field the deflected ball, R2 makes contact with F6. What is the correct ruling?

A. This is interference. The ball is dead, R2 is out and batter runner is awarded 1B. B. If R2's contact with F6 was not intentional, and F6 did not intentionally alter her fielding motion

to obstruct, it is neither interference nor obstruction and the ball remains live. Reference: 12.17.2.1.5.5; 9.5.3.4; A.R. 12-58 When a ball deflects off a fielder (including the pitcher), and another fielder has an opportunity to make a play, interference would only be ruled if a runner makes intentional contact with the fielder who can make the play. Also, a fielder cannot intentionally alter her motion to obstruct the runner either, whether the ball is deflected or not.

94. (R3, 1 out, 1-1 count): R3 interferes with the fielder attempting to field a foul fly ball which the fielder had a reasonable chance to make a play on. What is the ruling?

A. The ball is dead, R3 is out, and a foul ball is charged to the batter. B. The ball is dead, R3 is out, and the batter is also out. C. The ball is dead, R3 is out, and the batter is awarded 1B. Reference: 12.17.2.1.6 The umpire must judge that there was a reasonable chance to make a play, even though the ball is foul. The batter is not awarded first but instead a foul ball is charged. If this had been a bunt attempt with two strikes, the batter would also be out.

95. (R3): The batter hits a foul pop-up between the third base line and the dugout. F5 collides with R3 who is not in contact with 3B. The batted ball eventually lands high in the stands. Choose the correct answer.

A. The umpire should call dead ball immediately upon contact between F5 and R3. This is interference. R3 is out, and a foul ball is called.

B. The umpire should call dead ball immediately upon contact between F5 and R3. This is interference. R3 is out, and the batter is awarded first base.

C. The umpire should call dead ball immediately upon contact between F5 and R3. This is not interference. A foul ball is called.

D. The umpire should delay a dead ball call until they can determine if the ball is playable and by whom. This is interference. R3 is out, and a foul ball is called.

E. The umpire should delay a dead ball call until they can determine if the ball is playable and by whom. This is interference. R3 is out, and the batter is awarded first base.


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F. The umpire should delay a dead ball call until they can determine if the ball is playable and by whom. This is not interference. A foul ball is called.

Reference: 12.17.2.1.6; 12.17.2.6.1; A.R. 12-59 A.R. 12-59 gives the umpire time to decide whether or not the ball is playable and by whom. Even if a fielder is completely removed from the play by contact with the runner, if the ball lands out of play or well out of her possible reach, that contact doesn’t matter. Also, since the ball is going to be foul, the delay in making a judgement does not put runners in jeopardy.

96. (R1/R3, 0 outs): F5 is playing behind the bag. While in contact with the base, R3 intentionally interferes with a fair batted ball. Choose the correct ruling.

A. The ball is dead. R3 is out. The batter is awarded 1B. R1 is forced to advance to 2B. B. The ball is dead. R3 is out. The runner closest to home (R1) is also out. The batter is awarded 1B. C. The ball is dead. R3 is out. The batter is also out. R1 must return to 1B. Reference: 12.17.2.6.9 When a base runner in contact with a base intentionally interferes with a fair batted ball or a fielder making a play, the ball is dead. If there are fewer than two outs, both the batter-runner and the base runner are out (only the batter-runner is out if there are two outs). Each base runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the interference. NOTE: If intentional interference is ruled, the effect would be the same whether or not the position of the fielder closest to the base is in front or behind the base.

97. (No runners): The batter hits a triple and as she slides into 3B, the thrown ball goes by the fielder and hits the third base coach, who is trying to evade the ball, deflecting the ball into the dugout. The ball is ruled blocked and dead by the umpire. Which of the following is true?

A. Return the batter runner to 3B because the blocked ball was caused by the offense and there is no apparent play.

B. Two-base award to the batter runner (home in this case) for the live thrown ball entering dead ball territory. The base coach did not intentionally interfere with a thrown ball, nor interfere with the defensive team’s opportunity to make a play on a runner.

C. Interference. Runner closest to home (batter runner) is out due to a non-playing member of the offensive team preventing the defense from making a play.

Reference: 12.17.4; 12.12.8.3 If a thrown ball accidentally touches a coach in foul territory, the ball is live. It is not interference if the individual tries to evade the ball or is not aware that the ball is coming.

98. (R1/R2/R3, no outs): The batter hits a declared infield fly. R3 breaks for home, after which F6 loses the ball in the sun. The batted ball hits the top of F6's glove and falls to the ground uncaught as R3 touches home plate. The defense appeals R3 leaving 3B before the fly ball is first touched. How should the umpire rule on the appeal?

A. R3 is safe on the appeal. B. R3 is out on the appeal. Reference: 12.3.6 Note; 11.16; A.R. 12-1 Base runners are not required to tag up on an uncaught fly ball, including an uncaught infield fly.


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99. (R1, 1 out): The batter hits a deep fair fly ball to left field. The batter runner passes R1 who is standing on 1B tagging up. The batted ball is not caught. The batter runner returns to 1B which is also still occupied by R1. The ball is thrown to F3 who tags both runners. How should this play be ruled?

A. Both runners are out. The batter runner should have been declared out when she passed R1. R1 is out by being tagged on a base she is no longer entitled to occupy (she is forced at 2B).

B. R1 is out on the tag because she is forced at 2B and is no longer entitled to occupy 1B. The batter runner remains safe at 1B.

C. The batter runner should have been declared out when she passed R1. R1 remains safe at 1B. Reference: 12.4.3; 12.15; A.R. 12-4 Because the ball is fair, the BR may not pass R1. In doing so, the BR is out for passing a preceding runner, the force on R1 at 2B is therefore removed, and the ball remains live. R1 is still entitled to occupy 1B.

100. (R3): On a walk, the batter runner runs through 1B farther than the umpire judges she needed to given the speed with which she was running to 1B, to make it more difficult for the defense to make a play on her so the runner from 3B can score more easily.

A. The ball is dead, the batter-runner is out, and R3 must return to 3B. B. This is a legal play. Reference: 12.5.9; 12.10.3; A.R. 12-9 The Rules Committee believes this tactic, which involves running excessively into the outfield in order to confuse the defense, does not support the spirit and intent of the rule on the runner’s base path and makes a travesty of the game.

101. A fielder is holding the ball and touches it to a forced base in advance of a runner. Immediately after the ball touches the base, the fielder loses control of the ball. The runner is out on the force play.

A. True B. False Reference: 12.9.2.1.3; A.R. 12-3 A.R. 12-3 explains this very well. The keys to understanding this play are that it is a force play (which is ruled differently than a tag play), and that the fielder has possession of the ball in her hand/glove at the time she contacts the forced base in advance of the runner.

102. Any formal warning given for inappropriate behavior or misconduct (e.g., questioning the strike zone and any call based purely on umpire’s judgment, profanity, disparaging remarks, etc.) is a team warning. Subsequent inappropriate behavior or misconduct by any personnel of the warned team results in a behavioral ejection of the violator.

A. True B. False Reference: 13.1.2; 13.2.1.2; 13.8.4; A.R. 13-4 See new A.R. 13-4.

103. In the 2nd inning of a game using video review, U3 rules a home run on a batted ball that went directly

over the top of the foul pole. The defensive head coach, who has yet to use a challenge, wants to initiate

a video review of the call of a home run. The crew discusses the request, confirms that the batted ball

went higher than the top of the foul pole, and determines that video review is not allowed on this play.

A. True


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B. False

Reference: 2021 Major Rules Change and Experimental Rule for Softball Any ball higher than the top of the foul pole when it leaves the field would specifically not be reviewable.

104. (No runners, 2 outs): In the 1st inning of a game using video review, the batter runner is tagged out

sliding into 2B. The offensive head coach, who has yet to use a challenge, wants to initiate a video

review looking for obstruction by F4. This play is subject to video review.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 Major Rules Change and Experimental Rule for Softball Obstruction and interference are reviewable at any base only if the play in question results or would result in the third out of an inning AND relates to a timing/scoring play. The play described does not relate to timing/scoring.

105. If a conference has been allowed to experiment with video review, which of the following types of plays

shall NOT be subject to review via initiation by the crew chief or via a head coach’s challenge.

A. Deciding if the ball actually left the field on a home run. Any ball higher than the top of the foul

pole when it leaves the field would specially not be reviewable.

B. Deciding on a foul tip/foul ball at the plate, including a dropped strike.

C. All aspects of a scoring/timing play are reviewable to ensure a run rightfully earned is scored and

to prevent a run from scoring which a team did not rightfully earn.

D. Obstruction and interference are reviewable at any base only if the play in question results or

would result in the third out of an inning AND relates to a timing/scoring play.

E. Deciding if malicious/flagrant contact occurred. Umpires are allowed to initiate this review without

requiring a coach’s challenge at any point in the game to ensure student-athlete safety.

F. With runners on base, a no catch can be changed to a catch if it results in the first out.

Reference: 2021 Major Rules Change and Experimental Rule for Softball With runners on base, a no catch can be changed to a catch only if it results in a third out. With no runners on base, a no catch can be changed to a catch at any time.

106. (R1): In the 3-Umpire system, with PU covering the outfield ball, if R1 advances to 3B, U1 should

immediately mirror that advancement by moving to the point of plate holding area and communicate

with U3 and the PU. If there is a high potential for a play on the BR at first base, U1 should stay with the

play until U3 can take over responsibility. If unable to rotate home, U1 must communicate this to both

the PU and U3.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp120-121 While the manual emphasizes that U1 must communicate if unable to rotate home, the PU is still responsible for checking to see if U1 is headed home even if there is no communication.

107. (R1/R2, 0 outs): In the 3-Umpire system on a caught fly ball covered by either base umpire, what are the

tag up responsibilities?


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A. PU will take R2 (the lead runner) and the remaining base umpire will take R1 (the trail runner).

B. The remaining base umpire will have responsibility for both R2's and R1's tag-ups.

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p207, p213 There has been no change to the mechanic regarding tag-up responsibilities when a BU takes outfield

ball coverage.

108. (R2/R3, 1 out); When a base umpire covers a fly ball, and the PU is responsible for runners at both home and 3B, and the third out of the inning is on a tag play at third base, the remaining base umpire must be alert to the timing play at home. The base umpire must view the timing of the tag at 3B in reference to the lead runner touching home plate and move confidently towards home plate signaling that the run scores or that the run does not score. The base umpire who covered the fly ball should also observe the play and provide assistance if needed.

A. True B. False Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p48; Section 6.14 Timing Play It is important that the remaining base umpire work to achieve the best possible angle to see the touch of home without giving up other responsibilities on the bases.

109. Which of the following is true regarding Third Strike signals by base umpires?

A. The “Third Strike is Caught” signal is used by the base umpires to indicate to the plate umpire that

a third strike was caught.

B. The “Third Strike is Not Caught” signal is used by the base umpires to indicate to the plate umpire

that a third strike was not caught.

C. If a third strike is obviously caught or dropped, or if the batter is out by rule whether it is caught or

not, there is no requirement to give a signal. However, if the batter is entitled to run and there is

any question whether or not the third strike was caught, the base umpires shall give a signal to the

plate umpire.

D. A, B, and C.

E. Only B and C.

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p15, pp77-78 The “Third Strike is Caught” signal is returning for 2021.

110. Deviations from the published mechanics may occur in extreme circumstances; however, personal

decisions to routinely umpire your own way are not acceptable.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp10-11: Crewness Through Mechanics

111. Verbal communication with partners strengthens the bonds with a crew, increases the comfort level,

and conveys to the participants that umpires, too, are working as a team. Work to incorporate better

verbal communication in your game.

A. True

B. False


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Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp11-12: The Value of Verbal

112. (R1): Choose the best answer regarding U3's rotated positioning.

A. U3 will initially set up 10-18 feet from 2B between the extended baselines toward center field,

basing the choice of position and depth on the probability of a steal, check swing responsibility,

current game situation including the count and number of outs, secondary responsibility at first

base, position of the center fielder, and knowledge of the offense and defense. This starting

position may change on a pitch by pitch basis.

B. When a play develops, move from the starting position to an initial calling/primary position which

should be obtained before the runner reaches the bag, while keeping all elements of the play in

view. As the play develops, make adjustments as the view changes. On a force play be sure to

obtain the best angle to see the throw and the runner from a good depth. A straight-line from 1B

through 2B is RARELY a legitimate calling position.

C. Use these recommendations when considering a calling position on stolen base attempts: If the

fielder sets up in a classic position (straddling the bag and providing the runner access to the front

side of the bag), choose a classic 90 along 3B-2B-line extended. If the fielder sets up in any other

position (such as inside the diamond), choose a wedge view.

D. All of the above.

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p13: Section 2.1 U3 Rotated Starting Position The change in the mechanic is the range of starting depths at 2B. Umpires now have more latitude to vary their depth. The other points in this question involve recommended positioning on plays.

113. Choose the best answer regarding tag up responsibilities in a 3-umpire crew when neither base umpire

covers the fly ball.

A. The responsibility for watching R2 tag up will now be shared between U3 and U1.

B. U1 will have the tag up of R2 on all fly balls hit between the center fielder and the left field out of

play line. U3 will have the tag up of R2 on all fly balls hit between the center fielder and the right

field out of play line. It is recommended U3 stay in foul territory to watch the tag up.

C. When U3 has tag up responsibility on R2 and U1 is in the infield, U3 has the tag-up appeal plays at

2B, while U1 handles all other types of plays at 2B. This concept of split coverage will require clear

communication from the crew and an awareness of each umpire’s responsibilities.

D. If R2 leaves 2B and returns, U3 and U1 must note what type of play it is. If it is a legal live ball

appeal, U3 will handle it. If it is not an appeal, U1 will handle it. When it is apparent that the

defense is making an appeal on R2, U3 should take a few steps toward a calling position at 2B to

render a decision.

E. All other tag up responsibilities, other than those listed in A-D, remain unchanged.

F. All of the above.

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p17

114. (R1/R2, 1 out): The batter hits a fly ball to RF which is not covered by U1. R2 leaves 2B before the first

touch of the fly ball. The right fielder catches the ball and throws to 3B where the runner is safe. The

defense then appeals that R2 did not tag up at 2B. The plate umpire is responsible for the catch/no-

catch. U3 is responsible for the play at 3B and the appeal at 2B.

A. True

B. False


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Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp200-201

115. (R1, 0 outs): If U1 covers an outfield fly ball, U3 will be responsible for the tag-up at 1B. However, the PU

will have the initial play at 1B.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp124-125 U1 maintains tag-up responsibilities at 1B.

116. All umpires share concurrent authority to judge an infield fly and initiate the call. After any umpire calls

the infield fly, all other umpires shall echo it. If the defense drops a declared infield fly, the plate umpire

should follow up with an out signal and verbal “The batter is still out.”

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p56: Infield Fly

117. (No runners): The starting position for the base umpire(s) with no runners is no closer than 18 feet

beyond the base, close to the line, completely in foul territory, either standing upright or in a set

position.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p85 and p299

118. In the 3-umpire system, when U1 is counter-rotated, U1 has the option to come to set prior to the pitch,

remain standing during the pitch, or take a step with the pitch.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p139, p193, p219, p245, and p271 This new change allows U1 to choose a stance that best fits the situation.

119. To give the “Spectator Interference” signal, fully extend both arms directly overhead to signal and

verbally call “Dead ball.” Then with one hand, grasp the other wrist with your palms facing forward. The

signal may be accompanied by movement towards the location of interference. Following the call, turn

to the field and indicate the outcome of the interference (out, base awards, etc.). If necessary, consult

with the crew before making awards and/or calling outs.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p16 and p76 Stadiums are bringing fans closer and closer to the field. We are adding the MLB signal to our set of signals for clarity in the event of fan interference. Television crews are already familiar with the signal.


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120. When U1 and U3 both begin on the lines, and the Plate Umpire covers an Out-of-the-Park Home Run, an

alternate mechanic is to have U1 watch the BR touch 1B base and move with the BR to watch the touch

of 2B, while U3 watches the BR touch 3B.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual pp96-97, and pp178-179

121. It is acceptable for crews to develop additional umpire-to-umpire signals to enhance communication.

Standard signals identified in the manual should not be modified but they may be used in conjunction

with other gestures defined by the crew.

A. True

B. False


122. Beginning with the 2021 season, the Scissors Stance has been approved for plate umpires.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p57 The Mechanics Committee recognizes that the Scissors Stance provides an excellent view for some umpires; however, the SUP has been advised against its use based on studies performed by professional baseball.

123. A Wedge View should only be used on tag plays at the plate.

A. True

B. False


124. At the conclusion of the game, plate umpires should drop the game balls at home plate or roll them

toward the backstop.

A. True

B. False

Reference: 2021 CCA Manual p51 This mechanics/procedural change is at the request of multiple schools when surveyed by the Mechanics Committee.

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