-
2016-02-02 95-13-4-21
ISSN 1225-7168
26 2(2016 ) Vol. 201
2016 6 30
(www.korean.go.kr)
07511 154(3 827)
National Institute of Korean Language
154, Geumnanghwa-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Korea
(02) 2669-9775
(02) 2669-9737
,
(02) [email protected]
-
2016 26 2
-
[]
, 9
31
- 57
21
- 73
2016 26 2
-
- 87
107
() ,
() () 133
, 147
159
[] 169
-
9
,
1.
. (IT)
(IBM) , 2.5(1
=1,000,000) .
90% 2
(IBM, 2015).
, ,
.
.
.
K-ICT (https://kbig.kr)
(, 2015, 2016) , e-, ,
,
.
(AlphaGo)
1
-
10
.
80% , ,
,
(Economist, 2015).
, .
.
,
.
.
.1)
.
.2)
.
1) .
(, 2016).
2) .
,
.
-
11
2. ?
2.1.
,
.3) (Gartner)
.
(Gartner)
Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and/or high-variety
information
assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of
information
processing that enable enhanced insight, decision making, and
process
automation.
1 : 3V
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BigDataVs.png).
3) .
IDG(2012) .
(2016) .
-
12
3V .
[ 1] 3V .
.
V (Volume).
.
.
.
, ,
.
. , 2003
30 13
30 3.2
2 1,000
(IDG, 2012).
? 2012
1,000
1
( , 2012). 1 (DVD) 220
.
.
.
.
-
13
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
.
V (Velocity).
.
.
.
100
(, 2010).
(SNS)
.
.
.
.
-
14
.
. ,
.
.
.
V (Variety).
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
80%
.
.
. ,
( , 2015).
,
.
-
15
3V, (Volume),
(Velocity), (Variety) .
.
.
3V V
( , 2015).
Veracity: (IBM) V .
, .
.
.
Variability: (SAS) variability complexity, .
.
Value: (Oracle) .
.
.
-
16
2.2.
80% ,
.
.4)
.
.
.
,
.
,
(, 2012, 2015;
- , 2016).
.
. [ 2] - (2016)
.
- (2016) [ 2]
.
, , , , ,
, , , ,
.
4) , , 2.0
, ,
().
, , , .
-
17
,
.
.
2 (- , 2016)
3.
3.1.
.
-
18
,
( , 2011).
,
,
,
( , 2006).
.
. , ,
.
. (1991)
,
.
(2006)
.
.
.
3.2.
(
, 2003).
-
19
.
,
(WebCorp)(, 2003) .
.
.
.
.
.
3.3.
.
.
,
.
.
500
-
20
50 .
.5)
,
.
.
(2006)
.
,
.
( ,
2015).
.6)
. ,
.
.
, , , .
5)
.
6) ( , 2014;
, 2016).
-
21
.
.
.
. ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
.7)
7)
.
, .
-
22
4.
.
(2012)
.
4.1.
.
.
(1)
, .
(GNIP, www.gnip.com)
. ,
.
.
, 19
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
-
23
.
.
(2) (Open API)
(Open API) .
.
.8)
,
, , .
.
.
(3)
,
.
8) (Open API)
.
-
24
.
4.2.
.
(1)
,
.
,
. .
.
(2)
.
.
.
.
(3)
.
(HTML) .
-
25
,
, , .
(4)
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.3.
. , , , , ,
.
.
-
26
.9)
4.4.
. ,
.
.
.
.
. .
(2009) .
.
.
.
9) .
(http://hadoop.apache.org) (http://spark.apache.org)
.
-
27
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.
. (memorized)
.
.
.
.
.
4.5.
.
,
-
28
.
.
.
5.
, ,
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
-
29
(2012), , .
______(2015), . .
(2012), , . / Hacking,
I.(1990), The Taming of Chance, Cambridge University Press.
(2016), ,
.
IDG(2012), , IDG Tech Report. http://kbig.kr/
index.php?sv=title&q=knowledge/pds_&tgt=view&idx=15326/
(: 2016. 5. 29.).
(2015), 2015 .
http://kbig.kr/index.php?sv=title&q=knowledge/pds_&tgt=view&i
dx=15614&sv=title/(: 2016. 5. 29.).
ICT(2016), 2016 .
http://kbig.kr/index.php?sv=title&q=knowledge/pds_&tgt=view&i
dx=16137/(: 2016. 5. 29.).
Allenby, G. M., Bradlow, E. T., George, E. I., Liechty, J. and
McCulloch,
R. E.(2014), Perspectives on Bayesian Methods and Big Data,
Customer Needs and Solutions, 1(3): 169175.
Bello-Orgaz, G., Jung, J. J. and Camacho, D.(2016), Social big
data: Recent
achievements and new challenges. Information Fusion, 28:
4559.
Cukier, K.(2010). The Economist, Data, data everywhere: A
special report
on managing information.
http://www.economist.com/node/15557443/
(: 2016. 5. 29.).
Gandomi, A. and Heider, M.(2014), Beyond the hype: Big data
concepts,
methods, and analytics. International Journal of Information
Management, 35: 137144.
Gartner, IT Glossary: Big Data.
http://blogs.gartner.com/it-glossary/
big-data/(: 2016. 5. 29.).
Halevy, A., Norvig, P. and Pereira, F.(2009), The Unresonable
Effectiveness
of Data, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 812.
-
30
Economist(2015), The data deluge: Five years on.
http://www.veritas.com/
content/dam/Veritas/docs/reports/EIU-veritas-data-deluge.pdf/
(: 2016. 5. 29.).
IBM(2015), Big Data and Analytics.
http://www-01.ibm.com/software/
data/bigdata/what-is-big-data.html/(: 2016. 5. 29.).
Kilgarriff, A. and Grefenstette, G.(2003), Introduction to the
special issue
on the Web as Corpus, Computational Linguistics, 29(3):
333347.
Labrinidis, A. and Jagadish, H. V.(2012), Challenges and
opportunities with
big data, Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 5(12):
20322033.
McEnery, T. and Hardie, A.(2011), Corpus Linguistics: Method,
Theory
and Practice, Cambridge University Press.
McEnery, T., Xiao, R. and Tono, Y.(2006), Corpus-based
Language
Studies, Rutledge.
Newscenter, Conversations on linguistics and politics with Noam
Chomsky,
2016 4 18 .
http://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/conversations
-on-linguistics-and-politics-with-noam-chomsky-152592/(:
2016. 5. 29.).
Renouf, A.(2003), WebCorp: providing a renewable data source for
corpus
linguists, S. Granger and S. Petch-Tyson(eds.) Extending the
Scope
of Corpus-based Research: New Applications, New Challenges,
Rodopi, 3958.
Schroeck, M., Shockley, R., Smart, J., Romero-Morales, D. and
Tufano,
P.(2012), Analytics: The real-world use of big data. How
innovative
enterprises extract value from uncertain data, IBM Institute
for
Business Value. http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/hu/resources/
therealworduseofbigdata.pdf/(: 2016. 5. 29.).
Scott, S. L., Blocker, A. W., Bonassi, F. V., Chipman, H. A.,
George, E.
I. and McCulloch, R. E.(2016), Bayes and big data: The
consensus
Monte Carlo algorithm, International Journal of Management
Science and Engineering Management, 11(2): 7888.
Sinclair, J.(1991), Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford
University
Press.
-
31
(KAIST) ( )
: (Zeitgeist)?
.
,
,
, (Google ) , ,
.
(Wagner) ,
, , ,
.
,
M
(Nature) (Science) (
) , .
2
-
32
. 1945 5 1
, .1)
, .
()
.
,
,
.
()
, () ,
.
!
.
, so big!
.2) ,
, (
) () ,
.
1) 1945 5 2.
2) (, 2007) .
-
33
, ?
,
. ,
, , 0
1 . ,
,
so big!. ,
,
30 , 30 6 18 .3)
302403018=3,888,000
.
. ,
?
. 3,888,000
so big! .
. ,
. .
,
. . ,
. ,
. 30 3,888,000
.
3) ( , , 2014)
.
-
34
.
(substructure) ,
(superstructure)
.
:
, ,
.
,
.
, .
,
. .
,
() ,
,
.
.
,
, .
.
.
-
35
.
,
,
, .
.
.
.
:
(, 2015) ,
() .
1, 5, 10, 200
,
, .
() () ,
() , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , () ,
-
36
.
.
() 1, 5, 10,
200
.
.
,
.
1, 5, 10, 200
,
.
. ,
.
, ()
.
,
,
.
, .
-
37
(grammatical metaphor)
() . ,
.
,
.
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
. (Michael
Halliday) ,
(congruent) (grammatical metaphor)
.
,
(signals) .
.
. ,
-
38
,
.
.
. ,
.
(critique) .
. ,
. ,
, ()
.
, ,
, , , ,
, .
, .
.
(, ex ante), (, a priori)
,
.
,
-
39
.
. ,
, .
B
C (Werner Karl
Heisenberg)
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
: OK 4)
.
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
4) ( , ,
2015) . [ 1], [ 2], [ 3] .
-
40
,
.
() .
,
.
.
,
.
1(the first principle)
. , ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.
() .
,
.
, ,
.
.
OK
(Christian Rudder)
. 1,000
,
-
41
, 5 5,500 .
.
.
1) ?
2) ?
[ 1] OK
. , 20
23 . 20 23
. .
, 21 23 , 22 24 ,
23 25 .
, ,
, ,
, , ()
, ,
,
. , 20 23
,
.
-
42
1
[ 1] ,
. 29 29
, 30 30 , 31 31
. 32 ,
. ,
. ,
. [ 2]
-
43
[ 1]
.
2
, ,
.
. [ 3] OK ,
.
-
44
3
, . 20
. 20
, ,
, , ,
?
.
. 20 21 ()
. , 20, 21
20 23
-
45
.
,
.
, , .
.
:
OK ,
, ,
.
.
,
( ) .5)
OK ,
.
.
.
, , ,
.
5)
(, 2014) .
-
46
4
, ,
,
.
50 , 2003 2007
, 2008 . [ 4] 2008
. [ 4] ,
!
, ,
. ,
20 ,
.
,
.
, 2012 ,
. [ 5] 2012
-
47
(CDC
) .
5
,
2 !
,
. ,
, .
?
?
.
-
48
()
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
() ,
,
.
()
()
.
.
. , ,
, (microcosm)
.
.
, ?
? (Das Gedankenexperiment)
, .
-
49
,
. 20
(David Hilbert)
. .(Wir mssen wissen, Wir werden
wissen.) ,
.
,
.
, ,
() .
(, variable) . ,
() , (,
constants) ,
,
. (,
parameter) , ,
,
, ,
. ,
, . , ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, .
-
50
,
.
, , ,
. ,
, (, ex ante),
(, a priori) ,
(, ex post), (, a posteriori)
. , ,
.
().
, , 1(the
first principle) , (
) . , ,
, , ,
.
(contextual). ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ()
.
( ) ,
, ,
-
51
,
, .
,
,
, .
.
.
, , ,
. .
,
. ,
.
, , ,
50 .
.
, 50
.
,
, 50
.
-
52
. 2008 .
,
, . 2012
. , 50
. .
, 2012 !
2012
? ,
, ,
.
, 50
. .
.
,
.
. 2008 2012 ,
.
() = =
.
.
.
-
53
.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, , (, tonality)
. 1721 (Johann Sebastian
Bach) 1 , 12
, (, atonality)
(Arnold Schnberg) , .
, (, atonality)
.
.
,
, , ,
, , ()
,
-
54
. , ()
.
12 .
12 () ,
. 12
, . 20
(Glenn Gould)
.
.
, , ,
, ,
, () ,
. .
.
.
. , 12
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
.
-
55
.
.
,
.6)
.
.
6) .
-
57
1. ,
.
, , , ,
(SNS)
, .
. (ICT)
.
, , , .
,
.
.
2
. 2020 1 1.7
. ,
3
-
58
,
.
2020 60
.
, , , ,
, . 2020
500 (IoT) .
(
) .
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
. (Wikipedia)
, , ,
.
. (2013)
.
(causality)
-
59
(correlation) . (IDC,
2011) , ,
4
(Volume, Variety, Velocity, Value) .
,
, , , (
, 2015).
, , ,
, .
(2013)
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
2. (Text Mining),
.
,
-
60
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
, , .
1998 21 :
.
(Corpus), .
, ,
. ,
, ,
-
61
.
. , ,
,
, , .
(Natural
Language Processing)
.
, ,
. (NLP)
,
. ,
, .
,
(
, 2013).
.
, .
.
-
62
. (heuristic),
(viable prefix) ,
, .
,
.
( )
.
.
(devising) .
(parsing),
, ,
, .
, ,
.
(categorization), (clustering), / ,
(granular) , , , (:
) .
, (lexical
analysis), (pattern recognition), /(tagging/annotation),
, ,
(visualization), (predictive analytics) .
(NLP)
.
-
63
, (document set) ,
.
3. ,
.
.
.
(Deep Learning) (Machine Learning)
.
.
, , .
.
.
(Artificial Intelligence)
. 9
(AlphaGo) .
.
.
-
64
, , .
(Semantic Network Analysis)
. (Social Network Analytics)
(Graph Theory)
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
(concept)
(statement) .
.
,
.
-
65
.
.
(UCINET), (NodeXL),
(Gephi), (Pajek)
.
, .
.
.
(degree),
(density)
.
(centrality).
, (degree centrality), (closeness
centrality), (betweenness centrality)
(freeman, 1978).
(Ego Network Analysis) (Sentiment Analysis)
. ,
, ,
-
66
. ,
, .
.
(Cluster Analysis)
.
.
,
.
(discourse)
.
.
,
, () .
(Ars Praxia)
,
. (Userstorylab)
, .
(The IMC)
-
67
(Raw data) ,
,
.
4. :
.
. ,
,
.
.
(semantic network analysis)
. ()
, (association) .
3 (AI)
.
9
,
.
(TextoM)
-
68
2016 3 3 21 N D
, , .
17 2 .
1
,
,
[ 1] .
.
,
.
.
, , , , , ,
.
,
-
69
4 1
.
.
.
[ 1] .
100 ,
.
.
1
-
70
, ,
. (Demis Hassabis)
,
. ,
.
, , , ,
.
.
.
, 1,200
.
, , 58, , ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
-
71
,
.
.
5.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
(Social Overhead Capital)
.
.
.
-
72
(2004), ,
, http://klpl.re.pusan.ac.kr/.../20040720104458_
-.ppt/.
(2013),
, , 2
12, 881888.
(2002), : ,
, 2002 8 7 .
(2016),
, , 40 2, 203221.
(2015), ,
, .
(2003), (21 ) , .
(2013), , 21
.
(2013),
, , 21 1,
279301.
IDC(2011), The 2011 IDC Digital Universe Study.
Marr, B.(2016), Bigdata in Practice, Wiley, West Sussex.
Wikipedia. http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/__/(: 2016. 5. 31.).
_________. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data/(: 2016. 5.
31.).
_________. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining/(: 2016. 5.
31.).
-
73
21
1.
21 1997
1998 2007 10
(, 2009).
.
21 10
21
. 2009
21
(2009), (2009), (2009) ,
21
. 21
.
4
-
74
2. 21
21
. .
- 21
: 2007, DVD 4- DVD 1:
- DVD 2:
- DVD 3:
- DVD 4: / / /
: 2009, DVD 2(2007 )- DVD 1:
- DVD 2: / / /
/ /
: 2010, DVD 2(2009 )- DVD 1:
-DVD 2: / / / /
/
1): 2011, DVD 2(2009 , 2.0 )- DVD 1:
-DVD 2: / / / /
/
1) DVD ,
. .
-
75
,
. DVD
, 2013 (http://
ithub.korean.go.kr/) DVD
.2)
2) . DVD
. .
-
76
2.1. 3)
, , (, ),
.4) .
-
(, )5)
2.2.
.
,
, (sense)
.
- ( 5 )
25,458
15,180
4,398
4,320
3) 3 .
4) .
5) 21 .
, ,
. DVD
.
-
77
,
/
.
.
2.3.
.
- 6)
( )
( )
( )
- ( )
- ( )
- ( )
( )
( )
,
>
,
.
6) >
,
> > .
-
78
,
,
.
2.4. 7)
,
.
.
>
, .
3.
() 21
.
. .
21
.
,
.
7) / / /
.
-
79
3.1.
2015 DVD
, DVD DVD
. DVD
,
, DVD
21 .8)
, , ,
() .
.
(1)
:
: ()
9):
(sense)
8)
. DVD ,
.
9) .
(sense)
.
-
80
: /
(2)
,
. ()
( )
,
( ) .
.
(3) 10)
-
: 3,700(36,879,143)
: 1,000(10,066,722)
: 1,000(9,071,054)
: 45(433,839, 43,828)
10) 21 , DVD
.
.
.
-
81
-
: 80(805,646)
: 80(805,646)
(2) ,
.
.
(3) ,
.
2000
. 21
.
- 21
1,000
: 90%:10%(BNC )
21
BNC(1 ) 1,000
.
, ()
.11)
( > ) .
11) () ,
() .
-
82
3.2.
.
,
. .
-
(, )
, 2.0
(hepman)
. ( )
.
(, ) 12).
(, ) ,
.
2000 (UTF)
.
.
(UTF-16)
12) (UTF-8
, .).
.
-
83
.
(UTF-16)
(CP949, ANSI, ASCII, KS-5601, Euc-kr )
13).
(UTF-16)
? .
. 2011
,
2011 2.0
.
2.0 .
( ),
. ,
,
.
(hepman) .14)
.
.
13) .
(loading)
(,
).
14) .
-
84
.
()
.
(2012)
CD .
.2b ,
(UTF-16)
15).
.16)
4.
21
2009 , 21
,
.
. 21
,
15) (2013) .
16) (http://archives.hangeul.go.kr/)
.
-
85
. >
21
. ,
,
.
. 21
,
.
. ,
,
.
-
86
(1998), , .
(2009), , , 19-1
(), .
(2013), 17 , .
(2011), ,
, 27, .
(2002), , .
______(2009), 21 , , 19-1
(), .
______(2012), , .
(2009), , ,
19-1(), .
-
( )
( )
2016. 6. 8.()
87
1970 .
. ?
? .
, .
, 3 .
. 3 , 80
2 .
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
. .
, .
-
88
.
.
.
2015 .
, .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
1 .
. ,
.
. .
. ( )
-
89
. .
, 1
(Seoul
International Conference on Linguistics)
.
. .
(auto-mata) .
,
.
. . 3 .
.
,
. .
.
?
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
, .
, .
-
90
.
. . 1
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
, .
1992 .
.
.
. ,
.
.
(Corpus)
. .
. 21
.
.
.
.
. ,
-
91
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
,
, ?
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
-
92
.
.
.
.
. ,
, . .
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
93
.
, ,
.
.
, .
.
, .
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
94
.
.
. .
,
.
200
.
, , .
.
,
. (URI: Uniform Resource Identifier)
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
-
95
10 1 .
.
, 500 35
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
, .
. . .
.
.
-
96
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
,
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. , , ,
-
97
, .
. (WordNet)
.
.
.
, .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
,
.
. (ISO)
, .
.
,
. .
.
-
98
, .
(HTML) .
, ,
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
. ,
.
,
.
(URL: Uniform Resource
Locator) .
, (locator)
(Identifier).
-
99
. ,
1 , 0
. .
.
25
1 .
.
.
,
() .
.
. ,
.
.
. .
.
.
.
1990
.
.
.
. .
-
100
.
.
21
. .
,
.
.
. .
. ,
, .
(Deep Learning) .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
70%
.
.
40% .
. .
.
.
-
101
?
. .
. 2002
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
-
102
.
.
,
, .
.
, .
.
, .
.
.
.
1998 .
.
. .
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
-
103
, .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 1995
.
.
.
-
104
.
. .
.
. , 1930
.
.
.
. .
. (DB)
.
.
,
.
. . 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
-
105
, . .
.
-
107
1.
(Arab Republic of Egypt). 2013
86 20 .
100 , 3 5(
) . () , (
) , . ,
, , ,
.
, , .
1). (Semitic
1) 7
.
22 3 ,
13 , 6 .
-
108
language) , .
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, , , , .
.
(al-Luah al-Fu)
(al-Lahajt al-mmiyyah) .
, , ,
. ,
,
.
(Diglossia)
. (Diglossia)2)
(Karl Krumbacher)
(Das Problem Der Modernen Griechischen Schriftsprache)
(1902) .
2) diglossia: di = two, glossia = language, tongue.
-
109
(William Marais)
(La Diglossie Arabe)(1930)
, (C. Ferguson) 1959 (Diglossia)
.
.
,
.
,
, .
2.
2.1.
(Arabic
Diglossia) .
.
.
.
-
110
.
.
, , ,
.
.
, , ,
. 7
. 14
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
, .
(Classical Arabic) (Modern Standard
Arabic), (Colloquial Arabic)
(Formal Spoken Arabic)
.
-
111
(Badawi, 1973) .
,
, (Spectroglossia)
.
() (mustaw) ,
. .
(Fua al-Tur)
(Fua al-ar) (mmiyyat al-Muaqqafn) (mmiyyat al-Mutanawwirn)
(mmiyyat al-ummiyyn)
. ,
, .
,
, , .
.
.
, TV
.
.
-
112
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
14 .
, , , , (al-irb). , , .
,
. ,
.
.
, , .
.
,
.
++(SVO)
.3)
3) ++.
-
113
.
.
,
(Code-switching) .
.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
.
2.2.
, ,
.4) (A. Khalafallah, 1969)
,
.
.
4) .
-
114
1)
.
28
. /p/, /v/, //
31 . (1975)
.
1
/
\
b t
j
k q
/
\
f
s
z
x
h
h
m n
r
w l y
2
/
\
p
b
t
d
k
gq
/
\
f
v
s
z
x
h
\ m n
\ l
\ r
\ w y
-
115
/j/ .
/j/ //, /g/
. /j/
/g/ .
1
/jadd/ /gedd/
/jabal/ /gabal/
/q/ /al-qurn/ , /al-qhirah/ // . /qla/ /l/ .
2
/sq/ /s/ /qalam/ /alam/
// //
/t/, /s/ /d/, /z/ .
3
/alah/ /talta/ /salsa/ 3
/ahab/ /dahab/ /zahab/
-
116
.
3 /a/, /i/, /u/ 3
//, //, //, 2 /ay/, /aw/ .
4
/o/, /e/, //, // .
4
/bayt/ /bt/
/yawm/ /ym/
2) , ,
, ,
, .
5
/ab al-xayr/ /ab il-xr/ /kayfa luka?/ /izzayak?/ ?
/bi-xayr/ /kuweys/
/urdu an araba al-qahwah/
/ana wiz rab ahwe/
/an lastu lib / /ana mi lib/
. ,
/lam+ / ,
/ma/, //
.
-
117
6
/lam yaktub/ /maktab/
/l+ /
, /ma
/ .
7
/huwa l yarabu/ /huwwa mayirab/
2.3.
5) .
, 10
. 80%
.
. 63%
.
,
.
5) 178 96, 82.
1825 65%, 25 35% .
-
118
.
.
.
96.6% .
. , ,
.
(SNS)
.
.
. (Arabish), (Arabizi),
(Franco-Arabiac) .6)
(Arabic) (English)
. ,
.
.
1999 .
6) .
-
119
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
. .
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
3.
3.1.
640, ,
-
120
. 2
,
11
(al-ummah, ) . ,
. ,
.
, .
, (al-Hadith),
(al-Qasdah) ,
.
3.2.
7
(Bayt al-ikmah) .
, .
, ,
,
.
.
-
121
.
909
.
.
.
, ,
.
, 982 (al-Azhar)
.
( 972 )
.
,
.
12 ,
,
.
.
. ,
,
.
-
122
3.3.
, 1 1882
. ,
, .
.
, .
. ,
, . 1906
. ,
,
.
, , , ,
,
.
.
1930
-
123
. 1930
, 1932 1
(The Royal Academy of Arabic Language)
, , . 1940
,
.
3.4.
, 19
.
1923
. 2 ,
1951 , 1953
.
1956,
6 .
1952 ,
, ,
. 1950
1960 (
) ,
, .
-
124
, .
1960 9 28 .
.
. ,
.
,
, 1960
. 1960
(Kaml al-Dn usayn)
.
1970 ,
.
,
. 1980
. Qf()
,
.
1990 .
()
. 6 , 3
, , .
.
.
4 , 2
. (, , )
-
125
2
, 2004 2 .7)
2005 83%, 59%, 71%.
,
2015 (MDG)
.
.
, ,
,
.
1952
(Majma al-Luah al-arabiyyah bi Mir) . , , , , ,
, ,
.
, , .
,
.
1982
,
7) 2004, 2
. . .
.
-
126
.
.
,
, , ,
,
, , , ,
.
,
,
, ,
,
-
127
, ,
,
84
, ,
(IT)
.
,
. ,
. ,
2010 5,000
. 2
. ,
70%
.
.
-
128
4.
(Arabic
Diglossia) .
7
,
.
.
. , ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
(Arab Spring) ,
.
.
-
129
,
, ,
.
-
130
(2010), .
(2009), Education and Development in Egypt, , Vol.28(1).
(1996), , .
______(2008), -
, , 22(1).
______(2013), -
, , 27(1).
(2002), ,
.
______(2003), , ,
7 1, .
______(2006), ,
, 9 1, .
21 (2006), 3, .
Abou-Seida, A. M.(1971), Diglossia in Egyptian Arabic:
Prolegomena to
a Pan-Arabic Sociolinguistic Study, Doctoral Dissertation,
University
of Texas, Austin.
Al-Toma, S. J.(1974), Language Education in Arab countries and
the Role
of the Academics in J. Fishman, ed., Advances in Language
Planning.
The Hague: Mouton.
Anwar, G. C.(1969), The Arabic Language Its Role in History,
University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota.
Badawi, S. M.(1973), Mustawayt al-arabiyyah al-muirah fi Mir,
Cairo: Dr al-Marif bi Mir.
Ferguson, C. A.(1959), Diglossia, Word, 15.
________________(1991), Diglossia Revisited, The Southwest
Journal of
Linguistics. 10(1).
Shraybom, S. S.(1999), Language and political change in modern
Egypt,
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 137.
Khalafallah, A. A.(1969). A Descriptive Grammar of Saei:di
Egyptian
-
131
Colloquial Arabic, Paris, Mouton.
Versteegh, K.(1997). The Arabic language, Edinburgh, Edinburgh
University
Press.
Zughoul, M. R.(1980), Diglossia in Arabic: Investigating
Solutions,
Anthropological Linguistics, 22(5).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt/.
www.Arabicacademy.org.eg/.
-
133
() ,
() ()
. ()
() ()
.
(),
(), () (),
(), () (), (),
() .
1923 4 19 ()
() () 2 1 2010 3 29
4 40 87 .
, . ()
(1939), 5 (1944) 2
. , 3 100
70 , 30 30 .
1949 7 .
, , 1957 4
-
134
1988 8 ()
. , 14
,
(1988) .
()
.
.
1955 132
(2010)
.1)
(1)
. 40
16 (
, 1966), 1979 5 (
, 1979) . 150
, , .
(1961) , 1970
1988
1) () :
( 132, 2010) .
-
135
. , ,
.
, ,
.
( 2)
.
: ( , 1992) .
1990
.
(2)
1957 ,
,
. , , ,
.
(1963), (1973),
(1975) ,
(1981) ,
(1992) .
. , () ,
(1975),
(1988) . ( , 1987)
.
-
136
(3)
2 (1960)
.
,
(), (), () 3
. , ,
.
,
.
(1969)
18 (1972).
(1955), (1956)
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
-
137
. 329,123[() 17,335(,
)] .
, 6 16 ,
10
. () 77,638[() 231]
() 251,485[() 17,104] 10
2,713 147,733
(83.8%), 28,540(16.2%)
176,273 . 5.2.
,
( 78, 1975).
799 13 (
) .
( 32, 1978)
1977 1 9 1(6
7) (56)
() 15,130,
() 2,280 .
(
1516, 1977) . 11.9%
(sentence
method), (word method) (sight word:
)
.
-
138
. ,
.
:
( 42, 1982)
(1972)
(1978) 1982
13 8
4 . 1
( ) 1,600, 2(12) 4,389, 3(34) 5,840, 4
(56) 3,176, 15,005 .
1980
()(natmal.com)
(), .
() (
30, 1977), () (
6768, 1989) . 1,319
, ( )
. (, ), (
), ( )
. () 1,192
( ), (
), ( ) .
1984 (2345
11, 19851987), 73(1991) 77(1992)
-
139
(, ), (), () . (2001),
(2007) .
(4)
, 1965 2
1969 4 200 600 1970
. 1975 ,
.
.
50
: (
4, 1974). ,
(), (: >) .
1970 1963
1,800 .
3,039 1,348(44.3%)
.
888 212,
248 .
452 1/4.
1,691 90
.
, (1989) .
-
140
. , .
, , , , ,
, , , , , . ,
. () ()
() .
,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
()() ,
.
1
.
.
( 53, 1987)
. , , ,
, , ,
.
()
,
.
-
141
,
,
. ,
.
.
(2004) .
()
( 112, 2001)
. 3
()
80
.
(
)(2000) . +
, 2009 10 2010
3 + .
,
,
.
7080%
.
-
142
. () () ,
,
.
()
()
,
.
() (
) ,
()
.
4(26)
() 1949
4 () 9
. 30
: (1979)
,
: ()(1983) . 1993 10
65 ()
() 1 :
(1994) () (1995) ,
() : (1996) ,
50 : (
)(1998) .
-
143
()
: (2003)
. (1988), (1990),
(1999), (2008) , 1 :
(1992), 2 : (2002), 3 : ()
()(2008) 2
() . 1944
63
. 17
.
.
( )
1955 5 1993
38
.
.
-
144
.
, .
.
, ,
, , () ()
, ()
. () () () 4
() 16 (
) .
()
. ,
,
.
(1982), (1987),
(1988), (1998), 2 (1998),
(2009) 2007 10
2009 5
1 () .
-
145
. ,
.
( ) ,
( ) .
. . (2010. 2. 24.) 3,300
.
250 ()
.
. ()
, , ,
. .
.
.
1
.
, , ,
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
-
146
.
()
.
-
147
,
, ()
(), (), (), ().
1980
. (CTS, Computerized
Typesetting System)
.
.
()
.
()
.
, , ,
, .
() . ()
.
-
148
.
.
, .
, .
.
, .
.
,
. 2 1,
.
.
.
.
, .
?
.
? ,
.
.
-
149
. (
) .
.
.
.
,
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
(?)
. .
.
.
.
.
19601970 .
20 ,
.
-
150
(
) , (
) 1960 .
,
, .
,
. ()
. .
1990 (CTS) .
, .
.
.
.
20
.
,
(?) .
. 1896 120
.
. , (SNS)
-
151
, . (IT)
. .
.
.
. 2, 3
.
.
SBS TV 5 .
, .
. ()
,
.
.
, .
() .
,
.
-
152
, .()
.()
, ,
? ?()
KBS 1TV . 4
.
.
. , .
.
-()
. , , , .
.
.
.
.
, .
.
. ,
.
,
-
153
.
. (
) . A, B, C
. ,
,
. () ()
() .
//
. (),
() ,
.
.
() S()
.
.
. , () ,
.
.
.
100
, .
.
-
154
, .
, ?
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
? () .
. ( )
.
,
.
.
.
. 100
.
(1928 9 23 ) ,
-
155
.
? .
,
.
.
.
.
525(2016. 5.)
. () (), (), (),
() .
() .
.
( 2016 2 22
).
.
.
, .
. .
1 . (SNS)
. .
.
, .
( ), ( ),
( ), ( 4 ).
.
, .
-
156
.
,
.
.
, .
.
? ,
. .
-
159
1. ,
(C.S. Customer Satisfaction) :
(demoday) :
(plating) :
(gentrification) :
(remover) : ()
(C.S. Customer Satisfaction)
.
. (demoday)
. .
(plating) .
(gentrification)
.
.
(remover) .
() .
-
160
2.
.
: (http://korean.go.kr)
:
2016 4
(2016. 3. 18.)
2016 5
(2016. 3. 25.)
2016 6
(2016. 4. 1.)
2016 7
(2016. 4. 7.)
2016 8
(2016. 4. 15.)
2016 9
(2016. 4. 22.)
126 (2016. 4. 27.)
2016 10
(2016. 5. 10.)
2016 11
(2016. 5. 13.)
2016 12
(2016. 5. 20.)
2016 13
(2016. 5. 27.)
2016 14
(2016. 6. 3.)
2016 15
(2016. 6. 10.)
2016 16
(2016. 6. 17.)
-
161
3. ,
2016 4 8 1
( ) .
3.1.
2 3 2016 8 4
.
.
(1) ,
(2) , ,
(3)
, ,
, ,
.
.
3.2.
( 13978) (3)
:
:
-
162
2015 26
.
() ,
. 2013
4
, ,
. 2015 12 31 .
3.3.
.
.
.
.
() .
,
.
.
-
163
4. ,
4.1.
()
(http://sldict.korean.go.kr) 2016 4 20
.
,
,
.
2005 ()
() , , 10
.
,
.
-
164
4.2. ,
.
,
.
.
(
), ( )
. -
.
-
165
5. ,
5 31() 11,
.
.
( )
.
() .
,
.
,
50
. , ,
650
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
-
166
6. , 2
2016 ,
. ,
(2016 10 5)
,
.
,
: ( 10 5 )
: , , , , , , , , ,
: 2016 8 1()8 15()
: 2016 10 5()/ (20)
: 2016 10 89/2016
( )
,
(http://www.korean.go.kr/front/board/boardStandardView.do?board_id=
4&mn_id=17&b_seq=1782&pageIndex=1)
6.1.
10 5
, .
,
-
167
. ,
( ,
, , ,
, )
.
6.2. ,
,
8 1 8 15.
(, , , ) ,
1, 2, 4, 8, 3 18
. 10 5 ,
2016 2016
.
(http://www.korean.go.kr/front/board/boardStandardView.do?board
_id=4&mn_id=17&b_seq=1782&pageIndex=1) .
6.3.
. 2016
.
.
-
168
7.
7.1.
( ): , (4 16)
7.2.
(): (1 29)
(): (2 1)
(): (4 11)
(): (4 16)
():
(4 27)
(): (5 25)
():
(5 25)
(): (6 2)
7.3.
(): (5 25)
7.4.
(): 7() (4 1)
7.5.
(): (2016 4 3 2017 4 2
)
-
169
( )
-()[ -] 48 .
;;.
- (lobster)=.
- (Ashgabat) .
(Trans Caspian) ,
. .
-(--) .
-
- -
- -
. 02(). {} / {}
./ {}./ {
}./{} .,
1 . 02(). {} /
{} ./{}
.,
2, ,
. {}./
{}.
2016 1
-
170
10
[1]
1(( ,
-, -, -, -,
)) ,
.
.
2((
))
.
.
3((
,
)) ,
.
.
4((
,
))
.
5((
, ))
.
6(( -, -, -
, - ))
.
.
.
7((
))
.
.
8
.
.
[1]
1((
, -, -, -, -,
))
,
.
.
2((
))
.
.
3((
))
. {}
./ {}
.
4((
,
)) ,
.
.
5((
,
))
.
6((
, ))
.
7(( -, -, -
, - ))
.
.
.
8((
-
171
))
.
.
9
.
.
07
((,
--, --, -- ))
.
((,
--, --, -- ))
1
.
2((
))
.
{}
.
[]
101[]1 .
201[]2 .
[]
101[]1 .
201[]2 .
3(( - , -
, - , -
))
.
{}./ ,
{}./
{}.
.
{} ./
{}
.
[1]()
.
{}
./
{} .
{}
./
{}
.
[2]
.
{}/ 380
{}.
-
172
02
[1]
1((
,
)) ,
.
.
2((
))
.
.
3((
,
)) ,
.
.
4((
,
))
.
5((
, ))
.
6((
))
.
.
7((
))
.
.
[1]
1((
,
)) ,
.
.
2((
))
.
.
3((
))
. {}
./ {}
.
4((
,
)) ,
.
.
5((
,
))
.
6((
, ))
.
7((
))
.
.
8((
))
.
.
1
. 022.
. 022.
-
173
{}
.
.,
2
. 023.
. {}
.
,
{} .
., /
. {}
.,
1
.
1
.
(DMZ). = 2.
=()1. .
.
(Trans Caspian)
,
.
.
.
[2]9 .
[2]9 ,
.
32
1((
)) . {
}/{}/{}.
1((
)) .
{}/{}/{}/{
}/{}/{}.
08 () ()
() ()
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict >
/AllowPSXObjects false /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /Unknown /Description >>>
setdistillerparams> setpagedevice
