2016/2017 GRANTS-IN-AID STANDARD & EXCEPTIONAL GRANT APPLICATION · 2017-11-27 · 2015/2016 ECHO Grants-in-Aid Standard & Exceptional Grant Application 7 | Page 1.7 EXCEPTIONAL GRANT

2016/2017 GRANTS-IN-AID STANDARD & EXCEPTIONAL GRANT APPLICATION

2015/2016 ECHO Grants-in-Aid Standard & Exceptional Grant Application

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TIPS & FORMAT • Read the instructions thoroughly in the ECHO Application Guide for specific

information on what is required in each section of this application. The ECHO Application Guide may be downloaded from the ECHO web page at http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/grantinfo.stml

• The ECHO staff may be contacted at 386-736-5953 for questions or requests. • Answer everything in a clear and concise manner keeping in mind that the

staff and the Grant Panel will not be familiar with the site or the project. • Answer questions on the grant form inserting lines as needed. • Insert attachments only when requested. • Narrative answers must be in a type size of 12 point. • Applicants must maintain the format and sequential order of SECTIONS and

subject titles as presented in this application. • Number the pages consecutively throughout the application regardless of the

section. • Respond to every question on the application. Do not write N/A; explain why

the question does not apply. • Do not include letters of support or a cover letter in your application. • Contact the staff at 386-736-5953 if you need help with any of the questions.

http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/grantinfo.stml

http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/grantinfo.stml


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SECTION 1 GRANT APPLICATION

GRANT APPLICATION FORM

1.) Applicant: (Legal name of organization as incorporated in the State of Florida) City of Deltona Address: (mailing) 2345 Providence Blvd. City: Deltona State: FL Zip Code: 32725 Address: (Applicant’s physical address) 2345 Providence Blvd. City: Deltona State: FL Zip Code: 32725

2.) Federal ID #: 59-3348668 Florida Not-For-Profit Corporation Charter # (IF applicable) Florida Dept. of Agriculture & Consumer Services Registration # (IF applicable)

3.) Resident County Council District of Project: District 5 – Dr. Fred Lowry Jr. 4.) Contact Person:

Name: Scott McGrath Title: Planner II Telephone #: 386-878-8624 E-Mail: [email protected]

5.) Project Title Thornby H.E.R.E. 6.) Project Location Address: 110 Providence Blvd.

City: Deltona State: FL Zip Code: 32725 7.) Type of Project: (Check one – See ECHO project categories)

⎕ Renovation ⎕ Restoration - New Construction ⎕ Acquisition 8.) ECHO Category: (Check all that apply – See ECHO categories)

- Environmental ⎕ Cultural - Historical - Outdoor Recreation 9.) The project site or facility is: (Check one)

- Owned by Applicant ⎕ Leased by the Applicant – length of lease ⎕ Applicant has Land/Project Management Agreement – length of Agreement Lease or Land/Project Management Agreement dates: to Note: Leases/Agreements must be binding and non-cancelable.

10.) Is the project site/facility mortgaged or will it be? ⎕ Yes - No Current Mortgage: $ Mortgage at Closing: $ Mortgage length: years Term ending date: Name and Address of Lien Holder:

11.) Is the facility in a Community Redevelopment District (CRA)? ⎕ Yes - No 12.) Type of Organization: (must be “A” or “B” to be eligible)

A.) - Municipal government or a budgeted organization of Volusia County government. B.) ⎕ Not-For-Profit Corporation classified as a 501(c)(3)

13.) Project Funding (Grant Amount Request and Match): 1.) Standard Grant Request (Up to $400,000.00):

a. Volusia ECHO Program Request $ 168,283 b. Confirmed Match Funds $ 170,983 c. Total Project Cost $ 339,266


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14.) Mandatory Workshop was attended by: Scott McGrath/ Kat Kyp Date: August 25, 2017 NOTE: If applying for an Exceptional Grant the form on page 6 must be complete.

15.) List any prior grants received from ECHO: (include year, project name and amount) 2003, Dewey Booster Soccer Complex, $500,000 2004, Keysville Dog Park, $200,000 2004, Tom Hoffman Park, $140,500 2009, Thornby All-inclusive playground, $ 348,000 2015, Thornby Loop Trail, $100,000

1.2 MISSION:

1.) Provide the Mission Statement for your organization.

It is the mission of the Deltona City Government to anticipate and provide for the needs of its residents with quality service, innovation and leadership for today and in the future.

1.3 PROJECT TEAM:

1.) List the names and addresses of the architect, engineer, design consultants and/or general contractor selected. Include the name(s) of the person(s) who have signed form 1.6.

Designed and engineered by Tetra Tech Engineering: Tim A. Vanderwalker, P.E., CDT (407) 480-3948

The City Project Manager will be Scott McGrath, CFM (386) 878-8624 The Primary contractor will be selected through the competitive bid process. CEI – City of Deltona Building Inspector Team (386) 878-8653

2.) List the person(s) who created the section 3.1 budget and their experience with this type of project. The Budget was created by Tetra Tech engineering, Scott McGrath (Project Manager), and Steve Moore (Parks and Recreation director)

3.) If a complete list is not available, explain why and when the project team will be selected. There actually 3 components for construction on this project. All of the boardwalk and overlook work as

well as underground work for conduit and pipe will be bid out. The primary contractor will be selected through the competitive bid process. The nature trail clearing and mulching will be completed by Deltona Parks and Recreation staff. The Outdoor classroom work including clearing, grubbing, walls, benches, and engineered wood fiber installation will be completed by Deltona Parks and Recreation staff.


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1.4 MANAGEMENT PROSPECTUS: 1.) Include a list of the names of staff dedicated to this project, their responsibilities and the percentage of

time each will be spending on the project per week.

Engineer of Record – Tim Vanderwalker, P.E. Tim will create the plan set and bid package. Tim will also be consulted any time a change to the plans are to be considered. Project Manager - Scott McGrath, CFM

- Gene Simpkins – Parks Supervisor will assist as needed Scott will be on-site 5-15 hours per week to monitor progress, be available for question or concerns, and address any issues that may arise. CEI – City of Deltona Building Inspector Team -Steve Roland – Building Official - Mike Macey – Framing Inspector The Building Department will inspect all boardwalk and bridge components to make sure they are installed properly and meet all code requirements.

Primary contractor will be selected through the competitive bid process.

1.5 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS – NOTICE OF FUTURE REQUIREMENT IF GRANT IS AWARDED

1.) Do you agree to comply with the requirement to file Restrictive Covenants with the Volusia County Clerk of the Court if ECHO Grant is awarded?(A sample of the Restrictive Covenants language is found on page ---- in the ECHO Application Guide)

YES ⎕NO

If the project of the application is mortgaged or leased property, other than those applying for trails in the County Master Plan or projects on State or Federal land not owned by the applicant, a letter from the Mortgagee or Lessor, stating that they agree to sign the Restrictive Covenants, must be supplied with the application.

Applicants with projects on State owned land are automatically exempt from this requirement, but are held to the same liquidated damages cited within the Restrictive Covenants through language found in the final ECHO Agreement for which the grantee is held responsible.


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1.6 FORM – CERTIFICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMPLIANCE I/We certify that all of the information contained within this application and subsequent attachments is true and correct to the best of my/our knowledge, and that the project for which the application is made shall be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and that should a grant be awarded, the organization agrees to comply with the conditions of the grant award agreement including the Restrictive Covenants.

1.OFFICIAL WITH AUTHORITY TO CONTRACT FOR THE OWNER OF THE PROPERTY Signature: Typed Name: Jane K. Shang, City Manager Phone Number: 386-878-8650 Date: 11/3/17 2.OFFICIAL WITH AUTHORITY TO CONTRACT FOR THE APPLICANT Signature: Typed Name: Jane K. Shang, City Manager Phone Number: 386-878-8650 Date: 11/3/17 3.CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER FOR THE APPLICANT Signature: Typed Name: Robert Clinger, Finance Director Phone Number: 386-878-8552 Date: 11/3/17 4.NOT FOR PROFITS ONLY – PRESIDENT, BOARD OF DIRECTORS Signature: Typed Name: Non-applicable Executive Board or Board of Directors meeting when this grant application was reviewed and approved. Meeting Date: Phone Number:


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1.7 EXCEPTIONAL GRANT REQUESTS ONLY: Maximum grant request is $1,800,000.00 with distribution of up to $600,000.00 for 3 consecutive years. The required match is 4:1. The time frame to complete construction is two years following the date of the last year funds are provided. ANNUAL AMOUNT REQUESTED/MATCHED ECHO Request 4:1 Match Grant Year #1 $ $ Grant Year #2 $ $ Grant Year #3 $ $ TOTAL EXCEPTIONAL PROJECT: $ $ The Exceptional Project Applicant: ⎕ Agrees ⎕ Does not agree - to accept a grant award of $400,000.00 for one year if an Exceptional Project Grant amount is not approved by the ECHO Grant Review Panel or the Volusia County Council.

Signature: (Official with applicant signature authority)

Typed Name: Title: Phone Number:


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SECTION 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 PROJECT ASSESSMENT

1.) Provide a narrative explaining how your project will meet the goals set by Resolution 2000-156“ to enhance the quality of life for its residents by providing environmental, cultural, historical and outdoor recreational opportunities”. (State your goals in bold type; Describe how this project will impact the community and enhance the quality of life for its citizens; Use real numerical data and insert documents/contract agreements which back up your narrative)

This project is an expansion of the facilities at Thornby Park in Deltona. The three major components are a partially ADA compliant trail, a mulched nature trail, and an outdoor classroom. These improvements will open up more of the park to users while protecting the natural features of the park. This expansion will improve the quality of life for Volusia residents in three key ECHO capacities; Historical, Outdoor, and Environmental. Historical and Outdoor Recreation The partially ADA compliant trail and boardwalk will follow the historic “Old Titusville Road” for a stretch of several hundred feet. It will have signage pointing out the historical significance of the road. The boardwalk will end but a mulched trail will continue along the bank of the old drainage feature that was used to drain and irrigate the citrus groves. An overlook deck will be provided near the site of the old railroad spur to view the remnant rails that run through the site. Finally a small foot bridge will be built over the drainage feature to allow users to cross safely back towards the parking area. This trail will not be fully ADA accessible but will increase the usability for those who walk with a cane/walker or have a motorized wheelchair. Educational The outdoor classroom will provide an outdoor learning space for school groups, summer camps, nature groups and more. The classroom will connect to the boardwalk via engineered wood mulch trail and have a rubberized mulch floor. The seating will be permanent and be made of logs or large stones. The classroom with have water and electric stub outs for a drinking fountain and potential LED lighting. The outdoor classroom work will be completed by City staff. The site will also receive increased historical and nature signage. Environmental and Outdoor Recreation The mulched nature trail is separate from the partially ADA trail. This trail will run from the boardwalk towards the back of the property, going around the County’s stormwater pond and connect to the River 2 Sea/Coast to Coast trail. This trail will wander through the site and afford nature lovers, trail users, and birders greater access to the green space in the back of the park.


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2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.) Describe project and construction timeline. Upon ECHO and County Commission approval, the budget will be posted for bid. This process will take approximately 30-45 days. While the project is out to bid, Deltona Parks and Recreation staff will complete their assigned components. Once the Deltona Parks and Recreation staff work is completed and the construction contractor is under contract the remaining work will take 90-120 days. The entire project should be completed in 4-6 months from approval.

2.) Document how construction design and operational strategies use “green”/sustainable standards: (give specific examples for this project – a statement agreeing to follow local guidelines is not acceptable)

a. Provide a narrative explaining how the project was designed with the environment in mind. What steps have you taken or will you take to reduce/recycle/reuse?: (see examples of recycled products in the ECHO Application Guide)

i. The construction phase? ii. The operational phase?

Construction Phase This project take uses the environment into consideration in every step of the process. A big part of this project is getting people closer to nature while keeping nature intact. The decking for the boardwalk will be made of composite decking material utilizing recycled wood fibers. Not only does this material use recycled materials but it also lasts much longer than treated wood, lowering long term cost and reduces replacement of replacement of failed wood materials. The engineered wood fiber for the outdoor classroom uses recycled materials manufactured from engineered, non-toxic, crushed wood fiber. A good solution for outdoor areas erected on dirt or grass. Once settled, forms a "knitted" or compacted layer that will support a wheelchair, crutches, walkers, etc. Operation Phase The Deltona Parks and Recreation staff will continue to maintain the site. The addition of boardwalks and mulched trails will provide easier access for City equipment to maintain the site properly. The City is adequately staffed to handle the addition of the projects mentioned in this application. All of the components of Thornby Park will remain free to users.

3.) What is the projected date for this project to be completed and accessible to the public? Dependent on the ECHO approval process, this project should be completed by the end of 2018.

4.) Describe any additional phases planned for this project.

No further phases to this project are planned at this time.


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2.3 Drawings: (Drawings are required by all applicants. Drawings must fold to an 8 ½ X 11 size to fit securely and neatly in the application booklet. Drawings must be to scale with a bar scale and include a legend)

Street locator map Site Plan Preliminary and schematic drawings Design and development documents Construction documents Any other drawings which may be helpful in understanding the project scope/features


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SECTION 3: BUDGET DETAIL/MATCHING FUNDS 3.1 PROJECT BUDGET DETAIL CHART:Fill out budget chart provided, adding rows as needed. Place match monies in column corresponding to appropriate “Match Code”: Explanations of match codes can be found in the guidelines on page 23.

CHART 3.1: CONSTRUCTION PHASE EXPENDITURES ADD ROWS AS NEEDED UC + LM +

In-Kind PSC = Match ECHO Total

General Requirements: Mobilization, Waste Collection, etc. $3,000 $3,000 $6,000 $9,000.00

General requirements $4,000 $4,000 $6,000 $10,000.00

Subtotal $7,000 $7,000 $12,000 $19,000.00 Architectural Services:

Consultant Services $ Final Construction Drawings $25,500 $26,291 $51,791 $0 $51,791

Subtotal $ $25,500 $26,291 $51,791 $0 $51,791

Site Construction:

Earthwork $2,000 $2,000 $6,000 $8,000 concrete $300 $300 $300 $600

fencing $4,000 $4,000 $28,000 $32,000

Subtotal $6,300 0 $6,300 $34,300 $40,600.00

Electric: Conduit for outdoor class room $500.00 $500 $1,000 $1,500

Subtotal $500.00 0 $500 $1,000 $1,500

Plumbing: Waterline to outdoor class room $500.00 $500 $1,000 $1,500

Subtotal $500.00 0 $500 $1,000 $1,500

Outdoor class room and mulch trail: Clearing $8,700 $8,700 $0 $8,700

Equipment rental $375 $375 $300 $675 Wall materials $1,500 $500 $2,000 $2,000 $4,000

Engineered wood fiber $5,217 $5,217 $5,783 $11,000 seating $1,000 $1,000 $2,600 $3,600

Mulch $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $2,000 Labor $6,500 $6,5000 $0 $6,500

Subtotal $9,092 $15,700 $24,742 11,683 $36,475

Wood and Plastic

Boardwalk $45,000 $25,000 $70,000 $101,600 $171,600 Overlook deck $3,000 $3,000 3,650 $7,700

Subtotal $48,000 $73,000 $105,250 $179,300

ECHO Signage: Temporary $1,500 $1,500 $0.00 $1,500.00 Permanent $3,100 $2,000 $5,100.00 $0.00 $5,100.00

Subtotal $3,100 $3,500 $6,600 $0.00 $6,600.00 Signage package

Design $500 $500 $2,000 $2,500

Subtotal $500 $500 $2000 $2,500 MATCH ECHO PROJECT

PROJECT TOTALS $74,992.00 $50,500 $19,200 $26,291 $170,983 $168,283 $339,266

3.2 MATCH DOCUMENTATION


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Please see page 25 in the guide for a more in depth explanation of documentation. 1.) Provide official documentation of Match:

a. Unencumbered Cash (UC): i. ⎕ Current Bank Statement OR

ii. Copy of signed resolution including pledged dollar amount, project name and dates the funds will be available See attached budget sheet

b. Irrevocable Pledges (UC): i. ⎕ Notarized letter stating the pledged amount, the purpose of the pledge and the date

the funds will be available (must include an itemized budget if pledge is for services). 1. Pledged funds must be in the bank prior to the Grant Review Panel.

c. In-Kind Services (IK) services/donations must have taken place no more than 7 years prior to the project:

i. Itemized list of products/services to include name of person/organization, description of goods/services, fair market value of in-kind contribution and date goods/services were provided. See attached parks and recreation department quote for the project

ii. ⎕ Future in-kind donations must have notarized letter from donor describing items/services and value of such.

iii. ⎕ Previously provided in-kind service/donations do not require backup in this application, however, official documentation must be available for review upon request.

d. Previously Spent Cash (PSC) i. the encumbrances or cash expenditures completed within the seven (7) year period

prior to the application. See attached purchase order for engineering services.

e. Land Match (LM) (trails of the County’s Master Plan, projects on State or Federal land and property donated by the County are not eligible for match):

i. Copy of deed ii. ⎕ Copy of appraisal (property appraisal assessment or recent outside appraisal)


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SECTION 4: OPERATING FORECAST DETAIL 4.1 OPERATING FORECAST NARRATIVE

1.) Compose a narrative explaining the use of the facility/project and related costs. Narrative should include what staff will be needed, what additional maintenance will be required, what new programs will be added, etc.

The Property will be managed for the conservation, protection and restoration of natural resources and for compatible public outdoor recreational activities. The City of Deltona and the County of Volusia are intrinsically aware of the need to protect the environmental integrity of the Thornby Property. There will be limited impact on neighboring facilities and/or residential units due to the location of the playground on the site. The outdoor classroom, board walk, and nature trail projects will seek to keep its natural state as much as possible. This will include the use and retention of Florida natural vegetation thereby reducing the need for irrigation at the site and producing a greener project.

2.) Provide Business Plan, Feasibility Study and Marketing Plan.

The City will continue to market the park through its usual channels of Deltona Television, social media, and our website. However, the educational, historical, and outdoor improvements will also allow us the City to market to schools, after school groups, and more.

3.) List a fee schedule or state “No fees will be charged” (schedule should include members, non-

members, reduced prices, etc.) No fees will be charged

4.) Describe Maintenance and Replacement Plan (including fund source and depreciation plan).

City staff will be responsible for all operational aspects of maintaining and managing the Thornby Property, including the planning and implementation of management strategies identified in this plan. Management activities to be conducted or provided for include:

• Regular, periodic assessment of the overall condition of the site • General inspection of the perimeter, gates, fencing, signage, and facilities • Trail, boardwalk, classroom and playground maintenance as needed • Baseline and annual floral and fauna surveys • Invasive species identification and eradication • Planning for and facilitating restoration of the uplands • Conducting prescribed burns as may be required • Reporting any fires, vandalism, theft, hunting, or any other trespassing observed within the project area • Planning, conducting, and/or coordinating educational programs • Development of interpretive materials • Keeping all interpretive literature dispensers stocked


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City staff will seek every opportunity to enlist the cooperation and assistance of other City departments—and other government agencies—Florida Division of Forestry, Office of Greenways and Trails (Florida Department of Environmental Protection), St. John’s Water Management District—that may have expertise or interest in particular areas of the Thornby Property’s operations, maintenance, and land management.

4.2 FISCAL STABILITY

1.) Fill out Form 4.2 Business Information.

4.2 BUSINESS INFORMATION Operational funding for this organization Prior Completed

FY 15-16 Current

FY 16-17 Projected FY 17-18

Next Projected FY 18-19

Fundraising, Memberships, Donations, etc. 0 0 0 0 County Grant(s)/Funds (other than ECHO) 0 0 0 0

Grant(s)/Funds - other (non county) 0 0 0 0 Cash Donations 0 0 0 0

TOTALS Administrative Costs $11,500 $11,500 $12,000 $12,000

Program Costs Educational & Educational Outreach Programs

Contractor Services (for this project) Marketing & Advertising

Payroll Total Expense TOTALS

Number of Full-time Employees 285 285 286 286 Number of Part-time Employees 15 15 14 14

Volunteer Hours 4,857 6,750 7,000 7,000 Value of Volunteer Hours (@$22.70 hr) $110,253.90 $146,415 $158,900 $158,900

TOTALS

2.) Has this organization defaulted on any grant in the past five years? If so, please explain.

The City of Deltona has not defaulted on any grant in the last 5 years.

4.3 FINANCIAL AUDIT/REVIEW/AGREED UPON PROCEDURES

1.) Insert the appropriate required documents listed in the Application Guide on page 30 & 31.


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SECTION 5: SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS NOT FOR PROFIT ONLY:

1.) Attach official IRS letter granting Not-for-Profit 501(c)(3) status in Florida. 2.) Attach the organization’s most recent Uniform Business Report (also referred to as an Annual Report)

filed with the State of Florida, Divisions of Corporations.

UNRESTRICTIVE OWNERSHIP OR UNDISTURBED USE OF FACILITY: 1.) Attach unrestricted ownership/undisturbed use documentation unless the project is an acquisition of

real property. Insert a letter of intent to sell from the owner for Acquisition Projects. See attached Deed paperwork You may provide further information to demonstrate how your program will benefit the citizens of Volusia County. Do not include any information already required in Sections 1 – 4.


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ATTACHMENT CHECKLIST: Please check your application before sending. The following items/documentation must be included with your application or your application will not be scored. All match sources must be secured and proof thereof submitted by the Application Deadline in the Application Review Calendar found at http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/current.stml. APPLICANT ⎕ ECHO Application, completed and signed ⎕ Proof of ownership or copy of lease ⎕ Mission Statement for Organization ⎕ Form 1.6 – Certification of Information and Compliance, completed and signed ⎕ Street Locator Map ⎕ Site Plan ⎕ Preliminary & Schematic Drawings ⎕ Design & Development Documents ⎕ Construction Documents ⎕ Official Documentation of Match ⎕ Business Plan ⎕ Feasibility Study ⎕ Marketing Plan ⎕ Financial Audit Documents (listed in the Application Guide page----) ⎕ Not-for-Profits only: IRS Status Letter classifying Organization as a 501(c) (3) ⎕ Restrictive Covenants or Statement agreeing to follow this requirement ⎕ Other

ECHO STAFF ⎕ ECHO Application, completed and signed ⎕ Proof of ownership or copy of lease ⎕ Mission Statement for Organization ⎕ Form 1.6 – Certification of Information and Compliance, completed and signed ⎕ Street Locator Map ⎕ Site Plan ⎕ Preliminary & Schematic Drawings ⎕ Design & Development Documents ⎕ Construction Documents ⎕ Official Documentation of Match ⎕ Business Plan ⎕ Feasibility Study ⎕ Marketing Plan ⎕ Financial Audit Documents (listed in the Application Guide page----) ⎕ Not-for-Profits only: IRS Status Letter classifying Organization as a 501(c) (3) ⎕ Restrictive Covenants or Statement agreeing to follow this requirement ⎕ Other

http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/current.stml

http://www.volusia.org/services/community-services/parks-recreation-and-culture/echo/current.stml

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Thornby Park

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Location Map

Item No. Description Estimated Quantity Unit Unit Price Total

1 Elevated Wooden Boardwalk 2640 SF 45$ 118,800$

2 Wooden Overlook 110 SF 45$ 4,950$

3 Concrete Pad 60 SF 10$ 600$

4 Split Rail Fence 800 LF 30$ 24,000$

5 Water Service 500 LF 3$ 1,500$

6 Electrical Conduit 500 LF 3$ 1,500$

7 Signage 1 LS 2,500$ 2,500$

8 Miscellaneous Site Work 1 LS 5,000$ 5,000$

9 Mobilization / Demobilization (4%) 1 LS 6,000$ 6,000$

10 General Requirements (4.5%) 1 LS 7,000$ 7,000$

11 Contingency (5%) 1 LS 9,000$ 9,000$

$180,850

Item No. Description Estimated Quantity Unit Unit Price Total

1A Elevated Boardwalk with Composite Decking - Additive 2640 SF 20$ 52,800$ 2A Overlook with Composite Decking - Additive 110 SF 20$ 2,200$ 8A Mobilization / Demobilization (4%) 1 LS 2,000$ 2,000$ 9A General Requirements (4.5%) 1 LS 2,000$ 2,000$ 10A Contingency (5%) 1 LS 3,000$ 3,000$

$62,000$242,850TOTAL PRICE INCLUDING BID ALTERNATE

Base Bid:

BID ALTERNATE ADDITIVE TOTAL

TOTAL

City of Deltona

Thornby Park Boardwalk and Trail Improvements

60% Submittal Engineer's Opinion of Probable Construction Cost

October 23, 2017

Bid alternate, prices additive to orginal line item:

A CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE THORNBY PARK TRACT

VOLUSIA COUNTY, FLORIDA

By

Michael A. Arbuthnot, Ryan O. Sipe,

and Brian S. Marks, Ph.D.

For

Tetra Tech 201 E. Pine Street, Suite 1000

Orlando, Florida 32801

ESI Report of Investigations No. 1322

EV09027.00

April 2009

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 2825 Lewis Speedway, Suite 107

St. Augustine, Florida 32084 (904) 824-5494

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... iii I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1-1 II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .................................................................................. 2-1 Physiography........................................................................................................ 2-1 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 2-1 Soils...................................................................................................................... 2-1 Modern Impacts ................................................................................................... 2-1 III REGIONAL CULTURE HISTORY............................................................................ 3-1 Paleoindian Period ............................................................................................... 3-1 Archaic Period ..................................................................................................... 3-2 Woodland Period ................................................................................................. 3-4 Mississippian Period ............................................................................................ 3-4 Contact & Mission Periods .................................................................................. 3-5 Colonial Periods, 1516-1821 ............................................................................... 3-6 Territorial and Statehood Periods, 1821-1860..................................................... 3-8 Civil War, Reconstruction, & Late 19th Century, 1861-1903............................. 3-9 History Specific to the Vicinity ......................................................................... 3-10 IV. PREVIOUS RESEARCH.............................................................................................. 4-1 V. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 5-1 Field Methodology............................................................................................... 5-1 Laboratory Methodology ..................................................................................... 5-1 Site Significance .................................................................................................. 5-2 Informant Interviews............................................................................................ 5-3 Unexpected Discoveries....................................................................................... 5-4 VI. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 6-1 8VO2880 (Thornby House) ................................................................................. 6-1 8VO8248 (Atlantic Coast Railroad) .................................................................... 6-4 8VO8921 (Thornby Park Midden)....................................................................... 6-5 VII. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................... 7-1 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................. 8-1 APPENDIX A: Survey Log Sheet APPENDIX B: Site Form: 8VO8921 APPENDIX C: Supplemental Background Information

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page Figure 1.1: Project Location Map........................................................................................... 1-2 Figure 2.1: Soils Map ............................................................................................................. 2-2 Figure 3.1: MacKay and Blake Map (1838-1839) Depicting Ft. Kingsbury ....................... 3-11 Figure 4.1: Previously Recorded Cultural Resources............................................................. 4-3 Figure 6.1: Testing Results..................................................................................................... 6-2 Figure 6.2: Structural Remains of 8VO2880.......................................................................... 6-3 Figure 6.3: Structural Remains of Outbuilding Associated with 8VO2880........................... 6-3 Figure 6.4: Former Structure 8VO2880 and Second House Depicted on Sanford Quadrangle Map (1983)....................................................................................... 6-4 Figure 6.5: Portion of the Subject Property within the General Vicinity Plot of 8VO8248 .. 6-5 Figure 6.6: Testing Results (8VO8921) ................................................................................. 6-6 Figure 6.7: North View of Site 8VO8921 .............................................................................. 6-7

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LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 3.1: East Central Florida Cultural Chronology ...........................................................3-1 Table 4.1: Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within a One-Mile Radius.................. 4-1 Table 6.1: Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from Thornby Park Midden (8VO8921) .......... 6-7 Table 6.2: Historic Artifacts Recovered from Thornby Park Midden (8VO8921)............... 6-8

Thornby Park Introduction

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I. INTRODUCTION In March 2009, Environmental Services, Inc. (ESI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey of the Thornby Park tract, an approximately 40-acre parcel located east of Broadway Street and north of Lake Shores Drive in southern Volusia County, Florida (Figure 1.1). Specifically, this tract is located in Section 6 of Township 19 South and Range 31 East, as shown on the Sanford (1983) USGS Quadrangle map. This archaeological study was conducted on behalf of TetraTech pursuant to a request from the City of Deltona. The goals of the survey were to locate, delineate, identify and evaluate all cultural resources within the proposed project area, and to assess their significance and potential eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with National Register Criteria (36 CFR 60.4). The term "cultural resources" as used herein is meant to refer to sites or objects that are archaeological, architectural, and/or historical in nature. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (PL 89-665, as amended) requires that federal agencies take into account the effects upon historic properties of projects involving federal funding and/or permitting. The guidelines for fulfilling the provisions of Section 106 and determinations of effect are contained in the implementing regulations of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 36, Chapter VIII, Part 800 (36 CFR 800). All cultural resources within the project tract were evaluated for eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in accordance with National Register Criteria (36 CFR 60). "Significant" historic properties are those meeting the criteria of eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, as defined in 36 CFR 60.4, and in consultation with the Florida State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). While the City of Deltona has no specific ordinance for archaeological studies, this report was prepared to fulfill the provisions of the aforementioned federal regulations, and in accordance with established Florida guidelines (Chapter 1A-46 Florida Administrative Code; FDHR 2002), as well as Chapters 267 and 373 of Florida Statutes. The field investigation consisted of an intensive pedestrian inspection of areas of exposed ground surface supplemented by subsurface testing at 25 and 50 meter intervals, as well as judgmentally throughout the tract. Shovel tests (n=70) measured 50 cm in diameter and were excavated to a depth of 100 cm below surface (cmbs) or to sterile soil. All soil was screened using ¼ inch mesh. As a result of the survey, one previously recorded archaeological site (8VO8248) and one historic structure (8VO2880) were revisited; and one newly recorded site (8VO8921) was documented. 8VO8248 represents the general vicinity boundaries recorded for a portion of the Atlantic Coast Railroad adjacent to the northeastern portion of the property. The railroad bed is currently visible along the northeastern property boundary; however, the resource does not extend within the limits of the subject parcel and will not be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Thornby House (8VO2880) was recorded in the southeastern portion of the property and was a Georgian Revival residential structure built in the 1920s. The structure burned down approximately 6 years ago and only debris remains at its location. Site 8VO8921 was recorded during the present study within the southeastern portion of the subject parcel. The site represents a portion of a St. Johns I freshwater snail midden and includes 19th and 20th century debris likely associated with the Thornby homestead.

8VO2880

8VO8921

8VO8248

Project Location Map

Thornby ParkVolusia County, Florida

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or geologist in rendering professional services, and is subjectto review and approval by appropriate regulatory agencies.

1.1Figure:

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Source(s): USGS Topographic Survey, Sanford(1983), Orange City (1980), Lake Helen (1980), andOsteen (1980), FL Quadrangles; Florida Master Site

ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC.2825 Leiws SpeedwaySuite107St. Augustine, FL 32084904-824-5494904-824-8364 FAX

www.environmentalservicesinc.com

Project Location

Volusia County

Thornby Park Introduction

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Based on shovel testing, 8VO8921 revealed potential to yield significant new data regarding inland lifeways during the St. Johns I period. Moreover, artifacts were encountered in site 8VO8921 that could be associated with Fort Kingsbury; a Second Seminole War Period stockade dating to circa 1838. As such, it is recommended that impacts within the boundaries of 8VO8921 be avoided during the proposed park development and that archaeological monitoring occur during any ground disturbing activity in the vicinity of site 8VO8921. If avoidance is not possible, supplemental archaeological investigation in the form of Phase II reduced interval shovel testing and limited excavation is recommended to further evaluate the NRHP eligibility of the site. Given the potential significance of site 8VO8921 and the property’s proposed function as a park, installation of a public interpretative display is also recommended.

Thornby Park Environmental Setting

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II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING In the following review, certain aspects of the environment are discussed that are relevant to human land use in the project area. Environmental variables have always had an important influence on the selection of habitation and special use sites by humans. Local soil type is a primary variable that generally guides, or is guided by, environmental factors such as drainage, relief, and flora (Almy 1978). Physiography The project area is located within the Crescent City-Deland Ridge region of the Central Lakes District. The Central Lake District is an area of active collapsed sinkhole development due to the unconformity of the sand hill karst with solution basins that underlie the area. The area consists of sand hills which were formed by karst processes. The district also serves as the main recharge area of the Florida aquifer due to the presence of xeric hills and internal drainage. The Crescent City-Deland Ridge region consists of sand hills that reach 80 to 100 feet high. The Plio-Pleistocene sand and shell are directly above the Floridian Aquifer (Brooks 1981). Hydrology The most important hydrological feature within the project area is Lake Monroe, which is located approximately 15 meters south of the project tract on the south side of Lake Shore Drive. This resource is part of the north-flowing St. Johns River system which flows from its marshy headwaters in central Florida to its mouth in Jacksonville. A small unnamed drainage within the property extends from an isolated wetland into Lake Monroe. Soils According to the Volusia County Soil Survey (USDA 1986) there are four soil types within the project area (Figure 2.1). The majority of the tract is comprised of poorly drained Immokalee sand in the northwestern portion of the tract, with a large portion of somewhat poorly drained Electra fine sand (0-5% slopes) in the southeastern corner. Additionally, there is a small pocket of poorly drained Wauchula fine sand in the northeastern corner and a pocket of moderately well drained Daytona sand (0-5% slopes) in the southwestern corner. Modern Impacts The project area is currently a vacant wooded tract; however, in the 1920s a Georgian Revival style house with associated outbuildings was constructed within the property. Structural debris associated with the house and a large animal pen is present within the southeastern portion of the tract. Other impacts to the property include the construction of a light-duty trail road through the central portion of the tract and the planting of an orange grove within the southeastern portion of the parcel.

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2.1Figure:

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Source(s): Aerials Express (2006); USDA SoilSurvey of Volusia County



Thornby Park Regional Culture History

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III. REGIONAL CULTURE HISTORY According to the regional classification of Milanich (1994:257.66), the project tract lies within the East and Central District of Florida. It is characterized by a four-part chronology, with each period based on distinct cultural and technological characteristics recognized by archaeologists. From oldest to most recent, the four temporal periods include Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian. Cultural periods are presented chronologically in Table 1 and discussed more fully below.

Table 3.1: East Central Florida Cultural Chronology (adapted from Milanich 1994)

CULTURAL PERIOD TEMPORAL PLACEMENT PALEOINDIAN

12,000 - 8,000 BC

ARCHAIC Early Middle Late Orange

8,000 - 5,000 BC 5,000 - 3,000 BC 3,000 - 500 BC 2,000 - 500 BC

WOODLAND

500 BC - AD 750

MISSISSIPPIAN St. Johns II

AD 750 - 1565+

HISTORIC

AD 1565 - Present

Paleoindian Period The earliest evidence for human occupation in Florida dates to the Paleoindian Period, which began between 8,000 and 12,000 BC (Cockrell and Murphy 1978; Clausen et al. 1979). The most widely accepted model for the peopling of the New World argues that Asian populations migrated to North America over the Beringia land bridge that formerly linked Siberia and Alaska, some 12,000 years ago. However, data are mounting in support of migrations that date before 12,000 years ago (Meltzer et al. 1997). Regardless of the precise timing of the first occupations of the New World, it does not appear that humans prior to 12,000 years ago inhabited Florida. Radiocarbon dates clustering at 10,000 BC have been generated from sites located in counties along the gulf coast (Cockrell and Murphy 1978; Clausen et al. 1979). This period is poorly known along the east Florida coast. To date, no unequivocal evidence of a Paleoindian presence has been uncovered in Volusia County. It is possible that sites attributable to the Paleoindian period might exist on the continental shelf beneath ocean waters.


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Archaic Period The environment of the Archaic Period was characterized by drier climatic conditions, and higher sea levels that resulted in the emergence of a mesic oak-hickory forest (Milanich 1994). Archaic period Indians focused their subsistence strategies on the procurement of smaller game, fish, wild plant foods, and in some cases, shellfish. Thus, the period seems to have been characterized by changes in human subsistence patterns and tool manufacturing techniques, as well as the surrounding environment. The earliest Archaic populations exhibit settlement patterns similar to those used by their predecessors, suggesting strong continuity between Early Archaic and previous Paleoindian lifeways (Milanich 1994:63). It is generally assumed that Early Holocene populations were composed of small, nomadic bands that followed seasonal rounds on the basis of resource abundance, therefore occupying disparate geographic resource extraction locales throughout the year (Hemmings and Kohler 1974; Smith 1986:16-18). Familiarity with a specific region probably resulted in seasonal reuse of the same locations. Within the Archaic Tradition, two distinct subsistence systems appear to have evolved. Hunting was emphasized in upland areas, while shellfish collection was relied upon in lowland aquatic and coastal zones. Coastal and riverine shell middens often contain many types of Archaic cultural debris. In Florida, Early Archaic (8,000-5,000 BC) components are generally distinguished through the presence of distinct projectile point/knife (PPK) types such as Kirk, Bolen, Santa Fe, and Tallahassee (Bullen 1975; Milanich 1994:63). Past researchers have postulated that Middle Archaic (5,000-3,000 BC) peoples of Florida lived almost exclusively in the interior of the state, and made only occasional ventures to the Atlantic coast. As an outcome of recent surveys and test excavations along the northern Atlantic coast of Florida, however, it has become clear that preceramic groups were occupying the Atlantic coast on a regular basis during the Middle Archaic period (Russo 1988, 1992; Bond 1992). These coastal peoples were exploiting the abundant aquatic estuarine resources of the Atlantic seaboard. The most well known artifacts of the Middle Archaic Period in Florida are a family of projectile point types that are variations of a basic design. Hillsborough, Newnan, Putnam, Levy, Alachua, and Marion PPK types all date to the period, and are relatively large spear points that could actually be variants of the same type. They range from about 3.5 to 12 centimeters in length, and of the three, the Newnan was cited by Bullen (1975) as being the most prominent projectile point type found in Florida. A shift in subsistence patterns apparently occurred among the later Archaic people of northeast Florida as they became more dependent upon riverine resources. While they continued to migrate seasonally between the coast and the uplands, increasingly large freshwater shell middens began to occur along the banks of the St. Johns. In northeast Florida, the Late Archaic Period is known as the Mount Taylor period (4,000-2,000 BC), and is represented in shell deposits along the St. Johns River and its tributaries as well in the use of charnel houses and secondary burial practices (Milanich 1994).


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Orange Period The Orange Period of the Late Archaic was a time of cultural adaptation that incorporated a mixed hunting, gathering, fishing, and shellfishing economy. In northeast Florida it marks the earliest sustained occupation, and was concentrated along the inland waterways of the coastal area (Bond 1988). It has been suggested that a shift occurred toward the gathering of shellfish at this time (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:152). The Late Archaic peoples of the East-Central Florida Cultural Area possessed essentially the same material culture as their predecessors, with the addition of fired clay pottery occurring around 2,000 BC (Milanich 1994). This distinct ceramic type, known as Orange pottery, was tempered with plant fibers and molded by hand into bowls of various sizes and shapes (Griffin 1945; Bullen 1972). Using surface treatment characteristics, Bullen (1972) further divided this period into four sub-periods: Orange 1 ceramics date between 2,000 and 1,650 BC and include flat shallow bowls and

rectangular vessels. Orange 2 dates between 1,650 and 1,450 BC and is similar to the Orange 1 varieties except for the addition of horizontal lines and concentric diamond shaped incisions to the exterior of vessels (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Although rare, Tick Island motifs with incised spirals have also been documented during this time. Orange 3 is distinguished by square and rectangular vessels that are straight sided and round mouthed. Surface treatments include parallel and slanted lines, punctations, and tick marks. Orange 3 dates between 1,450 and 1,250 BC Orange 4 ceramics are characterized by the transition to mixed sand and fiber tempering. This sub-period dates between 1,250 and 1,000 B.P. and includes simple incised motifs.

Research conducted by Sassaman (2003) in the middle St. Johns River region has resulted in the refinement of the Orange period. As mentioned above, the general belief is that the Orange period ranged from 2000 BC to 500 BC; however, radiocarbon dates from a number of Orange period sites cluster this occupation to a 500-year span that ranged from 2,000 BC to 1,500 BC. Radiocarbon dates from northeast Florida have thus far followed this trend (Janus Research 1995; Johnson 2000; Saunders 1985). At the end of the Orange Phase, referred to by Bullen (1959, 1971) as the Florida Transitional period (about 1,200-500 BC), changes in technology and lifestyle occurred in Florida that mark the beginning of the Formative Period. Sand-tempered and limestone-tempered pottery began to take the place of pottery tempered with vegetal fiber. Three different projectile point styles (basically notched, corner notched, and stemmed) began to occur in relatively contemporaneous deposits, which differentiate this period from earlier culture stages and suggest population movement and social interaction between culture areas. Cultural change during this period may have accompanied an increase in the utilization of plant foods. Increased sedentism became possible as prehistoric peoples refined their subsistence strategies in order to more efficiently exploit estuarine resources. By the end of this period of transition, pottery traditions reflect an increase in regional differentiation.


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Woodland Period St. Johns I The St. Johns tradition is most noticeable in archaeological assemblages by a chalky pottery containing fossil sponge spicules (cf. Borremans and Shaak 1986). The St. Johns way of life seems to have developed out of the previous Orange culture, as evidenced by St. Johns chalky wares with designs similar to those on Orange incised pottery (Bullen 1972; Milanich and Fairbanks 1980; Russo 1992). The post-Archaic period witnessed an increase in population and settlement numbers compared to earlier times. Cultural traits of the St. Johns period included the construction of burial mounds; a continued reliance on coastal resources; the appearance of new ceramics styles; and the reputed rise in plant cultivation (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:157). Contact with other Indian groups, both within and beyond Florida helped to shape the St. Johns culture. The St. Johns tradition is divided into two major periods, St. Johns I and II, which are further subdivided on the basis of observable changes in material culture (Goggin 1952:40; Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:148). Pottery of the St. Johns I period, 500 BC to AD 100, is mostly St. Johns Plain, but also includes some St. Johns Incised. The St. Johns Ib period, AD 500-800, is characterized by the predominance of St. Johns Plain in village areas or middens and Dunns Creek Red and Weeden Island types in burial mounds (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). However, pure St. Johns I sites as defined in the St. Johns heartland are lacking near the mouth of the St. Johns River. In fact, no St. Johns I villages locally have been excavated to date (Goggin 1952:47; Russo 1992:115). Mississippian Period The St. Johns IIa period began around AD 750, and is recognized by the introduction of check stamping on St. Johns chalky wares. As with the preceding period, coastal sites are characterized by diffuse shell middens composed mostly of oyster, although large mounds of shell refuse are common along the Atlantic coast (Goggin 1952; Milanich 1994). Subsistence activities characteristic of St. Johns I continue into the St. Johns II, with emphasis on the capture of estuarine fish and shellfish along the coast and freshwater species along the inland rivers and lakes (Milanich 1994:265-268; Russo 1992). Plant foods were also an integral part of the St. Johns diet, although specifics regarding the species gathered and/or grown are lacking. Early French and Spanish documents claim that beans, squash, and maize were heavily cultivated throughout the southeastern United States at the time of contact (Bennett 1968:57.66; Smith 1986:45). Direct evidence of cultigens, however, is rare for the St. Johns (or St. Marys) region, except in protohistoric Indian and mission contexts (e.g., Newsom 1986; Purdy 1990). Indirect data supportive of prehistoric maize cultivation occurs in the form of cob-marked ceramics (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:159). The exterior surface of these wares is thought to have been malleated or scraped with a dried corncob. The St. Johns IIb period began about AD 1050 and is considered by archaeologists as the apex of socio-political organization in northeast Florida prehistory (Milanich 1994:247). Sand burial mounds increased in use, some being quite large and ceremonially complex, including truncated pyramidal mounds with ramps or causeways leading up to their summits. The rise in the number of St. Johns village and mound sites implies at least some form of local quasi-chiefdom organization (Thunen and Ashley 1995). Along the north Georgia coast, within the Savannah


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culture heartland, evidence suggests change from bands to chiefdom level sociopolitical organization occurred, with the later societies constructing both platform and burial mounds (Crook 1986:36-37). Mortuary mounds investigated in northeast Florida have yet to be credited to Savannah peoples by archaeologists (Vernon 1982:117; Russo and Ste. Claire 1992:118). Subsistence activities characteristic of the local St. Johns II period are similar to those of the earlier Woodland period, with emphasis on the capture of estuarine fish and shellfish (Russo 1992:118). Zooarchaeological evidence from local sites indicate that fish species such as Atlantic croaker, mullet, silver perch, catfish, sheepshead, sea trout, flounder, and drum were taken from the marshes and shallow tidal sloughs. There is no present evidence suggestive of a deep-water or ocean fishing economy. Oyster was by far the most intensively collected shellfish species, but quahog clam, Atlantic ribbed mussel, stout tagelus, and whelk were also collected and eaten. Deer, raccoon, opossum, and other mammals were hunted or trapped, but terrestrial fauna were not exploited to the extent that aquatic animals were. Researchers have long speculated that there was an increased dependence on horticulture in the St. Johns region during the Mississippian period, based on early French and Spanish documents that claim beans, squash, and maize were heavily cultivated throughout the southeastern United States at the time of European arrival (Bennett 1968:57.66; Smith 1986:45). Direct evidence of cultigens, however, has not been recovered at prehistoric St. Johns II sites in either the St. Marys or St. Johns regions up to the present time. The St. Johns II communities of northeastern Florida were not insular coastal entities but rather active participants in far-flung exchange networks that brought exotic raw materials and finished products to the area. In addition to high-profile display goods, other more utilitarian nonlocal items also made their way into northeastern Florida. Of primary significance is Ocmulgee Cord Marked pottery, which typically occurs in low, yet persistent, numbers on many St. Johns II sites (Ashley and Smith 2000a). This implies rather intensive interactions between local St. Johns II groups and Ocmulgee peoples occupying the region at the confluence of the Altamaha-Oconee-Ocmulgee rivers of south central Georgia. The territory of the Ocmulgee groups may have been important to the St. Johns II peoples in that it would have provided river access into the interior of Georgia where Mississippian chiefdoms were located. Thus, Ocmulgee groups may have served as middlemen in securing copper and other exotics from upriver chiefdoms, such as the one at Macon Plateau, and passing these goods on to St. Johns II societies in northeastern Florida (Ashley and Smith 2000a, 2000b). With exotic items coming into northeastern Florida, it is highly likely that certain things were going out. The primary export may have been whelk shells. It is conceivable that northeastern Florida natives benefited from the demand for whelk shells among southeastern native elites during the early Mississippian period. Contact and Mission Periods At the time of Spanish contact (1565), the natives who inhabited northeast Florida were of the Eastern Timucua groups who collectively inhabited the Atlantic seaboard from central Florida north to the Altamaha River, Georgia (Swanton 1922; Goggin 1952; Deagan 1978; Hann 1996). One of the main Timucua settlements at contact was Seloy, a village frequently cited in early Spanish accounts (Solis de Meras 1964; Barrientos 1965; Lyon 1976). Modern researchers frequently place Seloy and the other natives of St. Augustine under the domain of Chief Saturiwa, whose village was located approximately 30 miles to the north at the mouth of the St.


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Johns River. However, placement of the Timucua from St. Augustine within the Saturiwa confederation may have been more the result of a European perception rather than a true Indian alliance. Contact-era accounts suggest that Saturiwa's ties were more with Timucua groups to the north such as the Tacatacuru of southeastern Georgia (Deagan 1978; Milanich and Fairbanks 1996; Hann 1996). Soon after Spanish contact in 1565, Jesuit and Franciscan friars established a series of Catholic missions along the Atlantic coast and in the interior of Florida, resulting in over a century of sustained Spanish-Indian interaction (Gannon 1965). During this time, the Timucua, Guale, and other native coastal groups had to accommodate their lifestyle to a swiftly changing physical and cultural environment (Dobyns 1983). During the Spanish Mission period, introduced European diseases and fatal conflict decimated the native population. Groups were frequently relocated and consolidated to facilitate missionization and the exploitation of their labor by the Spaniards. By the late 16th century, nonlocal Timucua (Mocama) and Guale Indians began to infiltrate north Florida. Such movement is evidenced by the presence of San Pedro pottery (Ashley and Rolland 1997a), a distinctive grog tempered aboriginal ware found on sites in Duval and St. Johns counties (Merritt 1977, 1983; Chaney 1986; Bond 1992). San Pedro pottery is thought to have been produced by historic Timucua-speaking groups who inhabited the San Pedro mission district, with the mission itself (San Pedro de Mocama) located on present day Cumberland Island, Georgia (Milanich 1971, 1972). The distribution of San Pedro pottery at sites along the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia seems to reflect movements of historic Timucua groups between the San Pedro mission district and the main Spanish settlement at St. Augustine during the late 16th and 17th centuries (Ashley and Rolland 1997b). France laid claim to Florida in 1562 and established a garrison at Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville in 1564, only to be expelled by Spanish forces under the command of Pedro Menendez in 1565 (Bennett 1968). Spain controlled the colony of La Florida from 1565 to 1763 and again during the period 1783 to 1821. Great Britain governed a smaller version of the colony, which included present-day Florida, during the intervening 20 years (176317R83). In 1821, Spain relinquished control of present-day Florida to the United States, and it remained a U.S. Territory until 1845 when it became a state. Between 1821 and 1845, central Florida was the scene of numerous hostilities between transplanted Creek Indians (Seminoles) and white settlers. Furthermore, by the early 18th century, the native population of Florida and the Spanish mission system had been largely destroyed by disease and as a result of raids by the British and their Indian allies from Georgia and the Carolinas. After the Yamassee Indian War, Creek Indians from towns along the lower Chattahoochee River between Georgia and Alabama began to migrate to Florida between 1716 and 1763 (Fairbanks 1978). By 1763, these loosely related Indian groups had become known as the Seminoles, with whom the Spanish had only limited trading interactions. No attempts were made by the Spanish to reestablish the mission system or to increase settlement in the interior portions of Florida during this time (Covington 1961). Colonial Periods, 1516-1821 The British found Florida with few remaining European settlers, for more than 3,000 people left with the evacuating Spanish. Without colonists, the English government realized its plans for


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developing the province were threatened. Consequently, Grant and the British Crown launched a vigorous public relations and land grant program designed to encourage settlers and development. The program enjoyed some success, for between 1764 and 1770 approximately 3,000,000 acres of grants were issued by the Crown in East Florida alone. But, only sixteen grants were settled by English grantees by the outbreak of the American Revolution (Deagan 1978; Milanich 1996; Hann 1996; Hanna and Hanna 1950). The Spanish Crown granted many tracts in the region that became east Volusia County, including an 800-acre grant associated with the project tract. Most grants radiated out from the proximity of St. Augustine, but others sprinkled the Atlantic coast and the banks of the St. Johns River. In November 1817, Spanish authorities awarded Juan de Entralgo 800 acres three miles west of New Smyrna for his service to the crown. Apparently, Entralgo had helped to defend East Florida during the so called Patriot Rebellion. In 1812, the United States government contributed to what historian James Cusick has aptly named the “Other War of 1812.” The previous year, President James Madison appointed General George Matthews, a former governor of Georgia, as a commissioner to confer with Spanish authorities about their temporary cession of Florida to the United States. Madison authorized the support of federal troops, should the need arise. Matthews exceeded his authority and launched a campaign of “armed diplomacy” using frontiersmen and adventurers in his patriot army. In March 1812, with the support of federal gunboats, Matthews attacked Fernandina, invaded Amelia Island, and then moved into the interior. Led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Adams Smith, 276 federal soldiers landed on the island on March 1812 and by July 1812 established bivouacs at Davis Creek, Fernandina, Hollingsworth's Plantation near Cowford on the St. Johns River, Pass Navarro near St. Augustine, and Picolata. During the passage along the province’s rivers and roads patriots burned and looted numerous plantations, including several along the Halifax and Indian Rivers. Demands associated with the War of 1812 and political pressures at the national level forced a recall of the federal troops, who retreated from their outposts and evacuated Amelia Island in May 1813. Following the evacuation of the federal troops, Matthews’s irregular forces retreated (Cusick 2003). The raids and destruction along the Halifax River and in northeast Florida again disrupted the region’s economy, and persuaded some prominent firms to relocate from Fernandina and St. Augustine to Havana. The destruction was perpetuated, in part, by irregular forces and, in part, by marauding Seminoles. Entralgo apparently held his New Smyrna grant only as an investment and did not develop a plantation on the property. In August 1818, after holding his New Smyrna property less than one year, Entralgo sold the 800 acres to Isaac Wickes of St. Augustine for $1,500. Similarly, Wickes held the property briefly, selling it to Thomas Napier, a Charleston merchant, in April 1820. In February 1818, George Clarke, Spanish East Florida’s surveyor-general, conducted a survey of the grant for Entralgo, noting little more than pantano (marsh) and pinal (pine) lands, and did not record the presence of buildings, canals, or a plantation (WPA 1940 4:137-138; FSA Confirmed N4 Spanish Land Grant). The largest colonization experiment of Florida’s British period and one of the largest in American history occurred at New Smyrna during the interval. Conceived by Andrew Turnbull, a Scottish physician, the New Smyrna Colony consisted of 1,255 colonists who arrived by ship at New Smyrna in 1768. The physician named the East Florida colony after his wife’s home in Smyrna, Asia Minor. On 2 July 1768, Governor Grant wrote to Count Shelburne in London that “This, my Lord, I believe is the largest importation of white inhabitants that ever was brought into America at


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a time.” Turnbull served as a primary investor and manager of properties granted by the English Crown to members of the East Florida Society of London, a private club comprised of members of parliament, dukes and earls, merchants, and physicians. After arriving in Florida, Turnbull gained favor with Governor Grant and was appointed secretary of the East Florida Council in 1767. Certified in January 1767, his grant at Mosquito Inlet amounted to 20,000 acres and coupled with another 20,000-acre grant to William Duncan and properties from other investors brought the New Smyrna Colony to approximately 100,000 acres. Among other prominent investors of the colony was Lord George Grenville, a former prime minister of England. In all, members of the East Florida Society of London held approximately 600,000 acres of East Florida properties, most of which were undeveloped in 1764 and many of which remained part of the province’s unbroken wilderness at the close of the British period (Bailyn 1986:451-454; Rogers 1976:479-496). For the colony, Turnbull had arranged for 500 African-American slaves to precede his Mediterranean settlers to East Florida, where they would cut into and drain the unbroken frontier wilderness. The ship sank in route with a tragic loss of all hands and bondsmen, a severe setback for Turnbull, his investors, and especially the settlers. The Corsican, Greek, Italian, and Minorcan settlers who arrived at New Smyrna, most of whom had been indentured for a period of six to ten years, had become intrigued with Turnbull’s sonorous prospects of a life of eventual freedom, security, and peace in the sunny land of orange groves, religious toleration, and gentle breezes. The plans and promises far outran the reality. Instead, Turnbull and his settlers found excessive heat, mosquitoes, and a jungle-like climate and landscape, none of which had been cleared. He purchased forty bondsmen and hired two overseers in February 1767 who began clearing operations. Of 1,403 original colonists, only 1,255 survived the passage and by 1770 over one-half were dead from sickness, exposure, and cruelty from Turnbull and his overseers. In January 1778, approximately six months after the settlers abandoned the colony for St. Augustine, only 419 colonists remained alive in the Ancient City with 128 of those children whom had been born in New Smyrna (Panagopoulos 1978:10-11, 45, 57-58, 174; Rogers 1976:479-496; Andrew Turnbull to William Duncan, 1 February 1767 Floridahistoryonline). Territorial and Statehood Periods, 1821-1860 In 1821, the United States government created the Territory of Florida and named Andrew Jackson military governor. Jackson initiated the Americanization of Florida, naming Tallahassee the seat of the territorial government and providing for county courts and trials by jury. St. Augustine lost its political influence as capital of the province of East Florida, and instead became the seat of government for St. Johns County. Using the Suwannee River as the dividing line, Jackson created Escambia County out of the former West Florida province and St. Johns County out of the former East Florida province. In 1822, responding to political and practical needs, the Territorial Legislature began reducing the size of the two counties. That year, the body created Duval County, a relatively large political jurisdiction that initially extended from the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, St. Marys River, and Suwannee River. The creation of Alachua County and Mosquito County in 1824 significantly reduced the sizes of the older county jurisdictions. A large geographic region that extended from south of Lake Okeechobee and Charlotte Harbor to just south of St. Augustine, Mosquito County was organized in 1824. Between the 1820s and 1840s, Mosquito County served as the governing jurisdiction for New Smyrna. Possessing a name destined to keep settlers at bay, Mosquito County was legislated out of existence in 1845, when the newly-organized Florida Legislature created Orange County. Orange County maintained jurisdiction over


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the area until December 1854, when the legislature created Volusia County, Florida’s thirtieth county (Volusia County 2007). In 1822, the Congress appointed a board of land commissioners, who reviewed and either confirmed or rejected private claims in Florida. A process that often included translating Spanish documents, obtaining old surveys from archives, and deposing witnesses, the reviewing of claims slowed the public survey and land sales by the state and federal governments. Still, by the end of 1825, the East Florida commissioners had confirmed 325 claims and rejected sixty-one others. The Congress furnished final adjudication for eighty-eight other claims that consisted of 3,000 or more acres. Several large grants were adjudicated in the courts during the 1830s. Civil War, Reconstruction, and Late Nineteenth Century, 1861-1903 In March 1845, Florida gained statehood, entering the Union as a slave state, paired against Iowa to maintain a balance of representation between free and slave states in the U.S. Senate. In the same way that few farming or development activities have been documented in the project area in the 1850s, few military actions appear to have occurred there during the Civil War. Although the Civil War curtailed economic growth of plantations and the nascent tourist trade initiated by steamboats during the 1850s, the conflict appears to have made little impact on the project tract. The third state to secede from the Union, Florida joined the Confederate States of America in January 1861. Within months of that action, the Confederate government requested that Florida supply 5,000 troops. Many male residents abandoned their farms to join the army, leaving the rural economy with only half of its work force. Federal steamships patrolled the coastline and gunboats sailed into ports at Jacksonville and St. Augustine in 1862 to accept the surrender of those cities by civilian authorities. Union troops made little effort to extend their control beyond the limits of those towns initially, in part, because the region east of the St. Johns River, including the project tract, and north of Matanzas Inlet became known as “Lincoln’s congressional district in East Florida.” Union gunboats sailed the length of the St. Johns River in 1862, in part, to destroy blockade runners and prevent Confederate troops from crossing to the east bank of the river (Buker 1992:3-9, 18). In the decade following Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, Florida and the rest of the South endured a turbulent period of Federal Reconstruction. Although the state did not suffer the extensive destruction that occurred in other areas of the South, most of its cities had been occupied by Federal troops and some interior settlements were abandoned. Floridians faced the daunting task of rebuilding their society. The war decimated the state’s economy and compelled Floridians to develop a labor system that did not depend on bondsmen for labor. Throughout the state property values plummeted, and agricultural and industrial production declined. The state’s financial institutions collapsed. Punctuated by violence, lawlessness, and unscrupulous politics, Reconstruction proved in some ways as difficult as the war (Donald et al 2001). Until the advent of railroads, steamboats and roads remained the primary modes of transportation. During the nineteenth century, steamboat travel along the Atlantic Coast and especially through the treacherous, shifting inlets that opened into the inland rivers and lagoons was less certain and safe than along the St. Johns River. Navigators considered Mosquito Inlet, a name that persisted until 1927 when it was renamed Ponce DeLeon Inlet, the seventh most dangerous inlet along the nation’s Atlantic Coast. More than seventy shipwrecks had occurred off the inlet by the early twentieth century, including the Commodore, a steamship returning from a filibustering expedition to Cuba in


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1898 and made famous by Stephen Crane’s short story “The Open Boat.” A lighthouse built in 1835 on the south side of the inlet had never been illuminated. Within a year of its completion, it was undermined by the shifting tide and then toppled into the sea. The Seminole conflict and Civil War delayed the replacement of the initial aid to navigation. Then, in 1887, the Lighthouse Board completed a magnificent new lighthouse, the second tallest on the Atlantic Coast. The new light-house improved ocean going travel along the coast between St. Augustine and Cape Canaveral, and helped open the Halifax River and Indian River to travel by investors, settlers, and visitors. Despite its relative isolation, nineteenth-century Florida attracted vacationing northerners, some seeking investment opportunities and prompting a flurry of Florida guidebooks. Medical doctors composed many of these guides, some of which furnished a glimpse of activities taking place along the St. Johns River. A few mentioned sites along the Halifax River or Indian River. Philadelphia physician and medical journal editor Daniel Brinton published one of the first in 1869, A Guide-Book of Florida and the South for Tourists, Invalids and Emigrants. He recommended that persons wishing to visit Florida’s east coast to camp and hunt hire an open boat, guide, and tent at Jacksonville, and sail to Enterprise by the St. Johns River on a steamer. (Brinton 1869:61-62, 71-75). Poet laureate Sidney Lanier, daunted by a difficult route along the Indian River, sailed the St. Johns River and more accessible inland waterways in the 1870s. In his Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History, Lanier identified several landings and villages along the St. Johns River, but made little mention of coastal rivers or settlements. Providing little of substance about Volusia County’s benefits, Lanier poetically presaged the onslaught of tourists who would flock to Florida over the following decades. He found the "waters full of fish in great variety; the woods abound in deer and other game; and the whole land amounts to perpetual invitation to the overworked, the invalid, the air-poisoned, the nervously prostrate people, to come down with yacht and tent, with rod and gun, and rebuild brain, muscle, and nerve" (Lanier 1876:125-136). Within two decades of Brinton’s and Lanier’s treatises, Chicago newspaper journalist George Barbour had published two Florida guidebooks, derived, in part, from his observations while on tour in 1879 with former President Ulysses Grant, and, in part, from a subsequent tour with state commissioner of immigration Seth French. Barbour traveled many of the state’s rivers and in his Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers commented on the Halifax River. He revealed that “The hamlets and towns of Holly Hill, New Britain, Daytona, Halifax City, Port Orange, Blake Post-Office, and New Smyrna, on the margin of the river, are desirably located, principally on rich, high hammock-lands of palmetto, oak, and other forest-trees. The inhabitants are from all sections of the Union, generally prosperous and anxiously awaiting the opening of the canal [ed. Intracoastal Waterway], and the consequent impetus to the general industries of the country.” His advice in 1882 to reach the Halifax and Indian River regions consisted of boarding a steamer to “…DeLand or Blue Springs Landing, on the St. John’s, then via carriages across to the coast; or go to St. Augustine and then via sail-boats down, a day’s sail.” A map included in his 1882 volume depicted many of the place names along the Indian River (Barbour 1882:178, 307). History Specific to the Vicinity The first notable historic settlement in the project vicinity was Ft. Kingsbury; a Second Seminole War log stockade that was built circa 1837 (Friend 2000). Ft. Kingsbury was named after Lt. Charles Kingsbury who died of fever at Ft. Mellon, which itself was located on the south shore of Lake Monroe near present-day Sanford (Sanford 2009).


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Ft. Kingsbury was a “satellite” fort of Ft. Mellon and one of many military posts that were established from New Smyrna to Tampa intended to drive the Seminole Indians further south (Friend 2000). The exact location of the fort remains unknown, but the structure is depicted on the MacKay and Blake army map (1838-39) on the north shore of Lake Monroe (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1: MacKay and Blake Map (1838-1839) Depicting Ft. Kingsbury In 1842 the "Armed Occupation Act" was passed, which granted property to settlers who would clear, cultivate and hold tracts of land for 5 years (Friend 2000). Cornelius Taylor was one of more than 1,000 applicants who applied for land. He was a former timber agent and first cousin to General Zachary Taylor. Cornelius and about 20 others founded "Enterprise" at Fort Kingsbury in 1841. Although the fort had been abandoned by 1841, it was periodically utilized through the 1840s and during the Third Seminole War in 1856. Cornelius and the other settlers ostensibly “squatted” on the land, making claim to their individual homesteads by right of possession (Friend 2000). Taylor’s grant became known as Enterprise and included the site of Fort Kingbury, three springs, and a large Native American shell midden (Friend 2000). A lodge was erected atop the midden to house tourists visiting Lake Monroe on steamboats. Eventually several outbuildings, slave quarters, a sawmill, sugar boiler, and an orange grove were established on the property. According to Friend (2009), the roadway depicted bisecting the property southeast-northwest on the 1983 Sanford Quadrangle map (see Figure 1.1) is referred to as "Old Taylor Road" on maps dating to the 1970s. It was one of the first public thoroughfares in the county, connecting Old Road to Titusville, which was commissioned before the Civil War. This trail may also have been associated with Ft. Kingsbury. The MacKay and Blake map depicts a trail connecting to the road


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that leads to Fort Smyrna (see Figure 3.1). This roadway was not encountered during the survey within the property, but some segments are still visible on adjacent tracts (Friend 2009). The subject parcel and its surrounding area, originally known as the Thornby property, may have been used for citrus agriculture sometime after Ft. Kingsbury was abandoned up until the early 1900s (Friend 2009). It was owned by “Mrs. Summers” and contained a wood frame orange packing house, as well as a rail spur that was likely used to transport orange crates. Dr. James Henderson Glass and his wife, Anna, purchased the subject property circa 1916 from Mrs. Summers and built a house there around 1925 (Friend 2009). The Glass property originally included the study tract and extended east and south of its current boundaries. Over the years they added amenities such as stables, pools, a garage, and guest housing. They named the house “Thornby” (8VO2880) after a benefactor (Mrs. Thorn) who supposedly gave Dr. Glass money to attend medical school. Thornby House became a social hub for the local community and was described as “the premier residence of West Volusia County” in the 1920s and 30s (Friend 2009). The property remained in the Glass Family until 1959 when Anna Glass passed away. At that time, Miss Doris Faber (originally hired by Mrs. Glass) managed the house and property for the Clapp Family (who had inherited it) until the 1970s. During the 1970s, the house became a rental property for approximately ten years. Following its use as a rental, the house and property had been neglected and eventually was burnt down by vandals in 2002. The property was acquired by the City of Deltona in 2008 with the intention of developing it into a park. For supplemental information and archival photographs on the Thornby property and Ft. Kingsbury, see contributions by Friend (2009) and Langley (2009) in Appendix C.

Thornby Park Previous Research

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IV. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Prior to fieldwork, the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) was consulted to obtain information on previously recorded sites and surveys pertinent to the present study. As a result, one previously recorded structure (8VO2880) and a portion of the general vicinity boundaries of an archaeological site (8VO8248) were recorded within the study parcel. Expanding the search to include a one-mile radius revealed seven previously recorded sites and 28 historic structures, one of which is listed on the NRHP (Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1).

Table 4.1: Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within a One-Mile Radius

Site No. Site Name Site Type/Address Cultural Affiliation/ Year NR Status

VO0055 ENTERPRISE MIDDEN Prehistoric midden(s)

Nineteenth century American, 1821-1899; Mt. Taylor; Orange; Other; St. Johns, 700 B.C.-A.D.

1500; St. Johns II, A.D. 800-1500; St. Johns IIc

Potentially Eligible for NRHP

VO2601 GROVES' ORANGE MIDDEN Prehistoric midden(s) Late Archaic; Orange Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO7295 Friend House Site at Green Springs Homestead Twentieth century American,

1900-present Ineligible for NRHP

VO7296 Rail Bed at Green Springs Land-terrestrial Other Ineligible for NRHP

VO7297 Green Springs Cistern Land-terrestrial American, 1821-present Insufficient Information

VO7298 Green Springs Trash Pit Land-terrestrial Twentieth century American, 1900-present Insufficient Information

VO8248 Atl Coast, St. Johns &Indian River RR Land-terrestrial Nineteenth century American,

1821-1899 Ineligible for NRHP

VO0198 All Saints Episcopal Church

Debary Avenue And Clark 1883 Listed on the NRHP

#74000656 VO2878 Cobb House 1040 Braddock Road c1910 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO2880 Thornby House 950 Lakeshore Drive c1925 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO3127 180 Main St 180 Main St c1890 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4665 In As Much Daycare-First United Meth Chr 51 Main St 1936 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4666 Hadin Hall-First United Methodist Church 51 Main St 1927 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4668 Florida Power Plant 201 Debary Ave 1926 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4671 211 Clark St 211 Clark St c1927 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4672 251 Clark St 251 Clark St c1926 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4673 Evans, Aletha House 240 Clark St c1905 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4674 200 Clark St 200 Clark St c1920 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4675 Hamilton House 510 Pine St c1920 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4676 541 Pine St 541 Pine St c1947 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4677 560 Pine St 560 Pine St c1938 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4678 490 Pine St 490 Pine St c1901 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4679 Wright, Ruth House 360 Pine St c1900 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4680 Ryan's Store 105 Main St c1930 Not Evaluated by SHPO

Thornby Park Previous Research

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VO4681 Enterprise Elementary School 112 Main St 1936 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4682 Enterprise Elementary School 112 Main St 1929 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4683 Collette, Ralph House 310 Main St c1915 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4684 Wagoner's Store 370 Main St c1920 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4685 650 Debary Ave 650 Debary Ave c1926 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4686 Barnett Memorial Meth Church 701 Debary Ave 1929 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO4687 151 Court St 151 Court St c1925 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4688 161 Court St 161 Court St c1920 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4689 Goodwin House 110 Madison Place c1931 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4690 760 Debary Ave 760 Debary Ave c1920 Not Evaluated by SHPOVO4691 Northrup House 910 Debary Ave c1915 Not Evaluated by SHPO

VO04691VO04690VO04689VO04688

VO04687VO04686VO04685

VO04684

VO04682VO04681

VO04679VO04670

VO04668

VO04666VO04665VO02880 VO02878

VO00057

VO00055

VO07177VO07178

VO08248

VO02601

VO07296VO07295

VO07297 VO07298

Previously Recorded Cultural Resources


P:\Projects\Volusia\2009\EV09027_Thornby\GRA\mxd\cultres.mxd

E

0 500250

Meters

Project BoundaryFlorida SitesFlorida Structures

EV09027.00

March 2009

BSM/JRN



4.1Figure:

Project:

Date:

Drwn/Chkd:

Source(s): USGS Topographic Survey, Sanford(1983), Orange City (1980), Lake Helen (1980), andOsteen (1980), FL Quadrangles; Florida Master Site



Thornby Park Research Design and Methodology

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V. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY The goals of this survey were to locate and define prehistoric and historic cultural resources within the project area, and to evaluate their significance and their potential for contributing additional data through future research. Development of the research design was preceded by a review of the Florida Master Site Files (FMSF) for the presence of previously recorded archaeological sites within or near the study area; an examination of soil maps, aerial photographs, and historical maps; a review of topographical maps so that elevation data could be utilized; and an investigation of previous archaeological research pertaining to the region. The Volusia County Property Appraiser’s (2008) website was also utilized to determine if historic buildings are listed within the project area. Field Methodology Field methods used during the present investigation included a pedestrian inspection combined with subsurface testing. Areas of surface exposure were inspected for the presence of artifacts. Historic debris and structural remains associated with the occupation of 8VO2880 were encountered during the pedestrian inspection. Subsurface testing included 70 shovel tests dug at 25 m intervals in areas of high probability; 50 m intervals in areas of moderate probability; as well as judgmentally in areas of low probability. As recommended by the DHR, shovel tests were 50 cm in diameter and were dug to the depth of one meter unless the water table was encountered. Soil was screened through a 1/4-inch mesh mounted on a portable shaker screen. Upon completion, each shovel test was backfilled and the location was marked with flagging tape and plotted on a map of the tract. Pertinent field data, including shovel test locations, soil stratigraphy, environmental setting, topography, etc., were recorded for each test. Locational accuracy was maintained through the use of an aerial photograph and a Suunto KB-20 compass. All field notes, forms, maps, and artifacts were transported to the ESI laboratory, where they will be curated until a permanent repository is selected. Laboratory Methods Cultural materials recovered during the investigation were cleaned, analyzed, and entered into a database by Marissa Gordon. A standardized catalogue system, initiated during fieldwork, was employed to ensure that provenience data was recorded for all artifacts. This record-keeping method facilitated subsequent laboratory processing and analysis. The following are descriptions of artifact types collected during the investigation. St. Johns (+/-1500 BC - AD 1565+): St. Johns pottery is a distinctive aboriginal ceramic type that exhibits a chalky tactual quality due to the presence of microscopic freshwater sponge spicules. The typically soft character of the ware makes it susceptible to surface erosion and weathering. Most St. Johns sherds are either plain or check stamped, although some may be scraped or simple stamped. Other decorations also exist, yet in minor instances, such as incising, punctating, and on very rare occasions, complicated stamping. The lack of check stamping is indicative of a Woodland St. Johns I affiliation (ca. 1500 BC - AD 900) (Ashley 2003).


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Flake: A flake is a lithic artifact that has been removed from a larger mass by the application of force and which demonstrates a platform and a bulb of percussion (Crabtree 1972:64). Nondecortication flakes (ndf) lack cortex on their outer surface; secondary decortication flakes (sdf) exhibit cortex over less than 90 percent of their outer (or dorsal) surface; and primary decortication flakes (pdf) exhibit cortex over 90 percent of their dorsal surface. Olive Green Bottle Glass: The most common color of bottle glass prior to the 20th was dark olive green, which assumed its coloring from iron impurities present in the silica. The most common uses for olive green glass were beer and wine bottles (Balme and Patterson, 2006). It is uncommon to see olive green glass produced after 1900, except in some instances for liquor, wine and champagne bottles (Historic Glass Identification and Information Website 2009). Aqua glass (1800s-1920s): Aqua is a very common color in all types of American made bottles that date prior to the 1920s to the early 19th century. Aqua glass was replaced by colorless glass after the 1920s as a marketing response to have the product more clearly visible to the buyer (Lindsey 2007). Aqua glass is a natural result of iron impurities found in sand. Glass makers often called natural aqua glass “green glass”, “bottle glass”, or “bottle glass green” (Kendrick 1968). Cut Nails (1800-1900): A machined nail that replaced hand wrought nails in the early 19th century (Allen 2008). The cut nail was tapered on two sides and possessed a head. Generally the cut nail is thought to have been replaced by the wire nails in the early 20th century, but cut nails are still manufactured and used in some modern construction projects. Site Significance In order for a site to be considered a significant resource, it must meet one or more of four specific criteria established in 36 CFR Part 60, National Register of Historic Places, nominations by state and federal agencies, and 36 CFR Part 800, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Protection of Historic Properties. The evaluation of a prehistoric or historic cultural resource for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places rests largely on its research potential, that is, its ability to contribute important information through preservation and/or additional study. The National Register criteria for evaluation are stated as follows:

The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering,

and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and;

Criterion A: Properties that are associated with events that have made a significant

contribution to broad patterns of our history;

Criterion B: Properties that are associated with lives of persons significant in our past;


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Criterion C: Properties that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; and

Criterion D: Properties that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, important

information in prehistory or history. While many archaeological sites are recommended as eligible to the NRHP under Criterion D, the potential to "yield information important in prehistory and history," this criterion is rather ill-defined. In order to clarify the issue of site importance, the following attribute evaluations add a measure of specificity that can be used in assessing site significance and NRHP eligibility:

a). Site Integrity - Does the site contain intact cultural deposits or is it disturbed? b). Preservation - Does the site contain material suited to in-depth analysis and/or absolute dating such as preserved features, botanical material, faunal remains, or human skeletal remains? c). Uniqueness - Is the information contained in the site redundant in comparison to that available from similar sites, or do the remains provide a unique or insightful perspective on research concerns of regional importance? d). Relevance to Current and Future Research - Would additional work at this site contribute to our knowledge of the past? Would preservation of the site protect valuable information for future studies? While this category is partly a summary of the above considerations, it also recognizes that a site may provide valuable information regardless of its integrity, preservation, or uniqueness.

Informant Interviews Locating archaeological sites and gaining familiarity with the history of a project tract is often facilitated through interviewing local citizens that live or spend time within close proximity to the parcel. Three informants were interviewed during this investigation. A local resident (name withheld) was consulted regarding past land use and she provided information on the demolition of 8VO2880. The house, she said, burnt down around six years ago by a fire that was rumored to have been started by vagrants occupying the structure. Lani Friend was extensively interviewed during report production. She is a local resident who has written about Enterprise and the Thornby property for the Enterprise Preservation Society, Inc. Ms. Friend lived on the Thornby property during summer vacations in the 1950s and 60s, and continued to regularly visit the property until the 1980s. Most information in this report relative to Ft. Kingsbury, Enterprise, and Taylor Road was obtained from Ms. Friend.


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Carolyn Watson Langley provided useful information about the location of architectural features present on the study tract. Ms. Langley lived on the Thornby property from January 1951 to May 1969. Within that time frame, she resided in the Thornby House (8VO2880) for approximately 12 years. Unexpected Discoveries Archaeologists frequently encounter unanticipated features or sites that require efforts that exceed the scope of project expectations. In such cases it is sometimes necessary to reevaluate the research design and/or seek additional funding to address unexpected discoveries. Unexpected findings might include the discovery of human remains, which would require additional coordination with the state archaeologist in compliance with Chapter 872.05, Florida Statues, or a medical examiner if the remains appear less than 75 years old. It is our policy to amend a project research design as needed to ensure that proper treatment and evaluation are afforded to unexpected findings. Coordination with the office of the SHPO is a necessary step in such an approach.

Thornby Park Results

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VI. RESULTS In March 2009, Environmental Services, Inc. (ESI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey of the Thornby Park property, a 40-acre parcel in southwestern Volusia County. The goals of the survey were to locate, delineate, identify and evaluate all cultural resources within the proposed project area, and to assess their significance and potential eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with National Register Criteria (36 CFR 60.4). The archaeological survey included a pedestrian inspection coupled with the excavation of shovel tests. The pedestrian survey included the inspection of exposed ground surfaces, wetland edges, dirt access roads, dirt trails, and areas of disturbance throughout the tract. The archaeological survey included the excavation of shovel tests (n=70) dug at 25 m intervals in areas of high probability; offset 50 m intervals in areas of moderate probability; as well as judgmentally in areas of low probability (Figure 6.1). As a result of the survey, one previously recorded historic structure (8VO2880) and the general vicinity boundaries of an archaeological site (8VO8248) were revisited; and one newly recorded archaeological site (8VO8921) was documented, as discussed below. 8VO2880 (Thornby House) This resource was previously recorded within the southeastern portion of the subject parcel. It is listed as a Georgian Revival style residence called Thornby House that was built circa 1925 (see Chapter 3). An informant reported that the house was burned down about 6 years ago by vagrants who had often occupied the abandoned structure. Structural remains can be seen northeast of its recorded location adjacent to Shovel Test 5325N/5600E (Figure 6.2). A concrete pad associated with the foundation or a driveway was identified at the location of proposed Shovel Test 5350N/5600E, which prevented the excavation of the test. One outbuilding associated with 8VO2880 was also identified approximately 50 meters northeast of the house site. The outbuilding was no longer standing, but its structural remnants suggested that it was formerly a large animal pen or barn (Figure 6.3). According to Langley (2009), a small barn adjacent to a second house once penned cows; however, no evidence of the house was encountered during the survey. The second structure is depicted on the 1983 Sanford Quadrangle map northeast of Thornby House (Figure 6.4). Langley (2009) recalls that other structures associated with Thornby House previously existed on or near the property, including a detached garage and large wooden shed, pools, pens and enclosures where pigs, chickens, and other livestock were kept. There was also a wooden bridge that crossed a drainage ditch in the central-southern portion of the property and remnants of a dock and gate. No evidence of these structures was encountered during the Phase I investigation. Supplemental background information is included in Appendix C. Recommendation: 8VO2880 was a Georgian Revival residence recorded on the subject parcel in 1989 as part of a county-wide historical structure survey. The structure allegedly burned down in 2002 and only debris exists at its location. As such, the architectural integrity of the structure has been completely lost and it is not considered eligible for NRHP consideration. A FMSF Structure Form was not updated because 8VO2880 no longer exists as a structure.

8VO2880

8VO8248

Testing Results


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Figure 6.2: Structural Remains of 8VO2880

Figure 6.3: Structural Remains of Outbuilding Associated with 8VO2880


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Figure 6.4: Former Structure 8VO2880 and Second House Depicted on Sanford Quadrangle Map (1983)

8VO8248 (Atlantic Coast Railroad) 8VO8248 represents the general vicinity boundaries given to a portion of the Atlantic Coast Railroad that was recorded in 2006 (see Figure 6.1). A portion of this general vicinity plot is depicted within the property. As seen in Figure 6.5, this portion of the property has been subjected to extensive subsurface disturbance. It is also clear that the former Atlantic Coast railway was located adjacent to the property and forms the northeastern project boundary as depicted on the 1983 Sanford topographic map (see Figure 1.1). While the rails have been removed, the grade is still visible and is currently used as a dirt service road. Seven shovel tests were dug adjacent to the general vicinity boundaries of 8VO8248. These tests confirmed the disturbed soil and a representative soil profile revealed two strata: Stratum I (0-60) grayish brown soil with gravel inclusions and Stratum II (60-100) gray sand. No cultural material was encountered within the shovel tests.


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Figure 6.5: Portion of the Subject Property within the General Vicinity Plot of 8VO8248

Recommendation: As a result of the current investigation, it was determined that 8VO8248 is not within the survey parcel. It is advised FMSF staff modify the 8VO8248 GV boundaries to outside the extent of the current study area. A FMSF Site Form for 8VO8248 was not updated and no further investigation of 8VO8248 is recommended as part of the present undertaking. 8VO8921 (Thornby Park Midden) Temporal Affiliation: Woodland (St. Johns I), 19th/20th Century Size: approximately 10,500 square meters Positive Tests: 10 Site Description: 8VO8921 is a moderate-size, multi-component site consisting of a 19th/20th century historic deposit and a prehistoric habitation site located atop a prominent terrace overlooking Lake Monroe within the southeastern portion of the subject parcel (see Figure 6.1). The site measures approximately 140 (n-s) by 75 (e-w) meters and likely extends to the east beyond the limits of the current study area. Twenty-one shovel tests were dug to determine the boundaries of the site, including 10 that were positive yielding a total of 73 artifacts (Figure 6.6). The artifact density per positive test ranged from 1 to 23 and the depth of recovery ranged between 0 and 80 cmbs. Four shovel tests yielded both historic and prehistoric artifacts. The site is characterized by sporadic vegetation, including oak and citrus (Figure 6.7). The soil profiles were consistent with the mapped soil type, which was Electra fine sand. A representative soil profile from a centrally located shovel test revealed four strata: Stratum I (0-15 cm) grayish brown sand; Stratum II (15-25 cm) dark gray sand with moderate freshwater snail midden; Stratum III (25-40 cm) gray fine sand; and Stratum IV (40-100 cm) pale brown fine sand. No features were encountered during shovel testing.

8VO2880

5400

5375

5350

5325

5300

527556

75

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Testing Results (8VO8921)


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Figure 6.7: North View of Site 8VO8921 Prehistoric artifacts (n=38) were encountered within 10 positive shovel tests at 8V08921 (Table 6.1). The ceramic artifacts (n=35) consisted of St. Johns plain (n=16), St. Johns incised (n=3), and diminutive sherds (n=16). The lithic artifacts consisted of non-decortication flakes (n=3). Additionally, testing yielded 3.7 g of unidentified bone fragments, likely deer bone. Artifacts were encountered vertically throughout the each test, with most artifacts recovered above 60 cm. No shovel test revealed more than twelve prehistoric artifacts.

Table 6.1: Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from Thornby Park Midden (8VO8921)

Shovel Test Depth (cm) Count Weight Description Comments 5325N/5625E 0-40 1 1.2 St. Johns Plain 5375N/5625E 60-80 1 0.1 non-decortication flake chert 5275N/5600E 20-60 5 2.4 Diminutive sherd 5275N/5625E 0-60 4 16.7 St. Johns Plain grog 5275N/5625E 0-60 7 3.2 Diminutive sherd 5275N/5625E 0-60 1 0.3 non-decortication flake chert 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 0.8 St. Johns Plain 5300N/5625E 0-40 7 31.2 St. Johns Plain 5300N/5625E 0-40 1 1.6 Diminutive sherd 5300N/5650E 0-60 1 2.8 St. Johns Plain grog 5300N/5650E 0-60 1 2.4 St. Johns Plain 5350N/5650E 40-60 3 9.4 St. Johns Incised 5325N/5650E 0-40 1 1 St. Johns Plain 5325N/5650E 0-40 3 2 Diminutive sherd 5325N/5600E 0-80 1 0.1 non-decortication flake chert


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Historic artifacts (n=35) were recovered from four positive shovel tests at 8SJ5350 (Table 6.2). The historic artifacts consisted of metal objects (n=16), window glass (n=11), building material (n=4), bottle glass (n=3), and one shotgun shell. The historic artifact types suggest that they were deposited during the 19th or 20th centuries.

Table 6.2: Historic Artifacts Recovered from Thornby Park Midden (8VO8921)

Shovel Test Depth (cm) Count Weight Description 5275N/5625E 0-60 1 2.2 House Window Glass 5275N/5625E 0-60 7 1.3 UID metal 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 41.7 Spike 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 1.2 common wire nail 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 3.8 Shotgun Shell 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 1 aqua bottle glass 5300N/5600E 0-60 1 2.9 Indeterminate Brick 5325N/5650E 0-40 2 7.1 common cut nail 5325N/5650E 0-40 1 4.2 clear bottle glass 5325N/5650E 0-40 1 1.1 olive green bottle glass 5325N/5600E 0-80 3 32.3 Concrete 5325N/5600E 0-80 2 8.4 Indeterminate Brick 5325N/5600E 0-80 10 4.1 House Window Glass 5325N/5600E 0-80 3 12.5 common wire nail

Site Interpretation: 8VO8921 is a moderate-size, multi-component site consisting of a 19th/20th century historic deposit and a prehistoric habitation site. The site’s prehistoric component represents a portion of a St. Johns I freshwater snail midden. Based on shovel testing, 8VO8921 appears intact and revealed potential to yield significant new data regarding inland lifeways during the St. Johns I period. The 20th century historic component of 8VO8921 likely represents debris associated with Thornby House (8VO2880) that had been recorded in the southeastern portion of the property. The Georgian Revival house was built in the 1920s, but burnt down approximately 6 years ago. Site 8VO8921 encompasses the area previously known to contain 8VO2880. Artifacts were encountered in shovel test 5325N/5650E that potentially date to the 19th century. Two cut nails (AD 1800-1900) and a fragment of blown olive green bottle glass (common in 19th century) were found in the same provenience. These artifacts may represent a pre-Thornby occupation on the property; possibly associated with Ft. Kingsbury. Informant Lani Friend (2009) provided coordinates (28° 52’ N, 81° 15' 18" W) for Ft. Kingbury that deceased historian Mary Samuelson found while conducting archival research (sources unknown). The coordinates are in the vicinity of site 8VO8921. Recommendation: It is recommended that impacts within the boundaries of 8VO8921 be avoided during the proposed park development. If avoidance is not possible, further archaeological investigation in the form of reduced interval shovel testing and limited excavation (Phase II) is recommended to further evaluate the NRHP eligibility of the site.

Thornby Park Summary and Recommendations

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VII. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS In March 2009, Environmental Services, Inc. (ESI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey of the Thornby Park tract, an approximately 40-acre parcel located east of Broadway Street and north of Lake Shores Drive in southern Volusia County, Florida. This archaeological study was conducted on behalf of TetraTech pursuant to a request from the City of Deltona. The goals of the survey were to locate, delineate, identify and evaluate all cultural resources within the proposed project area, and to assess their significance and potential eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with National Register Criteria (36 CFR 60.4). This investigation included preliminary background research that focused on the history of the vicinity, as well as a review of archaeological investigations to determine whether the tract contained previously recorded cultural resources. Fieldwork included pedestrian inspection coupled with shovel testing throughout the parcel. The walkover was conducted in order to locate artifacts and/or historic structural remains in areas of exposed ground surface. Subsurface testing included 70 shovel tests dug at 25 m intervals in high probability areas; 50 m intervals in areas of moderate probability; and judgmentally in areas of low probability. As a result of the survey, one previously recorded archaeological site (8VO8248) and one historic structure (8VO2880) were revisited; and one newly recorded site (8VO8921) was documented. 8VO8248 represents the general vicinity boundaries recorded for a portion of the Atlantic Coast Railroad adjacent to the northeastern portion of the property. The railroad bed is currently visible along the northeastern property boundary; however, the resource does not extend within the limits of the subject parcel and will not be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Thornby House (8VO2880) was recorded in the southeastern portion of the property and was a Georgian Revival residential structure built in the 1920s. The structure burned down approximately 6 years ago and only debris remains at its location. Site 8VO8921 was recorded during the present study within the southeastern portion of the subject parcel. The site represents a portion of a St. Johns I freshwater snail midden and includes 19th and 20th century debris likely associated with the Thornby homestead. Based on shovel testing, 8VO8921 revealed potential to yield significant new data regarding inland lifeways during the St. Johns I period. Moreover, artifacts were encountered in site 8VO8921 that could be associated with Fort Kingsbury; a Second Seminole War Period stockade dating to circa 1838. As such, it is recommended that impacts within the boundaries of 8VO8921 be avoided during the proposed park development and that archaeological monitoring occur during any ground disturbing activity in the vicinity of site 8VO8921. If avoidance is not possible, supplemental archaeological investigation in the form of Phase II reduced interval shovel testing and limited excavation is recommended to further evaluate the NRHP eligibility of the site. Given the potential significance of site 8VO8921 and the property’s proposed function as a park, installation of a public interpretative display is also recommended.

Thornby Park References Cited

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2000a On the Periphery of the Early Mississippian World: Looking Within and Beyond Northeastern Florida. Ms. on file with the author.

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Bond, Stanley C., Jr.

1988 Preliminary Report on Excavations at 8SJ43, The Crescent Beach Site, St. Johns County, Florida. Ms. on file, HSAPB.

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1981 Physiographic Divisions: State of Florida. Map and Text. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.

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30. 1972 The Orange Period of Peninsular Florida. In Fiber Tempered Pottery in

Southeastern United States and Northern Columbia: Its Origins, Context, and Significance, edited by Ripley P. Bullen and James Stoltman. Florida Anthropological Society Publications, Number 6.

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Chaney, Edward

1986 Survey and Evaluation of Archaeological Resources in the Abbott Tract and North City, St. Augustine. Ms. On file at the Florida State Museum.

City of Ormond Beach 2007 A History of Ormond Beach. City of Ormond Beach, Florida. Electronic File. 14

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Cockrell, W. A. and Larry Murphy 1978 Pleistocene Man in Florida. Archaeology of Eastern North America 6. Covington, James W. 1961 The British Meet the Seminoles. Contributions of the Florida State Museum,

Social Sciences No. 7, Gainesville. Crabtree, Don E.

1972 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 28.

Crook, Morgan R., Jr.

1986 Mississippi Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Zone. University of Georgia Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report No. 23.

Cusick, James 2003 The Other War of 1812. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. Deagan, Kathleen 1978 Cultures in Transition: Assimilation and Fusion among the Eastern Timucua. In

Tacachale, edited by J. Milanich and S. Proctor, Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.

Division of Historical Resources (DHR) 2002 Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual. Department of State, Tallahassee. Dobyns, Henry F. 1983 Their Number Become Thinned. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville Donald, David Herbert; Jean H. Baker; and Michael F. Holt 1978 Civil War and Reconstruction. W. W. Norton, Inc. Fairbanks, Charles H. 1978 The Ethno-Archaeology of the Florida Seminole. In Tacachale: Essays on the

Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia During the Historic Period, ed. By J. T. Milanich and S. Proctor, pp. 163-193. The University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

Florida Center for Instructional Technology (FCIT) 2007 Exploring Florida Maps: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers.

Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida. Electronic text. 27 Dec.. 2007. http://fcit.usf.edu/Florida/maps.


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Friend, Lani 2000 Enterprise – The Premier Destination on the St. Johns River: History.

Researched and compiled by Lani K. Friend, Enterprise Preservation Society, Inc. Enterprise, Florida. http://www.oldenterprise.org/History.htm

2009 Informant Interview with Lani Friend, historian and former property resident. Telephone and email communication. March 15th – April 4th, 2009.

Gannon, Michael V. 1965 The Cross in the Sand. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Garrison, Bonda and Gordon Kipp 2008 Phone Interview, Bonda Garrison, President of the Ormond Beach Historic Trust

and ESI Archaeologist Brian S. Marks. 15 January 2008. Goggin, John M. 1952 Space and Time Perspective in Northern St. John's Archeology. Yale University

Publications in Anthropology #47. Griffin, James. B. 1945 The Significance of the Fiber-Tempered Pottery of the St. Johns Area in Florida.

Washington Academy of Sciences Journal 35(7):218-223. Hann, John H. 1996 A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. University Press of Florida,

Gainesville. Hanna, A. J. and K. A. Hanna 1950 Florida's Golden Sands. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill. Hemmings, E. Thomas, and Tim A. Kohler 1974 The Lake Kanapaha Site in North Central Florida. Florida Bureau of Historic

Sites and Properties Bulletin 4:45-64. Historic Glass Identification and Information Website Accessed April 2, 2009. http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm Janus Research 1995 Archaeological Investigations at the Summer Haven Site (8SJ46), An Orange

Period and St. Johns Period Midden Site in Southeastern St. Johns County, Florida. MS on file, DHR, Tallahassee.

Johnson, Robert E.

2000 Archaeological Testing and Monitoring of Site 8DU76 for the Ribault Clubhouse Foundation Repairs Project, Duval County, Florida. Florida Archaeological Services, Inc., Jacksonville.


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Kendrick, Grace. 1968 The Mouth-Blown Bottle. Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI. Klein, Aaron E. 1985 Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. Exeter Books, New York, New York. Land Boundary Information System (LABINS) 2004 Digital Orthophoto Imagery: Aerial Photography. Florida Department of

Environmental Protection, Division of State Lands, and the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.

Langley, Carolyn

2009 Informant Interview with Carolyn Langley, former property resident. Email communication. March 20th – April 4th, 2009.

Lanier, Sidney 1876 Florida: It’s Scenery, Climate, and history with An Account of Charleston,

Savannah, Augusta, and Aiken. Lippincott: Philadelphia. Lindsey, Bill 2007 Bottle/Glass Colors. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land

Management - Klamath Falls Resource Area, Oregon Electronic file, 10 April 2007 (http://www.blm.gov/historic_bottles/colors.htm#

Milk%20Glass). Lyon, Eugene 1976 The Enterprise of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Meltzer, D.J., D.K. Grayson, G. Ardila, A.W. Barker, D.F. Dincause, C.V. Haynes, F. Mena, L. Nunez, and D.J. Stanford 1997 On the Pleistocene Antiquity of Monte Verde, Southern Chile. American

Antiquity 62:659-663. Merritt, James D.

1977 Excavations of a Coastal Eastern Timucuan Village in Northeast Florida Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University.

1983 Beyond the Town Walls: The Indian Element in Colonial St. Augustine. In Spanish St. Augustine by K. Deagan. Academic Press, New York.

Milanich, Jerald T.

1971 The Deptford Phase: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.

1972 Tacatacuru and the San Pedro de Mocama Mission. Florida Historical Quarterly 41:283-291. 1994 The Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University of Florida Press.

Gainesville, Florida.


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Milanich, J. T. and C. H. Fairbanks 1980 Florida Archeology. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.

1996 The Timucau. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Moore, Dot 2008 Personal Communication, February 4, 2008 Newsom, Lee Ann 1986 Plants, Human Subsistence, and Environment: A Case Study from Hontoon Island (8VO202), Florida. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Panagopoulos, E. P. 1978 New Smyrna: An Eighteenth Century Greek Odyssey. Gainesville: University of

Florida Press. Publication of Archival Library and Museum Materials (PALMM) 2008 Historic Aerial Photography. State University System of Florida. Publication of

Archival Library and Museum Materials. (http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show.pl). Purdy, Barbara A. 1990 Chronology of Cultivation in Peninsular Florida: Prehistoric or Historic? Southeastern Archaeology 9(1): 35-42. Rogers, George 1976 “The East Florida Society of London, 1766-1767.” Florida Historical Quarterly. 54 (April 1976):479-496. Russo, Michael 1988 Coastal Adaptations in Eastern Florida: Models and Methods. Archaeology of

Eastern North America 16: 15917R6. 1992 Chronologies and Cultures of the St. Mary's Region of Northeast Florida and

Southeast Georgia. Florida Anthropologist 45:2: 107-126. Russo, Michael, and Dana Ste. Claire 1992 Tomoka Stone: Archaic Period Coastal Settlement in East Florida. Florida

Anthropologist 45(4): 336-346. Sanford, City of 2009 About Sanford: Sanford, A Brief History… http://www.ci.sanford.fl.us/about.aspx Saunders, Rebecca

1985 Savannah and St. Johns Phase Relationships near the St. Marys River: A Frontier Perspective. Paper presented at the 1989 Meeting of the Society for Georgia Archaeology.


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Sassaman, Kenneth 2003 New AMS Dates on Orange Fiber-Tempered Pottery from the Middle St. Johns

Valley and Their Implications for Culture History in Northeast Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 56(1):5-13.

Smith, Bruce D. 1986 The Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: From Dalton to deSoto

10,500-500 B. P. Advances in World Archaeology Vol. 5. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Solis de Meras, Gonzalo 1964 Pedro Menéndez de Aviles, Adelantado, Governor and Captain General of Florida, Memorial. Translated by Jeannette Thurber Connor. University of

Florida Press, Gainesville. 1922 Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. Bureau of American

Ethnology, Bulletin 73. Thunen, Robert L. and Keith H. Ashley 1995 Mortuary Behavior along the Lower St. Johns: An Overview. Florida Anthropologist 48(1):3-12. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1980 Soil Survey of Volusia County, Florida. United States Department of Agriculture.

Washington, D.C. Vernon, Richard H.

1982 Northeast Florida Prehistory: A Synthesis and Research Design. Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

Volusia County Historic Preservation Board 2007 Volusia County Heritage: A History of Speed, Race Cars, Rockets, Man.

Electronic File. 13 June 2007. http://volusiahistory.com/speed.html 2006. Volusia County Property Appraiser 2008 The Volusia County Property Appraiser, Morgan B. Gilreath. Electronic File. 13

August 2008 (www.volusia.org/property) Volusia County, Florida. Works Progress Administration 1939 Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State. New York: Oxford University Press.

APPENDIX A

Survey Log Sheet

HR6E066R0107 Florida Master Site File, Division of Historical Resources, Gray Building, 500 South Bronough Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250

Phone 850-245-6440, FAX 850-245-6439, Email: [email protected]

Page 1

Ent D (FMSF only)___/___/___ Survey Log Sheet Survey # (FMSF only) _ Florida Master Site File

Version 4.1 1/07

Consult Guide to the Survey Log Sheet for detailed instructions.

Identification and Bibliographic Information Survey Project (name and project phase) Thornby Park ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Report Title (exactly as on title page) A Cultural Resource Assessment of the Thornby Park Tract, Volusia County, Florida ____ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Report Author(s) (as on title page— individual or corporate; last names first) Arbuthnot, Michael A., Sipe, Ryan O., and Marks, Brian S., Ph.D. _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Publication Date (year) _2009__ Total Number of Pages in Report (count text, figures, tables, not site forms) 40________ Publication Information (Give series and no. in series, publisher and city. For article or chapter, cite page numbers. Use the style of American Antiquity.) Environmental Services, Inc., Report of Investigations Number 1322 ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Supervisor(s) of Fieldwork (whether or not the same as author[s]; last name first) Arbuthnot, Michael A. __________________ Affiliation of Fieldworkers (organization, city) Environmental Services, Inc., St. Augustine, Florida ____________________ Key Words/Phrases (Don’t use the county, or common words like archaeology, structure, survey, architecture. Limit each word or phrase to 25 characters.)Thornby Park, Fort Kingsbury, Deltona, Enterprise _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Survey Sponsors (corporation, government unit, or person who is directly paying for fieldwork)

Name Tetra Tech ______________________________________________________________________ Address/Phone 201 E. Pine Street, Suite 1000, Orlando, Florida 32801, 407.839.3955 x178 ____________

Recorder of Log Sheet _Marks, Brian S., Ph.D.___________________ Date Log Sheet Completed 04/_08/09_ Is this survey or project a continuation of a previous project? θ No θ Yes: Previous survey #(s) (FMSF only) ________________

Mapping

Counties (List each one in which field survey was done - do not abbreviate; use supplement sheet if necessary) Volusia ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ USGS 1:24,000 Map(s) : Map Name/Date of Latest Revision (use supplement sheet if necessary): Sanford (1983)________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Description of Survey Area Dates for Fieldwork: Start 03/16/09_ End 03/20/09 Total Area Surveyed (fill in one) ____ hectares 40___ acres Number of Distinct Tracts or Areas Surveyed _________ If Corridor (fill in one for each): Width _____ meters _____ feet Length _________ kilometers _________miles Page 2 Survey Log Sheet Survey #_________

HR6E066R0107 Florida Master Site File, Division of Historical Resources, Gray Building, 500 South Bronough Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250

Phone 850-245-6440, FAX 850-245-6439, Email: [email protected]

Research and Field Methods

Types of Survey (check all that apply): X archaeological θ architectural X historical/archival θ underwater θ other: _____________ Preliminary Methods (4Check as many as apply to the project as a whole.) X Florida Archives (Gray Building) θ library research- local public X local property or tax records X other historic maps

θ Florida Photo Archives (Gray Building) θ library-special collection - nonlocal X newspaper files X soils maps or data

X Site File property search θ Public Lands Survey (maps at DEP) X literature search θ windshield survey

X Site File survey search X local informant(s) θ Sanborn Insurance maps X aerial photography

θ other (describe)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Archaeological Methods (4Check as many as apply to the project as a whole.) θ Check here if NO archaeological methods were used. X surface collection, controlled θ other screen shovel test (size: ____) θ block excavation (at least 2x2 M)

θ surface collection, uncontrolled θ water screen (finest size: ____) θ soil resistivity X shovel test-1/4”screen θ posthole tests θ magnetometer

θ shovel test-1/8” screen θ auger (size:____) θ side scan sonar θ shovel test 1/16”screen θ coring θ unknown θ shovel test-unscreened θ test excavation (at least 1x2 M) θ other (describe): _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Historical/Architectural Methods (4Check as many as apply to the project as a whole.) θ Check here if NO historical/architectural methods were used. θ building permits θ demolition permits X neighbor interview θ subdivision maps

θ commercial permits X exposed ground inspected θ occupant interview X tax records

θ interior documentation θ local property records θ occupation permits θ unknown θ other (describe): _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scope/Intensity/Procedures The field investigation consisted of an intensive pedestrian inspection of areas of exposed ground surface supplemented by subsurface testing at 25 and 50 meter intervals, as well as judgmentally throughout the tract. Shovel tests (n=70) measured 50 cm in diameter and were excavated to a depth of 100 cm below surface (cmbs) or to sterile soil. All soil was screened using ¼ inch mesh.

Survey Results (cultural resources recorded) Site Significance Evaluated? X Yes θ No If Yes, circle NR-eligible/significant site numbers below. Site Counts: Previously Recorded Sites __2____________ Newly Recorded Sites 1_________________________ Previously Recorded Site #’s with Site File Update Forms (List site #’s without “8.” Attach supplementary pages if necessary) ___ VO8248, VO2880 ____________________________________________________________________________ Newly Recorded Site #’s (Are you sure all are originals and not updates? Identify methods used to check for updates, i.e., researched Site File records. List site #’s without “8.” Attach supplementary pages if necessary.) VO8921 ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Site Form Used: X Site File Paper Form θ SmartForm II Electronic Recording Form

REQUIRED: ATTACH PLOT OF SURVEY AREA ON PHOTOCOPIES OF USGS 1:24,000 MAP(S)

DO NOT USE SITE FILE USE ONLY DO NOT USE BAR Related BHP Related θ 872 θ 1A32 #____________________ θ State Historic Preservation Grant θ CARL θ UW θ Compliance Review: CRAT #______________________

APPENDIX B

Site Form: 8VO8921

Site Name(s) Thornby Park Midden _____________________________________________________ Multiple Listing (DHR only) _________ Project Name Thornby Park ____________________________________________________________ Survey # (DHR only) ______________ Ownership: private-profit private-nonprofit private-individual private-nonspecific X city county state federal Native American foreign unknown

LOCATION & MAPPING

USGS 7.5 Map Name & Date Sanford (1983)__________________________ Plat or Other Map _____________________________________ City/Town (within 3 miles) Enterprise/Deltona _____________ In City Limits? X yes no unknown County Volusia _______________________ Township __19S___ Range 31E_____ Section __6_____ ¼ section: NW SW XSE NE Irregular-name:____________________ Landgrant ______________________________________________ Tax Parcel # _________________________________________________ UTM Coordinates: Zone 16 X17 Easting 475019 Northing 3198083 Other Coordinates: X: _________________ Y: _________________ Coordinate System & Datum ___________________________________ Address / Vicinity / Route to NW corner of Providence Blvd and Lake Shore Drive________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name of Public Tract (e.g., park) _________________________________________________________________________________________

TYPE OF SITE (check all that apply) SETTING * STRUCTURES OR FEATURES * FUNCTION * X Land (terrestrial) Wetland (palustrine) log boat fort road segment campsite

Lake/Pond (lacustrine) usually flooded agric/farm building midden X shell midden extractive site River/Stream/Creek (riverine) usually dry burial mound mill shell mound X habitation (prehistoric) Tidal (estuarine) Cave/Sink (subterranean) X building remains mission shipwreck X homestead (historic) Saltwater (marine) terrestrial cemetery/grave mound, nonspecific subsurface features farmstead

aquatic dump/refuse plantation surface scatter village (prehistoric) earthworks (historic) platform mound well town (historic)

Other settings, structures, features or functions _____________________________________________________________________________ quarry

CULTURE PERIODS (check all that apply) ABORIGINAL * Englewood Manasota St. Johns (nonspecific) Swift Creek (nonspecific) NON-ABORIGINAL *

Alachua Fort Walton Mississippian X St. Johns I Swift Creek, Early First Spanish 1513-99 Archaic (nonspecific) Glades (nonspecific) Mount Taylor St. Johns II Swift Creek, Late First Spanish 1600-99 Archaic, Early Glades I Norwood Santa Rosa Transitional First Spanish 1700-1763 Archaic, Middle Glades II Orange Santa Rosa-Swift Creek Weeden Island (nonspecific) First Spanish (nonspecific) Archaic, Late Glades III Paleoindian Seminole (nonspecific) Weeden Island I British 1763-1783 Belle Glade Hickory Pond Pensacola Seminole: Colonization Weeden Island II Second Spanish 1783-1821 Cades Pond Leon-Jefferson Perico Island Seminole: 1st War To 2nd Prehistoric (nonspecific) American Territorial 1821-45 Caloosahatchee Malabar I Safety Harbor Seminole: 2nd War To 3rd Prehistoric non-ceramic American Civil War 1861-65 Deptford Malabar II St. Augustine Seminole: 3rd War & After Prehistoric ceramic X American 19th Century

X American 20th Century Other (List less common phases or specific sub-phases. For historic sites, give specific dates if known.) _____________________________ American (nonspecific)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ African-American

ς Consult Guide to Archaeological Site Form for preferred descriptions not listed above (data are coded fields).

OPINION OF RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE

Potentially eligible individually for National Register of Historic Places? Xyes no insufficient information Potentially eligible as contributor to a National Register district? X yes no insufficient information Explanation of Evaluation (required if evaluated; use separate sheet if needed) 8VO8921 is a moderate-size, multi-component site consisting of a 19th/20th century historic deposit and a prehistoric habitation site. The site’s prehistoric component represents a portion of a St. Johns I freshwater snail midden. Based on shovel testing, 8VO8921 appears intact and revealed potential to yield significant new data regarding inland lifeways during the St. Johns I period. Moreover, artifacts were encountered in site 8VO8921 that could be associated with Fort Kingsbury; a Second Seminole War Period stockade dating to circa 1838. Recommendations for Owner or SHPO Action It is recommended that impacts within the boundaries of 8VO8921 be avoided during the proposed park development. If avoidance is not possible, further archaeological investigation in the form of reduced interval shovel testing and limited excavation (Phase II) is recommended to further evaluate the NRHP eligibility of the site.

DHR USE ONLY OFFICIAL EVALUATION DHR USE ONLY

NR List Date SHPO – Appears to meet criteria for NR listing: yes no insufficient info Date ____/____/______ Init.________ ____/____/______ KEEPER – Determined eligible: yes no Date ____/____/______ Owner Objection NR Criteria for Evaluation: a b c d (see National Register Bulletin 15, p. 2)

HR6E045R0107 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R. A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250

Phone (850) 245-6440 / Fax (850)-245-6439 / E-mail [email protected]

Page 1 X Original

Update

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE

Version 4.0 1/07

Consult Guide to Archaeological Site Form for detailed instructions.

Site #8 VO8921 ____________ Field Date 03__/_19__/_2009_ Form Date 04__/_08__/_2009_ Recorder # _______________

Page 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM Site #8VO8921 ________

FIELD METHODS (check all that apply) SITE DETECTION * SITE BOUNDARIES *

no field check X exposed ground X screened shovel bounds unknown remote sensing unscreened shovel literature search posthole digger _______________ none by recorder insp exposed ground X screened shovel informant report auger--size:___ _______________ literature search posthole tests block excavations remote sensing unscreened shovel _______________ informant report auger--size:_______ estimate or guess

Other methods; number, size, depth, pattern of units; screen size (attach site plan) Twenty-one shovel tests were dug to determine the boundaries of the site, including 10 that were positive yielding a total of 73 artifacts. The artifact density per positive test ranged from 1 to 23 and the depth of recovery ranged between 0 and 80 cmbs. Four shovel tests yielded both historic and prehistoric artifacts.

SITE DESCRIPTION Extent Size (m2) 10,500 Depth/stratigraphy of cultural deposit 80cmbs__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Temporal Interpretation - Components (check one): single component X multiple component uncertain Describe each occupation in plan (refer to attached large scale map) and stratigraphically. Discuss temporal and functional interpretations: Historic 19th and 20th century remains in upper 20 cm, St. Johns 1, found from 0 to 80 cmbs ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Integrity - Overall disturbance*: none seen X minor substantial major redeposited destroyed-document! unknown Disturbances / threats / protective measures ________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Surface collection: area collected 10,500_ m2 # collection units _______________ Excavation: # noncontiguous blocks ________________

ARTIFACTS Total Artifacts #_____73C_______(C)ount or (E)stimate? Surface #_______________(C) or (E) Subsurface # 73C (C) or (E) COLLECTION SELECTIVITY * ARTIFACT CATEGORIES* and DISPOSITIONS * (example: A bone-human)

unknown unselective (all artifacts) Pick exactly one code from Disposition List X selective (some artifacts) ____ bone-animal ____ exotic-nonlocal mixed selectivity ____ bone-human _S_ glass SPATIAL CONTROL* ____ bone-unspecified _A_ lithics-aboriginal

uncollected general (not by subarea) ____ bone-worked _S_ metal-nonprecious unknown X controlled (by subarea) _S_ brick/building debris ____ metal-precious/coin

variable spatial control _A_ ceramic-aboriginal _O_ shell-unworked Other____________________________ _A_ ceramic-nonaboriginal ____ shell-worked

___________________________________ ____ daub ____ Others: __________________________________________ Artifact Comments_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ DIAGNOSTICS (type or mode, and frequency: e.g., Suwanee ppk, heat-treated chert, Deptford Check-stamped, ironstone/whiteware) 1. St. Johns Plain ____________ N=_16_ 4. Olive Green Glass____________ N=_1__ 7._____________________________ N=___ 2. St. Johns Incised __________ N=_3__ 5. ____________________________ N=___ 8._____________________________ N=___ 3. Aqua glass _______________ N=_1__ 6. ____________________________ N=___ 9._____________________________ N=___

ENVIRONMENT Nearest fresh water type* & name (incl. relict source) Lake Monroe_____________________ Distance (m)/bearing 60 m/180° _________________ Natural community (FNAI category* or leave blank) ________________________________________________________________________________ Local vegetation Oak and citrus Trees____________________________________________________________________________________ Topography* _________________________________________________________ Min Elevation__3_meters Max Elevation_5____meters Present land use _Vacant, was location of homesite ________________________________________________________________________ SCS soil series _________________________________________Soil association ________________________________________________

DOCUMENTATION Accessible Documentation Not Filed with the Site File - including field & analysis notes, photos, plans, other important documents that are permanently accessible: For each separately maintained collection, describe (1) document type(s),* (2) maintaining organization,* (3) file or accession nos., and (4) descriptive information. _______________ All material is currently being maintained at ESI labs in Jacksonville _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Manuscripts or Publications on the site (use separate sheet if needed, give FMSF# if relevant) A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Thornby Park Tract, Volusia County, Florida______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RECORDER & INFORMANT INFORMATION Informant Information (name / address / phone / affiliation) ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Recorder Information (name / address / phone / affiliation) Brian S. Marks, Ph.D. 2825 Lewis Speedway, Suite 107, St. Augustine, FL 32084, 904-824-5494 Environmental Services, Inc.

PHOTOCOPY OF 7.5’ USGS QUAD MAP WITH SITE BOUNDARIES MARKED and SITE PLAN Plan at 1:3,600 or larger. Show boundaries, scale, north arrow, test/collection units, landmarks and date.

Disposition List* A - category always collected S - some items in category collected O - observed first hand, but not collected R - collected and subsequently left at site I - informant reported category present U - unknown

Required Attachments

APPENDIX C

Supplemental Background Information

Explanation of Map Key Numbers for Thornby Park Property Contributed by Lani Friend (2009)

1 Approximate location of possible fort site according to county engineer’s calculation of

coordinates. This is based on the coordinates and the thumbnail sketch from the Mackay and Blakely map. A second possible site is at the same latitude but to the right on the Sanford Quadrangle Map about one inch to a site slightly above the old railroad bed below Braddock Road.

2 The ruins of a huge concrete structure that looks like an old wharf/dock or railroad pier

possibly for loading citrus onto or off of a boat. It may have been built on the site of a previous pier or boat dock that may have belonged to the fort. There is evidence of an old dirt road connecting the potential fort site and the wharf site. No one has assessed this ruin. Note that there are extensive shell deposits along this part of the lakefront where the bank is high. This would indicate prehistoric native habitation at this site.

3 Site of Dr. Glass’s keyhole swimming pool on the lakefront fed by a small spring. It can

still be seen and is largely intact. There is another concrete pool that is rectangular but has the same steps further to the right on the condo property once owned by the Glass family. I think Dr. Glass built that one, too.

4 There used to be an old wooden cracker cabin on this site where my friend Carolyn’s

family lived for awhile. It may have been the original kitchen building for the main house. Or a second structure may have existed on this site before this cabin was built.

5 There is evidence that a fairly strong spring once fed this huge ravine that runs south from

the trail. The ravine actually looks like it was enlarged and straightened at one time by a gang of men. Or it may have been dug out originally from a narrow natural drainage ditch. I was thinking, possibly it might have been dug by the soldiers at the fort for their own purposes. It might also have been dug to provide drainage for citrus growth since there may have been a significant grove covering the area during the late 1800s and early 1900s. There is an old “railroad spur” that runs across the ravine at this point. Apparently it was used to transport carts of citrus being brought off the steamboats or being taken to the railroad from the steamboats. I don’t know how the system worked. A Mrs. Summers once owned the property which was known as having productive groves. There was also an old wood frame orange packing house located on the far right side of the property (now the condos).

6 This trail was once used by Florida Power as an access road behind the property, but locals

say it was once a continuation of Braddock Road or a road slightly south of Braddock that ran westward from Garfield Road located far to the east all the way to Enterprise and went past the Trapp Dairy, Green Springs (behind the spring), and Thornby. There is an old concrete gate off this trail just behind the fort site that shows it was important during the Glass Family time. This trail may also have been associated with Ft. Kingsbury as it connects with the old road to Fort Smyrna that can be seen on the 1845 survey maps. The road is named "Old Taylor Road" on county maps of the 1970s. Apparently, it was one of

the first public thoroughfares in the whole county as it connected to the Old Road to Titusville which was commissioned before the Civil War according to Volusia County records I researched. You can still see the cut in the woods off Broadway Street where it ran west to Enterprise, and part of it still remains in the woods north of the condos along the railway bed. I walked this part of the trail everyday in my youth.

Thornby Property & Structural Information by Carolyn Watson Langley (2009)

Resident of Thornby from 1/11/51 – 5/15/69 January 1951:

• Mansion, located at 8V02880 on grid, with Mrs. Anna W. Glass and Miss Doris Brooks Faber as residents. (I lived in the mansion with Miss Doris after Mrs. Glass died in 1959.)

• Secondary house, originally built as the servant quarters and located as shown two grids northeast of mansion, rented to family of Earnest V. Watson (my parents)

• Two story green house with shingles, not shown on map, was located approximately 100 – 150 yards off of Broadway Street to the north of the dirt road leading east from Broadway Street into Thornby. We remember a large patch of bamboo growing nearby as we used to cut it down to make fishing poles. In 1951, a Russian couple, friends of Dr. & Mrs. Glass, lived there and I do not know when it was built. The Russian couple had served in the palace of the czar but fled Russia when the czar was overthrown. (Story told to me by Miss Doris.) We are not certain how Dr. & Mrs. Glass came to know them but do know the Glasses were world travelers. The house was moved from this original location directly north about 600 meters to the site shown on the grid currently marked by a house. At the time, the Thornby estate included this piece of land that had been given to Miss Doris B. Faber by the Glasses.

1959-1960:

*Note: After the secondary house near the mansion was removed, my family moved into the original two-story green house on north Broadway St. I am unclear as to the time or reason why the Russian couple moved. Miss Doris sold the green house and land to my father in the early 1980s (I can research records for dates if needed).

1990: My father built the existing single story house on Broadway Street 1998: My family, the Watson’s, sold current house to the Florida Methodist Children’s Home

after our father’s death Additional Information: As seen on the map, the duck pond flows south into Lake Monroe. There was a wooden walk bridge over the ditch, approximately 75 meters north of the dirt road coming from Broadway Street (an east – west direction). The bridge had four concrete pads with metal rails, possibly railroad rails, on the four corners of the bridge. The bridge was 3’ – 4’ wide and about 20’ – 30’

long. This led into the fire trail running parallel to the ditch and ran north into Taylor Avenue, a dirt county road running from Broadway St to Braddock Rd. I walked this path from the mansion across the bridge to my parent’s house as a shortcut. Slightly northwest of the mansion, about 25 meters, was a detached single car two-story garage measuring approximately 25-30’ wide and 16-20’ deep. The upstairs was used for storage and the downstairs northeast corner was a feed room for the farm animals. Immediately north of the garage across a dirt driveway was a larger structure used as an additional garage, woodshed, and for storage. Continuing north towards the duck pond, slightly to the east, was an arbor at the entrance of a garden. Grape vines grew on the fence that continued east another 50 meters to the fenced enclosures where the farm animals were housed, including pigs, chickens, roosters, guinea hens, and geese. Between the mansion and about 25 meters southwest of the secondary house, was a small barn with a fence enclosure for one or two cows. South and southeast of that was an orange grove, about 50 X 50 meters that ran close to Lakeshore Drive.

The Glass Family at Thornby

By Lani Friend (2009) Dr. James Henderson Glass and his wife, Anna (nee Wells), came down by train from their home in Utica, NY, to vacation in Florida beginning in the early 1900s. They first stayed at the famous Clarendon Hotel in Sea Breeze (Daytona Beach). This hotel burned down in 1909, and the story goes that Dr. and Mrs. Glass had to escape out a window with just the clothes they had on. The hotel sent them over to stay at the Brock House (then called the Benson Springs Inn) here on the lakefront in Enterprise where the Fla United Meth. Children's Home stands today. The Glasses surveyed their surroundings and fell in love with the Summer’s place (now Thornby) which they soon bought (circa 1916). They built the house around 1920, I think. From then on they came down every winter to stay in the house and add amenities such as stables, swimming pools, a garage, and guest housing. The house was named “Thornby” after a wealthy benefactor of Dr. Glass, a lady who supposedly gave him money to attend medial school. The Glasses entertained Enterprise society and guests of the Inn who were also from Utica, NY. The house became a social hub for the local community and seasonal doings were written up in the newsletter of the Benson Springs Inn. At the time Thornby was described as “the premier residence of West Volusia County.” Dr. Glass died in NY the 1930s, I think, and his wife moved down to Fla permanently. She hired Miss Doris Faber, a houseparent of the Children's Home (who had also grown up in the home) to live with her at Thornby and be her companion. Miss Doris did so and cared for Mrs. Glass until Anna's death in 1959. Then Miss Doris was retained by the surviving family members to stay on and care for the house and property. Miss Doris was very involved with the Barnett Methodist Church and hosted social events for the church and Children’s Home (Easter egg hunts, picnics, birthday parties) for many years. She also cared for local children such as myself who stayed with her during the day or lived in for weeks or months at a time. Miss Doris raised cows, pigs, ducks, and chickens on the

property and sold meat and eggs, produce and canned goods for pocket money. She became a local landmark on her own. Everyone knew and loved Miss Doris. Miss Doris Faber took care of the house and property from about 1927 until the 1970s when she was moved to a nursing home because of declining health. The house was rented out for the next ten years or so by the family who inherited it (Catherine Clapp and her realtor son, John Clapp of New Jersey). When it began to need major repairs, the family – absentee owners -- eventually abandoned the house and property altogether. Clapp later decided to intensively develop the property, causing local citizens to protest loudly and long over several years at a series of Deltona public hearings to rezone the property to multifamily and commercial zoning. At the same time, citizens lobbied the county and the city to purchase and preserve the entire estate. A local millionare and his wife offered Clapp $2 million cash on the spot to buy the estate at one memorable Deltona meeting. Eventually – to no one’s surprise – the house fell victim to a vandal’s fire. Thornby supporters renewed their protests against intensive development and its ensuing problems and urged both the county and city to buy the estate for a public park. This effort continued for several more years until state funding through the DCA together with Volusia Forever money made this purchase possible to everyone’s great joy and collective relief.

The Glass Family in front of Thornby House, circa 1930

(West Volusia Historical Society)

Thornby House (West Volusia Historical Society)

Green Springs during the Second Seminole Indian War, 1838-1842 By Lani Friend (2009)

Before Enterprise was settled in 1841, the area was an important military crossroads during the Second Seminole Indian War. Around 1838, U. S. Army troops marched down the St. Augustine Trail from Volusia on a mission to scour the land east of the St. Johns River for Indians and drive them out. The army constructed Ft. Kingsbury along the trail in an area near present day Providence Blvd. The 1835 St. Augustine Trail, also known as the Old Spanish Trail, began at St. Augustine as part of the King's Road/Highway network of trails. From there it ran to Volusia, Spring Garden (DeLeon Springs), Beresford, and on into the area of Enterprise paralleling North Street and coming down the road now called Court Street beside the post office. It then crossed through the area bounded by present day Broadway and Providence Boulevard paralleling the lakefront through what is today the Thornby property. The 1839 Dragoons' Trail, as it was also called, curved up along the west side of present Green Springs Road past Green Springs and the Great Basin Spring and around the top of the sinkhole area off Brickell Road. From there it wound down across the lower part of present day Garfield Road. A section of it still exists today running to the north of Jenkins Pond and on across present day Doyle Road near Mitnick Drive. Sections of the trail still exist throughout the Enterprise area and should be marked and acknowledged and celebrated as part of the county and state Heritage Trail system. Ultimately, the trail went on to connect with Fort Smyrna on the coast. Probably based on an ancient Indian path, it was widened by the 500 Tennessee Volunteers who brought wagons, equipment, and supplies down the trail from Volusia. Fort Kingsbury was active at about the same time as Fort Mellon across the lake and was part of a series of fortifications placed in a line across the peninsula south of township 20 to drive out the Seminole Indians during the war. Though it was abandoned around 1840, the fort continued to be used through the 1840s and during the Third Seminole War in 1856 for both military reconnaissance and protection of the settlers against perceived threats by the Indians. The trails can be seen on the earliest county survey of the area done in 1845 by George Houston. Green Springs was used as a recreational area for the soldiers at Ft. Kingsbury. They built a small lodge on the northern edge of the spring, and it can be seen drawn as a tiny notation on one of the Mackay and Blake maps of 1839-1840. The diary of Dr. Ellis Hughes, a military surgeon who traveled with the 2nd Dragoons on their reconnaissance sweep of the St. Johns lands, describes traveling through the area, camping at the fort, and going to the lodge and the spring. Several of the officers and staff who came to Lake Monroe during the war described visiting the springs and the fort. As it has done throughout its history, Green Springs must have provided welcome relief from the daily hardships of life on a sweltering outpost.

Fort Kingsbury Period Bassett, John Spencer. “The Journal of Dr. Ellis Hughes, 1838-1840.” Correspondence of

Andrew Jackson. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1926-1935. Bockelman, Charles W. The King’s Road to Florida. American Revolution Bicentennical

Publication, Volusia County, 1976. Francke, Arthur E., Jr. Fort Mellon 1837-42: A Microcosm of the Second Seminole War.

Miami: Banyan Books, Inc., 1977. Mahon, John K. History of the Second Seminole War 1835-1842. Gainesville: University of

Florida Press, 1992. Manucy, Albert C. “Some Military Affairs in Territorial Florida.” Florida Historical Quarterly

25.2: 148-49. Thompson, Arthur W. “A Massachusetts Traveller on the Florida Frontier.” The Florida

Historical Quarterly 38.2 (October 1959): 129-142. Maps Bruff Map of Florida in 1846. P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, George A. Smathers

Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville. Detail of Army map L52b, depicting the Ft. Mellon area (Department of the Army). Fort Mellon

1837-42. By Arthur Francke, Jr. Miami: Banyan Books, Inc., 1977. Military Map Showing Routes and Camps of the 2nd Dragoons 1838. P. K. Yonge Library of

Florida History, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville. Volusia County Township Survey and Field Notes, 1845. George Houstoun. Earliest

government survey of the area. Shows trails associated with Ft. Kingsbury running through the area of Enterprise in 1845.

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