2016 ICB BALIKPAPAN

Supriatna J. 2016. Biodiversity and Nature BasedTourism in Indonesia: Benefits for the Heart of

Borneo? International Conference on Biodiversity,Balikpapan, 14-16 January 2016 [Organized by Societyfor Indonesian Biodiversity, University of Mulawarman

Samarinda & University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta]

1

Biodiversity and Nature BasedTourism in Indonesia: Benefits forthe Heart of Borneo?

2

Jatna SupriatnaConservation Biology Graduate Program, University of IndonesiaChairman, Indonesia Chapter, UN Sustainable Development Solution NetworkPresident, Southeast Asian Primatologists Association (SEAPA)Member, Indonesia Academy of ScienceMember, National Committee on Sustainable Tourism, Min of Tourism

Outline:

-Introduction to Indonesia’s Biodiversity

-Tourism in Indonesia and Future Outlook

-Wildlife, Ecology, and Its Potentials for Tourism

-Current Program in Nature Tourism inKalimantan/Borneo

-Management and Development challenges andOpportunities

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Outline:

-Introduction to Indonesia’s Biodiversity

-Tourism in Indonesia and Future Outlook

-Wildlife, Ecology, and Its Potentials for Tourism

-Current Program in Nature Tourism inKalimantan/Borneo

-Management and Development challenges andOpportunities

Ring of Fire Country: Indonesia geographically sit inmany Geological Faults

129 volcanoes and Sunda Trench Earthquake with red dots of the 5 Richterscale and

Ring of Fire Country: Indonesiageographically sit in many geological faultsIndonesian archipelago is 1.5%

of the earth land surface, butit hosts:

>10% of the World Plants>10% of the World Plants>10 .000 species of>10 .000 species of VascularVascular plantsplants25,00025,000--30,000 sp.30,000 sp. FloweringFlowering pantspants

129 volcanoes and Sunda Trench Earthquake with red dots of 5 richterscale and up (1990-2000)

>10% of the World Plants>10% of the World Plants>10 .000 species of>10 .000 species of VascularVascular plantsplants25,00025,000--30,000 sp.30,000 sp. FloweringFlowering pantspants

INDONESIA and Its UniqueFlora and Fauna

Indonesia’s Biogeography: Asia and Australiaorigin with Wallacea in between

Indonesia in theIndonesia in the World RankWorld RankTerrestrialTerrestrial Total DiversityTotal Diversity

Country TotalHigher Plants

TotalMammals

TotalBirds

TotalReptiles

TotalAmphibians

Brazil 1. 1 3 5 2Colombia 2. 4 1 3 1Indonesia 3. 2 5 4 6China 4. 3 8 7 5Mexico 5. 5 10 2 4South Africa 6. 14 11 9 15Venezuela 7. 10 6 13 9Equador 8. 13 4 8 3Peru 9. 9 2 12 7USA 10. 6 12 16 12PNG 11. 15 13 10 10India 12. 8 7 6 8Australia 13. 12 14 1 11Malaysia 14. 11 15 14 14Madagascar 15. 17 17 11 13DRC 16. 7 90 14 16Philipine 17. 16 16 17 17

* Two Countries Are Tied in This Ranking

Country TotalHigher Plants

TotalMammals

TotalBirds

TotalReptiles

TotalAmphibians

Brazil 1. 1 3 5 2Colombia 2. 4 1 3 1Indonesia 3. 2 5 4 6China 4. 3 8 7 5Mexico 5. 5 10 2 4South Africa 6. 14 11 9 15Venezuela 7. 10 6 13 9Equador 8. 13 4 8 3Peru 9. 9 2 12 7USA 10. 6 12 16 12PNG 11. 15 13 10 10India 12. 8 7 6 8Australia 13. 12 14 1 11Malaysia 14. 11 15 14 14Madagascar 15. 17 17 11 13DRC 16. 7 90 14 16Philipine 17. 16 16 17 17

Mittermeier et al 1999

Co untry Hig he r Plants Mam m als Birds Re ptile s Am phibiansBrazil 1 4 3 5 2Indo ne s ia 2 2 1 6 1 1So uth Africa 3 1 4 * 1 7 1 4 1 7Co lo m bia 4 1 2 * 5 1 1 1Aus tralia 5 1 2 1 5 *PNG 6 9 1 0 1 3 8Me xico 7 3 6 2 5 *China 8 7 * 9 7 4Madag as car 9 7 * 8 3 3India 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0Malays ia 1 1 1 4 * 1 6 1 5 1 4Ve ne zue la 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3Pe ru 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2Philippine s 1 4 5 4 8 1 6Ecuado r 1 5 1 6 1 4 9 7USA 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 9DRC 1 7 1 2 * 1 5 1 7 1 5

Rank of Countries with Endemic BiotaCo untry Hig he r Plants Mam m als Birds Re ptile s Am phibiansBrazil 1 4 3 5 2Indo ne s ia 2 2 1 6 1 1So uth Africa 3 1 4 * 1 7 1 4 1 7Co lo m bia 4 1 2 * 5 1 1 1Aus tralia 5 1 2 1 5 *PNG 6 9 1 0 1 3 8Me xico 7 3 6 2 5 *China 8 7 * 9 7 4Madag as car 9 7 * 8 3 3India 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0Malays ia 1 1 1 4 * 1 6 1 5 1 4Ve ne zue la 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3Pe ru 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2Philippine s 1 4 5 4 8 1 6Ecuado r 1 5 1 6 1 4 9 7USA 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 9DRC 1 7 1 2 * 1 5 1 7 1 5

* Indonesia and Brazil vies Mittermeier et al 1999

Indonesia Biodiversity in the Islands

NONO islandsislands BirdsBirds MAMMALSMAMMALS REPTILsREPTILs PLANTSPLANTS

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

11 PAPUAPAPUA 602602 5252 125125 5858 223223 3535 10301030 5555

22 MALUKUMALUKU 210210 3333 6969 1717 9898 1818 380380 6622 MALUKUMALUKU 210210 3333 6969 1717 9898 1818 380380 66

33 SULAWESISULAWESI 242242 3030 4141 1212 7777 2222 150150 33

44 KALIMANTANKALIMANTAN 289289 3232 114114 6060 117117 2626 520520 77

55 JAWAJAWA--BALIBALI 362362 77 3333 1212 173173 88 630630 55

66 SUMATERASUMATERA 465465 22 194194 1010 217217 1111 820820 1111

INDONESIAINDONESIA 32232244

676676 905905 35303530

MacKinnon 1982,Mittermeier et al 1999

Indonesia: Sit in the center of the Coral Triangle (the highestdiversity on corral reef and fish species in the world)

Fish diversity

Corral diversityCollaboration of 6 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia,Phillipines, East Timor, Solomon Island and PapuaNew Guenia), supported by World Bank, ADB,USAID on $ 600 Million

Key Biodiversity Area(Included Endemic and Important

Bird Area)

Sumatra and Kalimantan:Facts:

-Highest Key Biodiversity areas in Indonesia, inSumatra alone 62 KBA

-In Sumatra 248 globally threatened species-Ecological data: time series in Tanjung PuttingNP and Leuser NP (Singkil)

-Extensive Protected Area system butencruached

-Highest tropical peat land in the world-Largest oil palm plantation in the world

Opportunity:

-Save the remnant forest in the peatland forecosystem services and non timber forestproduct

-Restore the degraded peat ecosystem withnative species

-Develop new science and technology knowhowto understand more biophysical property

-Corridor landscapes in Sumatra, Hearth ofBorneo- NGOs participation

-

Sumatra and Kalimantan:Facts:

-Highest Key Biodiversity areas in Indonesia, inSumatra alone 62 KBA

-In Sumatra 248 globally threatened species-Ecological data: time series in Tanjung PuttingNP and Leuser NP (Singkil)

-Extensive Protected Area system butencruached

-Highest tropical peat land in the world-Largest oil palm plantation in the world

Opportunity:

-Save the remnant forest in the peatland forecosystem services and non timber forestproduct

-Restore the degraded peat ecosystem withnative species

-Develop new science and technology knowhowto understand more biophysical property

-Corridor landscapes in Sumatra, Hearth ofBorneo- NGOs participation

-

Type of ParkNumbe

r(UNIT)

Total (HA)

Nature Reserve 239 4.330.619,96

Marine NatureReserve 6 154.610,00

Game Reserve 71 5.024.138,29

Marine GameReserve 4 5.588,25

Parks in Indonesia, 2015

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Marine GameReserve

National Park 51 12.328.523,34

Marine NationalPark 7 4.043.541,3

0

Nature Tourism Park 102 257.418,85

Nature MarineTourism Park 14 491.248,00

Hunting Park 13 220.951,44

Grand Park 22 350.090,41

Total 521 27.206.729,84

SSource: Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi dan Bina Hutan Lindung, 2010Catatan: Tahun 2009 sebanyak 8 kawasan konservasi peraiaran diserahterimakan ke

Kementeria Kelautan dan Perikanan sesuai Berita Acara Serah TerimaNo.BA.01/Menhut-IV/2009 dan BA.108/MEN.KP/III/2009 tanggal 04 Maret2009, yaitu CAL Banda, CAL Kepulauan Aru, SML Kep Raja Ampat, TWAL GiliAyer, Gili Meno dan Gili Trawangan, TWA Kepulauan Kapoposang, TWAKepulauan Padaido, SM Kepulauan Waigeo dan TWA Pulau Pieh.

SCIENCE can help: Bio-indicators, Ecological Monitoringand Restoring Degraded land

• Charismatic species: Orangutans, Tigers, Rhinos,Elephants, Tree Kangoroo etc and Forest regulatoranimals: Ants, Butterfly, Birds, bats, herbivores andcarnivors, etc

• Ecological database to understand loss biodiversitybefore and after big forest fires (Ants researchprevails changing diversity and dominance at thecanopy, trunks and ground)—forest economy)

• Lost Ecosystem Integrity: Restoration needs hundredyears to return to functional ecosystem fromdegraded land, Empty Forest Syndrome

• Ecological Dynamic of restoring peat land: Need moreresearche

• Valuing environment assets: recuperation our assetsand reforestation altered areas, propertycertification, PES, regulation and management

• Charismatic species: Orangutans, Tigers, Rhinos,Elephants, Tree Kangoroo etc and Forest regulatoranimals: Ants, Butterfly, Birds, bats, herbivores andcarnivors, etc

• Ecological database to understand loss biodiversitybefore and after big forest fires (Ants researchprevails changing diversity and dominance at thecanopy, trunks and ground)—forest economy)

• Lost Ecosystem Integrity: Restoration needs hundredyears to return to functional ecosystem fromdegraded land, Empty Forest Syndrome

• Ecological Dynamic of restoring peat land: Need moreresearche

• Valuing environment assets: recuperation our assetsand reforestation altered areas, propertycertification, PES, regulation and management

2010 UsinggAlos Palsar data,some of suitable habitats oforangutans were converted tooil palm plantation.

Funding for Park and Species Management

Country

2004 2006Total Budget Total Budget

(Ha) US$/ha/yr (Ha) US$/ha/yr

Indonesia 21.324.979 0,44 28.084.706 2,35Philippina 2.431.000 5,62 2.431.000 6,43Philippina 2.431.000 5,62 2.431.000 6,43

Thailand 6.805.600 13,65 9.380.812 20,65

Malaysia 1.484.400 14,50 1.484.400 18,50

USA 31.351.234 52,18 34.155.468 76,12

Note : 2009 in Indonesia = US$2,99 /ha/yr

Biodiversity “USE”Traditional Use

6000 plants for foods2500 Medicinal plants (??)--jamuYeast (?)---tempe, tauco, etc

Domestication and Wild-harvestingMilkfish started during Majapahit Kingdom

• Rattan collection and non-timber product:• 400 fruits• 370 vegetables• 55 spices

Tourism and Environment ServicesPotential Ecotorism and Wildlife Tourism:

Komodo, Sulawesi primates, etc

Traditional Use6000 plants for foods2500 Medicinal plants (??)--jamuYeast (?)---tempe, tauco, etc

Domestication and Wild-harvestingMilkfish started during Majapahit Kingdom

• Rattan collection and non-timber product:• 400 fruits• 370 vegetables• 55 spices

Tourism and Environment ServicesPotential Ecotorism and Wildlife Tourism:

Komodo, Sulawesi primates, etc

Indonesia is the center of Banana diversity (Nasoetion,1991)

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Green Gold

Anti-bacterialAnti-fungalAnti-malarialHerbicideAnti-tumorImmunostimulantAnti-rheumaticTermination of pregnancyContraceptive

Aristolochia

Anti-bacterialAnti-fungalAnti-malarialHerbicideAnti-tumorImmunostimulantAnti-rheumaticTermination of pregnancyContraceptive

ETHNOBIOLOGY

INDIA just finished with digitalized data on ethno-biology with the help of 200 scientists.

What’s about Indonesia? New Museum in LIPI butnot enough…..

Problems with Ensuring EnvironmentalSustainability in Indonesia

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Problems with Ensuring EnvironmentalSustainability in Indonesia

Sustainable Development Goals:Learning from MDG to SDG 2016

Decade of Biology 2010-2020 asBiodiversity focus.IPBES—Intergovernmental Biodiversityand Ecosystem Service

World Industrial future : Pharmacy, Health, Food, Agriculture andCosmetics. All those need Biodiversity.

2015 ASEAN Community---need more scientists across.

World Industrial future : Pharmacy, Health, Food, Agriculture andCosmetics. All those need Biodiversity.

2015 ASEAN Community---need more scientists across.

Biomass Burning Smoke19-24 June 2013

FRP Aerial Density(mW.m-2 ; 0.1° grid)

Worst air pollution ever in Sumatra,Singapore, Malaysia: PSI>400.

Biomass Burning Aerosol Optical Depth @ 0.55 µm0.1 0.3 0.5 1 3Terra MODIS 19 June 2013

FRP Aerial Density(mW.m-2 ; 0.1° grid)

Terra MODIS 19 June 2013

Forest Fires and Culturally Transformed-Easy access and available for wider stakeholders onthe early warning system: dryness, high rainfall,deforestation, fires shared to all stakeholders.

-uploaded those concessions into social- media tocontrol : permits, planting, burning by stakeholders

Bring more Scientists, NGOs and International expertsto action-based research included analysis, innovate,implement and monitoring, many of them havealready funded projects, i.e. TFCA, SLP,ICCTF etc(hundreds NGOs can participate)

-Understanding community and multi-stakeholdersland development practices from adats, migrants,local and central govt and business ventures

-

-Easy access and available for wider stakeholders onthe early warning system: dryness, high rainfall,deforestation, fires shared to all stakeholders.

-uploaded those concessions into social- media tocontrol : permits, planting, burning by stakeholders

Bring more Scientists, NGOs and International expertsto action-based research included analysis, innovate,implement and monitoring, many of them havealready funded projects, i.e. TFCA, SLP,ICCTF etc(hundreds NGOs can participate)

-Understanding community and multi-stakeholdersland development practices from adats, migrants,local and central govt and business ventures

-

Most of fires in peatland

PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TOPOSSIBLE MORE FIRES IN PAPUA

0Trade off research between plantation, ecosystem services and others at peat land-A New Peat land management or task force established supported by stakeholders

Food Security at the Peatland (ha)(Wulan et al 2014)

Activities Rice Sago Oil Palm

Planting up totransportation

896.3 kg CO2eq 3.6 kg CO2eq 177.3 kgCO2eq

ProductDevelopment

913.05 kgCO2eq 2281.9 kgCO2eq 2361 kgCO2eq

Yield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 MillionYield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 Million

NPV Rp.72 Million Rp. 11.6 Million Rp. 33.1 Million

Social Value 1.37 1.15 0.9 (highest)

LCSA Highest lowest medium

Habitat destruction—Could Tourism be serving asalternative solutions?

Indonesia: The largest producer of Oil Palmin the World 49-50% ( almost 11 million ha,as large as Java

Logging:

Since early 70, Indonesia forest has beengiven to private sectors to log and even inthe area of peat land and important areafor biodiversity conservation

Land conversion for pulp and oil pamplantation:

Hunting Pressure decreases recently in quantitybut not number of species Papua

Facts:

-115.000 parrots trapped in Papua & Molucca per year

-More than 1000 /year orangutan captured and traded

-2500 Javanese langurs/leaf monkey traded

-3000 gibbons from Sumatra and Kalimantan traded

-Rhinos horns, Elephant tusks, and Tiger skins

-Wildlife Trade from Indonesia $ 600 M to $ 1 billion

Actors:Army, Navy, Police, Conservation Dept staff, others

Facts:

-115.000 parrots trapped in Papua & Molucca per year

-More than 1000 /year orangutan captured and traded

-2500 Javanese langurs/leaf monkey traded

-3000 gibbons from Sumatra and Kalimantan traded

-Rhinos horns, Elephant tusks, and Tiger skins

-Wildlife Trade from Indonesia $ 600 M to $ 1 billion

Actors:Army, Navy, Police, Conservation Dept staff, others

Threatened Species of Indonesia (IUCN 2010)

Group Total speciesEndemic

species toIndonesia

Total Threatenedspecies (IUCN

2004)

IUCN 2004 Status

Critical Endangered Vulnerable

Fauna Fish 1069 108 91 10 14 67

Amphibia 343 153 33 3 9 21

Bird 1585 353 122 16 32 64Bird 1585 353 122 16 32 64

Mammal 674 404 146 15 44 87

Reptil 603 209 28 8 9 11

Flora Plant 29375 ?? 383 113 67 203

TOTAL 33649 1227 834 165 185 48474

Impact of Climate Change onEcosystems

TOTAL NUMBER OFCOUNTRY THREATENED

MAMMAL SPECIESIndo ne s ia 1 2 8China 7 5India 7 5Brazil 7 1Me xico 6 4Aus tralia 5 8PNG 5 7Philippine s 4 9Pe ru 4 6Madag as car 4 6Ke nya** 4 3Malays ia 4 2De m . Re p. Of Co ng o ~ 3 8Vie tnam ** 3 8USA 3 5Co lo m bia 3 5Ethio pia** 3 5Thailand** 3 4So uth Africa 3 3Tanzania** 3 3

Countries with the most threatened mammals

mam

mal

sTOTAL NUMBER OF

COUNTRY THREATENEDMAMMAL SPECIES

Indo ne s ia 1 2 8China 7 5India 7 5Brazil 7 1Me xico 6 4Aus tralia 5 8PNG 5 7Philippine s 4 9Pe ru 4 6Madag as car 4 6Ke nya** 4 3Malays ia 4 2De m . Re p. Of Co ng o ~ 3 8Vie tnam ** 3 8USA 3 5Co lo m bia 3 5Ethio pia** 3 5Thailand** 3 4So uth Africa 3 3Tanzania** 3 3

** Not a Megadiversity CountryTotal of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable Identified in 1996 IUCN Red List = 1,096

Total Number of Species in Megadiversity Countries (15) on this list = 852Percent of All Threatened Species that Exist in Megadiversity Countries (852/1,096)=77.7%

~ Formerly Zaire

mam

mal

s

LakeToba

Logging company

Geothermal-Medco

Can we synergize thesedisharmony developmentactivities?

BatangToru river

Aek Nabara:Community

orangutan TourismHydro-electric

power Rubber and OldGarden Forest

Gold Mining

Planning for partnering Conservation andProduction

•Facts:

-Biodiversity of Papua is more than half of diversity andendemism (CI, 1999)--8 out of 140 EBA Endemic Bird area)-8 most importanteco-region 1 of the only 3 wilderness area in the world.- -Peatland: Mamberamo and Merauke to the western

part

- Opportunity:- Opportunity to develop “win-win solution” between

production and conservation

- Ecotourism development with many endemic andimportant birds: Birds of paradise, tree kangoroo, etc

- Extractive Industry with little footprint such as Gas, oiland minerals

- Oil palm development using science criteria but not inthe peat land

Facts:

-Biodiversity of Papua is more than half of diversity andendemism (CI, 1999)--8 out of 140 EBA Endemic Bird area)-8 most importanteco-region 1 of the only 3 wilderness area in the world.- -Peatland: Mamberamo and Merauke to the western

part

- Opportunity:- Opportunity to develop “win-win solution” between

production and conservation

- Ecotourism development with many endemic andimportant birds: Birds of paradise, tree kangoroo, etc

- Extractive Industry with little footprint such as Gas, oiland minerals

- Oil palm development using science criteria but not inthe peat land

Oil palm suitability analysis

Biodiversity priorities setting

Oil Palm Suitability Forest Carbon Potential Supriatna et al 2009

Tradeoff Analysis: agriculture, ecosystem services,and Suitability for tiger’s habitat

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per h

a (US

$)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per h

a (US

$)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per h

a (US

$)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity +Flood Prevention

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per h

a (US

$)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity +Flood Prevention

LocallyRetainedIncome

Other unforeseen costs: influx of migrant labor,additional demand for land, infrastructure development,pollution and waste

Evaluation: Economic Tradeoffs

Methodological approach SuitabilityAnalysis

Geophysical- slope, elev

Climatic –temp,

rainfall, dryseason

Create fuzzylayers based

onsuitability

criteria

multi-criteria

evaluation

•friction surfaces based on terrain– cost distance to roads and rivers•calculate/map profitabilityfunction

overlay withforest policy

zones

spatial mapof oil palm

profitabilityClimatic –

temp,rainfall, dry

season

Contraints –peat (>1m),

acidsulphats,

flood zones

Create fuzzylayers based

onsuitability

criteria

DETERMINE WEIGHTS•define relationships amongvariables•set all equal? use localknowledge? use secondaryliterature?

multi-criteria

evaluation

Oil palmsuitability

Map of Oil Palm Suitability Scenario 1 low

high

Note: black area inside the island is masked by constraint layers

lowMap of Oil Palm Suitability Scenario 2

high

Note: black area inside the island is masked by constraint layers

Harmonize Forest Biodiversity and EconomicDevelopment: Merauke example in Papua

• Combine Multi-disciplinary analyses to produce a variety of spatial planningscenarios with acceptable trade-offs (choices) and synergies betweenoptions for land-use (production, conservation, cultural values andlivelihoods targets).

• Collaboration between Conservation and Business - one of the first of itskind in Indonesia

• Combine Multi-disciplinary analyses to produce a variety of spatial planningscenarios with acceptable trade-offs (choices) and synergies betweenoptions for land-use (production, conservation, cultural values andlivelihoods targets).

• Collaboration between Conservation and Business - one of the first of itskind in Indonesia

Biodiversity Culturalsignificance

Socio-economy Production

scenariosscenarios

scenariosscenarios

Food Security at the Peatland (ha)(Wulan et al 2014)

Activities Rice Sago Oil Palm

Planting up totransportation

896.3 kg CO2eq 3.6 kg CO2eq 177.3 kgCO2eq

ProductDevelopment

913.05 kgCO2eq 2281.9 kgCO2eq 2361 kgCO2eq

Yield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 MillionYield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 Million

NPV Rp.72 Million Rp. 11.6 Million Rp. 33.1 Million

Social Value 1.37 1.15 0.9 (highest)

LCSA Highest lowest medium

Conservation “Banks”• Wildlands, wetlands, and forests

http://nature.org/aboutus/projects/forestbank/

TOURISM IN INDONESIA

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Facts and Figures: World Nature Based Tourism

· Tourism accounts for as much as 11% of global GDP, offers jobs to 200 million people, andincludes more than 800 million international travellers per year (figure projected to nearlydouble by 2020).

· Tourism makes up 3-10% of GDP in developed countries and up to 40% in some developingcountries.

· For 83% of countries tourism is amongst the top five shares of exported goods and services;for 38% of countries it is the primary source of foreign currency. While, over the past 40 years,the world’s population has doubled, legally protected areas have tripled, now totaling wellover 100,000 sites and covering about 12% of the Earth’s land surface.

· Over the past two decades, both nature and adventure tourism have developed to be part ofthe fastest-growing segments within the tourism industry. With an annual growth rate of 10-30%, nature-based tourism seems to be the fastest growing tourism sector. Its share in theworld travel market is currently about 20%.

Facts and Figures: World Nature Based Tourism

· Tourism accounts for as much as 11% of global GDP, offers jobs to 200 million people, andincludes more than 800 million international travellers per year (figure projected to nearlydouble by 2020).

· Tourism makes up 3-10% of GDP in developed countries and up to 40% in some developingcountries.

· For 83% of countries tourism is amongst the top five shares of exported goods and services;for 38% of countries it is the primary source of foreign currency. While, over the past 40 years,the world’s population has doubled, legally protected areas have tripled, now totaling wellover 100,000 sites and covering about 12% of the Earth’s land surface.

· Over the past two decades, both nature and adventure tourism have developed to be part ofthe fastest-growing segments within the tourism industry. With an annual growth rate of 10-30%, nature-based tourism seems to be the fastest growing tourism sector. Its share in theworld travel market is currently about 20%.

· ·

Facts and Figures (cont)

-Within the same territory, employment related to recreational activities can exceedemployment related to resource exploitation by more than five times.

· 1.4% of the Earth’s land surface accommodates 44% of all endemic plants as well as 35% of allendemic mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (‘endemic’ species are those found onlywithin the defined geographic area).

· 24% (1130 species) of mammals and 12% (1183 species) of birds are thought to beendangered) with global extinction.

· 40% of the global economy is estimated to be rooted in biological products and processes,demonstrating that biodiversity matters.

Source: Christ et al, 2003; Higginbottom, 2004; UNWTO, 2005.

· ·

Facts and Figures (cont)

-Within the same territory, employment related to recreational activities can exceedemployment related to resource exploitation by more than five times.

· 1.4% of the Earth’s land surface accommodates 44% of all endemic plants as well as 35% of allendemic mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (‘endemic’ species are those found onlywithin the defined geographic area).

· 24% (1130 species) of mammals and 12% (1183 species) of birds are thought to beendangered) with global extinction.

· 40% of the global economy is estimated to be rooted in biological products and processes,demonstrating that biodiversity matters.

Source: Christ et al, 2003; Higginbottom, 2004; UNWTO, 2005.

Great Batam

Great Kalimantan

Great SulawesiGreat Maluku Papua

‘GREAT’ Concept of Indonesia Tourism Development

Great Jakarta

Great Yogyakarta

Great Bali

GreatSumatera

Great BandungGreat Surabaya

43

National destination Map(DPN), National Development Area L (KPPN),Strategic area for Tourism (KSPN)

44

Indonesia Revenue from sectors

No2012 2013 2014 (s.d. Sep 2014)

Commodity Value(mil US$) Commodity Value

milUS$) Commodity value(jmilUS$)

1 Oil and Gas 36,977.00 Oil and Gas 32,633.2 Oil and Gas 23,402.2

2 Coal 26,166.30 Coal 24,501.4 Coal 16,011.9

3 Oil Palm Oil Palm 15,839.1 Oil Palm 12,756.83 Oil Palm 18,845.00 Oil Palm 15,839.1 Oil Palm 12,756.8

4 Rubber 10,394.50 Tourim 10,054.1 Tourim 8,221.3

5 Tourism 9,120.85 Rubber and derivates 9,316.6 Apparel 5,660.3

6 Apparel 7,304.70 Apparel 7,501.0 Rubber 5,538.8

7 Electricity 6,481.90 Electrical 6,418.6 Food and Beverages 4,755.3

8 Textile 5,278.10 Food and beverages 5,434.8 Electrical 4,744.3

9 Food and Beverages 5,135.60 Textle 5,293.6 Textle 4,031.0

10 Paper and derivates 3,972.00 Paper 3,802.2 Chemical 3,071.0

11 Chemical 3,636.30 Wood product 3,514.5 Wood product 2,930.5

12 Wood product 3,337.70 chemical 3,501.6 Paper 2,870.7Source : Pusdatin Kemenpar, 2015

45

Tourism Target for 2019

• Competetive Tourism Index• Foureign Tourists• Domestic travel

• Competetive Tourism Index• Foureign Tourists• Domestic travel

• Contribution toward GDF (WTTC)• Devisa• Contribution for Man power development

• Contribution toward GDF (WTTC)• Devisa• Contribution for Man power development

2014 TARGET 2019• 15%• Rp. 240 triliun• 13 million

• 15%• Rp. 240 triliun• 13 million

• 9 % (Rp. 946,09triliun)

• Rp. 120 triliun• 11 million

• 9 % (Rp. 946,09triliun)

• Rp. 120 triliun• 11 million

• #30• 20 jmillion• 275 jmillion

• #30• 20 jmillion• 275 jmillion

• #70• 9 million• 250 million

• #70• 9 million• 250 million

mac

rom

acro

mic

rom

icro

Malaysia : 27,4 juta (million)Thailand : 24,8 juta (million)Singapore : 15,1 juta (million)

*) Source data : UNWTO – United Nation World Tourism Organization**) WEF : World Economic Forum

Comparison with other ASEANcountries (2014):

46

PORTOFOLIO TOURISM STRATEGY

Great Bali

Nature (35 %)

1. MARINE TOURISM (35%)

2. ECO TOURISM (45%)

PORTOFOLIO CUSTOMER

PERSONAL FOREIGN INDIVIDU/FAMILY TRAVELLER,COMMUNITIES

BUSINESS TRAVEL AGENT SMEs, BUSSINES, ASOSIATIONI,LOCAL GOVERNMENT

INTERNATIONAL DOMESTIC TOURISM

3 Portofolio Market/ costumer and 9 Portofolio Product

PORTOFOLIO PRODUCT

Nature (35 %) 2. ECO TOURISM (45%)

3. ADVENTURE TOURISM (20%)

Culture (60 %)

1. (HERITAGE AND PILGRIM TOURISM) (20%)

2. CULINARY AND SHOPPING TOURISM) (45%)

3. CITY AND VILLAGE TOURISM (35%)

Man Made(5 %)

1. MICE & EVENTS TOURISM (25%)

2. SPORT TOURISM (60%)

3. INTEGRATED AREA TOURISM (15%)

Source: Passenger Exit Survery, 201447

NATURE BASED TOURISM POTENTIALSAND CURRENTS

48

NATURE BASED TOURISM POTENTIALSAND CURRENTS

Nature Tourism Current Rankedbased on Number of visitors

Terrestrial/Forested landscape

1. Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis), Komodo island2. Birding (in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Wallacea and Papua)3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaes and P. abelIi)-Tanjung Puting NP,

Leuser NP4. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus)-Way Kambas5. Tarsier (Tarsius tarsier)-Tangkoko NR6. Rhinos (Rhioceros javanicus and D. sumatraensis)7. Bali Starling (Bali Barat NP)8. Whales in Lamalera, East Nusa Tenggara

49

Terrestrial/Forested landscape

1. Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis), Komodo island2. Birding (in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Wallacea and Papua)3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaes and P. abelIi)-Tanjung Puting NP,

Leuser NP4. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus)-Way Kambas5. Tarsier (Tarsius tarsier)-Tangkoko NR6. Rhinos (Rhioceros javanicus and D. sumatraensis)7. Bali Starling (Bali Barat NP)8. Whales in Lamalera, East Nusa Tenggara

Marine landscape1. Corral reef and other biota (Raja Ampat, Wakatobi, Bunaken, etc)2. Turtles ( 5 species): Alas Purwo, South Sukabumi, Bali, etc3. Dolphins (Bali)4. Whales (Lamalera, Flores island)

Western Indonesia Endangered Species fortourism Development

59 primates living in Indonesia,third largest diversity after

Madagascar and Brazil

:

Marine mammals of IndonesiaMarine mammals of IndonesiaMarine mammals of IndonesiaMarine mammals of Indonesia

Sperm whales – Bunaken NP

Spinner dolphin – Bali(target species of U$5M/yrdolphin watch industry)

Killer whales/Orca –Solor Alor (MPA planned Cuvier’s beaked whale – Komodo NP

Pygmy Bryde’s whales - Komodo NP

Bryde’s whale (regionally distinct, note white jaw on

right side only) – Uluwatu, BaliPygmy blue whale –Solor Alor (MPA planned)

Pygmy killer whales –Bunaken NP

Living in the Edge--Will you seeOrangutan in the Future?

Kalimantan orangutan(Pongopygmaeus):1. Tanjung Puting NP (OrangutanFoundation International)2. Gunung Palung NP ( HarvardUniversity)3. Kutai NP, (Kyoto Univ-Fdn)4.. Rehabilitation programs inPalangkaraya, Semboja (EastKalimantan-Bprnean OrangutanSurvival Foundation ) and WestKalimantan (ER)

Sumatran orangutan 6.700 ind (CR)

Sumatra orangutan (Pongo abelii):1. North Sumatra: Bahorok(managed by Park and communities)and Tangkahan (community based)2. Aceh: Ketambe Research Station(Managed by Park)3. Rehabilitation: Near Medan NorthSumatra (SOCP)

Kalimantan orangutan(Pongopygmaeus):1. Tanjung Puting NP (OrangutanFoundation International)2. Gunung Palung NP ( HarvardUniversity)3. Kutai NP, (Kyoto Univ-Fdn)4.. Rehabilitation programs inPalangkaraya, Semboja (EastKalimantan-Bprnean OrangutanSurvival Foundation ) and WestKalimantan (ER)

Sumatran orangutan 6.700 ind (CR)

Parks TanjungPutting NP

Kutai NP GunungPalung NP

Bahorok,Leuser NP

Tangkahan Ketambe,Leuser NP

Location CentralKalimantan

EastKalimantan

WestKalimantan

NorthSumatra

NorthSumatra

Aceh,Sumatra

TourismStarted

1974-cont 80-cont 90-cont 76-cont 2000-cont 70 –up anddown

Orangutan Tourism in Indonesia

TourismStarted

70 –up anddown

Principal BiruteGaldikas

Suzuki-Kyoto Cheryl Knott-Harvard

Park mgr Community Univ & ParkMgr

Management

Fdn Fdn Univ Private@park

Community Park

Facilities Rehab andresearch

Research Research Release andlodges

homestay ResearchStation

Guided by scientists scientists scientists guide community guide

Daily fees

Kalimantan: Nature Tourism

1. Tanjung Putting NP—orangutan2. Kutai NP—Orangutan3. Derwawan Marine Parks-coral reef4. Kayan Mentarang NP (Rhinos and Elephants)5. Gunung palung NP6. Betung Kerihun (orangutan) and Danau

Sentarum NP-natural lakes and many birds

55

1. Tanjung Putting NP—orangutan2. Kutai NP—Orangutan3. Derwawan Marine Parks-coral reef4. Kayan Mentarang NP (Rhinos and Elephants)5. Gunung palung NP6. Betung Kerihun (orangutan) and Danau

Sentarum NP-natural lakes and many birds

Loss of Eco-tourism and NonTimber Forest Product (NTFP)potentials

Forested landscape

1. Birding (Kalimantan)2. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus in

many NPs)3. Bornean pygmy Elephant and

Rhino (North Kalimantan)4. National Park beauty:

:

56

Forested landscape

1. Birding (Kalimantan)2. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus in

many NPs)3. Bornean pygmy Elephant and

Rhino (North Kalimantan)4. National Park beauty:

Orangutan Kalimantan lives mostly in peat land(aprox 70%), so burning peat means exterminatethem---Tanjung Putting tourism lost f half of itsannual revenue this year

Nature based Tourism (30%of total) in Indonesia—3millions foreign visitors

NTFP-Jelutung, Tengkawang, Rattan-Created more products from peatforest

Increase on revenue

1.446.926.5001.400.000.000

1.600.000.000

1997 through 2011

Komodo National Park

202.734.000

449.744.000335.605.000

235.380.000 262.307.000

275.409.000

193.966.000

292.183.000350.092.200

410.519.000

397.834.000

500.136.000

678.070.000

1.299.657.500

-

200.000.000

400.000.000

600.000.000

800.000.000

1.000.000.000

1.200.000.000

1.400.000.000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 s/d Juli2011

Visitors and Country origins from 2008 – 2010 Komodo National park

4.203

5.738

4.191

5.000

6.000

7.000

122

4.203

33

780

3.920

14

778

127- 9

1.266

532

283720822- 5130514

361812 -1043151

2.965

4.191

1512272

1.7691.646

3.855

5111310144- -390

44493288

2 -

3.642

6129

828

6014

1.387

101526597166195102

727

1

775390

67052911829212931 8 3212

-

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

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Jam

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Mal

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Mex

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Nor

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Swed

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Turk

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Uzb

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Wes

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Cuba

2008

2009

2010

Increase visitation 5% per year

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Target Domes tik

Target Manc anegara

R ealis as i Domes tik

R ealis as iManc anegara

Tourist arrivalsfor Komodo NP

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Target Domes tik

Target Manc anegara

R ealis as i Domes tik

R ealis as iManc anegara

National Park Mgahinga Volcanoes2 Virunga1 Bwindi1 Kahuzi1 Total

Country Uganda Rwanda DRC Uganda DRC -

Area (km2) 34 160 2402 330 6003 1364

Human population densityaround park (/ km2)

400 400 400 300 300 -

Year Gorilla tourism began 1994 1979 1985 1993 1973 -

No. gorillas in area 124 1294 1814 300 2475 869

No. gorilla groups habituatedfor tourism

1 3-66 4 3-4 4 16-19

No. gorilla groups forresearch

0 3 0 1 2 6

No. tourists per group 6 8 6 6 8 -

Daily viewing fee for nonresident tourists (US$)

120 126 125 150-180 120 -

Gorrila Tourism

National Park Mgahinga Volcanoes2 Virunga1 Bwindi1 Kahuzi1 Total

Country Uganda Rwanda DRC Uganda DRC -

Area (km2) 34 160 2402 330 6003 1364

Human population densityaround park (/ km2)

400 400 400 300 300 -

Year Gorilla tourism began 1994 1979 1985 1993 1973 -

No. gorillas in area 124 1294 1814 300 2475 869

No. gorilla groups habituatedfor tourism

1 3-66 4 3-4 4 16-19

No. gorilla groups forresearch

0 3 0 1 2 6

No. tourists per group 6 8 6 6 8 -

Daily viewing fee for nonresident tourists (US$)

120 126 125 150-180 120 -

1Also designated a World Heritage Site.2Portion of the 7800 km2 Virunga National Park that lies within the Virunga Conservation Area3Portion of the 6000 km2 Kahuzi-Biega National Park occupied by the gorilla population that is visited by tourists.4Gorillas in these three parks are all within the Virunga Conservation Area (c, 324 gorillas). Most of them move betweenat least two of the three parks. The number within each of the three parks, therefore, varies considerably and frewuently.5Gorilla tourism in the Kahuzi-National Park is confined to a mountain population of about 247 gorillas (Vedder 1996).6The one gorilla group visited by tourists in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park moves between this park and the VirungaNational Park.

Impacts of Tourism on Birding Activities.

Incubation Earlly chickphase

Late chickphase

Number of people

within 50 m2.1 1.2 5.6 7.5 4.8 1.5

Number of disturbancesper 2 min 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.5

Seconds Feeding plover canactually feed per 2 minsample

54 11 48 25 62 11

Seconds devoted to watchingfor or avoiding peopleper 2 min

48 27 54 21 46 17

Source : After burger (1991).aValues given are means plus or minus standard deviation

Incubation Earlly chickphase

Late chickphase

Number of people

within 50 m2.1 1.2 5.6 7.5 4.8 1.5

Number of disturbancesper 2 min 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.5

Seconds Feeding plover canactually feed per 2 minsample

54 11 48 25 62 11

Seconds devoted to watchingfor or avoiding peopleper 2 min

48 27 54 21 46 17

Books and References for Wildlife andEcotourism in Indonesia

.

Opportunity to develop Tourismsites and Future outlook

1. Government regulation to develop Tourism concession at the park:-GOVERNMENT REGULATION no 36 2010------applied to have concession of the parks fortourism activities included building etc-MINISTRY OF FORESTRY 48 2010—Permit to get the concession and also building code-Government encourage to develop more tourism destination esp ecotourism (includedWildlife)

63

1. Government regulation to develop Tourism concession at the park:-GOVERNMENT REGULATION no 36 2010------applied to have concession of the parks fortourism activities included building etc-MINISTRY OF FORESTRY 48 2010—Permit to get the concession and also building code-Government encourage to develop more tourism destination esp ecotourism (includedWildlife)

2. Fee for Nature based Tourism ( President Decree 12, 2014):Entrance fee to parks, ranges $ 8- 20Cruise price ranges from 150 ( 50 people) to $4000 ( >3000 people)

3. Initiative by New Government-Build new infrastructure: airport, seaport and road access toward tourism destination-Free entrance visa: up to 90 countries (2015)-Ease regulation and permits: cruise, flight charter, investment, etc-Aims toward Sustainable industries and environment