Viktor Emil Frankl

Born 26 March 1905

Leopoldstadt, Vienna

Died 2 September 1997 (aged 92)

Vienna

Resting place Zentralfriedhof

Nationality Austrian

Known for Logotherapy, Existential Analysis

Religion Judaism

Viktor FranklFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Viktor Emil Frankl , M.D., Ph.D. (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)[1][2] was an Austrian neurologistand psychiatrist as well as a Holocaust survivor. Frankl was the founder of logotherapy, which is a form ofexistential analysis, the "Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy". His best-selling book Man's Search forMeaning (published under a different title in 1959: From Death-Camp to Existentialism, and originallypublished in 1946 as Trotzdem Ja Zum Leben Sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager,meaning Nevertheless, Say "Yes" to Life: A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp) chronicleshis experiences as a concentration camp inmate which led him to discover the importance of finding meaningin all forms of existence, even the most sordid ones, and thus, a reason to continue living. Frankl became one

of the key figures in existential therapy and a prominent source of inspiration for humanistic psychologists.[3]

Contents

1 Life before 19451.1 Physician, therapist1.2 Prisoner, therapist

2 Life after 19453 Legacy4 Decorations and awards5 Frankl's bibliography6 See also7 References8 External links

Life before 1945

Frankl was born in Vienna into a Jewish family of civil servants (Beamtenfamilie). His interest in psychology surfaced early. For the final exam (Matura) inGymnasium, he wrote a paper on the psychology of philosophical thinking. After graduation from Gymnasium in 1923, he studied medicine at the University ofVienna and later specialized in neurology and psychiatry, concentrating on the topics of depression and suicide. His early development was influenced by his

contacts with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, although he would later diverge from their teachings.[3][4]

Physician, therapist

During part of 1924 he became the president of the Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, a Social Democratic youth movement for high school students

throughout Austria.[1]:59

Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized and offered a special program to counsel high school students free of charge. The programinvolved the participation of psychologists such as Charlotte Bühler, and it paid special attention to students at the time when they received their report cards. In1931, not a single Viennese student committed suicide. The success of this program grabbed the attention of the likes of Wilhelm Reich who invited him to

Berlin.[2][4][5]

From 1933 to 1937, Viktor Frankl completed his residency in neurology and psychiatry at the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital in Vienna. He was responsible for

the so-called Selbstmörderpavillon, or "suicide pavilion". Here, he treated more than 30,000 women who had suicidal tendencies.[2] In 1937, he established an

independent private practice in neurology and psychiatry at Alser Strasse 32/12 in Vienna.[2]

Beginning with the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938, he was prohibited from treating "Aryan" patients due to his Jewish identity. In 1940 he started working atthe Rothschild Hospital, where he headed its neurological department. This hospital was the only one in Vienna to which Jews were still admitted. His medical

opinions saved several patients from being euthanised via the Nazi euthanasia program. In December 1941 he married Tilly Grosser.[2][3]

Prisoner, therapist

On 25 September 1942, Frankl, his wife, and his parents were deported to the Nazi Theresienstadt Ghetto. There Frankl worked as a general practitioner in aclinic. When his skills in psychiatry were noticed, he was assigned to the psychiatric care ward in block B IV, establishing a camp service of "psychohygiene" or

mental health care. He organized a unit to help camp newcomers to overcome shock and grief. Later he set up a suicide watch, assisted by Regina Jonas.[2][6]

On 29 July 1943, Frankl organized a closed event for the Scientific Society at Theresienstadt, and with the help of Leo Baeck he offered a series of openlectures, including "Sleep and Sleep Disturbances", "Body and Soul", "Medical Care of the Soul", "Psychology of Mountaineering", "How to keep my nerves

healthy?", "Medical ministry", "Existential Problems in Psychotherapy", and "Social Psychotherapy".[6] His father Gabriel died of pulmonary edema and

pneumonia at Theresienstadt.[2][3][6]

On 19 October 1944, Frankl and his wife Tilly were transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was processed. He was moved to Kaufering, aNazi concentration camp affiliated with Dachau concentration camp, where he arrived on 25 October 1944. There he was to spend five months working as aslave laborer. In March 1945, he was offered a move to the so-called rest-camp, Türkheim, also affiliated with Dachau. He decided to go to Türkheim, where he

worked as a physician until 27 April 1945, when Frankl was liberated by the Americans.[2][3]

Meanwhile, his wife Tilly was transferred from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she died. Frankl's mother Elsa was killed by theNazis in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, and his brother Walter died working in a mining operation that was part of Auschwitz. Apart from him, the only

survivor of the Holocaust among Frankl's immediate relatives, was his sister Stella. She had escaped from Austria by emigrating to Australia.[2][3]

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Life after 1945

Liberated after three years in concentration camps, Frankl returned to Vienna. During 1945 he wrote his world-famous book entitled, Trotzdem Ja Zum LebenSagen: Ein Psychologe Erlebt das Konzentrationslager (translated: "...Saying Yes to Life in Spite of Everything: A Psychologist Experiences the ConcentrationCamp", known in English by the title Man's Search for Meaning (1959). In this book, he described the life of an ordinary concentration camp inmate from the

objective perspective of a psychiatrist.[3][7]

After enduring the suffering in these camps, Frankl validated his hallmark conclusion that even in the most absurd, painful, and dehumanized situation, life haspotential meaning and that, therefore, even suffering is meaningful. This conclusion served as a strong basis for his logotherapy and existential analysis, whichFrankl had described before WWII. He is quoted as saying, "What is to give light must endure burning."

An example of Frankl's idea of finding meaning in the midst of extreme suffering is found in his account of an experience he had while working in the harshconditions of the Nazi concentration camps:

We stumbled on in the darkness, over big stones and through large puddles, along the one road leading from the camp. The accompanying guardskept shouting at us and driving us with the butts of their rifles. Anyone with very sore feet supported himself on his neighbor's arm. Hardly a wordwas spoken; the icy wind did not encourage talk. Hiding his mouth behind his upturned collar, the man marching next to me whispered suddenly: "Ifour wives could see us now! I do hope they are better off in their camps and don't know what is happening to us."

That brought thoughts of my own wife to mind. And as we stumbled on for miles, slipping on icy spots, supporting each other time and again,dragging one another up and onward, nothing was said, but we both knew: each of us was thinking of his wife. Occasionally I looked at the sky,where the stars were fading and the pink light of the morning was beginning to spread behind a dark bank of clouds. But my mind clung to mywife's image, imagining it with an uncanny acuteness. I heard her answering me, saw her smile, her frank and encouraging look. Real or not, herlook was then more luminous than the sun which was beginning to rise.

A thought transfixed me: for the first time in my life I saw the truth as it is set into song by so many poets, proclaimed as the final wisdom by somany thinkers. The truth – that love is the ultimate and the highest goal to which Man can aspire. Then I grasped the meaning of the greatest secretthat human poetry and human thought and belief have to impart: The salvation of Man is through love and in love. I understood how a man whohas nothing left in this world still may know bliss, be it only for a brief moment, in the contemplation of his beloved. In a position of utterdesolation, when Man cannot express himself in positive action, when his only achievement may consist in enduring his sufferings in the right way –an honorable way – in such a position Man can, through loving contemplation of the image he carries of his beloved, achieve fulfillment. For the

first time in my life I was able to understand the meaning of the words, "The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory."[8]

Frankl's concentration camp experiences thus shaped both his therapeutic approach and philosophical outlook, as reflected in his seminal publications.

He often said that even within the narrow boundaries of the concentration camps he found only two races of Men to exist: decent and unprincipled ones. These

were to be found in all classes, ethnicities, and groups.[7]

In 1946, he was appointed to run the Vienna Polyclinic of Neurology. He remained there until 1971. In 1947 he married his second wife Eleonore KatharinaSchwindt. She was a practicing Catholic and the couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, going to both church and synagogue, and celebrating

Christmas and Hanukah. They had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.[2][3][9]

In 1955, he was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and as visiting professor, he resided at Harvard University

(1961), at Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972).[4] He lectured and taught seminars all over the world

and received 29 honorary doctoral degrees.[4][9] Frankl published 39 books, which were translated into as many as 40 languages.[4]

The American Psychiatric Association awarded Frankl the 1985 Oskar Pfister Award for important contributions to religion and psychiatry.[1]

Frankl died of heart failure on 2 September 1997. He was survived by his wife Eleonore, his daughter Dr. Gabriele Frankl-Vesely, his grandchildren Katharina

and Alexander, and his great-granddaughter Anna Viktoria.[10]

Legacy

Frankl's logotherapy and existential analysis is considered the third Viennese School of Psychotherapy,[4] among the broad category that comprises

existentialists.[11] For Irvin Yalom, Frankl, "who has devoted his career to a study of an existential approach to therapy, has apparently concluded that the lack

of meaning is the paramount existential stress. To him, existential neurosis is synonymous with a crisis of meaninglessness".[11]

He is thought to have coined the term, Sunday neurosis. The term refers to a form of anxiety resulting from an awareness in some people of the emptiness of

their lives once the working week is over.[12] Some complain of a void and a vague discontent.[11] This arises from an existential vacuum, or feeling ofmeaninglessness, which is a common phenomenon and is characterised by the subjective state of boredom, apathy, and emptiness. One feels cynical, lacks

direction, and questions the point of most of life's activities.[11]

Viktor Frankl once recommended that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast of the United States be complemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the WestCoast:

Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect of the wholephenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in termsof responsibleness. That is why I recommend that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the

West Coast.[13]

Reportedly, there are plans to construct such a statue.[14]

Decorations and awards

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.

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1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class[15]

1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[16]

1985: Oskar Pfister Award1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria[17]

1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria[18]

1995: Grand Decoration of the Austrian Chamber of PhysiciansGrand Merit Cross with Star of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern)

Frankl's bibliography

His books in English are:

Man's Search for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=F-Q_xGjWBi8C). An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, MA, 2006.ISBN 978-0-8070-1427-1On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders (http://books.google.com/books?id=cY3u6N1zXIgC). An Introduction to Logotherapy and ExistentialAnalysis, Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London-New York, 2004. ISBN 0-415-95029-5Psychotherapy and Existentialism (http://books.google.ca/books/about/Psychotherapy_and_existentialism.html?id=FgVsAAAAMAAJ). Selected Paperson Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster,New York, 1967. ISBN 0-671-20056-9The Will to Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=5gImYTIc7BcC). Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, NewYork, 1988 ISBN 0-452-01034-9The Unheard Cry for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=kYfBJ84QCAYC). Psychotherapy and Humanism, Simon & Schuster, New York,2011 ISBN 978-1-4516-6438-6Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography. (http://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC); Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. ISBN978-0-7382-0355-3.Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=_hcQAQAAMAAJ). (A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God(http://books.google.com.pe/books/about/The_unconscious_God.html?hl=en&id=2mgSGQAACAAJ); with a Foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus BookPublishing, New York, 1997; ISBN 0-306-45620-6. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, July 2000; ISBN 0-7382-0354-8.

See also

Existential analysis

References

^ a b c Viktor Emil Frankl (11 August 2000). Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography (http://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC). Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-7382-0355-3.

1.

^ a b c d e f g h i j Haddon Klingberg (16 October 2001). When life calls out to us: the love and lifework of Viktor and Elly Frankl (http://books.google.com/books?id=FrFtAAAAMAAJ). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50036-4.

2.

^ a b c d e f g h Anna Redsand (18 December 2006). Viktor Frankl: A Life Worth Living (http://books.google.com/books?id=3AXDwL6HwRAC). Houghton MifflinHarcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-72343-0.

3.

^ a b c d e f "Viktor Fankl Life and Work" (http://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/lifeandwork.html). Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna. 2011. Retrieved May 2012.4.^ Alexander Batthyany; Viktor Emil Frankl (1 April 2010). "Introduction: Viktor E. Frankl and the Development of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis"(http://books.google.com/books?id=aX1QSAAACAAJ). The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy and Philosophy. Marquette University Press.ISBN 978-0-87462-758-9.

5.

^ a b c Kwiet, Konrad (1984). "The Ultimate Refuge: Suicide in the Jewish Community under the Nazis". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 29 (1): 135–167.doi:10.1093/leobaeck/29.1.135 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F29.1.135) .

6.

^ a b Viktor Emil Frankl (1 June 2006). Man's Search for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=F-Q_xGjWBi8C). Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1427-1.7.^ Man's Search for Meaning, Part One, "Experiences in a Concentration Camp", Viktor Frankl, Pocket Books, ISBN 978-0-671-02337-9 pp. 56–578.^ a b Scully, Mathew (1995). "Viktor Frankl at Ninety: An Interview" (http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/08/004-viktor-frankl-at-ninety-an-interview-18). FirstThings. Retrieved May 2012.

9.

^ Noble, Holcomb B. (4 September 1997). "Dr. Viktor E. Frankl of Vienna, Psychiatrist of the Search for Meaning, Dies at 92" (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/04/world/dr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-psychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html). The New York Times. pp. Section B, page 7. Retrieved 6 September2009.

10.

^ a b c d Yalom, Irvin D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02147-6.11.^ Boeree, C. George (2006). "Viktor Frankl" (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html). Shippensburg University. Retrieved 7 March 2008.12.^ Warnock, Caleb (May 8, 2005). Statue of Responsibility "If freedom is to endure, liberty must be joined with responsibility." (http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_21e93a1f-94db-5533-9e5c-0560fff08972.html). Daily Herald. pp. A1. Retrieved October 9, 2009.

13.

^ Statue of Responsibility Foundation (http://www.mystatueofresponsibility.com/)14.^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 267. Retrieved 18December 2012.

15.

^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 609. Retrieved 18December 2012.

16.

^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 822. Retrieved 18December 2012.

17.

^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 985. Retrieved 18December 2012.

18.

External links

Viktor and I, the Film 2011 (http://viktorandi.publishpath.com/)

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Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna (http://www.viktorfrankl.org)Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy (http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/)José L Bernabé Tronchoni (June 8, 2006). "Viktor Frankl" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=14540087). Find a Grave.

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