2014 CRWD Stormwater Monitoring Report

2014 Stormwater Monitoring Report

JUNE 11, 2015

Prepared By: CAPITOL REGION WATERSHED DISTRICT

Our Mission is to protect, manage and improve the water resources of Capitol Region Watershed District.

June 26, 2015 Dear Stakeholders and Interested Parties: I am pleased to provide to you a copy of our 2014 Stormwater Monitoring Report. Capitol Region Watershed District’s (CRWD) 2014 monitoring program was enhanced by the contributions of numerous agencies and individuals including: St. Paul Public Works, Anne Weber and Pat Cahanes; and the University of Minnesota, Dr. Jacques Finlay and Dr. Ben Janke. CRWD established a water quality monitoring program in 2004. Prior to this, there were limited data on stormwater in CRWD. These data are necessary to assess achievement of water quality standards, evaluate BMP programs, identify water quality problem areas, calibrate computer models, determine pollutant loads and perform trend analysis. In addition, all of the stormwater in CRWD flows to the Mississippi River or District Lakes, where it affects surface water quality and aquatic life. Monitoring stormwater allows CRWD to determine what various subwatersheds are exporting to the Mississippi River and District Lakes. Data contained in this report supports ongoing watershed management decisions. I would also like to recognize staff who assisted with the preparation of this report. Britta Suppes, Joe Sellner, Sarah Wein, Wyatt Behrends, Corey Poland, Stephanie Herbst, Jordan Jessen, and Jim Rudolph had a major role in collecting, analyzing, and reporting the data. Gustavo Castro created and contributed maps to the report. All of the supporting data are stored and maintained by CRWD. The 2014 CRWD Stormwater Monitoring Report, along with previous years’ reports, and the 2014 CRWD Lakes Monitoring Report are also available at the District’s website: www.capitolregionwd.org. If you have any questions pertaining to the enclosed report, contact District Monitoring Coordinator, Britta Suppes at (651) 644-8888 or [email protected]. Sincerely,

Bob Fossum Water Resource Program Coordinator enc: 2014 Capitol Region Watershed District Stormwater Monitoring Report

http://www.capitolregionwd.org/

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ i

Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ v

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xi

1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1

2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5

3. Methods............................................................................................................................... 9

4. Climatological Summary .................................................................................................. 23

5. CRWD Water Quality Results Summary ......................................................................... 33

6. Como Subwatershed Results............................................................................................. 61

7. Hidden Falls Subwatershed Results .................................................................................. 97

8. East Kittsondale Subwatershed Results .......................................................................... 109

9. McCarrons Subwatershed Results .................................................................................. 127

10. Phalen Creek Subwatershed Results ............................................................................... 147

11. St. Anthony Park Subwatershed Results ......................................................................... 165

12. Trout Brook Subwatershed Results ............................................................................... 197

13. Conclusions & Recommendations .................................................................................. 247

14. References ....................................................................................................................... 251

Appendix A: Metals Standards Based on Hardness ................................................................... 255 Appendix B: Miscellaneous Reference Tables ........................................................................... 259 Appendix C: Average Monthly Concentrations by Site ............................................................. 263 Appendix D: Analysis of Nutrient Loading & Performance of the Villa Park Wetland ............ 267

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ac Acre AHUG Arlington Hamline Underground Infiltration Facility BMP Best Management Practice cBOD 5-day Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand Cd Cadmium cf Cubic feet cfs Cubic feet per second cfu Colony forming unit Chl-a Chlorophyll-a Cl- Chloride Cr Chromium CRWD Capitol Region Watershed District CS Cu

Chronic standard Copper

DO Dissolved Oxygen E. coli Escherichia coli EK EMC EPA

East Kittsondale Event Mean Concentration Environmental Protection Agency

ft Foot GP ha

Gottfried’s Pit Hectare

Hg FWA

Mercury Flow-Weighted Average

IBI Index of Biological Integrity IDDE Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination in Inch kg Kilogram L Liter lb Pound m Meter MCES MCWG

Metropolitan Council Environmental Services Minnesota Climatological Working Group

mg Milligram mL Milliliter MnDOT Minnesota Department of Transportation MPCA Minnesota Pollution Control Agency MPN Most probable number MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System

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MSP Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport NA NCHF

Not Available North Central Hardwood Forest

NH3 Ammonia Ni Nickel NO2 Nitrite NO3 Nitrate NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NWS NSQD Ortho-P

National Weather Service National Stormwater Quality Database Orthophosphate

Pb Lead PC PCBs PFOS

Phalen Creek Polychlorinated biphenyls perfluorooctane sulfonate

QAPP Quality Assurance Program Plan RCD Ramsey Conservation District RCPW Ramsey County Public Works S Second SAP TB TB-EB

St. Anthony Park Trout Brook Trout Brook East Branch

TBI TBO TB-WB

Trout Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor Trout Brook Outlet Trout Brook West Branch

TDS Total Dissolved Solids TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TMDL TN TP

Total Maximum Daily Load Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus

TSS Total Suspended Solids UMN VPO VSS

University of Minnesota-St. Paul Campus Villa Park Outlet Volatile Suspended Solids

Zn Zinc

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DEFINITIONS Acute exposure – in water quality standards, the maximum concentration of a chemical to which an organism may be exposed for a short time period without experiencing adverse effects. Baseflow – the sustained non-storm event flow in a channel or pipe dominated by subsurface flows (i.e. groundwater) that is usually at a relatively constant, slow velocity. Best Management Practice – technique, measure, or structural control that is used for a given set of conditions to manage the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff in the most cost effective manner. Bioaccumulation – the accumulation of a toxic substance within an organism, occurring when the substance is absorbed faster than it is lost or expelled. This can lead to chronic poisoning, even if concentrations in the environment are relatively low. Chronic exposure – in water quality standards, the maximum concentration of a chemical to which an organism may be exposed for an extended period of time without experiencing adverse effects. Composite sample – a water sample that is made up of several samples taken at spaced intervals. Contaminants of emerging concern – substances that have been released to, found in, or have potential to enter waters; and present a known or perceived threat to human or environmental health, have new or changing exposure information, or have limited information on the effects of exposure. These often occur at low concentrations and may include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products, among others. Designated use – the water quality standards regulation requires that States and authorized Indian Tribes specify appropriate water uses to be achieved and protected. Appropriate uses are identified by taking into consideration the use and value of the water body for public water supply, for protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and for recreational, agricultural, industrial, and navigational purposes. Discharge – volumetric rate of flow in pipe or stream, expressed as a volume per unit time, most commonly cubic feet per second (cfs). Eutrophic – a water body with high nutrient concentrations and primary biological productivity. Eutrophic lakes have murky water and an extensive macrophyte population. Algal blooms are common. Flow-weighted concentration – the total pollutant load divided by total flow, often expressed as mg/L.

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Grab sample – a water sample that is obtained by taking a single sample. Hardness – the concentration of calcium and magnesium salts (e.g. calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate) in a water sample. Illicit Discharge – any discharge to the municipal separate storm sewer system that is not composed entirely of stormwater, except for discharges allowed under a NPDES permit or water used for firefighting operations (EPA). Impaired Waters – waters that are not meeting their designated uses because of excess pollutants violating water quality standards. Impervious surface – a surface covered by materials that are impenetrable by water. These are primarily artificial structures, such as pavements and rooftops. Load – the total amount of pollutant, often expressed in lbs or kg. Normalized Pollutant Yield – this normalized yield accounts for temporal and spatial precipitation differences by dividing the pollutant yield by the number of inches of water runoff (water yield) in a subwatershed over a given period of time. It is expressed as pounds per acre per inch of runoff. Stormflow – water flowing through the pipe during storm events resulting from precipitation. Storm flow usually occurs for a short amount of time, and has a high velocity. Stormwater – water that becomes runoff during a precipitation event. Subwatershed – a delineated area of land within a larger watershed where surface waters and runoff drain to a single point before ultimately discharging from the encompassing watershed. Total Maximum Daily Load – the maximum amount of a substance that can be received by a water body while still meeting water quality standards. This may also refer to the allocation of acceptable portions of this load to different sources. Turbidity – a measure of the relative clarity of a liquid. Turbidity measurements can provide a simple indicator of potential pollution in a sample. Turbid water will appear cloudy or hazy. Watershed – a delineated area of land where surface waters and runoff drain to a single point at a lower elevation. Yield – the amount of pollutant produced per land area, often expressed as lbs/acre or kg/ha.

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LIST OF FIGURES

2 INTRODUCTION

Figure 2-1: Capitol Region Watershed District in Ramsey County, Minnesota. ........................................... 8

3 METHODS

Figure 3-1: Monitoring locations by station type. ........................................................................................ 11

4 CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY

Figure 4-1: 30-year normal and 2014 monthly precipitation totals for CRWD. ........................................... 27 Figure 4-2: Daily precipitation totals and cumulative precipitation for January to December 2014. ........... 28 Figure 4-3: Annual precipitation totals (2005-2014) observed in CRWD by MCWG. ................................. 29 Figure 4-4: Daily temperature highs and snowpack depths from January to April 2014 as observed at

MSP (NWS, 2015). .............................................................................................................................. 32

5 CRWD WATER QUALITY RESULTS SUMMARY

Figure 5-1: Total discharge at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages. ............ 36 Figure 5-2: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt discharge totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. ......... 37 Figure 5-3: Total annual water yield at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages.

............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 5-4: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt TSS load totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. .......... 40 Figure 5-5: Total TSS yields at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages. ........... 41 Figure 5-6: Total TSS yields from CRWD subwatersheds, 2014................................................................ 42 Figure 5-7: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt TP load totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. ............ 44 Figure 5-8: Total TP yields at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages. ............. 45 Figure 5-9: Total TP yields from CRWD subwatersheds, 2014. ................................................................. 46 Figure 5-10: TSS yields from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Twin Cities metro-area tributaries,

2014..................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 5-11: TP yields from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Twin Cities metro-area tributaries, 2014.

............................................................................................................................................................. 49 Figure 5-12: 2014 flow-weighted average TSS concentrations from CRWD subwatersheds compared to

Lamberts Landing and the South Metro Mississippi River TSS TMDL target concentration. ............. 52 Figure 5-13: 2014 flow-weighted average TP concentrations from CRWD subwatersheds compared to

Lamberts Landing and the Lake Pepin Excess Nutrient TMDL target TP concentration. .................. 53

6 COMO LAKE SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 6-1: The Como 7 monitoring station (left) and the Como Golf Course Pond Outlet (right). ............ 62 Figure 6-2: Map of the Como subwatershed and monitoring locations. ..................................................... 64 Figure 6-3: The Como 3 monitoring station in summer (left) and during winter snowmelt grab sampling

(right). .................................................................................................................................................. 65 Figure 6-4: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Como 7 subwatershed for stormflow and illicit

discharge from 2005-2014. ................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 6-5: Como 7 subwatershed cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ...................................... 68 Figure 6-6: Como 7 level, velocity, and discharge. ..................................................................................... 69 Figure 6-7: Como 7 level, discharge, and precipitation. ............................................................................. 70

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Figure 6-8: Golf Course Pond Outlet level, velocity, and discharge. .......................................................... 71 Figure 6-9: Golf Course Pond Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation. ................................................... 72 Figure 6-10: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Como 7 subwatershed for illicit discharge and

stormflow from 2005-2014................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 6-11: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Como 7 subwatershed and

historical averages (2008-2013). ......................................................................................................... 74 Figure 6-12: Historical total monitored TP loads at Como 7 subwatershed for illicit discharge and

stormflow from 2005-2014................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 6-13: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Como 7 subwatershed and

historical averages (2008-2013). ......................................................................................................... 76 Figure 6-14: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow and illicit

discharge from 2012-2014 .................................................................................................................. 86 Figure 6-15: Como 3 cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ........................................................... 87 Figure 6-16: Como 3 level, velocity, and discharge. ................................................................................... 88 Figure 6-17: Como 3 level, discharge, and precipitation. ........................................................................... 89 Figure 6-18: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow from 2012-2014.

............................................................................................................................................................. 90 Figure 6-19: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Como 3 subwatershed and

historical averages (2009-2014). ......................................................................................................... 91 Figure 6-20: Historical total monitored TP loads at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow from 2012-2014.

............................................................................................................................................................. 92 Figure 6-21: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Como 3 subwatershed and

historical averages (2009-2013). ......................................................................................................... 93

7 HIDDEN FALLS SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 7-1: The Hidden Falls monitoring station (top); Hidden Falls, downstream of monitoring station (bottom). .............................................................................................................................................. 98

Figure 7-2: Map of Hidden Falls subwatershed and monitoring location. ................................................... 98 Figure 7-3: Hidden Falls cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. .................................................... 101 Figure 7-4: Hidden Falls level, velocity, and discharge. ........................................................................... 102 Figure 7-5: Hidden Falls level, discharge, and precipitation. .................................................................... 103 Figure 7-6: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Hidden Falls subwatershed

and historical averages (2014 only). ................................................................................................. 104

8 EAST KITTSONDALE SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 8-1: The East Kittsondale monitoring site location (top, bottom left) and flow-logging and sampling equipment installed inside storm tunnel (bottom right). .................................................................... 110

Figure 8-2: Map of the East Kittsondale subwatershed and monitoring location...................................... 111 Figure 8-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt,

illicit discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ................................................................ 114 Figure 8-4: East Kittsondale cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. .............................................. 115 Figure 8-5: East Kittsondale level, velocity, and discharge. ..................................................................... 116 Figure 8-6: East Kittsondale level, discharge, and precipitation. .............................................................. 117 Figure 8-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt, illicit

discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ....................................................................... 118 Figure 8-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for East Kittsondale

subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013). ........................................................................ 119 Figure 8-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt, illicit

discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ....................................................................... 120 Figure 8-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for East Kittsondale subwatershed

and historical averages (2005-2013). ................................................................................................ 121

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9 LAKE MCCARRONS SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 9-1: The Lake McCarrons Outlet monitoring site location (left); and Villa Park Wetland System (Villa Park Outlet) monitoring site location (right). ............................................................................. 128

Figure 9-2: Map of the Lake McCarrons subwatershed and monitoring locations. .................................. 128 Figure 9-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Villa Park Outlet for baseflow and stormflow

from 2006-2014. ................................................................................................................................ 131 Figure 9-4: Villa Park Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. .............................................. 132 Figure 9-5: Villa Park Outlet level, velocity, and discharge. ...................................................................... 133 Figure 9-6: Villa Park Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation. .............................................................. 134 Figure 9-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Villa Park Outlet subwatershed for stormflow and

baseflow from 2006-2014. ................................................................................................................. 135 Figure 9-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Villa Park Outlet subwatershed

and historical averages (2006-2013). ................................................................................................ 136 Figure 9-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at Villa Park Outlet subwatershed for stormflow and

baseflow from 2006-2014. ................................................................................................................. 137 Figure 9-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Villa Park Outlet subwatershed

and historical averages (2006-2013). ................................................................................................ 138 Figure 9-11: Lake McCarrons Outlet level, velocity, and discharge. ........................................................ 145 Figure 9-12: Lake McCarrons Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation. ................................................. 146

10 PHALEN CREEK SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 10-1: The Phalen Creek monitoring site location (left), flow-logging and sampling equipment installed inside storm tunnel (top right), and open channel entrance (bottom right). ........................ 148

Figure 10-2: Map of the Phalen Creek subwatershed and monitoring location. ....................................... 149 Figure 10-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Phalen Creek for snowmelt, stormflow and

baseflow from 2005-2014. ................................................................................................................. 152 Figure 10-4: Phalen Creek cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ................................................ 153 Figure 10-5: Phalen Creek level, velocity, and discharge ......................................................................... 154 Figure 10-6: Phalen Creek level, discharge, and precipitation. ................................................................ 155 Figure 10-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow

and baseflow from 2005-2014. .......................................................................................................... 156 Figure 10-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Phalen Creek subwatershed

and historical averages (2005-2013). ................................................................................................ 157 Figure 10-910-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ......................................................................................... 158 Figure 10-10: Historical total monitored TP loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow

and baseflow from 2005-2014. .......................................................................................................... 159 Figure 10-11: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Phalen Creek subwatershed

and historical averages (2005-2013). ................................................................................................ 159

11 ST. ANTHONY PARK SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 11-1: The St. Anthony Park monitoring site location (left, top right); and Sarita Outlet monitoring site location (bottom right). ................................................................................................................ 166

Figure 11-2: Map of the St. Anthony Park subwatershed and monitoring locations. ................................ 167 Figure 11-3: Historical monitored discharge volumes at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ......................................................................................... 170 Figure 11-4: St. Anthony Park cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ........................................... 171 Figure 11-5: St. Anthony Park level, velocity, and discharge. .................................................................. 172 Figure 11-6: St. Anthony Park level, discharge, and precipitation. ........................................................... 173 Figure 11-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ......................................................................................... 174 Figure 11-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for St. Anthony Park

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subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013). ........................................................................ 175 Figure 11-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014. ......................................................................................... 176 Figure 11-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for St. Anthony Park

subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013). ........................................................................ 177 Figure 11-11: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Sarita subwatershed for stormflow from

2006-2014. ........................................................................................................................................ 185 Figure 11-12: Sarita Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ................................................ 186 Figure 11-13: Sarita Outlet level, velocity, and discharge. ....................................................................... 187 Figure 11-14: Sarita Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation. ................................................................ 188 Figure 11-15: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Sarita subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and

baseflow from 2005-2014. ................................................................................................................. 189 Figure 11-16: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Sarita subwatershed and

historical averages (2006-2013). ....................................................................................................... 190 Figure 11-17: Historical total monitored TP loads at Sarita subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and

baseflow from 2005-2014. ................................................................................................................. 191 Figure 11-18: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Sarita subwatershed and

historical averages (2006-2013). ....................................................................................................... 192

12 TROUT BROOK SUBWATERSHED RESULTS

Figure 12-1: The Trout Brook-West Branch monitoring site location. ....................................................... 199 Figure 12-2: The Trout Brook-East Branch monitoring site location. ........................................................ 199 Figure 12-3: The Trout Brook Outlet monitoring site location. .................................................................. 200 Figure 12-4: Map of the Trout Brook subwatershed and monitoring locations. ........................................ 201 Figure 12-5: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for

snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014 ......................................................................... 203 Figure 12-6: Trout Brook-West Branch cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ............................. 204 Figure 12-7: Trout Brook-West Branch level, velocity, and discharge. ..................................................... 205 Figure 12-8: Trout Brook-West Branch level, discharge, and precipitation. ............................................. 206 Figure 12-9: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for

snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014. ........................................................................ 207 Figure 12-10: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-West Branch

subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 208 Figure 12-11: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for

snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014. ........................................................................ 209 Figure 12-12: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-West Branch

subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 210 Figure 12-13: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook-East Branch for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014. ......................................................................................... 218 Figure 12-14: Trout Brook-East Branch cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ............................ 219 Figure 12-15: Trout Brook-East Branch level, velocity, and discharge. .................................................... 220 Figure 12-16: Trout Brook-East Branch level, discharge, and precipitation. ............................................ 221 Figure 12-17: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed for

snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014. ........................................................................ 222 Figure 12-18: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-East Branch

subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 223 Figure 12-19: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed for snowmelt,

stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014. ......................................................................................... 224 Figure 12-20: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-East Branch

subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 225 Figure 12-21: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for

snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014. ....................................................................... 232 Figure 12-22: Trout Brook Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation. ...................................... 233 Figure 12-23: Trout Brook Outlet level, velocity, and discharge. .............................................................. 234 Figure 12-24: Trout Brook Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation. ...................................................... 235

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Figure 12-25: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014. ........................................................................................ 236

Figure 12-26: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 237

Figure 12-27: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014. ........................................................................................ 238

Figure 12-28: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013). ........................................................................ 239

Figure 12-29: Westminster-Mississippi elevation and precipitation .......................................................... 246 Figure 12-30: Sims-Agate elevation and precipitation .............................................................................. 247

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LIST OF TABLES

3 METHODS

Table 3-1: CRWD 2014 full water quality monitoring site list. ....................................................................... 9 Table 3-2: CRWD 2014 monitoring site descriptions and equipment. ........................................................ 10 Table 3-3: Time Periods of site operation for 2014 monitoring stations. .................................................... 13 Table 3-4: Analysis method, reporting limits, and holding times for water chemistry parameters analyzed

by Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES). ................................................................. 15 Table 3-5: Surface water quality standards for Class 2B waters. ............................................................... 22 Table 3-6: NSQD stormwater pollutant median concentrations - mixed residential land use .................... 23


Table 4-1: CRWD annual precipitation totals and departure from the NWS 30-year normal. .................... 24 Table 4-2: Daily and monthly precipitation totals for 2014 compared to the NWS 30-year normal. ........... 26 Table 4-3: Rainfall intensity statistics for 2014 from MCWG rain gauge data. ........................................... 30 Table 4-4: Summary of 2014 climatological events. ................................................................................... 31 Table 4-5: Summary of ice out dates for Twin Cities lakes nearby CRWD (DNR, 2015a; DNR, 2015c). .. 31


Table 5-1: Pollutant standards and average concentrations at CRWD sites and the Mississippi River at Lamberts Landing, 2014...................................................................................................................... 51

Table 5-2: Metals toxicity and chronic toxicity standard exceedances at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. . 55 Table 5-3: Baseflow grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring stations, 2014. ................. 56 Table 5-4: Stormflow grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. ..................... 57 Table 5-5: Snowmelt grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. ..................... 57 Table 5-6: CRWD 2014 median stormflow concentrations compared to NSQD median concentrations. .. 59 Table 5-7: 2014 Monitoring results summary, all sites. .............................................................................. 60


Table 6-1: Como 7 subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. ............................................................. 76 Table 6-2: 2014 Como 7 subwatershed loading table. ............................................................................... 77 Table 6-3: 2014 Como 7 subwatershed laboratory data. ............................................................................ 82 Table 6-4: Como 3 subwatershed monitoring results, 2012-2014 .............................................................. 93 Table 6-5: 2014 Como 3 loading table. ....................................................................................................... 94 Table 6-6: 2014 Como 3 subwatershed laboratory data. ............................................................................ 96


Table 7-1: Hidden Falls subwatershed monitoring results, 2014. ............................................................. 105 Table 7-2: Hidden Falls subwatershed loading table. ............................................................................... 106 Table 7-3: 2014 Hidden Falls subwatershed laboratory data. .................................................................. 107

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Table 8-1: East Kittsondale subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. ............................................. 122 Table 8-2: 2014 East Kittsondale subwatershed loading table. ................................................................ 123 Table 8-3: 2014 East Kittsondale subwatershed laboratory data. ............................................................ 126


Table 9-1: Villa Park Outlet subwatershed monitoring results, 2006-2014. .............................................. 139 Table 9-2: Villa Park Outlet loading table. ................................................................................................. 140 Table 9-3: 2014 Villa Park Outlet laboratory data. .................................................................................... 142 Table 9-4: Historical stage and discharge (2005-2014) at Lake McCarrons Outlet monitoring station. ... 144


Table 10-1: Phalen Creek subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. ................................................ 159 Table 10-2: 2014 Phalen Creek subwatershed loading table. .................................................................. 160 Table 10-3: 2014 Phalen Creek subwatershed laboratory data. .............................................................. 163


Table 11-1: St. Anthony Park subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. .......................................... 178 Table 11-2: 2014 St. Anthony Park subwatershed loading table. ............................................................. 179 Table 11-3: 2014 St. Anthony Park subwatershed laboratory data. ......................................................... 182 Table 11-4: Sarita monitoring results, 2006-2014. .................................................................................... 193 Table 11-5: 2014 Sarita loading table. ...................................................................................................... 194 Table 11-6: 2014 Sarita laboratory data. .................................................................................................. 196


Table 12-1: Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. ............................. 218 Table 12-2: 2014 Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed loading table. ............................................... 219 Table 12-3: 2014 Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed laboratory data. ........................................... 222 Table 12-4: Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed monitoring results, 2006-2014. .............................. 233 Table 12-5: 2014 Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed loading table. ................................................ 234 Table 12-6: 2014 Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed laboratory data. ............................................ 236 Table 12-7: Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014. ........................................ 247 Table 12-8: 2014 Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed loading table. .......................................................... 248 Table 12-9: 2014 Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed laboratory data. ....................................................... 250 Table 12-10: Historical average elevations for Trout Brook subwatershed stormwater ponds from 2006-

2014................................................................................................................................................... 252

APPENDIX A

Table A-1: Metals standards based on average hardness, 2014. ............................................................ 258

APPENDIX B

Table B-1: Data collection efficiency at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014. ................................................... 261 Table B-2: Total rainfall during monitoring days at CRWD sites, 2005-2014. .......................................... 262 Table B-3: Number of possible monitoring days for continuously monitored sites, 2005-2014. ............... 262

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APPENDIX C

Table C-1: Median monthly baseflow concentrations by site, 2005-2014. .............................................. 265 Table C-2: Median monthly event flow concentrations by site, 2005-2014. ............................................ 266

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2014 CRWD Stormwater Monitoring Report 1

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 CAPITOL REGION WATERSHED DISTRICT

The watershed boundaries of the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) are located entirely in Ramsey County, Minnesota. It is a small urban watershed nested in the Upper Mississippi River basin with all runoff from the watershed eventually discharging to the Mississippi River along a 13-mile reach in St. Paul, Minnesota through 42 storm tunnel outfall pipes. All surface water and stormwater runoff in the watershed is managed by CRWD, a special purpose unit of government founded in 1998 with the goal of managing, protecting, and improving all water resources within the watershed boundaries. CRWD contains portions of five cities, including: Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, Maplewood, Roseville, and Saint Paul. CRWD is highly developed and urbanized with a population of 245,000 and 42%+ impervious surfaces.

1.2 PURPOSE OF REPORT

A goal of CRWD is to understand and address the presence of stormwater pollutants and their impacts on water quality within the District in order to better protect and manage local water resources. Therefore, CRWD established a monitoring program in 2004 to: (1) identify water quality problem areas; (2) quantify subwatershed runoff pollutant loadings; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of stormwater best management practices (BMPs); (4) provide data for the calibration of hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality models; and (5) promote understanding of District water resources and water quality. To achieve these objectives, CRWD collects continuous flow data and stormwater quality data from major subwatersheds, lakes, ponds, and stormwater BMPs. This annual report presents the stormwater quality and quantity data collected during the 2014 monitoring year (January 2014 to December 2014) and provides analysis of results for all monitored subwatersheds. In addition, historical water quality and quantity data from previous monitoring years (2005-2013) are reported for comparison to the 2014 data. The purpose of this report is to use the data to characterize overall watershed health and water quality trends over time, which in turn will inform management decisions for continued improvement of District water resources. Previous annual stormwater monitoring reports (2005-2013) are available on the CRWD website (www.capitolregionwd.org).

1.3 STORMWATER MONITORING METHODS

Within CRWD, there are sixteen major subwatersheds, seven of which are currently monitored for water quantity and quality (Como, East Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, McCarrons, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, and Trout Brook). Within the seven monitored subwatersheds, CRWD collected water quality and/or quantity data at nineteen monitoring sites in 2014, including:


twelve “full water quality” stations with automated samplers and water level and velocity sensors; three “flow-only” stations with water level and velocity sensors; and four water level sites. In addition, six precipitation gauges collected rainfall data across the watershed. Samples were collected during baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt periods and were analyzed to determine pollutant concentrations for a suite of water quality parameters including nutrients, sediment, metals, and bacteria. At each monitoring site, the flow data and pollutant concentrations data were used to calculate total annual pollutant loads and yields from each subwatershed.

1.4 2014 MONITORING RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS

The total amount of precipitation for the 2014 calendar year was 35.66 inches, which was 5.05 inches greater than the National Weather Service (NWS) 30-year normal. April, May, and June 2014 were the wettest months, comprising 57% of the total annual precipitation. The wet spring months generated the majority of stormflow and pollutant loading from all CRWD subwatersheds. The months of July through October 2014 were unseasonably dry, which resulted in reduced pollutant loading during this period. In 2014, the Trout Brook subwatershed exported the greatest amount of water (666,381,676 cf) because it has the largest drainage area in CRWD (5,028 acres). The 2014 water yields for all monitored subwatersheds were greater than the historical averages of previous monitoring years (2005-2013), largely due to an above average annual precipitation year. Phalen Creek recorded the highest annual water yield (145,979 cf/ac) in comparison to all other continuously monitored stations in 2014. In 2014, all monitored subwatersheds exceeded their historical average (2010-2013) total suspended solids (TSS) yield (lbs/acre), except for Trout Brook-West Branch and Villa Park. At most stations, TSS yields were likely greater than historical averages in 2014 because of the above average precipitation that occurred; TSS loading is primarily driven by stormwater runoff. East Kittsondale produced the highest total annual TSS yields on a per acre basis in 2014 (711 lbs/ac). Trout Brook Outlet had the largest total annual TSS load (2,364,568 lbs) in 2014, of which 78% of the total load was transported by stormflow. The 2014 total annual total phosphorus (TP) yields (lbs/acre) generally increased at all sites in comparison to historical averages (2010-2013). East Kittsondale produced the highest total annual TP yield (1.37 lb/ac). Como 3 (0.14 lbs/ac) and Sarita (0.16 lbs/ac) had the lowest annual TP yields of all subwatersheds in 2014. Overall, in 2014 Trout Brook Outlet produced the largest total annual TP load (5,564 lbs). TP loading in 2014 primarily occurred during storm events at all continuously monitored stations, even though baseflow accounted for the majority of the total discharge. In 2014, snowmelt made up a larger portion of discharge, TSS load, and TP load due to a deep snowpack during the 2013-2014 winter (76.2 inches; 21.8 inches above normal). Also, colder


than normal winter temperatures that extended through late March 2014 resulted in a gradual late-season melt of the snowpack. For metals, the 2014 average stormflow toxicity of lead exceeded the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) toxicity standards at all stations, except Villa Park. Yearly copper toxicity was also exceeded from most monitored subwatersheds in 2014, except St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook (East Branch, West Branch, and Outlet) and Villa Park. Average stormflow toxicity of zinc exceeded the MPCA toxicity standard at Hidden Falls, Como 3, and Como 7. For all sites, average concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and nickel for all flow types (base, snowmelt, storm, and yearly) did not exceed the MPCA toxicity standards in 2014 (except yearly cadmium at Hidden Falls). Bacteria levels during 2014 snowmelt and storm events frequently exceeded the MPCA surface water maximum numeric standard of 1,260 cfu/100 mL at most monitoring stations. The highest bacteria count observed was at Hidden Falls in October 2014 with 71,700 cfu/100 mL. Baseflow bacteria samples typically did not exceed the MPCA surface water maximum numeric standard in 2014, though bacteria counts above the standard were observed at Hidden Falls, East Kittsondale, Trout Brook-East Branch, and Trout Brook-West Branch during some baseflow periods. CRWD stormwater concentrations and yields were compared to local surface waters for points of comparison, though it is acknowledged that water flowing in natural stream channels has a different composition than stormwater. Results showed CRWD stormwater runoff to be significantly more concentrated in pollutants than the Mississippi River at Lamberts Landing in Saint Paul in 2014. Also, when compared to other Twin Cities metro-area tributaries (Bassett Creek, Battle Creek, Fish Creek, and Minnehaha Creek), CRWD subwatersheds generally produced significantly greater TP and TSS yields in 2014. The 2014 median stormwater concentrations for nutrients, solids, metals, and bacteria were compared to other urbanized areas in the United States using data reported in the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD). When comparing to NSQD’s mixed residential land use category, most CRWD monitored subwatersheds exceeded median stormwater concentrations for TSS and E. coli.

1.5 2014 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results and findings of the 2014 Stormwater Monitoring Report, CRWD has several goals and recommendations for 2015 to continue improving the monitoring program and the water quantity and quality dataset. Specifically, CRWD aims to complete the following in 2015:

• CRWD will further explore and implement the many functions of the newly acquired monitoring database software (Kisters WISKI) in order to improve efficiency, data organization, data access, data analysis, and automation of data QA/QC.


• CRWD will consider analyzing water quality samples for additional parameters not currently analyzed, such as: bacteria/microbial source tracking, oil/grease, trash, PAHs, and contaminants of emerging concern.

• CRWD will consider expanding remote data access capabilities to other baseline

monitoring stations in the District, such as East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, or St Anthony Park.

• CRWD will develop and implement a CRWD Monitoring Quality Assurance Program

Plan (QAPP) in 2015 to ensure data quality.

• CRWD will seek to enhance partnerships with the City of Saint Paul, Ramsey County, other local urban watershed districts, and research groups (e.g. University of Minnesota) to broaden our understanding of urban hydrology and pollutant loading.

• CRWD will document illicit discharges throughout the watershed and work with District

municipalities to eliminate other potential sources of pollution.


2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 CRWD BACKGROUND

The watershed boundaries of the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) are located entirely

in Ramsey County, Minnesota. It is a small urban watershed nested in the Upper Mississippi

River basin with all runoff from the watershed eventually discharging to the Mississippi River

along a 13-mile reach in St. Paul, Minnesota through 42 storm tunnel outfall pipes. All surface

water and stormwater runoff in the watershed is managed by CRWD, a special purpose unit of

government founded in 1998 with the goal of managing, protecting, and improving all water

resources within the watershed. CRWD contains portions of five cities, including: Falcon

Heights, Lauderdale, Maplewood, Roseville, and Saint Paul (Figure 2-1). CRWD is highly

developed and urbanized with a population of 245,000 and 42%+ impervious surfaces. Land use

in CRWD is primarily residential and commercial with areas of industrial use and parkland.

2.2 CRWD WATER QUALITY CONCERNS

Over time, urban development and anthropogenic activity in the watershed have significantly

impacted the water quality of the Mississippi River and CRWD lakes, ponds, wetlands, and

streams. The expansion of impervious surfaces (streets, sidewalks, parking lots, roofs) through

development has increased stormwater runoff from the landscape, which carries polluted water

to local water bodies, subsequently declining water quality. Additionally, higher volumes of

runoff causes increased storm peak flows, greater potential for local flooding, decreased

groundwater recharge, and the compromising of biological habitat in water bodies. Stormwater

runoff from impervious surfaces can carry nutrients, sediment, fertilizers, pesticides, bacteria,

heavy metals, and other contaminants of concern, which is why it is the most significant source

of pollution to CRWD water resources. In CRWD, all stormwater runoff within the watershed

boundaries is collected and conveyed through an extensive network of underground storm sewer

pipes that eventually drain to the Mississippi River.

Both historical and current water quality data of CRWD lakes, ponds, and the Mississippi River

indicate that these water bodies are impaired for various pollutants including nutrients, bacteria,

and turbidity and are not meeting the standards for their designated uses of fishing, aquatic

habitat, and recreation. The Mississippi River and Como Lake are listed on the Minnesota

Pollution Control Agency’s (MPCA) 2012 303(d) list of impaired waters (MPCA, 2012a).

Impaired waters require a total maximum daily load (TMDL) study for pollutants of concern

including nutrients, turbidity, metals, bacteria, and chloride.

The nutrient of primary concern in CRWD is phosphorus. Phosphorus is the biological nutrient

which limits the growth of algae in most freshwater ecosystems and is often found in high

concentrations in stormwater. Phosphorus is naturally present in all water bodies, but in high

concentrations can cause the overgrowth of algae and aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and

rivers. This can reduce dissolved oxygen and increase turbidity of the water column. Common


sources of phosphorous include fertilizers, leaves and grass clippings, pet and wildlife waste,

atmospheric deposition, septic and sanitary seepage, and wastewater treatment plant discharges.

Sediment is another major constituent of stormwater runoff. Excessive amounts of sediment can

reduce water clarity, bury benthic aquatic habitat, and damage fish gills. The reduction or

removal of sediment from stormwater is essential because other pollutants, such as phosphorus,

adhere to sediment particles and are transported in suspension. Sediment originates from erosion

of soil particles from construction sites, lawns, stream banks, and lake shores as well as sand

application to roadways and parking lots for traction in the winter.

Heavy metals, such as lead and copper, are also pollutants of concern in CRWD because they

can be toxic in high concentrations. Also, heavy metals can bioaccumulate in organisms, which

is of concern to wildlife and humans. Potential sources of metals from road surface runoff

include roofs, auto exhaust, tire wear, brakes, and some winter de-icing agents.

Pathogens, which include bacteria and viruses, also contribute to the water quality degradation of

CRWD water resources. They impact recreation and pose potential health risks to humans.

Sources of pathogens include illicit sanitary connections to storm drains and animal waste.

Chloride in water bodies is a contaminant of growing concern for CRWD. High concentrations

of chloride can harm fish and plant life by creating a saline environment. Also, once in dissolved

form, chloride cannot be removed from a water body. Chloride is primarily sourced from road

salt application for de-icing in the winter months.

7.3 CRWD MONITORING GOALS

CRWD was formed to understand and address these water quality impacts and to better protect

and manage local water resources. In 2004, CRWD established a monitoring program to assess

water quality and quantity of various District subwatersheds and stormwater best management

practices (BMPs). Prior to the CRWD monitoring program, limited data was available on

stormwater quantity and quality in the watershed. The objectives of the program are to identify

water quality problem areas, quantify subwatershed runoff pollutant loadings, evaluate the

effectiveness of BMPs, provide data for the calibration of hydrologic, hydraulic, and water

quality models, and promote understanding of District water resources and water quality.

CRWD collects water quality and continuous flow data from major subwatersheds, stormwater

ponds, lakes, and stormwater BMPs. There are sixteen major subwatersheds in CRWD and

monitoring is conducted in seven major subwatersheds (Figure 2-1), including: Como, East

Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, McCarrons, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, and Trout Brook. Five

of the major subwatershed sites monitored by CRWD directly outlet to the Mississippi River.

The 2014 CRWD Stormwater Monitoring Report presents results of annual stormwater quantity

and quality data for major CRWD subwatersheds and stormwater ponds. Previous annual

monitoring reports (2005-2013) are available on the CRWD website (www.capitolregionwd.org).

Results and analysis of CRWD lakes and stormwater BMPs are discussed in separate reports

(CRWD, 2015; CRWD, 2012), which are also available on the CRWD website.

www.capitolregionwd.org


Figure 2-1: Capitol Region Watershed District in Ramsey County, Minnesota.



3 METHODS

3.1 MONITORING LOCATIONS

In 2014, CRWD collected water quality and quantity data at eighteen monitoring sites in the

District: twelve full water quality stations, two flow-only stations, and five level logger sites

(Figure 3-1). Additionally, six precipitation gauges collected rainfall data across the watershed.

At each full water quality station, both water quality and quantity data were collected. The

twelve full water quality stations, their locations, and a description of each are detailed in Figure

3-1 and Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: CRWD 2014 full water quality monitoring site list.

Site Name Description

1 East Kittsondale East Kittsondale subwatershed

2 Hidden Falls Hidden Falls subwatershed

3 Phalen Creek Phalen Creek subwatershed

4 St. Anthony Park St. Anthony Park subwatershed

5 Trout Brook-East Branch East Branch of the Trout Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor

6 Trout Brook-West Branch West Branch of the Trout Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor

7 Trout Brook Outlet Outlet of the Trout Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor

8 Villa Park Outlet Lower portion of the Lake McCarrons subwatershed - Villa Park Wetland outlet

9 Como 3 Como 3 subwatershed

10 Como 7 Subsection of Como 7 subwatershed

11 Como Golf Course Pond Subsection of Como 7 subwatershed

12 Sarita Upper portion of St. Anthony Park subwatershed – Sarita Wetland outlet

From Table 3-1, five of the full water quality stations (1, 2, 3, 6, and 11) are positioned at or near

the outlets of subwatersheds which drain directly to the Mississippi River. The remaining seven

full water quality stations are located within five minor subwatersheds which do not drain

directly to the Mississippi River, but are still ultimately connected through downstream

subwatersheds.

Two flow-only stations are operated at the outlets of Como Lake and Lake McCarrons to

determine the total amount of discharge from the lakes into the Trout Brook Storm Sewer

Interceptor. Water level monitoring stations are operated at four storm ponds in the Trout Brook

subwatershed and the data is used to calibrate and update models for the Trout Brook Storm

Sewer Interceptor. The storm ponds monitored are Arlington-Jackson, Sims-Agate,

Westminster-Mississippi, and Willow Reserve (Figure 3-1).


Six precipitation gauges are positioned throughout the watershed. They are located at the

CRWD office, the Villa Park Outlet monitoring site, Saint Paul Fire Station No. 1, the

Metropolitan Mosquito Control District central office, Western District Police Station, and the

Trout Brook-East Branch monitoring site (Figure 3-1). CRWD also obtains precipitation data

reported by the Minnesota Climatology Working Group (MCWG) at the University of

Minnesota-St. Paul (UMN) and by the National Weather Service (NWS) at the Minneapolis-St.

Paul Airport.

Table 3-2: CRWD 2014 monitoring site descriptions and equipment.

Site Name Subwatershed Description Data Collected Equipment

East Kittsondale East Kittsondale Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Hidden Falls Hidden Falls Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Phalen Creek Phalen Creek Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

St. Anthony Park St. Anthony Park Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Sarita St. Anthony Park Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Trout Brook-East Branch Trout Brook Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Trout Brook-West Branch Trout Brook Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Trout Brook Outlet Trout Brook Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Como 7 Como 7 Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Como Golf Course Pond Outlet Como 7 Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 2150 module

Como 3 Como 3 Storm Sewer L, V, Q, WQ ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Bdale Outlet* Lake McCarrons Storm Sewer L, Q, WQ ISCO 6712, 750 module

Villa Park Inlet* Lake McCarrons Wetland L, V, Q, WQ ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Villa Park Outlet Lake McCarrons Wetland L, V, Q, WQ, LT ISCO 6712, 2150 module

Arlington-Jackson* Trout Brook Stormwater Pond L Global Water Level Logger

Como Golf Course Pond Como 7 Stormwater Pond L Global Water Level Logger

Sims-Agate Trout Brook Stormwater Pond L Global Water Level Logger

Westminster-Mississippi Trout Brook Stormwater Pond L Global Water Level Logger

Willow Reserve* Trout Brook Stormwater Pond L Global Water Level Logger

McCarrons Outlet Lake McCarrons Lake Outlet L, V, Q ISCO 2150 module

Como Outlet Como Lake Lake Outlet L, Q Global Water Level Logger

Villa Park Pond* Lake McCarrons Wetland L Global Water Level Logger

St. Paul Fire Station* West Seventh Precipitation Precip. Onset Hobo

Trout Brook - East Branch* Trout Brook Precipitation Precip. Onset Hobo

Mosquito Control* West Kittsondale Precipitation Precip. Onset Hobo

Western District Police Station* East Kittsondale Precipitation Precip. Onset Hobo

CRWD Office* St. Anthony Park Precipitation Precip. Manual Gauge, Onset Hobo

Villa Park * Lake McCarrons Precipitation Precip. Manual Gauge, Onset Hobo

* Data not included in 2014 Monitoring Report


Figure 3-1: Monitoring locations by station type.


3.2 MONITORING METHODS AND ANALYSIS

3.2.1 PERIOD OF OPERATION

Six of the full water quality sites (St. Anthony Park, East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, Trout

Brook-East Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet) were monitored

continuously in 2014 (January 1 through December 31). Each site had a flow logger installed for

the entire calendar year and an automatic sampler installed from April to November. Besides

these six sites, all other full water quality, flow logger, level logger, and precipitation monitoring

sites were generally operational from April to November 2014 (seasonally monitored sites).

Table 3-3 lists the periods of site operation from install to uninstall for 2014.

Table 3-3: Time Periods of site operation for 2014 monitoring stations.

East Kittsondale 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

Phalen Creek 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

St. Anthony Park 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

Trout Brook-East Branch 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

Trout Brook-West Branch 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

Trout Brook Outlet 01/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59

Seasonally Monitored Sites

Hidden Falls 04/21/2014 14:15 11/03/2014 15:00

Como 3 04/21/2014 14:30 11/03/2014 09:30

Como 7 04/21/2014 08:44 11/03/2014 09:20

Como Golf Course Pond Outlet 04/18/2014 13:45 10/23/2014 09:10

Sarita 04/21/2014 11:45 11/03/2014 15:45

Villa Park Outlet 04/11/2014 11:15 11/03/2014 10:30

Arlington-Jackson** 05/05/2014 13:24 10/22/2014 09:11

Sims-Agate 05/05/2014 10:08 10/14/2014 18:31

Westminster-Mississippi 05/05/2014 09:16 10/21/2014 14:15

Willow Reserve** 04/15/2014 08:49 10/21/2014 03:13

McCarrons Outlet 04/08/2014 11:00 10/22/2014 10:15

Como Outlet 04/18/2014 10:19 10/23/2014 13:12

* Date/Time indicates period of operation for continuously monitored sites in 2014.

** Equipment malfunction. Data not used for entire 2014 monitoring period.

Continuously Monitored SitesInstall

Date/Time*

Uninstall

Date/Time*


3.2.2 FULL WATER QUALITY STATIONS

Full water quality stations in 2014 consisted of an area-velocity sensor and an automated water

sampler. The area-velocity sensors were secured to the base and center of the pipe or channel and

were connected to the automated water sampler housed above ground. Area-velocity sensors

measured and recorded water depth and velocity every 10 or 15 minutes. This data was used to

calculate discharge or volumetric flow of water at the site by relating water depth in the pipe or

channel to area (each pipe or channel has a unique relationship) and multiplying by the velocity

reading.

When the flow of water reached a specified depth or velocity, the sampler engaged to collect

water samples. Generally, samplers were programmed to capture storm events greater than or

equal to the 0.5 inch precipitation event. Two different sampler sizes were used: a compact

sampler and a full-size sampler. A compact sampler can collect up to 48 200 milliliter (mL)

samples (2 per bottle). A full-size sampler can collect 96 200 mL samples (4 per bottle). A

sample was collected after a specified volume of water passed through the site in order to collect

samples over the entire hydrograph. These individual samples were combined and mixed to

produce a single composite sample. This approach provides a better representation of stormwater

quality throughout the entirety of a storm or base flow event as opposed to taking a single grab

sample. To create a composite sample of a storm or base event at a given station, the individual

sample bottles were first shaken until the sampled water became homogenous. The sample

bottles were then poured together into a 14-Liter (L) churn sample splitter and thoroughly mixed

to create a homogenous sample. Once mixed, 4 liters of the homogenous sample were

distributed to a sample bottle provided by the Metropolitan Council Environmental Services

(MCES) Laboratory.

Water quality samples were collected during storm events at the eleven full water quality sites.

With the exception of Sarita, Como 7, Como 3, and Como Golf Course Pond, monitoring sites

had continuous baseflow during dry weather periods. Composite samples of dry weather

baseflow were taken at the stations with continuous baseflow (East Kittsondale, Hidden Falls,

Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook-East Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, Trout

Brook Outlet) twice a month from April to November and once a month from December to

March.

Bacteria grab samples for Escherichia coli (E. coli) were taken at all full water quality sites

during storm events when runoff was generated. At sites with baseflow, bacteria base grab

samples were collected twice a month during dry weather from March to November and monthly

during the winter. When collected, bacteria grab samples for E. coli were sampled directly into

sterilized containers during storm events and baseflow periods and delivered immediately to the

lab for analyses due to the short sample holding time (6 hours).

Water quality samples were delivered to the Metropolitan Council Environmental Services

(MCES) Laboratory for analysis. The chemical parameters, method of analysis, and holding

times are listed in Table 3-4. If the lab analysis occurred after the holding time of a given

chemical parameter had expired, that chemical parameter was not analyzed.


3.2.3 FLOW-ONLY AND LEVEL LOGGER STATIONS

The flow-only stations positioned at the outlets of Como Lake and Lake McCarrons use two

different methods to collect and determine discharge data. At the Como Lake outlet, flow is

regulated by a wooden weir in a manhole. A level sensor was placed on the upstream side of the

weir. When the level recorded exceeded the distance between the sensor and the weir, the

structure was discharging. The volume was then calculated based on the dimensions of the weir,

the recorded level, and the periods of recorded outflow. At the Lake McCarrons outlet, an area-

velocity sensor connected to a data logger collected and recorded water depth and velocity every

ten minutes. This data was used to calculate discharge at the site with the known pipe

dimensions.

Level logger stations were operated at four storm ponds within the Trout Brook subwatershed

(Figure 3-1). The data collected at these sites is used to track pond elevation in relation to

precipitation. The data is also used to calibrate the hydrologic and hydraulic model for the Trout

Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor. A pressure transducer was secured at a known depth in the

Table 3-4: Analysis method, reporting limits, and holding times for water chemistry parameters analyzed by Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES).

Parameter Abbreviation Method Reporting Limit Holding Time

Cadmium Cd MET-ICPMSV_5 0.0002 mg/L 180 days

Carbonaceous BOD, 5 day CBOD BOD5_5 0.2 mg/L 48 hours

Chloride Cl CHLORIDE_AA_3 0.5 mg/L 28 days

Chromium Cr MET-ICPMSV_5 0.00008 mg/L 180 days

Copper Cu MET-ICPMSV_5 0.0003 mg/L 180 days

Escherichia Coli E. coli Colilert and Colilert-18 with Quanti-Tray/2000 method N/A 6 hours

Fluoride Fl ANIONS_IC_3 0.02 mg/L 28 days

Hardness Hardness HARD-TITR_3 N/A 28 days

Lead Pb MET-ICPMSV_5 0.0001 mg/L 180 days

Nickel Ni MET-ICPMSV_5 0.0003 mg/L 180 days

Nitrate as N NO3 N-N_AA_4 0.01 mg/L 28 days

Nitrite as N NO2 N-N_AA_4 0.003 mg/L 28 days

Nitrogen, Ammonia NH3 NH3_AA_3 0.005 mg/L 28 days

Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, Total TKN NUT_AA_3 0.03 mg/L 28 days

Orthophosphate as P Ortho-P ORTHO_P_1 0.005 mg/L 48 hours

pH at 25 Degrees C pH pH by electrochemical pH probe N/A N/A

Phosphorus, Dissolved Dissolved P P-AV 0.02 mg/L 28 days

Phosphorus, Total TP NUT_AA_3 0.02 mg/L 28 days

Potassium K MET-ICPMSV_5 .03 mg/L 180 days

Sulfate SO4 SO4-IC 0.15 mg/L 28 days

Surfactants MBAS$ SM 5540 C 0.10 mg/L 48 hours

Total Dissolved Solids TDS TDS180_1 5 mg/L 7 days

Total Suspended Solids TSS TSSVSS_3 N/A 7 days

Volatile Suspended Soilds VSS TSSVSS_3 N/A 7 days

Zinc Zn MET-ICPMSV_5 0.0008 mg/L 180 days


pond and connected to a data logger which continuously recorded stage every ten minutes. The

logger locations were surveyed relative to a known benchmark in order to convert stage data to a

true elevation.

3.2.4 PRECIPITATION STATIONS

Precipitation was measured using automatic and manual rain gauges (Figure 3-1). The Trout

Brook-East Branch, Saint Paul Fire Station No. 1, Metropolitan Mosquito Control District

central office, Western District Police Station, and Villa Park Outlet precipitation monitoring

sites used automatic tipping bucket rain gauges which record precipitation amounts continuously

during storm events in order to determine rainfall intensity. Manual rain gauges were used at the

CRWD office and Villa Park. The manual rain gauge at the CRWD office was checked and

emptied each workday at 7:30 AM. The manual rain gauge at Villa Park was checked and

emptied after every storm event.

Precipitation data, recorded every 15 minutes at the UMN St. Paul campus, was used to

determine daily, monthly, and annual rainfall amounts for the Capitol Region watershed.

Precipitation data from the NWS at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport was

substituted for any gaps in the UMN data. It is acknowledged that some level of variability exists

spatially and temporally for precipitation events within the District. However, previous

watershed model calibration within the District has shown that the precipitation amount at the

UMN site adequately represents the District as a whole.

3.2.5 MONITORING DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE

Full water quality sites that were installed for the entire year in 2014 collected data for an

average of 356 days. CRWD achieved an average monitoring efficiency of 98% at the

continuously monitored full water quality sites in 2014, meaning that 98% of all potential data

was collected during the calendar year (Appendix B). Missing data accounted for the remaining

2% and was due to equipment failure, power failure, flooding, or vandalism. Monitoring at Villa

Park, Sarita, and Hidden Falls was 100% efficient during the periods they were installed from

April to November 2014. The level logger site at Sims-Agate and the Como Outlet flow-only

site were also 100% efficient. The Westminster-Mississippi level logger and McCarrons Outlet

flow logger were 97% and 95% efficient respectively. Due to equipment malfunction, the entire

2014 record of data for Willow Reserve and Arlington-Jackson was determined to be unusable.

After the 2014 monitoring season was complete, flow data was quality checked and corrected by

removing points with missing data or bad values and interpolating their values between good

data points. If there were extended periods of missing or bad data in which there were no storm

events, an average baseflow level and velocity were calculated and substituted. For storm events

where velocity did not log accurately, but level was still logged, a stage to velocity relationship

was developed using level and velocity data from good periods of stormflow record. The

relationship was then used to calculate an approximation of velocity for those periods of missing

data. If this was not possible, or there were storm events during this time, the data was left as

missing and not factored into discharge calculations.


The 2014 water quality sample data reported by the MCES lab was also rigorously checked for

quality. The reported sample times and dates were compared with field notes as well as the lab

chain of custody forms. Any abnormally high or low sample values were denoted and cross-

checked with field notes to ensure the parameter value was commensurate with the conditions of

the day in which the sample was taken. Sample concentration results that were outside of the

average range of data were identified as outliers and removed from event load calculations.

3.2.6 TOTAL DISCHARGE AND POLLUTANT LOAD CALCULATIONS

For all full water quality monitoring stations, the stage, velocity, and water quality data collected

were used to calculate total discharge and pollutant loads for total phosphorus (TP) and total

suspended solids (TSS). Discharge and pollutant loads were calculated for each storm,

snowmelt, and illicit discharge event at all stations. For sites with baseflow, monthly TP and TSS

loads were calculated. At the stations monitored continuously, the totals represent annual

discharges and loads. At Como 7, Como 3, Hidden Falls, Sarita, and Villa Park, monitoring

equipment cannot be operated during the winter months because equipment failure or damage

can occur from freezing temperatures and ice. The 2014 reported discharge and loads for these

stations are only representative of April through November.

Total discharge and pollutant loads for the Como 7 Subwatershed include combined data from

the Como 7 monitoring site and the outlet for the Como Golf Course Pond. The outflow from

the pond discharges into a storm sewer just downstream of the Como 7 monitoring station.

Analysis of the combined Como 7 and Como Golf Course Pond site data was done in the same

manner as all other full water quality monitoring stations.

For Villa Park, total discharge and pollutant loads also include any discharge flowing through the

emergency overflow near the outlet of the wetland system. Discharge was quantified by placing

a level logger near the weir outlet structure that recorded the duration of an overflow period.

In 2014, total discharge and pollutant load calculations for all stations were performed in Kisters

WISKI (Version 7.4.1) software (referred to as WISKI from here on). WISKI is a database

software specifically designed for continuous and discrete water quality data. WISKI was

implemented in 2014 by CRWD and will be utilized in the future for all stormwater data storage

and analysis.

Flow Partitioning and Discharge Calculation

The 2014 final flow data for each station was separated into base, storm, snowmelt, and illicit

discharge. For sites without sustained baseflow, all events corresponding to a precipitation event

were considered storm, snowmelt, or illicit discharge intervals. For sites with year-round

baseflow, separation of stormflow and baseflow was necessary. Storm events were identified

using an automated script in WISKI, which took into account the rate of change in the

hydrograph and a threshold above baseflow in the preceding period. Baseflow was considered

continuous (but not constant) during storm events. Baseflow was estimated during a storm event

by interpolating between the discharge at the beginning and end of the storm event interval. The

baseflow amount calculated during the storm event was subtracted from the total storm event

discharge to determine the storm event discharge volume.


To identify snowmelt events, peaks that occurred during winter and early-spring months were

cross-referenced with snowpack data from the National Weather Service (NWS). A peak was

determined to be a snowmelt interval if a snowpack depth was recorded by the NWS the day of

the peak and no precipitation was recorded. If precipitation occurred on the same day as a peak

and a snowpack depth was recorded, the event was also classified as snowmelt. If precipitation

(including snow) occurred on the same day as a peak, but no snowpack was recorded, the event

was classified as a storm event.

An event was considered a potential illicit discharge if elevated flow was observed in the

discharge data that did not correspond to precipitation, snowmelt, or any other known

climatological or permitted discharging event. Illicit discharge volumes are generally

significantly lower than snowmelt or stormflow and are not identified by the automated script.

As a result, illicit discharge events were manually identified.

The total discharge for each interval was calculated using WISKI to integrate the flow rate data

for baseflow and storm, snowmelt, and illicit discharge events. Discharge volumes were summed

to calculate a total discharge for the 2014 monitoring period. Discharge subtotals were also

calculated by flow type (base, storm, snowmelt, illicit discharge) for the monitoring period.

The 2014 method of baseflow and stormflow separation described above is different from

methods used in previous years. Overall, the total annual loads and discharges that were

calculated for 2014 are unaffected by the new methodology, though individual stormflow and

baseflow intervals differ than previous year’s calculations. As a result, the 2014 storm, snowmelt

and baseflow loads and discharge volumes may have some differences compared to load

calculations from previous years. The 2014 method was not used to recalculate baseflow and

stormflow loads for historically collected flow data at all stations. All historical data reported

herein was calculated using the former baseflow and stormflow calculation method.

Event Load Calculation

The TP and TSS concentrations (reported by the MCES lab) were used to calculate TP and TSS

loads for each sampled event. A median historical monthly concentration was applied to events

for which samples were not collected. The median concentration was calculated using the

median of all samples collected for a given monitoring station by month and by event type (i.e.

base, storm, snowmelt, or illicit discharge) for the entire monitoring record. The median

concentration values used for the 2014 load calculations are listed in Appendix C.

TP and TSS loads were calculated for each event using the following equation:

𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑓) ∗ 𝐸𝑀𝐶𝑠(𝑚𝑔/𝐿) ∗ (28.316 𝐿

1 𝑐𝑓) ∗ (

1𝑙𝑏

453,592𝑚𝑔)

The event mean concentration (EMCs) was calculated using the following equation:


𝐸𝑀𝐶𝑠 =[𝐸𝑀𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡 − (𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑏)]

𝑓𝑠

Where,

EMCtot is the lab reported composite sample concentration if the event was sampled or

the historical monthly median storm concentration if the event was not sampled

Cb is the historical monthly median base concentration

fb is the base fraction of interval volume

fs is the storm fraction of interval volume

Base Load Calculation

Base loads were calculated on a monthly basis using historical monthly median baseflow

concentrations. Baseflow samples collected in 2014 were included in the historical median

calculations.

Baseflow TP and TSS loads were calculated using the following equation:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑓) ∗ 𝐶𝑏(𝑚𝑔/𝐿) ∗ (28.316 𝐿

1 𝑐𝑓) ∗ (

1𝑙𝑏

453,592𝑚𝑔)

3.2.7 FLOW WEIGHTED AVERAGE (FWA) CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS

A total flow weighted average (FWA) concentration, as well as a FWA concentration for each

flow type, was calculated for TP and TSS for the entire monitoring period in 2014. The total

FWA concentration takes into account the differences generally observed between flow

types. Flow weighted concentrations take the discrete sample concentrations and weight them

based on the flow volumes associated with that event. This presents a more accurate

representation than an average of all interval concentrations. At sites with baseflow for example,

pollutant concentrations tend to be higher during storm events, but generally account for less of

the total annual discharge. An overall average would be skewed toward the higher storm

concentrations. In the same manner, FWA concentrations by flow type (e.g. storm, base,

snowmelt, illicit discharge) account for differences in the relative effect of individual intervals

(flow events) on the average.

Total FWAs for TP and TSS for the entire monitoring season were calculated using the

following equation:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑊𝐴 (𝑚𝑔/𝐿) =𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) ∗ (

453,592𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑏

)

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑓) ∗ (28.32𝐿

𝑐𝑓)


FWA concentrations for TP and TSS for each flow type were calculated by dividing the total

load associated with a given flow type by the total discharge associated with the flow type:

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐹𝑊𝐴 (𝑚𝑔/𝐿) =∑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) ∗ (

453,592𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑏

)

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑓) ∗ (28.32𝐿

𝑐𝑓)

3.2.8 POLLUTANT YIELD

Annual yields for TP and TSS in pounds per acre (lb/ac) were calculated for each monitored

subwatershed in order to normalize pollutant load by subwatershed drainage area size so

comparisons between all CRWD subwatersheds could be made. Annual yields are calculated

using the following equation:

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (lbs/ac) =𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑙𝑏𝑠)

𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑎𝑐)

3.2.9 CUMULATIVE LOAD

Cumulative plots for total discharge were developed for each site. Cumulative discharge plots are

useful for showing the rate and temporal distribution of discharge accumulation throughout the

course of the monitoring season. Each point along the curve represents the accumulated

discharge from the beginning of the period up to that point in time.

3.2.10 METAL TOXICITY

The toxicity of a metal is a function of water hardness. For CRWD watersheds, the chronic

toxicity standard is used, as defined in Minnesota Rules 7050.0222 for each of the 6 metals (Cr,

Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn). Equations for the chronic standard for each metal in g/L are listed in

Appendix A. Average 2014 metal concentrations from storm flow, baseflow, snowmelt, illicit

discharge, and total flow were compared to the chronic standard.

3.2.11 FEDERAL AND STATE SURFACE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS COMPARISON

Currently, there are no federal or state water quality standards for stormwater. The Minnesota

Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have

established surface water quality standards for only certain water quality parameters.

Regardless, CRWD’s stormwater flows into the Mississippi River, so it is useful to compare the

stormwater data to surface water quality standards which serve as a benchmark to consider for

each pollutant (Table 3-5).


TP and TSS Standards

Because the MPCA has not established stormwater standards for TSS and TP, the data was

compared to the TP and TSS values of Lambert’s Landing, a Mississippi River water quality

monitoring station downstream of the Wabasha Bridge in St. Paul at river mile 839.1.

Additionally, the TSS values were compared against the South Metro Mississippi Total

Suspended Solids TMDL, and the TP values were compared against the Lake Pepin Excess

Nutrient TMDL. When comparing CRWD TP and TSS concentrations to water quality

standards, flow-weighted average concentrations were used.

Chronic Metals Standards

State water quality standards for chronic exposure to metals are based on a function of hardness

as outlined in Minnesota Statute 7050.0222 for Class 2B waters (ORS, 2012). Class 2B waters

are waters used for the purpose of aquatic life and recreation that are not protected for drinking

water. These standards are set at the lowest concentration of a chemical for which chronic

exposure will cause harm to aquatic organisms. In order to make comparisons between CRWD

metals data to state standards and other reference locations, calculation of the state standards was

completed.

Bacteria Standard

For E. coli bacteria, the MPCA has set the following two provisions as a standard:

1. With greater than five samples taken in a calendar month (April to November), the E. coli

concentration geometric mean shall be less than 126 cfu/100mL.

2. No more than ten percent of all samples taken during a calendar month (April to

November) shall exceed 1,260 cfu/100mL

CRWD collects a limited number of E. coli samples each month from April to November (two

base samples and occasional storm samples), so the MPCA monitoring requirements of the E.

coli geometric mean standard of 126 cfu/100mL cannot be typically met. Instead, CRWD

compares individual E. coli monitoring results to the maximum value of the standard, 1,260

cfu/100mL. This comparison provides a benchmark only for comparing CRWD bacteria data

and does not imply whether or not the full bacteria standard is being met. The MCES lab

measures E. coli as the most probable number per 100 milliliters of water (mpn/100mL).

Research shows that mpn/100mL is comparable to cfu/100mL (Massa et al., 2001).


3.2.12 MISSISSIPPI RIVER REFERENCE SITE AND TWIN CITIES METRO-AREA TRIBUTARIES COMPARISONS

In addition to comparing CRWD results to state surface water quality standards, CRWD total TP

and TSS FWA concentrations were compared to the average TP and TSS concentrations of the

Mississippi River at Lambert’s Landing. MCES monitors the Mississippi River at Lambert’s

Landing at river mile 839.1, which is downstream from the Wabasha Street Bridge in St. Paul.

MCES also monitors the mouths of several tributaries in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan

area, including Bassett Creek, Battle Creek, Fish Creek and Minnehaha Creeks. These are all

open channels that discharge to the Mississippi River. Total TP and TSS yields for CRWD

subwatershed outlet sites (East Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, and

Trout Brook Outlet) were compared to the yields of these other metro-area tributaries to

determine the relative impacts to the Mississippi River.

3.2.13 NATIONAL URBAN STORMWATER QUALITY COMPARISONS

Researchers from the University of Alabama and the Center for Watershed Protection have

created an extensive database of stormwater data from urbanized areas by assembling and

evaluating stormwater monitoring data from a representative number of National Pollutant

Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Phase

Table 3-5: Surface water quality standards for Class 2B waters.

Parameter Standarda Units Water Body Source

Cl 230 mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Cd * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Cr * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Cu * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

E. coli ≤ 1,260 MPN/100 mL Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

NH3 40 µg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Ni * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Pb * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

TP 60 µg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

TSS 30b mg/L Stream Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

Zn * mg/L Surface Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222

*The standard is dependent upon w ater hardness; See Appendix B

a Standards apply to Class 2B w aters in the North Central Hardw ood Forest ecoregion. Class 2B

w aters are designated for aquatic life and recreational use. All standard concentrations apply to

chronic exposure.b Standard applies to Class 2B w aters in the Central River Nutrient Region. The standard may be

exceeded no more than 10 percent of the time and applies April 1 through September 30.


I stormwater permit holders. The goals of the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD)

are to describe the characteristics of national stormwater quality, to provide guidance for future

sampling needs, and to enhance local stormwater management activities in areas having limited

data.

NSQD (Version 3) includes stormwater quality data from 8,602 storm events from 104

municipalities, including a number in Minnesota (Pitt et al., 2008). The NSQD (Version 3) was

extensively reviewed for quality assurance and control and statistical analyses were performed to

characterize and understand the pollutant data.

Although the NSQD (Version 3) includes only a small set of data from the midwest and

northeast portions of the country, which have similar climatic conditions, it still provides a useful

comparison of how polluted stormwater in CRWD is compared to the rest of the country. The

database includes stormwater quality data for various land use types. The predominant land uses

in CRWD are mixed residential, commercial, and industrial with 42% of the land comprised of

impervious surfaces. CRWD’s stormwater quality data was compared to the NSQD’s mixed

residential land use category, which has a median impervious percentage of 34%. Table 3-6

presents the NSQD median data values for the mixed-residential land use category.

Table 3-6: NSQD stormwater pollutant median concentrations - mixed residential land use.

ParameterMedian

Value

Area (acres) 103

% Impervious 34

Precipitation Depth (in.) 0.595

Escherichia coli (mpn/100mL) 1,155

Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 76

Total Phosphorous (mg/L) 0.31

Ammonia (mg/L) 0.415

Nitrate+Nitrite (mg/L) 0.63

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) 1.4

Cadmium (mg/L) 0.0008

Chromium (mg/L) 0.007

Copper (mg/L) 0.02

Lead (mg/L) 0.019

Nickel (mg/L) 0.006

Zinc (mg/L) 0.0985



4.1 PRECIPITATION DATA COLLECTION METHODS

CRWD utilizes climatological data collected by the Minnesota Climatology Working Group

(MCWG) at the University of Minnesota-St. Paul and National Weather Service (NWS) at the

Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) to assist in calculating annual precipitation,

runoff, and loading.

MCWG records precipitation every fifteen minutes from an automatic rain gauge located

approximately two miles west of the CRWD office. The data is reported on a public website

(http://climate.umn.edu/). Rainfall totals (15-minute and daily) were recorded by CRWD from

the MCWG website (MCWG, 2015b). Snow and ice totals were not accurately reported by

MCWG due to equipment limitations, so NWS snow and ice totals were used instead. The

MCWG rain gauge was used as CRWD’s primary precipitation monitoring station for rainfall

because of the gauge’s close proximity to the District.

The NWS weather station at MSP, located approximately ten miles south of the CRWD office,

records many climate variables for each day, including: maximum, minimum, and average

temperature; rainfall; snowfall and snow water equivalent; and depth of snowpack. Data is

reported on a public website (http://www.weather.gov/mpx/mspclimate). If a snow or ice event

occurred, the NWS daily precipitation totals were utilized by CRWD since their measurement

equipment more accurately measures snow-water and ice-water equivalents than the MCWG

gauge.

4.2 2014 PRECIPITATION RESULTS

Table 4-1 lists 2014 daily precipitation totals, 2014 monthly precipitation totals, the 30-year

monthly normal (1981-2010) (NOAA, 2015a), and the 2014 departure from historical monthly

normals. Monthly totals are compared to the 30-year monthly normals at MSP (Table 4-1 and 4-

2; Figure 4-1).

In 2014, almost all precipitation data from January to April and November was provided by

NWS because the events during this time period were either snow or ice (Table 4-2). The May

through October precipitation data, as well as the majority of the December data, was provided

by MCWG since it was primarily rainfall that occurred.

The 2005-2014 CRWD annual precipitation data was compared to the NWS 30-year normal for

the Minneapolis-St. Paul region (Table 4-1; Figure 4-3). The NWS 30-year normal is

recalculated every 10 years. In 2010, the NWS 30-year normal was recalculated for 1981-2010 to

be 30.61 inches (formerly 29.41 inches (1971-2000)).

http://climate.umn.edu/

http://www.weather.gov/mpx/mspclimate




The total amount of precipitation recorded in CRWD in 2014 was 35.66 inches, which was 5.05

inches above the NWS 30-year normal (Table 4-1 and 4-2; Figure 4-3). This was also the fourth

wettest year since monitoring began in CRWD in 2005. Figure 4-2 is a cumulative precipitation

plot for 2014 which shows the total accumulated amount of precipitation throughout the entire

year as well as fluctuations in precipitation trends and significant precipitation events. In general,

precipitation throughout 2014 was inconsistent with extremely wet months followed by very dry

months.

Table 4-1: CRWD annual precipitation totals and departure from the NWS 30-year normal.

From January to March 2014, snowfall was a major source of precipitation which contributed to

a significant amount of spring recharge and runoff. In total, 76.2 inches of snow fell during the

winter of 2014, which was 21.8 inches greater than the 30-year normal (Table 4-4; Figure 4-4).

June 2014 was the wettest June and wettest month overall in Minnesota’s modern record (DNR,

2015d) with 9.1 inches occurring, which was 4.85 inches above the 30-year normal (Table 4-2;

Figure 4-1 and 4-2). Along with a wet June, April and May 2014 were also particularly wet with

both months being well-above the monthly normals (Figure 4-1). Cumulatively, the wet spring

months of April, May, and June represented 57% of the total annual precipitation that occurred

in 2014.

In contrast, July and August were dry with both months recording below normal precipitation

(Figure 4-1 and 4-2). Fall 2014 was also dry, with September and October 2014 being

significantly below the 30-year normal.

YearPrecipitation

(inches)a

Departure from

NWS Normal

2005 35.98 (+) 5.37"

2006 31.69 (+) 1.08"

2007 29.72 (-) 0.89"

2008 21.67 (-) 8.94"

2009 23.34 (-) 7.27"

2010 36.32 (+) 5.71"

2011 33.62 (+) 3.01"

2012 30.26 (-) 0.35"

2013 36.36 (+) 5.75"

2014 35.66 (+) 5.05"

NWS 30-Year

Normal30.61 --

a Annual precipitation reported by the Minnesota Climatology Working Group (MCWG)

and National Weather Service (NWS)


Table 4-2: Daily and monthly precipitation totals for 2014 compared to the NWS 30-year normal.

Day JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.76 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.63 0.00 0.00

2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00

3 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.14 0.00 0.00

4 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00

5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00

6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.07 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01

8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.10 0.00 0.28 0.00

11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.21 0.92 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00

12 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.11 0.26 0.00 0.65 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

13 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

14 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

15 0.03 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.16 0.19

16 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04

17 0.00 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

18 0.17 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

19 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.16 1.81 3.16 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00

20 0.01 0.83 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00

21 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19

22 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.08

23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.00

24 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00

25 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

26 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.05

27 0.00 0.00 0.44 2.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.22

28 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.03 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00

29 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.21 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00

30 0.44 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

31 0.00 0.03 0.73 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 Total

Monthly Total 1.42 1.41 0.84 6.95 4.42 9.1 2.74 3.85 1.67 1.46 0.96 0.84 35.66

Monthly

Normal0.9 0.77 1.89 2.66 3.36 4.25 4.04 4.3 3.08 2.43 1.77 1.16 30.61

Departure

from Normal0.52 0.64 -1.05 4.29 1.06 4.85 -1.3 -0.45 -1.41 -0.97 -0.81 -0.32 5.05

Data supplied by NWS-MSP

Data supplied by UMN Climatological Observatory

No Date


Figure 4-1: 30-year normal and 2014 monthly precipitation totals for CRWD.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Pre

cip

ita

tio

n (

inc

he

s)

Month

30-Year Normal Monthly Precipitation Totals

CRWD 2014 Monthly Precipitation Totals


Figure 4-2: Daily precipitation totals and cumulative precipitation for January to December 2014.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

recip

itati

on

(in

ch

es)

Daily P

recip

itati

on

(in

ch

es)


Figure 4-3: Annual precipitation totals (2005-2014) observed in CRWD by MCWG.

35.9

8

31.6

9

29.7

2

21.6

7

23.3

4

36.3

2

33.6

2

30.2

6

36.3

6

35.6

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Pre

cip

itati

on

(in

ch

es)

Precipitation (inches) NWS 30-Year Normal (1981 - 2010)

30.61


4.3 2014 NOTABLE CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS

In 2014, climatic patterns were unique by fluctuating between extreme wet and dry periods with

several high intensity, short duration precipitation events. Also, 2014 was unique in that the

winter was extraordinarily cold with deep snow and a very late spring start.

Table 4-3 shows the most intense rain events in 15-minute, 1-, 6-, and 24-hour intervals during

2014. The most intense precipitation event occurred on June 19, 2014, which recorded the most

intense 15-minute, 1-, 6-, and 24-hour intervals for the entire year (Table 4-3). It was also the

highest daily total for June ever recorded at MSP Airport (NOAA, 2015b). During this event,

3.16 inches fell in 24 hours, with three 15-minute intervals recording over a quarter-inch of rain.

There were also a few other notable events in 2014, including a 2.4 inch in 24-hour event on

April 27, a 1.78 inch in 6-hour event on May 19, and a 0.81 inch in 1-hour event on August 29

(Table 4-3).

Table 4-3: Rainfall intensity statistics for 2014 from MCWG rain gauge data.

Snowpack in CRWD was also a significant climatic variable in 2014. The 2014 snowfall total of

76.2 inches measured at MSP was 21.8 inches higher than the 30-year normal of 54.5 inches

(Table 4-4). The last date with a 1 inch snowpack measured at MSP was April 5 (NWS, 2015)

(Figure 4-4). This was only 5 days later than the normal date of March 31 (DNR, 2015b).

Daily snowpack depths recorded at MSP were plotted against daily high temperature in Figure

4-4 (NWS, 2015). A complete melt was observed from March 27 to March 30 (2 inches to 0

inches). There was a brief two-day period of snowpack recorded again from April 4 to April 6

(resulting from a storm that dropped 5 inches on April 3 and 1.5 inches on April 4), before

melting away permanently for the spring. Snowpack reached a maximum depth of 24 inches on

February 21, and stayed deeper than 15 inches until March 11 when the temperature began

Time Period Date & Event End Time Amount (in)

6/19/14 8:15 0.39

6/19/14 3:15 0.39

6/19/14 3:30 0.38

6/19/14 3:30 1.18

8/29/14 16:45 0.81

6/7/14 7:45 0.78

6/19/14 8:30 2.43

5/19/14 15:00 1.78

6/15/14 1:00 1.33

6/19/14 19:30 3.16

4/27/14 18:15 2.4

6/15/14 8:45 1.88

24-Hour

Rainfall Intensity

15-minute

1-hour

6-Hour


warming. Significant snowfall events occurred on February 20 (8.4 inches), January 20 (6.4

inches), and April 3 (5 inches). The February 20 storm event was unique in that a

“thundersnow” occurred, in which thunder accompanied the snowfall during this storm event.

Snowmelt is a significant driver of hydrology in late winter and early spring and is dependent

upon many factors such as the amount of snowpack and temperature. Snowpack levels stayed

consistently high as a result of multiple significant snowfall events early on in the season, as well

as record-low temperatures that did not cause significant melt events to occur. Therefore, there

was a lot of snow present to impact snowmelt and runoff in the spring.

Table 4-4: Summary of 2014 climatological events.

Another unique climatic pattern in 2014 was extreme cold temperatures that occurred from

January to March 2014. The jet stream swung down from the Arctic and positioned itself over

Minnesota for much of January, February, and March with periods of daily high temperatures not

exceeding 0 degrees (Figure 4-4). This cold phenomenon was referred to as the “Polar Vortex”.

Due to extraordinarily cold winter and spring temperatures, ice out on CRWD lakes occurred

generally two weeks later than normal in 2014. Historical median ice out dates have not been

established for any of the five CRWD lakes, nor were any observations made by CRWD on the

lakes in 2014 (DNR, 2015a; DNR, 2015c). However, the DNR has collected annual and

historical median ice out dates for lakes nearby CRWD, including the five observed in Table 4-5.

Table 4-5: Summary of ice out dates for Twin Cities lakes nearby CRWD (DNR, 2015a; DNR, 2015c).

Variable 2014 Average Notes

Total Precipitation (inches) 35.66 30.61 5.05" higher than 30-yr normal

Total Snow (inches) 76.2 54.4 21.8" higher than 30-yr normal

Last Significant Snowfall 4/4 (1.5") N/A Variable - No data on averages

Last Spring date with greater than 1" snowpack 4/5 (4") 4/2 3 days later than normal

Spring Ice Out 4/18 4/5 13 days later than normal

Fall Leaf Off 10/27 N/A Later than normal

2014 Climate Summary

Lake Name 2014 Ice Out Date Historical Median Ice Out Date

Lake Nokomis April 17 April 5

Powderhorn Lake N/A April 4

Lake Josephine N/A April 7

Lake Owasso April 18 April 6

Lake Phalen April 18 April 5


Figure 4-4: Daily temperature highs and snowpack depths from January to April 2014 as observed at MSP (NWS, 2015).

0

5

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15

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-10

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1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 2/5 2/12 2/19 2/26 3/5 3/12 3/19 3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30

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ow

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pth

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)

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ily H

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Daily High Temperature

Freezing Point




5.1 OVERALL TRENDS AND SITE COMPARISONS

5.1.1 WATER QUANTITY

Total Discharge (cf)

In 2014, the Trout Brook subwatershed exported the greatest amount of water (666,381,676 cf)

because it has the largest drainage area in CRWD (5,028 acres) (Figure 5-1; Table 5-7). The

2014 total discharge for all monitored subwatersheds for both continuously and seasonally

monitored stations were greater than the historical averages of previous monitoring years (2005-

2013) (Figure 5-1), largely due to an above average annual precipitation year. The total

precipitation amount in 2014 was 35.66 inches, which was 5.05 inches greater than the 30-year

normal. In addition, a deep snowpack during winter 2014, followed by a very wet spring (57% of

2014 precipitation occurred in April-June) resulted in substantial runoff and high discharge

volumes at all monitoring stations.

For the continuously monitored stations (St. Anthony Park, Phalen Creek, Trout Brook-East

Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet), baseflow comprised the majority

(54-88%) of the total annual discharge, with the exception of East Kittsondale (35%) because it

is the only subwatershed that is not connected to surface water (Figure 5-2; Table 5-7).

Stormflow accounted for less of the total annual discharge at the continuously monitored sites

since precipitation is episodic and seasonal, whereas baseflow is constant and perennial.

Due to a deep snowpack in 2014 (76.2 inches), snowmelt runoff made up a larger than normal

fraction of the total discharge at the continuously monitored stations (Figure 5-2; Table 5-7).

Throughout spring 2014, the snowpack melted slowly and diurnally with daily afternoon peaks

and was not fully melted until April 27. In addition, the large amount of snowmelt provided

substantial recharge and increased the antecedent soil moisture conditions, so any spring

precipitation following snowmelt became runoff.

At the seasonally monitored stations (Como 3, Como 7, Sarita), stormflow comprised the entire

total annual discharge since these sites do not have baseflow (Figure 5-2; Table 5-7). Villa Park

and Hidden Falls are also seasonally monitored, though baseflow is present at these stations. At

Villa Park, 60% of the total annual flow is baseflow. At Hidden Falls, 54% of the total annual

flow is baseflow. Snowmelt events were not recorded at any of the seasonally monitored sites

since snowmelt occurred prior to the flow monitoring equipment being installed spring 2014

(Table 3-3). Overall, the seasonally monitored stations record less total annual discharge than the

continuously monitored stations since they do not have baseflow and they are monitored for a

shorter time period (April to November).


Water Yield (cf/ac)

Water yield was calculated for each monitoring site by dividing the total annual discharge by

subwatershed drainage area in order to make subwatershed comparisons possible. From this

calculation, Phalen Creek recorded the highest annual water yield (145,979 cf/ac) in comparison

to all other continuously monitored stations in 2014 (Figure 5-3). However, Phalen Creek likely

recorded the highest water yield because it receives tail water from the Mississippi River when it

is flooded, which did occur in 2014 (50 days of inundation; 7th highest river stage recorded ever

(NWS, 2015b). Trout Brook-West Branch had the next highest water yield (142,936 cf/ac),

likely because it has the most surface water connections in its subwatershed. Overall, all

continuously monitored sites in 2014 recorded greater total water yields than historical averages

(Figure 5-3).

For the seasonally monitored sites, Villa Park had the highest annual water yield (22,301 cf/ac),

which is due to the presence of baseflow (unlike Como 3, Como 7, or Sarita) (Figure 5-3). Como

3 had the lowest annual water yield (9,634 cf/ac) of the seasonally monitored sites. The annual

water yields at Sarita (11,168 cf/ac) and Como 7 (17,798 cf/ac) were much greater than the

historical average (Figure 5-3).

Discharge is the primary driver of pollutant loading. While baseflow discharges show relatively

minor fluctuations at the continuously monitored sites, stormflow discharges are episodic and

directly related to climate and seasonality. To investigate this further, a sensitivity analysis of the

effect of climate (i.e. precipitation variability, rainfall intensity, and seasonality) on stormwater

runoff, discharge, and pollutant loading trends in CRWD was conducted in 2013 and reported in

the 2013 Stormwater Monitoring Report (CRWD, 2014). The objective of this report was to

determine how the watershed might respond to changes in climate or seasonal precipitation

patterns, including extended drought or high intensity precipitation events. The analysis found:

(1) cool-season precipitation amounts (i.e. snowpack, snowmelt, and spring rain events) are

positively correlated with baseflow volumes and nutrient loading; (2) seasonal rainfall is the

most important driver of seasonal and annual stormflow volumes and loads of nutrients,

sediment, and chloride; and (3) late season precipitation is important for annual nutrient loads,

with wetter fall periods resulting in increased nutrient loading likely from autumn leaf drop.


Figure 5-1: Total discharge at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages.

0

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200,000,000

300,000,000

400,000,000

500,000,000

600,000,000

700,000,000T

ota

l D

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e (

cf)

Site

Historical Average

2014

a

a. The historical average for continuously monitoredsites is based on discharge data from 2010-2013. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on discharge data from 2005-2013.


Figure 5-2: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt discharge totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

0

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500,000,000

600,000,000

700,000,000T

ota

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Site

Snowmelt

Storm

Base


Figure 5-3: Total annual water yield at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages.

0

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140,000

To

tal A

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ate

r Y

ield

(c

f/a

c)

Site

Historical Average

2014

a

a. The historical average for continuously monitored sites is based on discharge data from 2010-2013. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on discharge data from 2005-2013.


5.1.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

TSS Loads (lbs)

At the stations with continuous monitoring (East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park,

Trout Brook-East Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet), stormflow was

the largest contributor to the total TSS load at all sites (Figure 5-4), even though baseflow

accounted for the majority of the total discharge (Figure 5-2). Baseflow generally has lower TSS

concentrations because it includes flow contributions from groundwater, surface water, and

permitted industrial discharges. In addition, velocity and flow volumes are lower during

baseflow periods, so water does not have as much ability to carry solids. Stormwater contains

more TSS because it washes off impervious surfaces. Also, sediment is less likely to settle out in

water while in transport.

In 2014, snowmelt was also a contributor to the total annual TSS loads at the continuously

monitored stations, especially in comparison to previous years. Generally, the snowmelt TSS

load at the continuously monitored sites accounted for 2-18% of the total annual load. East

Kittsondale had the highest percentage (18%; 144,378 lbs) of the total annual TSS load come

from snowmelt runoff (Figure 5-4; Table 5-7).

Of the continuously monitored stations, Trout Brook Outlet had the largest total annual TSS load

(2,364,568 lbs) in 2014, of which 78% of the total load was transported by stormflow (Figure

5-4; Table 5-7). For the seasonally monitored sites, the Como 7 subwatershed had the largest

total annual TSS load (68,026 lbs), which was all transported by stormflow (Figure 5-4; Table

5-7).

TSS Yields (lbs/ac)

In comparing the continuously monitored stations, East Kittsondale produced the highest total

annual TSS yields on a per acre basis in 2014 (711 lbs/ac) and exceeded its historical average

TSS yield (490 lbs/ac) (Figure 5-5; Figure 5-6). The Hidden Falls subwatershed also had a high

TSS yield in 2014 (623 lbs/ac). Note: this was the first year of monitoring at Hidden Falls, so no

historical data is available for comparison. Also, the majority of the Hidden Falls subwatershed

was undergoing demolition in 2014 due to the deconstruction of the Ford Site, so disturbed or

bare soils may have contributed to high sediment yields (Figure 5-5; Figure 5-6; Table 5-7).

In 2014, all monitored stations exceeded their historical average TSS yields, except for Trout

Brook-West Branch and Villa Park (Figure 5-5). At most stations, TSS yields were likely greater

than historical averages in 2014 because of the above-average precipitation that occurred; TSS

loading is primarily driven by stormwater runoff. For Trout Brook-West Branch, it is uncertain

why the 2014 TSS yield was below the historical average. A number of factors could have

influenced the TSS yield reduction, such as watershed changes (i.e. reduced sediment loading).

For Villa Park, the 2014 TSS yield was likely lower than the historical average due to dredging

of the ponds that occurred in 2013 that increased storage in the system. The historical average at

Villa Park (2006-2013) is based on pre-dredging conditions.


Figure 5-4: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt TSS load totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

0

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1,000,000

1,500,000

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EastKittsondale

Hidden Falls Phalen Creek St. AnthonyPark

Trout Brook-East Branch

Trout Brook-West Branch

Trout BrookOutlet

Como 3 Como 7Subwatershed

Sarita Villa Park

TS

S L

oad

(lb

s)

Site

Snowmelt

Storm

Base


Figure 5-5: Total TSS yields at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages.

0

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200

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700

800T

SS

Yie

ld (

lb/a

c)

Site

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2014

a

a. The historical average for continuously monitoredsites is based on 2010-13 TSS yield data. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on 2005-13 TSS yield data.


Figure 5-6: Total TSS yields from CRWD subwatersheds, 2014.


5.1.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP)

TP Loads (lbs)

TP loading in 2014 primarily occurred during storm events at all continuously monitored stations

(Figure 5-7), even though baseflow accounted for the majority of the total discharge (except at

East Kittsondale and Hidden Falls) (Figure 5-2). Baseflow periods generally have lower TP

concentrations because the discharge is driven by groundwater or surface water. At East

Kittsondale, 79% of the total annual TP load (1,525 lbs) was from storm events. At Hidden Falls,

84% of the total annual TP load (92 lbs) was from storm events. Both East Kittsondale and

Hidden Falls have very low baseflow, so TP loading is greater during storm events. At Trout

Brook Outlet, 56% of the total annual TP load (3,133 lbs) was from storm events; however, this

station is primarily baseflow driven.

In 2014, snowmelt runoff contributed to the total annual TP loads measured at the continuously

monitored sites. At East Kittsondale, the total snowmelt TP load (217 lbs) exceeded total

baseflow TP load (107 lbs) (Figure 5-7; Table 5-7). Trout Brook Outlet had the highest snowmelt

TP load in comparison to all the other subwatersheds (372 lbs).

For the continuously monitored sites, overall Trout Brook Outlet produced the largest total

annual TP load (5,564 lbs) in 2014 (Figure 5-7; Table 5-7). Trout Brook-West Branch had the

next highest total annual TP load in 2014 (3,063 lbs). In comparing the seasonally monitored

stations, Villa Park had the largest total annual TP load (225 lbs), but a greater portion of loading

was related to baseflow (55%; 123 lbs) instead of stormflow (45%; 102 lbs) (Figure 5-7; Table

5-7).

TP Yields (lbs/ac)

In 2014, East Kittsondale produced the highest total annual TP yield (1.37 lb/ac) (Figure 5-8;

Figure 5-9). Phalen Creek (1.31 lbs/ac) and Trout Brook-West Branch (1.29 lbs/ac) also had high

annual TP yields (Figure 5-8; Figure 5-9). Como 3 (0.14 lbs/ac) and Sarita (0.16 lbs/ac) had the

lowest annual TP yields of all subwatershed in 2014 (Figure 5-8).

The 2014 total annual TP yields from all District monitoring stations (with the exception of

Hidden Falls, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Como 3) were higher than the historical averages,

which was likely related to the above-average precipitation year (Figure 5-8). For Hidden Falls,

2014 was the first year of monitoring, so no historical data is available for comparison. However,

in general TP loads and yields were lower at Hidden Falls in comparison to other stations. One

factor potentially contributing to this result is the general lack of vegetation in the Hidden Falls

subwatershed. For Trout Brook-West Branch, it is uncertain why the 2014 TP yield was below

the historical average, though influencing factors, such as watershed changes (i.e. reduced

sediment loading). For Como 3, the historical average TP yield is calculated based on only two

years of data (2012-2013), so the dataset does not represent a wide-range of conditions or

precipitation events to date.


Figure 5-7: Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt TP load totals at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

0

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EastKittsondale

Hidden Falls Phalen Creek St. AnthonyPark

Trout Brook-East Branch

Trout Brook-West Branch

Trout BrookOutlet

Como 3 Como 7Subwatershed

Sarita Villa Park

TP

Lo

ad

(lb

s)

Site

Snowmelt

Storm

Base


Figure 5-8: Total TP yields at CRWD monitoring sites in 2014 compared to historical averages.

0.00

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1.00

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2014

a

a. The historical average for continuously monitored sites is based on 2010-13 TP data. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on 2005-13 TP data.


Figure 5-9: Total TP yields from CRWD subwatersheds, 2014.


5.2 COMPARISON OF CRWD DATA TO METRO TRIBUTARIES

The 2014 annual TP and TSS yields of CRWD subwatershed outlet stations (East Kittsondale,

Hidden Falls, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook Outlet) were compared to the yields

observed in 2014 at four other Twin Cities metro-area tributaries (Bassett Creek, Battle Creek,

Fish Creek, Minnehaha Creek). Each tributary utilized for comparison is an open-channel system

that outlets directly to the Mississippi River.

When comparing discharge from CRWD outlets to other metro-area tributaries, it should be

noted that the entire CRWD watershed is highly urbanized with water flowing in pipes instead of

natural channels. In tributaries, discharge primarily flows in natural channels. Storm sewers

operate differently than natural streams. When water velocity decreases, sediments settle out of

the water column. In natural streams, this occurs when the stream meanders, flows through a

vegetated area, gets wider, or reaches a relatively flat stretch. Storm sewers are designed to

maintain velocity in the pipe; pipes have a set diameter, do not meander, and can change

elevation quickly. In natural streams, nutrients are taken up by vegetation and algae, but there is

no vegetation in storm sewers. As a result, most of the sediment and nutrients washed into storm

sewers remain in the water column until the pipe reaches a body of water. Sediments and

nutrients from streets and sidewalks are washed directly into the storm sewer and carried to the

river.

All five of CRWD’s major subwatershed outlet stations (East Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, Phalen

Creek, St. Anthony Park, and Trout Brook Outlet) produced a greater TSS yield per acre than the

TSS yields observed at the four metro-area tributaries (Figure 5-10). East Kittsondale produced

the highest TSS yield (711 lbs/ac) of all subwatershed outlets in 2014. Hidden Falls also

produced a high TSS yield (623 lbs/ac). Comparatively, Battle Creek produced the highest

average TSS yields of all the metro-area tributaries with only 150 lbs/ac (Figure 5-10). For the

seasonally monitored sites (Como 3, Como 7, Sarita, and Villa Park), Como 3 was the only

station that exceeded all TSS yields observed at the metro-area tributaries with 354 lbs/ac.

For annual average TP yields, all five of the major subwatershed outlet stations produced greater

TP yields in comparison to the metro-area tributaries. East Kittsondale (1.37 lbs/ac), Phalen

Creek (1.31 lbs/ac), and Trout Brook-West Branch (1.28 lbs/ac) had the highest yields of all the

stations (Figure 5-11). Comparatively, Bassett Creek had the highest of the tributary TP yields

with only 0.32 lbs/ac. For the seasonally monitored sites, Como 3 (0.43 lbs/ac) was the only

station that exceeded metro-area tributary TP yields. Como 7, Sarita, and Villa Park TP yields

were less than Basset, Battle, and Fish Creeks (Figure 5-11).


Figure 5-10: TSS yields from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Twin Cities metro-area tributaries, 2014.

0

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EastKittsondale

HiddenFalls

PhalenCreek

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Branch

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Branch

Trout BrookOutlet

Como 3 Como 7 Sarita Villa Park

Av

era

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SS

Yie

ld (

lb/a

c)

2014 Avg TSS yield(lb/ac)Basset Creek*

Battle Creek*

Fish Creek*

Minnehaha Creek*

* Water quality data for Twin Cities metro tributaries were collected by Metropolitan Council (MCES, 2014). Lines represent historical average annual TSS yields in lb/ac from 2005-2013.


Figure 5-11: TP yields from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Twin Cities metro-area tributaries, 2014.

0.0

0.2

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EastKittsondale

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Trout BrookOutlet

Como 3 Como 7 Sarita Villa Park

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2014 Avg TP yield(lb/acre)Basset Creek*

Battle Creek*

Fish Creek*

Minnehaha Creek*

* Water quality data for Twin Cities metro tributaries were collected by Metropolitan Council (MCES, 2014). Lines represent historical average annual TP yields in lb/ac from 2005-2013


Average annual pollutant concentrations observed in 2014 at CRWD subwatershed outlet

stations were compared to state water quality standards and average annual concentrations

observed at Lambert’s Landing on the Mississippi River in St. Paul, Minnesota (Table 5-1). The

Metropolitan Council monitors the Mississippi River at Lambert’s Landing and reports the data

online (MCES, 2015). When comparing CRWD storm tunnel outlets to the Mississippi River, it

is acknowledged that both systems are inherently different. However, the Lambert’s Landing

station is the only station operated by Metropolitan Council that is within CRWD and is

downstream of all monitoring stations, so it was determined to be a useful comparison.

Average nitrate concentrations at CRWD subwatershed outlet stations was the only parameter

that did not exceed average nitrate concentrations observed at Lambert’s Landing in 2014 (Table

5-1). However, average nitrite concentrations observed at all CRWD subwatershed outlet

stations were equal to those observed at Lambert’s Landing. Average concentrations for all other

measured parameters (nutrients, solids, and metals) observed at CRWD subwatershed outlet

stations exceeded those average concentrations observed at Lambert’s Landing (Table 5-1).

Additionally, average concentrations for TP, TSS, ammonia, and chloride observed at CRWD

subwatershed outlet stations all exceeded the State standards for the Mississippi River

Navigational Pool 2 (Table 5-1).

Average flow-weighted concentrations of TSS from all CRWD subwatershed monitoring stations

in 2014 (except Villa Park) exceeded the South Metro Mississippi River TSS TMDL goal of 32

mg/L (Figure 5-12). Additionally, the average flow-weighted concentrations of TSS from all

stations (except Villa Park) exceeded the 2014 Lambert’s Landing average flow-weighted

concentration of 38 mg/L (Figure 5-12). Como 3 (194 mg/L) had the highest average flow-

weighted TSS concentration, and East Kittsondale (144 mg/L) had the next highest. Villa Park

(11 mg/L) had the lowest flow-weighted TSS concentration.

For average flow-weighted TP concentrations, all CRWD subwatershed monitoring stations

exceeded the target TP concentration for the MPCA Lake Pepin Excess Nutrient TMDL (0.10

mg/L) in 2014 (Figure 5-13). The 2014 average flow-weighted TP concentration for Lambert’s

Landing (0.13 mg/L) was exceeded by most CRWD subwatershed monitoring stations in 2014,

except Hidden Falls, St. Anthony Park, and Trout Brook Outlet (Figure 5-13). East Kittsondale

(0.28 mg/L) had the highest average flow-weighted TP concentration of all subwatershed outlets

in 2014.


Table 5-1: Pollutant standards and average concentrations at CRWD sites and the Mississippi River at Lamberts Landing, 2014.

Metropolitan

Council Site

Standard

(mg/L)a

Lamberts

Landing

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St.

Anthony

Park

Trout

Brook

Outlet

TPa0.125 0.13 0.26 0.16 0.32 0.15 0.33

TSSb32 38 125 193 156 125 188

Ammoniac0.04 0.05 0.23 0.15 0.24 0.30 0.20

TKNdN/A 1.02 1.81 1.04 1.81 1.44 1.92

NitratedN/A 1.28 0.96 0.76 0.95 0.68 0.56

NitritedN/A 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04

Cadmium * 0.00020 0.00025 0.00056 0.00029 0.00026 0.00024

Chromium * 0.00140 0.00640 0.00667 0.00691 0.00748 0.00593

Copper * 0.00240 0.01913 0.01593 0.01766 0.01109 0.01317

Lead * 0.00100 0.01571 0.05524 0.01809 0.00759 0.01229

Nickel * 0.00300 0.00474 0.00596 0.00464 0.01182 0.00483

Zinc * 0.00660 0.08891 0.19874 0.08923 0.05184 0.05507

Chloridee230 22 338 46 454 330 179

* The standard is dependent on w ater hardness; See Appendix B

c Ammonia standard is based on un-ionized ammonia, w hich varies and is dependent on temperature and pH

d There is no nitrate, nitrite, or TKN State standard for surface w ater.

e Chloride standards are from the MPCA.

All numbers are in mg/L.

Red Exceed/equal Lambert's Landing concentrations and the standard

Yellow Exceed/equal Lambert's Landing concentrations, but not the standard

2014 CRWD Monitoring Sites

Key

a The Mississippi River is subject to site specif ic State standards for specif ied reaches. Capitol Region Watershed

District discharges into tw o of these reaches. The TP standard for Mississippi River Navigational Pool 2 (river miles

847.7 to 815.2 reach from Ford Dam to Hastings Dam) w as chosen for comparison to the TP standard of 0.125 mg/L to

be consistent among all sites.

b The TSS State standard is a summer average that applies to Mississippi River Navigation Pools 2 - 4 (below Ford Dam)

from April 1 through September 30. This standard may be exceeded not more than 50% of the time.


Figure 5-12: 2014 flow-weighted average TSS concentrations from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Lamberts Landing and the South Metro Mississippi River TSS TMDL target concentration.

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igh

ted

TS

S C

on

cen

tra

tio

n (

mg

/L)

Site

Historical Average

2014 TSS (mg/L)

a. Target TSS concentration for the South Metro Mississippi TSS TMDL: 32 mg/L: (MPCA, 2012b).b. Average TSS concentration at Lamberts Landing, 2014: 38 mg/L (MCES, 2014).c. The historical average for continuously monitored sites is based on TSS data from 2010-2013. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on TSS data from 2005-2013.

South Metro Mississippi TSS TMDLa

Lamberts Landingb

c


Figure 5-13: 2014 flow-weighted average TP concentrations from CRWD subwatersheds compared to Lamberts Landing and the Lake Pepin Excess Nutrient TMDL target TP concentration.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

Flo

w-W

eig

hte

d T

P C

on

cen

tra

tio

n (

mg

/L)

Site

Historical Average

2014 TP (mg/L)

a. Target TP concentration for MPCA Lake Pepin Excess Nutrient TMDL: 0.10 mg/L (MPCA, 2013).b. Average TP concentration at Lamberts Landing, 2014: 0.13 mg/L (MCES, 2014).c. The historical average for continuously monitored sites is based on TP data from 2010-2013. The historical average for seasonally monitored sites is based on TP data from 2005-2013.

Lake Pepin Excess Nutrients TMDLa

Lamberts Landingb

c


5.2.1 METALS

The MPCA surface water standards for metals toxicity are a function of the water hardness of a

sample; therefore, the standard is not a set value and is instead based on the water hardness

measured at an individual monitoring station. Appendix A lists the equations used by MPCA to

calculate metal standards for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc at each

monitoring station as a function of measured water hardness levels. A table of the calculated

standards for each individual station for all metals is also listed in Appendix A (Table A-1).

Average annual toxicity of metals for each individual station were calculated for baseflow,

snowmelt, stormflow, and total flow (yearly) and compared to the calculated MPCA standards.

For all stations, metal toxicity for average baseflow periods never exceeded the MPCA toxicity

standard in 2014 for any of the 6 metals analyzed (Table 5-2). Toxicity exceedances are

uncommon during baseflow periods because the hardness of the water is much higher since it is

primarily groundwater driven. Increased hardness in water buffers heavy metals and reduces

toxicity.

Metals toxicity in snowmelt and storm events is common since this flow type is direct surface

runoff, so the hardness of the water is significantly lower than baseflow. Metals of particular

concern in stormwater runoff are lead, copper, and zinc.

In 2014, the average storm concentrations of lead and copper at all stations (except Villa Park)

exceeded the MPCA toxicity standards (Table 5-2). Lead and copper were also observed to

exceed the MPCA toxicity standards during snowmelt events at all stations (except SAP and

Villa Park). Average stormflow concentrations of zinc exceeded the toxicity standard at East

Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, Phalen Creek, Como 3, and Como 7. For all sites, average toxicity of

cadmium, chromium, and nickel for all flow types (base, snowmelt, storm, and yearly) generally

did not exceed the MPCA toxicity standards in 2014.


Table 5-2: Metals toxicity and chronic toxicity standard exceedances at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

Parameter Average

Lambert's

Landing

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St.

Anthony

Park

Trout

Brook -

East

Branch

Trout

Brook -

West

Branch

Trout

Brook

Outlet

Villa Park

Out Como 3 Como 7 Sarita

Base -- 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 -- -- --

Illicit Discharge -- 0.0002 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Snowmelt -- 0.0004 -- 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0005 0.0005 --

Storm -- 0.0003 0.0008 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

Yearly 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002

Base -- 0.0007 0.0010 0.0010 0.0094 0.0016 0.0007 0.0008 0.0003 -- -- --

Illicit Discharge -- 0.0019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Snowmelt -- 0.0177 -- 0.0180 0.0222 0.0224 0.0149 0.0141 0.0049 0.0282 0.0104 --

Storm -- 0.0087 0.0105 0.0076 0.0055 0.0091 0.0046 0.0075 0.0010 0.0098 0.0037 0.0031

Yearly 0.0014 0.0064 0.0067 0.0069 0.0100 0.0081 0.0046 0.0059 0.0013 0.0128 0.0046 0.0031

Base -- 0.0022 0.0023 0.0025 0.0129 0.0031 0.0024 0.0021 0.0012 -- -- --


Snowmelt -- 0.0571 -- 0.0440 0.0189 0.0368 0.0296 0.0291 0.0075 0.0484 0.0226 --

Storm -- 0.0253 0.0250 0.0204 0.0138 0.0168 0.0131 0.0169 0.0024 0.0174 0.0096 0.0077

Yearly 0.0024 0.0191 0.0159 0.0177 0.0144 0.0145 0.0115 0.0132 0.0026 0.0224 0.0113 0.0077

Base -- 0.0005 0.0037 0.0013 0.0076 0.0031 0.0014 0.0014 0.0004 -- -- --


Snowmelt -- 0.0378 -- 0.0279 0.0107 0.0206 0.0215 0.0237 0.0031 0.0211 0.0098 --

Storm -- 0.0231 0.0896 0.0285 0.0112 0.0154 0.0123 0.0171 0.0037 0.0171 0.0083 0.0093

Yearly 0.0010 0.0157 0.0552 0.0181 0.0098 0.0119 0.0098 0.0123 0.0023 0.0178 0.0085 0.0093

Base -- 0.0022 0.0028 0.0010 0.0223 0.0039 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 -- -- --


Snowmelt -- 0.0117 -- 0.0104 0.0229 0.0108 0.0087 0.0088 0.0034 0.0134 0.0061 --

Storm -- 0.0055 0.0081 0.0055 0.0050 0.0077 0.0037 0.0061 0.0015 0.0051 0.0027 0.0031

Yearly 0.0030 0.0047 0.0060 0.0046 0.0147 0.0068 0.0035 0.0048 0.0018 0.0064 0.0031 0.0031

Base -- 0.0095 0.0160 0.0196 0.0380 0.0134 0.0098 0.0099 0.0067 -- -- --


Snowmelt -- 0.2820 -- 0.2640 0.0887 0.2024 0.1538 0.1518 0.0470 0.3165 0.1154 --

Storm -- 0.1156 0.3206 0.0810 0.0636 0.0540 0.0599 0.0625 0.0151 0.1027 0.0582 0.0420

Yearly 0.0066 0.0889 0.1987 0.0892 0.0588 0.0582 0.0544 0.0551 0.0163 0.1369 0.0655 0.0420

Site exceeded the MPCA chronic standard for surface w aters

-- No data available

See Appendix B for metals standards.

Nickel

Zinc

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead


5.2.2 BACTERIA

E. coli samples were collected during baseflow, stormflow, snowmelt, and illicit discharge

periods. Grab samples were extracted using a sterile 100 mL plastic bag. For all flow types, the

MPCA surface water maximum numeric standard for E. coli is 1,260 cfu/100 mL.

For baseflow periods, E. coli concentrations generally did not exceed the MPCA maximum

numeric standard (1,260 cfu/100mL), with the exception of a few sites on isolated occurrences

(East Kittsondale, Hidden Falls, Trout Brook-East Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Villa

Park) (Table 5-3). E. coli in baseflow is typically low since the discharge is primarily

groundwater driven or sourced from lakes or stormwater ponds. Therefore, the observance of

high E. coli in baseflow could be indicative of an illicit discharge source, such as a sanitary

misconnection. In 2014, this was known to be the cause of high E. coli at Trout Brook-East

Branch because a nearby sanitary main was contaminating the tunnel. The source was identified

and eliminated upon discovery.

During stormflow events, the majority (80%) of E. coli samples for all stations exceeded the

MPCA maximum numeric standard (1,260 cfu/100 mL) in 2014 (Table 5-4). The highest

bacteria count observed was at Hidden Falls on 10/1/2014 with 71,700 cfu/100 mL. The next

highest was observed at Villa Park on 08/21/2014 with 47,100 cfu/100 mL. Both of these

samples were taken from storm events that followed extended dry periods. For snowmelt events,

less than half of the samples (40%) did not meet the MPCA standard (Table 5-5).

Table 5-3: Baseflow grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring stations, 2014.

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St.

Anthony

Park

Trout

Brook-

East

Branch

Trout

Brook-West

Branch

Trout

Brook

Outlet

Villa Park

01/22/2014 189 -- 1 65 219 1,300 488 18

02/12/2014 52 -- 3 20 14 980 727 5

03/17/2014 866 -- 36 54 236 816 345 129

04/11/2014 1,046 -- 461 16 1 118 81 10

05/14/2014 1,414 20 -- -- 13 105 79 50

05/29/2014 1,300 124 26 34 131 145 178 8

06/10/2014 687 176 -- -- 179 387 105 8

06/25/2014 -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- --

07/02/2014 161 682 -- -- 23,800 172 1,733 435

07/21/2014 -- 138 32 30 46 108 114 17

08/04/2014 78 649 -- -- -- -- -- --

08/13/2014 461 238 -- 122 10 6,300 1,414 1,300

08/26/2014 -- 1,414 -- -- -- -- -- --

09/08/2014 108 76 28 88 387 1 166 727

09/29/2014 66 18,500 -- 47 1 178

10/09/2014 28 1,300 15 24 23 17 81 34

11/20/2014 1 -- 3 707 326 1,046 727 18

12/18/2014 12 -- 10 -- 272 326 179 548

Value exceeds MPCA maximum numeric standard (1,260 cfu/100mL).

-- No sample collected

Base Grab

Sample Date

Site


Table 5-4: Stormflow grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

Table 5-5: Snowmelt grab sample E. coli concentrations at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St.

Anthony

Park

Trout

Brook-East

Branch

Trout

Brook-West

Branch

Trout

Brook

Outlet

Villa Park Como 3 Como 7 Sarita

03/27/2014 565 -- 3,260 1,720 3,260 464 4,350 8,660 4,100 13,000 --

04/24/2014 1,986 101 1,000 921 1,553 2,000 1,120 72 3,100 3,000 308

05/19/2014 1,414 1 1,986 1,357 921 4,100 6,300 816 770 3,000 3

06/19/2014 5,200 3,100 9,700 4,100 1,220 8,500 8,500 1,203 4,100 19,700 8,800

07/11/2014 8,500 1,986 6,300 7,500 14,500 8,500 14,600 548 4,100 6,300 1,986

07/25/2014 9,700 8,600 2,420 3,100 26,200 4,100 12,200 512 -- -- --

08/21/2014 23,100 13,500 8,600 21,800 11,000 8,500 8,500 47,100 11,000 34,500 --

10/01/2014 19,500 71,700 21,800 9,800 32,700 32,800 33,200 29,200 13,400 10,800 24,600



Storm Grab

Sample Date

Site

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St.

Anthony

Park

Trout

Brook-East

Branch

Trout

Brook-West

Branch

Trout

Brook

Outlet

Villa Park Como 3 Como 7 Sarita

02/18/2014 -- -- 504 29 2,010 473 246 1,190 6,870 -- --

03/10/2014 1,550 -- 2,420 35 1,050 2,420 2,420 2,420 1,120 17,300 --

03/13/2014 1,050 -- 959 236 450 987 1,450 3,260 780 24,200 --



Storm Grab

Sample Date

Site


5.3 COMPARISON OF CRWD STORMWATER DATA AND NSQD DATA

Table 5-6 compares 2014 annual stormwater pollutant median concentrations for nutrients,

solids, metals, and bacteria from CRWD monitoring stations to the National Stormwater Quality

Database (NSQD) (Version 3) for mixed residential land use.

When comparing CRWD’s annual stormwater pollutant median concentrations to the NSQD’s

mixed residential land use category, most CRWD monitored subwatersheds (except Villa Park)

exceeded median NSQD stormwater concentrations for TSS and E. coli in 2014 (Table 5-6). For

TP, Trout Brook-East Branch and Trout Brook Outlet were the only CRWD stations to exceed

the NSQD median TP concentrations in 2014. Median TKN concentrations exceeded the NSQD

median concentration at East Kittsondale, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet.

All monitored subwatersheds did not exceed the NSQD median concentrations for ammonia and

Nitrate+Nitrite.

The median storm concentrations for some heavy metals exceeded the NSQD concentrations

only at a few CRWD subwatersheds in 2014, including East Kittsondale (Cr, Cu), Hidden Falls

(Cr, Pb, Zn), Phalen Creek (Pb), Trout Brook-East Branch (Cr, Ni), Trout Brook Outlet (Pb) and

Como 3 (Cr) (Table 5-6). The median storm concentrations for all metals did not exceed the

NSQD medians at St. Anthony Park, Villa, Park, Como 7, and Sarita in 2014. None of the

CRWD monitoring stations exceed the NSQD median for cadmium.


Table 5-6: CRWD 2014 median stormflow concentrations compared to NSQD median concentrations.

NSQD -

Mixed

Residential

East

Kittsondale

Hidden

Falls

Phalen

Creek

St. Anthony

Park

Trout Brook -

East Branch

Trout Brook -

West Branch

Trout Brook

OutletVilla Park Como 3 Como 7 Sarita

103 1,116 167 1,433 3,418 932 2,379 5,028 753 517 793 929

34 46 116 50 48 -- -- 40 -- -- -- --

1,155 6,850 3,100 4,780 3,600 7,130 6,300 8,500 1,010 4,100 10,800 1,986

76 109 184 143 116 170 107 154 13 154 129 60

0.310 0.260 0.199 0.295 0.173 0.330 0.291 0.337 0.186 0.234 0.244 0.208

0.42 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.19 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.19 0.17 0.15

0.63 0.25 0.39 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.36 0.36 0.13 0.25 0.23 0.33

1.40 1.85 1.15 1.40 1.15 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.35 1.20 1.30 1.25

0.0008 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

0.0070 0.0072 0.0075 0.0061 0.0041 0.0087 0.0035 0.0067 0.0005 0.0080 0.0026 0.0029

0.0200 0.0212 0.0190 0.0165 0.0096 0.0147 0.0105 0.0151 0.0016 0.0127 0.0080 0.0071

0.0190 0.0185 0.0615 0.0204 0.0112 0.0143 0.0121 0.0194 0.0009 0.0166 0.0066 0.0091

0.0060 0.0042 0.0057 0.0045 0.0035 0.0071 0.0030 0.0058 0.0013 0.0038 0.0020 0.0028

0.0985 0.0939 0.2395 0.0768 0.0494 0.0460 0.0506 0.0552 0.0097 0.0602 0.0534 0.0378

Value Exceeds NSQD Value

-- No data available

Lead (mg/L)

Nickel (mg/L)

Zinc (mg/L)

Ammonia (mg/L)

Nitrate+Nitrite (mg/L)

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L)

Cadmium (mg/L)

Chromium (mg/L)

Copper (mg/L)

Total Phosphorous (mg/L)

Area (acre)

Parameters

% Impervious

Escherichia coli (mpn/100mL)

Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)


Table 5-7: 2014 Monitoring results summary, all sites.

Parameter

East

Kittsondale Hidden Falls Phalen Creek

St. Anthony

Park

Trout Brook-

East Branch

Trout Brook-

West Branch

Trout Brook

Outlet Como 3

Como 7

Subwatershed Sarita Villa Park

Subwatershed Area (acres) 1,116 167 1,433 3,418 932 2,379 5,028 517 793 929 753

Total Rainfall (inches) 35.66 28.37 35.44 33.60 35.66 35.46 35.50 28.37 28.37 28.37 29.38

Number of Monitoring Days 364 196 344 345 365 356 363 196 195 196 206

Number of Storm Sampling Events 18 10 13 11 19 20 17 18 23 14 12

Number of Storm Intervals 82 27 50 60 34 64 45 48 137 29 19

Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events 3 0 3 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 0

Number of Snowmelt Intervals 18 0 7 8 3 8 8 0 0 0 0

Number of Illicit Discharge Sampling Events 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of Illicit Discharge Intervals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Discharge (Cubic Feet) 88,843,054 14,610,492 209,188,516 224,183,075 64,601,671 340,044,329 666,381,676 4,980,597 14,074,972 10,374,751 20,271,382

Storm Flow Subtotal (Cubic Feet) 51,888,007 6,760,807 36,284,992 32,743,728 20,003,770 55,748,238 76,728,743 4,980,597 14,034,808 10,374,751 8,104,216

Snowmelt Subtotal (Cubic Feet) 5,433,144 - 1,915,314 3,782,717 268,508 2,161,887 3,645,447 - - - -

Illicit Discharge Subtotal (Cubic Feet) - - - - - - - - 40,164 - -

Baseflow Subtotal (Cubic Feet) 31,521,903 7,849,686 170,988,210 187,656,629 44,329,393 282,134,204 586,007,486 - - - 12,167,166

Water Yield (cf/ac) 79,608 87,488 145,979 65,589 69,315 142,936 132,534 9,634 17,749 11,168 26,921

Storm Water Yield (cf/ac) 46,495 40,484 25,321 9,580 21,463 23,433 15,260 9,634 17,698 11,168 10,763

Snowmelt Water Yield (cf/ac) 4,868 0 1,337 1,107 288 909 725 0 0 0 0

Illicit Discharge Yield (cf/ac) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 0 0

Baseflow Water Yield (cf/ac) 28,245 47,004 119,322 54,902 47,564 118,594 116,549 0 0 0 16,158

Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 125 193 156 125 142 158 188 231 163 72 25

Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 144 132 57 64 82 56 57 194 77 70 11

Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 199 341 256 223 238 253 373 194 77 70 21

Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) 426 - 389 604 333 478 856 - - - -

Illicit Discharge FWA TSS (mg/L) - - - - - - - - 12 - -

Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 4 5 4 15 10 12 9 - - - 5

Total TSS Load (lbs) 793,236 103,978 670,800 795,270 329,514 1,191,320 2,364,568 59,170 67,805 45,028 14,240

Storm TSS Load (lbs) 640,084 101,607 582,013 501,623 296,464 926,437 1,843,264 59,170 67,775 45,028 10,419

Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) 144,378 0 46,798 141,346 5,569 63,091 196,718 0 0 0 0

Illicit Discharge TSS Load (lbs) - - - - - - - - 30 - -

Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 8,774 2,371 41,990 152,301 27,481 201,792 324,586 0 0 0 3,821

Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 711 623 468 233 354 501 470 114 86 48 19

Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.26 0.16 0.32 0.15 0.32 0.27 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.23 0.23

Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.28 0.12 0.16 0.12 0.21 0.14 0.13 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.18

Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.37 0.26 0.52 0.32 0.48 0.44 0.63 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.20

Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) 0.64 - 1.07 0.31 0.77 1.19 1.62 - - - -

Illicit Discharge FWA TP (mg/L) - - - - - - - - 0.21 - -

Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.06 - - - 0.16

Total TP Load (lbs) 1,525 92 1,883 1,479 842 3,063 5,564 71 213 146 225

Storm TP Load (lbs) 1,201 77 1,181 713 593 1,620 3,133 71 212 146 102

Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) 217 0 129 73 13 157 372 0 0 0 0

Illicit Discharge TP Load (lbs) - - - - - - - - 1 - -

Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 107 14 574 693 236 1,287 2,059 0 0 0 123

Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 1.37 0.55 1.31 0.43 0.90 1.29 1.11 0.14 0.27 0.16 0.30

NA= Not available, these sites w ere not monitored or sampled for Illicit Dischargesa. Como 7 values represent total amounts exported from the subw atershed, and include combined data from the Como 7 and Golf Course Pond monitoring sites.

Table 5-6: Annual monitoring results summary for CRWD sites, 2013.


Como



6.1 DESCRIPTION

CRWD monitors two of the eight minor subwatersheds within the greater Como Lake subwatershed: Como 7 and Como 3.

Como 7

The Como 7 subwatershed includes portions of the cities of St. Paul, Roseville, and Falcon Heights. Como 7 is located west of Como Lake (Figure 6-2). North of Como 7 is Como 8 subwatershed, which drains to Gottfried’s Pit, a stormwater retention pond. When the water level in Gottfried’s Pit reaches a specific level, a lift station pumps the water via storm sewer to the Como Golf Course Pond (part of the Como 7 subwatershed) before being discharged to Como Lake.

CRWD monitors the Como 7 subwatershed to determine the aggregated or combined improvements to water quality based on the BMPs constructed as part of the Arlington-Pascal Stormwater Improvement Project. Started in 2005, the project included four stormwater BMP types: 1) eight infiltration trenches, 2) eight raingardens, 3) an underground infiltration and storage facility (Arlington-Hamline Underground Storage Facility), and 4) a stormwater pond at the Como Golf Course. These BMPs treat and infiltrate stormwater runoff, minimize localized flooding, and reduce stormwater volumes in the storm sewer system. Three of the four BMPs (the Arlington-Hamline Underground Stormwater Storage Facility, eight in-street infiltration trenches, and eight neighborhood raingardens), became operational in 2006 and 2007. The last BMP of the project, a storage and retention pond on the Como Park Golf Course (Como Golf Course Pond) became operational in October 2007.

Figure 6-1: The Como 7 monitoring station (left) and the Como Golf Course Pond Outlet (right).

Como


Figure 6-2: Map of the Como subwatershed and monitoring locations.

Como


Como 3

The 458.2 acre Como 3 subwatershed is located entirely within the City of Saint Paul just west of Como Lake (Figure 6-2). It consists of park areas (namely Como Park and parts of the Como Zoo and Como Town Amusement Park) and single-family homes (located off of the southwest corner of the lake). All stormwater from the Como 3 subwatershed is directed to Como Lake via an inlet to the lake located off of Como Blvd W. just north of the intersection with Gateway Drive. This inlet has been monitored since 2009 for flow. A full water quality monitoring station was installed in 2012. North of Como 3 is the Como 7 subwatershed, which also drains entirely to Como Lake.

In 2002, CRWD developed the Como Lake Strategic Management Plan, which was written to address management concerns of Como Lake, and develop goals to improve the water quality of the lake. One important goal included reducing the amount of phosphorus entering the lake from the surrounding watershed. CRWD monitors the Como 3 inlet to Como Lake to determine the amount of phosphorus entering the lake via this specific part of the overall Como subwatershed, and to determine if any improvements to water quality are observed as a result of BMPs constructed within the subwatershed that aim to reduce phosphorus runoff.

Figure 6-3: The Como 3 monitoring station in summer (left) and during winter snowmelt grab sampling (right).

Como


6.2 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – COMO 7

The Como 7 subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality from 2005-2014. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurs between the months of April to November. During the winter months, snowmelt grab samples are taken when possible, but neither level nor flow are recorded during this period.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Como 7 are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Como 7 is explained in Appendix B.

6.2.1 DISCHARGE – COMO 7

• Total stormflow discharge: 14,034,808 cubic feet (Figure 6-4; Table 6-1) • Total illicit discharge: 40,164 cubic feet (Figure 6-4; Table 6-1) • Total annual discharge: 14,074,972 cubic feet (Figure 6-5; Table 6-1)

6.2.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – COMO 7

Stormflow and illicit discharge samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 77 mg/L (Table 6-1) • Illicit discharge flow weighted average concentration: 12 mg/L (Table 6-1) • Total stormflow TSS load: 67,775 lbs (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1) • Total illicit discharge TSS load: 30 lbs (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1) • Total annual TSS load: 67,805 lbs (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1)

6.2.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – COMO 7

Stormflow and illicit discharge samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.24 mg/L (Table 6-1) • Illicit discharge flow weighted average concentration: 0.21 mg/L (Table 6-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 212 lbs (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1) • Total illicit discharge TP load: <1 lb (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1) • Total annual TP load: 213 lbs (Figure 6-10; Table 6-1)

Discharge Como


Figure 6-4: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Como 7 subwatershed for stormflow and illicit discharge from 2005-2014.

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Illicit Discharge

Storm

Discharge Como


Figure 6-5: Como 7 subwatershed cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-6: Como 7 level, velocity, and discharge.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-7: Como 7 level, discharge, and precipitation.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-8: Golf Course Pond Outlet level, velocity, and discharge.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-9: Golf Course Pond Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids Como


Figure 6-10: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Como 7 subwatershed for illicit discharge and stormflow from 2005-2014.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Illicit Discharge

Storm



Figure 6-11: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Como 7 subwatershed and historical averages (2008-2013).

n=6

n=9

n=30

n=33

n=31

n=24

n=13

n=23

n=2

n=1

n=4

n=5

n=6

n=4

n=4

n=1

n=2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month

Historical Average (2008-2013)

2014

Total Phosphorus Como


Figure 6-12: Historical total monitored TP loads at Como 7 subwatershed for illicit discharge and stormflow from 2005-2014.

0

50

100

150

200

250

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Illicit Discharge

Storm



Figure 6-13: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Como 7 subwatershed and historical averages (2008-2013).

n=6

n=9

n=30

n=33

n=31

n=24

n=13

n=23

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n=2

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Como


Table 6-1: Como 7 subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 793 793 793 793 793 793 793 793 793Total Rainfall (inches) 28.96 24.16 17.40 18.82 30.92 28.90 26.02 24.70 38.37Number of Monitoring Days 195 222 204 217 206 205 222 194 195Number of Storm Sampling Events 15 22 15 33 23 6 38 11 23Number of Storm Intervals 22 40 34 50 55 37 55 62 77Illicit Discharge Sampling Events 3 3 4 12 3 0 6 2 0Number of Illicit Discharge Intervals NA NA 1 150 92 43 140 100 60Total Discharge (cf) 6,830,745 6,999,688 5,228,923 8,050,350 15,626,233 14,918,644 11,682,085 8,853,099 14,074,972Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 6,830,745 6,999,688 4,961,542 7,767,386 15,242,041 14,746,403 11,524,712 8,660,745 14,034,808Illicit Discharge Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA 267,381 282,963 384,191 172,241 157,373 192,354 40,164Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 219 154 233 133 118 165 77 70 163Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 134 93 65 46 35 56 34 84 77Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 29 162 66 47 33 56 34 95 77Illicit Discharge FWA TSS (mg/L) 134 54 46 21 88 2 18 8 12Total TSS Loading (lbs) 57,123 40,727 21,247 23,198 33,902 51,943 24,898 46,640 67,805Storm TSS Loading (lbs) 57,123 40,727 20,479 22,833 31,780 51,921 24,719 46,545 67,775Illicit Discharge TSS Loading (lbs) NA NA 768 364 2,122 21 179 95 30Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 72 51 27 29 43 66 31 59 86Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.30 0.33 0.43 0.36 0.28 0.30 0.40 0.54 0.32Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.29 0.24 0.28 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.29 0.29 0.24Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.31 0.30 0.27 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.28 0.29 0.24Illicit Discharge FWA TP (mg/L) 0.27 0.21 0.60 0.23 0.19 0.05 0.52 1.04 0.21Total TP Load (lbs) 123 104 92 103 204 203 209 159 213Storm TP Load (lbs) 123 104 82 99 200 203 204 146 212Illicit Discharge TP Load (lbs) NA NA 10 4 5 0.6 5 13 1Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.27Notes: Como 7 w as not monitored in 2006. Table includes data for Como 7 and Como Golf Course Pond Outlet monitoring sites and pumping from Gottfred's Pit located in the Como 7 subw atershed.NA: Not available. Gottfried's Pit pumping w as not included in discharge calculations until 2013.

Como


Table 6-2: 2014 Como 7 subwatershed loading table.

Como 7

Sampled Event Sample Event Loading Interval Event Volume (cf)

Interval TP (lb)

Interval TSS (lb) Start End

x Storm 04/23/2014 14:15 04/24/2014 19:15 48711.10 0.49 234 x Storm 04/26/2014 21:00 04/30/2014 10:15 242076.72 8.31 25,071 Storm 05/01/2014 02:30 05/01/2014 14:00 3437.04 0.08 42 Storm 05/08/2014 01:00 05/08/2014 11:45 4147.26 0.10 50 x Storm 05/08/2014 15:30 05/09/2014 00:30 24934.52 0.64 730 Storm 05/10/2014 21:30 05/11/2014 07:30 3099.41 0.07 37 x Storm 05/11/2014 22:15 05/12/2014 05:30 30652.82 0.44 134 Storm 05/12/2014 17:00 05/13/2014 02:15 5191.50 0.12 63 Illicit Discharge 05/16/2014 07:45 05/16/2014 08:45 262.55 0.00 0.20 Illicit Discharge 05/18/2014 07:10 05/18/2014 08:30 327.99 0.00 0.25 Illicit Discharge 05/18/2014 12:45 05/18/2014 15:15 509.04 0.01 0.38 x Storm 05/19/2014 09:30 05/19/2014 19:30 92019.24 2.47 3,131 Illicit Discharge 05/20/2014 09:30 05/20/2014 10:45 330.31 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 05/21/2014 07:45 05/21/2014 10:15 763.46 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 05/24/2014 10:15 05/24/2014 11:30 223.89 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 05/25/2014 08:15 05/25/2014 08:45 92.89 0.00 0 Storm 05/26/2014 07:30 05/26/2014 11:45 1943.95 0.04 23 x Storm 05/26/2014 22:00 05/27/2014 16:15 23154.14 0.53 315 Illicit Discharge 05/28/2014 06:45 05/28/2014 09:00 703.71 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 05/28/2014 13:00 05/28/2014 14:30 362.75 0.00 0 x Storm 05/31/2014 14:15 06/01/2014 03:30 37236.31 0.56 272 Storm 06/01/2014 05:45 06/01/2014 07:30 14014.37 0.41 206 Storm 06/01/2014 22:45 06/01/2014 23:45 223.13 0.01 3 Storm 06/02/2014 06:30 06/02/2014 09:45 1649.17 0.05 24 Illicit Discharge 06/03/2014 08:45 06/03/2014 10:30 322.97 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 06/04/2014 08:00 06/04/2014 12:45 1513.08 0.02 1 Storm 06/05/2014 09:45 06/05/2014 11:30 88.93 0.00 1 Storm 06/05/2014 14:45 06/05/2014 18:15 2303.53 0.07 34 x Storm 06/07/2014 06:00 06/07/2014 15:00 86826.70 1.36 705 Illicit Discharge 06/08/2014 10:30 06/08/2014 14:45 1501.12 0.02 1 Storm 06/08/2014 23:15 06/09/2014 15:45 3498.15 0.10 51 Storm 06/11/2014 06:15 06/11/2014 10:00 1452.06 0.04 21 Storm 06/11/2014 22:30 06/12/2014 01:25 3839.68 0.11 57 Storm 06/14/2014 10:30 06/14/2014 17:30 7851.04 0.23 116 x Storm 06/14/2014 19:45 06/15/2014 14:15 65447.97 0.94 809 x Storm 06/16/2014 08:45 06/17/2014 01:45 20281.32 0.20 30 Storm 06/17/2014 07:00 06/17/2014 09:15 1087.14 0.03 16 x Storm 06/17/2014 22:45 06/18/2014 12:15 21308.32 0.33 345 x Storm 06/19/2014 03:15 06/19/2014 22:00 187565.85 3.28 3,419 Storm 06/22/2014 10:45 06/23/2014 14:15 12311.86 0.36 181 Illicit Discharge 06/23/2014 20:15 06/23/2014 22:00 84.69 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 06/24/2014 00:30 06/24/2014 00:45 25.36 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 06/24/2014 09:10 06/24/2014 10:15 708.25 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 06/24/2014 14:00 06/24/2014 14:15 37.81 0.00 0 Storm 06/28/2014 07:00 06/28/2014 08:30 1208.15 0.04 18 x Storm 06/28/2014 15:15 06/28/2014 21:15 103904.31 1.56 2,517 Storm 07/02/2014 13:00 07/03/2014 10:15 8630.29 0.25 96 Illicit Discharge 07/04/2014 10:45 07/04/2014 11:45 126.02 0.00 0 Storm 07/06/2014 06:00 07/06/2014 12:45 1929.83 0.06 21

Como


Storm 07/07/2014 06:45 07/07/2014 08:05 1213.21 0.03 13 x Storm 07/07/2014 17:45 07/07/2014 22:30 21360.91 0.33 179 Illicit Discharge 07/09/2014 10:15 07/09/2014 11:30 173.39 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 07/10/2014 10:45 07/10/2014 11:00 12.76 0.00 0 x Storm 07/11/2014 02:00 07/11/2014 13:45 36541.23 0.36 171 x Storm 07/12/2014 13:30 07/12/2014 21:00 20039.14 0.15 88 Storm 07/14/2014 10:30 07/14/2014 11:00 65.93 0.00 1 Storm 07/14/2014 16:15 07/14/2014 21:30 3504.90 0.10 39 Illicit Discharge 07/15/2014 08:30 07/15/2014 12:15 1076.50 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 07/16/2014 08:30 07/16/2014 10:00 277.29 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 07/17/2014 09:15 07/17/2014 11:30 1778.04 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 07/17/2014 14:15 07/17/2014 15:45 263.04 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 07/18/2014 09:15 07/18/2014 09:45 71.11 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 07/19/2014 09:30 07/19/2014 12:30 740.03 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 07/20/2014 09:45 07/20/2014 15:15 1276.36 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 07/21/2014 09:00 07/21/2014 14:30 385.67 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 07/24/2014 07:15 07/24/2014 08:45 767.55 0.01 1 x Storm 07/25/2014 04:45 07/25/2014 12:30 17123.86 0.34 139 Illicit Discharge 07/27/2014 07:30 07/27/2014 09:30 999.26 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 07/27/2014 13:15 07/27/2014 15:15 295.83 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 07/29/2014 10:45 07/29/2014 14:00 596.05 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 07/30/2014 08:30 07/30/2014 14:15 1783.46 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 07/31/2014 08:15 07/31/2014 12:00 1551.87 0.02 1 Storm 08/01/2014 07:00 08/01/2014 08:00 926.10 0.02 8 Storm 08/01/2014 11:15 08/01/2014 13:00 316.03 0.01 3 Storm 08/01/2014 18:45 08/01/2014 22:15 698.92 0.01 6 Storm 08/02/2014 10:15 08/02/2014 13:15 622.50 0.01 6 Illicit Discharge 08/03/2014 09:30 08/03/2014 12:45 998.96 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 08/04/2014 08:45 08/04/2014 11:00 677.98 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 08/07/2014 08:45 08/07/2014 13:30 1339.46 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 08/08/2014 07:45 08/08/2014 09:30 914.32 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 08/08/2014 12:00 08/08/2014 15:15 660.51 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 08/09/2014 09:00 08/09/2014 13:45 939.64 0.01 1 Storm 08/10/2014 09:00 08/10/2014 13:30 1084.79 0.02 10 x Storm 08/10/2014 19:45 08/11/2014 15:15 17601.34 0.37 79 Storm 08/12/2014 07:00 08/12/2014 08:15 949.09 0.02 9 Storm 08/12/2014 10:30 08/12/2014 15:45 934.60 0.02 9 Illicit Discharge 08/13/2014 07:10 08/13/2014 10:15 410.96 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 08/15/2014 08:30 08/15/2014 12:45 1427.24 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 08/16/2014 07:30 08/16/2014 08:30 1243.22 0.02 1 Illicit Discharge 08/16/2014 11:15 08/16/2014 14:45 377.84 0.00 0 Storm 08/17/2014 14:45 08/17/2014 17:15 1220.94 0.02 11 Storm 08/18/2014 00:15 08/18/2014 00:30 8542.81 0.15 78 x Storm 08/21/2014 06:15 08/21/2014 12:45 17412.80 0.17 83 Illicit Discharge 08/22/2014 09:15 08/22/2014 14:45 1139.71 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 08/23/2014 08:00 08/23/2014 11:45 1253.50 0.02 1 Storm 08/24/2014 05:45 08/24/2014 15:00 2592.38 0.05 24 Storm 08/24/2014 17:45 08/24/2014 21:15 1518.67 0.03 14 Illicit Discharge 08/25/2014 06:45 08/25/2014 10:00 315.31 0.00 0 Storm 08/26/2014 08:30 08/26/2014 12:45 1443.15 0.03 13 Storm 08/26/2014 15:00 08/26/2014 15:45 70.95 0.00 1 Storm 08/27/2014 01:15 08/27/2014 02:45 141.81 0.00 1 Storm 08/27/2014 08:15 08/27/2014 13:45 1863.03 0.03 17 Storm 08/28/2014 06:45 08/28/2014 08:30 1102.07 0.02 10 Storm 08/28/2014 10:45 08/28/2014 16:15 1036.32 0.02 9

Como


Storm 08/29/2014 03:30 08/29/2014 06:15 4704.01 0.09 43 x Storm 08/29/2014 10:00 08/30/2014 08:00 56581.96 1.01 653 Storm 08/30/2014 10:30 08/30/2014 15:30 1836.62 0.03 17 Storm 08/31/2014 01:45 08/31/2014 02:15 64.13 0.00 1 Storm 08/31/2014 09:30 08/31/2014 12:45 1311.15 0.02 12 Storm 08/31/2014 21:45 09/01/2014 15:15 25253.26 0.46 230 Illicit Discharge 09/02/2014 01:30 09/02/2014 02:30 134.17 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 09/02/2014 12:00 09/02/2014 15:45 217.92 0.00 0 Storm 09/03/2014 08:00 09/03/2014 14:30 7213.67 0.18 71 Storm 09/03/2014 21:00 09/03/2014 22:15 3225.98 0.08 32 Storm 09/04/2014 06:45 09/04/2014 08:30 1249.33 0.03 12 Illicit Discharge 09/05/2014 09:15 09/05/2014 10:45 352.89 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 09/08/2014 07:30 09/08/2014 08:30 1029.63 0.01 1 Storm 09/09/2014 10:30 09/09/2014 14:30 897.16 0.02 9 x Storm 09/09/2014 21:15 09/10/2014 12:45 54544.83 0.85 286 Illicit Discharge 09/12/2014 09:30 09/12/2014 11:30 372.21 0.00 0 Illicit Discharge 09/13/2014 10:45 09/13/2014 13:15 435.76 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 09/14/2014 09:30 09/14/2014 13:15 866.53 0.01 1 Storm 09/15/2014 06:45 09/15/2014 13:15 2096.31 0.05 21 Illicit Discharge 09/16/2014 08:30 09/16/2014 12:15 868.56 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 09/19/2014 07:00 09/19/2014 08:45 839.34 0.01 1 Storm 09/20/2014 17:45 09/20/2014 20:15 7711.01 0.19 76 Illicit Discharge 09/23/2014 09:15 09/23/2014 11:45 663.67 0.01 0 Storm 09/24/2014 10:30 09/24/2014 17:00 2273.60 0.06 22 Illicit Discharge 09/26/2014 07:00 09/26/2014 08:30 936.58 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 09/26/2014 11:15 09/26/2014 15:15 1142.45 0.01 1 Illicit Discharge 09/27/2014 10:45 09/27/2014 13:00 472.15 0.01 0 Illicit Discharge 09/28/2014 11:00 09/28/2014 12:15 189.11 0.00 0 Storm 09/29/2014 08:45 09/29/2014 13:30 2938.92 0.07 29 x Storm 10/01/2014 07:45 10/01/2014 17:45 23900.84 0.36 36 x Storm 10/02/2014 11:15 10/02/2014 23:30 24081.52 0.27 32 Storm 10/03/2014 23:15 10/04/2014 05:45 5443.13 0.11 35 Storm 10/23/2014 03:00 10/23/2014 05:30 1266.79 0.03 8

Illicit Discharge Subtotal 40,164 1 30

Storm Subtotal 1,448,547 30 41,416

Total 1,488,711 30 41,446

Como Golf Course Pond


Interval TP (lb)


Storm 04/18/2014 13:30 04/22/2014 15:30 181,798 2.84 908 Storm 04/23/2014 17:20 05/03/2014 06:40 2,229,370 34.79 11,134 Storm 05/08/2014 16:05 05/15/2014 14:35 789,660 11.34 596 Storm 05/19/2014 11:15 05/23/2014 14:55 874,166 12.55 660 Storm 05/27/2014 05:20 05/30/2014 00:30 180,554 2.59 136 Storm 05/31/2014 20:35 06/05/2014 13:00 701,073 10.07 530 Storm 06/05/2014 15:55 06/06/2014 01:00 474 0.01 1 Storm 06/07/2014 07:55 06/11/2014 20:05 640,742 11.20 1,320 Storm 06/11/2014 23:50 06/12/2014 22:25 5,998 0.10 12 Storm 06/14/2014 14:20 06/25/2014 21:45 2,704,570 47.27 5,572 Storm 06/27/2014 09:10 07/02/2014 06:45 739,230 12.92 1,523 Storm 07/07/2014 18:20 07/10/2014 18:25 263,174 2.79 345 Storm 07/11/2014 08:10 07/16/2014 00:00 679,792 7.21 891

Como


Storm 07/25/2014 06:25 07/27/2014 14:05 113,346 1.20 149 Storm 08/11/2014 11:25 08/11/2014 18:45 227 0.00 0 Storm 08/18/2014 00:30 08/21/2014 03:25 260,882 2.12 217 Storm 08/21/2014 06:10 08/24/2014 13:25 225,484 1.83 187 Storm 08/24/2014 20:20 08/24/2014 20:25 0 0.00 0 Storm 08/29/2014 04:10 09/05/2014 03:40 862,249 7.00 716 Storm 09/09/2014 21:30 09/13/2014 13:55 585,038 7.30 1,050 Storm 09/20/2014 18:35 09/21/2014 09:40 1,814 0.02 3 Storm 10/01/2014 09:30 10/06/2014 00:10 546,620 7.51 409

Storm Subtotal 12,586,261 183 26,359

Total 12,586,261 183 26,359

Subwatershed Total 14,074,972 213 67,806

Como


Como


Table 6-3: 2014 Como 7 subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LSnow melt Grab 02/19/2014 13:35 02/19/2014 13:35 0.139 8,302.6 0.00100 0.01420 0.02840 0.01030 0.00820 0.12800 2.280 9.7 0.50 0.50 0.26 13,600 120 80 320 - - - 0.194Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 13:40 03/10/2014 13:40 0.218 1,724.8 0.00025 0.01390 0.02760 0.01200 0.00700 0.15200 2.110 12.0 0.55 0.44 0.17 2,900 184 88 140 - - 17,300 0.266Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 12:50 03/13/2014 12:50 0.464 1,610.2 0.00040 0.00550 0.01780 0.00690 0.00450 0.09150 2.290 6.6 0.88 0.47 0.17 2,890 73 36 136 - - 24,200 0.526Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 13:40 03/20/2014 13:40 - 419.2 0.00040 0.00810 0.01670 0.00990 0.00470 0.09000 0.570 5.3 0.55 0.45 0.10 772 96 48 36 - - - 0.226Storm Grab 03/27/2014 13:15 03/27/2014 13:15 0.375 148.0 0.00025 0.01860 0.04120 0.01900 0.01270 0.18000 1.170 6.7 1.14 0.64 0.08 368 392 160 48 - - 13,000 0.418Storm Composite 04/24/2014 07:31 04/24/2014 13:46 0.005 4.5 0.00020 0.00280 0.00630 0.00430 0.00160 0.04380 0.570 1.2 0.16 0.33 0.03 48 77 42 20 - - - 0.058Storm Grab 04/24/2014 08:25 04/24/2014 08:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,000 -Storm Composite 04/27/2014 04:16 04/27/2014 07:01 0.052 3.2 0.00020 0.00240 0.00630 0.00480 0.00170 0.04350 0.470 1.2 0.13 0.28 0.03 36 127 43 32 - - - 0.053Storm Composite 04/27/2014 10:01 04/27/2014 11:47 0.050 2.7 0.00020 0.00480 0.01010 0.01010 0.00310 0.07410 0.390 1.9 0.32 0.17 0.03 34 - 192 44 - - - 0.030Storm Composite 04/28/2014 12:16 04/29/2014 03:31 0.031 2.4 0.00020 0.00240 0.00490 0.00450 0.00160 0.03630 0.160 0.8 0.11 0.20 0.03 39 61 24 16 - - - 0.032Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:16 05/08/2014 17:01 0.035 2.6 0.00020 0.00880 0.01850 0.02090 0.00590 0.11700 0.800 3.8 0.41 0.36 0.03 29 469 156 32 - - - 0.046Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:02 05/12/2014 02:31 0.032 2.5 0.00020 0.00190 0.00650 0.00440 0.00180 0.05030 0.170 1.3 0.23 0.11 0.03 35 70 26 20 - - - 0.079Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:00 05/19/2014 11:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,000Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:01 05/19/2014 13:17 0.051 2.0 0.00031 0.00790 0.01690 0.01980 0.00510 0.12700 0.320 2.6 0.43 0.27 0.03 42 545 102 26 - - - 0.088Storm Composite 05/27/2014 03:46 05/27/2014 06:46 0.031 2.2 0.00020 0.00250 0.00850 0.00490 0.00200 0.05780 0.230 2.4 0.37 0.20 0.03 48 218 90 24 - - - 0.048Storm Composite 05/31/2014 20:31 06/01/2014 07:46 0.048 2.0 0.00020 0.00260 0.00610 0.00590 0.00200 0.05680 0.100 1.2 0.24 0.18 0.03 35 117 52 22 - - - 0.059Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:01 06/07/2014 08:52 2.2 0.00020 0.00190 0.00370 0.00470 0.00130 0.02860 0.250 1.5 0.25 0.21 0.03 33 130 53 30 - - - 0.076Storm Composite 06/14/2014 20:31 06/15/2014 02:46 0.033 2.0 0.00020 0.00210 0.00650 0.00680 0.00170 0.03540 0.100 1.3 0.23 0.18 0.05 32 198 94 14 - - - 0.032Storm Composite 06/16/2014 17:31 06/16/2014 21:16 0.031 4.3 0.00020 0.00120 0.00410 0.00260 0.00110 0.02280 0.030 1.2 0.16 0.14 0.03 46 24 13 30 - - - 0.038Storm Composite 06/18/2014 03:12 06/18/2014 03:31 0.030 2.2 0.00020 0.00330 0.00800 0.01050 0.00290 0.05340 0.190 1.6 0.25 0.17 0.03 36 259 108 20 - - - 0.051Storm Composite 06/19/2014 03:42 06/19/2014 04:40 0.036 2.1 0.00020 0.00500 0.01050 0.01390 0.00420 0.06340 0.120 1.4 0.28 0.17 0.03 44 292 92 18 - - - 0.049Storm Grab 06/19/2014 08:30 06/19/2014 08:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19,700 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 16:16 06/28/2014 18:03 - 2.0 0.00020 0.00330 0.01000 0.01080 0.00250 0.05230 0.180 1.4 0.24 0.12 0.03 38 388 63 24 - - - 0.072Storm Composite 07/07/2014 18:16 07/07/2014 19:16 0.061 2.4 0.00020 0.00330 0.00930 0.00810 0.00240 0.04810 0.140 1.7 0.25 0.26 0.03 35 134 46 28 - - - 0.072Storm Grab 07/11/2014 08:37 07/11/2014 08:37 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,300 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:31 07/11/2014 10:01 0.054 2.0 0.00020 0.00180 0.00490 0.00340 0.00130 0.02510 0.190 1.1 0.16 0.10 0.03 25 75 32 24 - - - 0.051Storm Grab 07/12/2014 13:46 07/12/2014 15:46 0.046 2.0 0.00020 0.00220 0.00470 0.00300 0.00110 0.02410 0.240 0.9 0.12 0.20 0.03 29 70 38 24 - - - 0.043Storm Composite 07/25/2014 05:31 07/25/2014 07:01 - 8.8 0.00020 0.00240 0.01050 0.00600 0.00250 0.06430 0.080 2.3 0.32 0.44 0.07 74 130 69 34 - - - 0.106Storm Composite 08/10/2014 22:16 08/11/2014 02:01 0.064 4.7 0.00020 0.00300 0.01210 0.00670 0.00250 0.07130 0.220 2.4 0.34 0.43 0.04 59 72 32 22 - - - 0.090Storm Grab 08/21/2014 08:10 08/21/2014 08:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34,500 -Storm Composite 08/21/2014 06:31 08/21/2014 09:01 0.052 4.2 0.00020 0.00220 0.00630 0.00660 0.00150 0.06010 0.170 1.0 0.16 0.41 0.04 52 76 36 20 - - - 0.068Storm Composite 08/29/2014 17:16 08/29/2014 18:05 - 2.0 0.00020 0.00460 0.01160 0.01260 0.00300 0.07300 0.150 1.5 0.34 0.23 0.03 28 226 91 20 - - - 0.084Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:01 08/30/2014 03:16 - 2.0 0.00020 0.00320 0.00930 0.01070 0.00220 0.05470 0.080 1.2 0.23 0.15 0.03 24 144 44 28 - - - 0.085Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:32 09/10/2014 00:31 0.109 3.0 0.00020 0.00330 0.01200 0.01430 0.00240 0.05530 0.120 1.3 0.25 0.26 0.03 37 84 29 18 5.2 1.4 - 0.174Storm Grab 10/01/2014 09:45 10/01/2014 09:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10,800 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 08:31 10/01/2014 13:16 0.103 3.4 0.00020 0.00120 0.00510 0.00150 0.00110 0.02650 0.170 0.9 0.24 0.11 0.03 33 24 18 24 - - - 0.128Storm Composite 10/02/2014 13:31 10/02/2014 19:46 0.066 2.0 0.00020 0.00160 0.00480 0.00330 0.00100 0.02520 0.050 0.9 0.18 0.05 0.03 27 21 14 28 - - - 0.086

Snow melt Average 0.274 3,014.2 0.00051 0.01043 0.02263 0.00978 0.00610 0.11538 1.813 8.4 0.62 0.47 0.18 5,041 118 63 158 - - 20,750 0.303Storm Average 0.063 8.3 0.00021 0.00371 0.00958 0.00830 0.00267 0.05816 0.254 1.7 0.28 0.24 0.03 51 170 65 26 5.2 1.4 12,900 0.082

Annual Average 0.089 396.1 0.00025 0.00458 0.01126 0.00849 0.00312 0.06554 0.455 2.6 0.32 0.27 0.05 694 163 65 43 5.2 1.4 14,644 0.111Annual Maximum 0.464 8,302.6 0.00100 0.01860 0.04120 0.02090 0.01270 0.18000 2.290 12.0 1.14 0.64 0.26 13,600 545 192 320 5.2 1.4 34,500 0.526Annual Minimum 0.005 2.0 0.00020 0.00120 0.00370 0.00150 0.00100 0.02280 0.030 0.8 0.11 0.05 0.03 24 21 13 14 5.2 1.4 3,000 0.030Annual Median 0.051 2.5 0.00020 0.00300 0.00930 0.00680 0.00240 0.05530 0.190 1.4 0.25 0.21 0.03 37 124 48 24 5.2 1.4 13,000 0.072

Actual number less than value (<)Estimated concentration above the adjusted method detection limit and below the adjusted reporting limit.

- Not collected

Como


Como


6.3 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – COMO 3

The Como 3 subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality from 2012-2014. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurs between the months of April to November. During the winter months, snowmelt grab samples are taken when possible, but neither level nor flow are recorded during this period.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Como 3 are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Como 3 is explained in Appendix B.

6.3.1 DISCHARGE – COMO 3

• Total stormflow discharge: 4,980,597 cubic feet (Figure 6-14; Table 6-4) • Total annual discharge: 4,980,597 cubic feet (Figure 6-14;Table 6-4)

6.3.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – COMO 3

Stormflow samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 194 mg/L (Table 6-4) • Total stormflow TSS load: 59,170 lbs (Figure 6-18;Table 6-4) • Total annual TSS load: 59,170 lbs (Figure 6-18;Table 6-4)

6.3.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – COMO 3

Stormflow samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.23 mg/L (Table 6-4) • Total stormflow TP load: 71 lbs (Figure 6-20;Table 6-4) • Total annual TP load: 71 lbs (Figure 6-20;Table 6-4)

Discharge Como


Figure 6-14: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow and illicit discharge from 2012-2014

3,800,000

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4,800,000

5,000,000

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2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Illicit Discharge

Storm

Discharge Como


Figure 6-15: Como 3 cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-16: Como 3 level, velocity, and discharge.

Discharge Como


Figure 6-17: Como 3 level, discharge, and precipitation.



Figure 6-18: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow from 2012-2014.

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Figure 6-19: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Como 3 subwatershed and historical averages (2009-2014).

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Figure 6-20: Historical total monitored TP loads at Como 3 subwatershed for stormflow from 2012-2014.

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oad

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Figure 6-21: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Como 3 subwatershed and historical averages (2009-2013).

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2014

Como


Table 6-4: Como 3 subwatershed monitoring results, 2012-2014

2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 517 517 517Total Rainfall (inches) 26.02 24.7 28.37Number of Monitoring Days 220 190 196Number of Storm Sampling Events 21 22 18Number of Storm Intervals 53 72 48Number of Illicit Discharge Sampling Events 0 NA NANumber of Illicit Discharge Intervals 5 NA NATotal Discharge (cf) 4,301,183 4,521,027 4,980,597Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 4,264,920 4,521,027 4,980,597Illicit Discharge Flow Subtotal (cf) 36,263 0 0Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 111 234 231Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 138 223 194Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 138 223 194Illicit Discharge FWA TSS (mg/L) 85 NA NATotal TSS Load (lbs) 36,984 62,966 59,170Storm TSS Load (lbs) 36,792 62,966 59,170Illicit Discharge TSS Load (lbs) 193 NA NATotal TSS Yield (lb/ac) 72 122 114Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.27 0.33 0.34Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.28 0.31 0.23Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.29 0.31 0.23Illicit Discharge FWA TP (mg/L) 0.23 NA NATotal TP Load (lbs) 76.5 87 71Storm TP Load (lbs) 76 87 71Illicit Discharge TP Load (lbs) 0.5 NA NATotal TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.15 0.17 0.14

Como


Table 6-5: 2014 Como 3 loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Storm 04/23/2014 14:45 04/24/2014 01:45 22,055 0.36 268 x Storm 04/24/2014 05:00 04/24/2014 21:00 113,922 1.35 839 x Storm 04/26/2014 21:00 04/30/2014 14:45 958,773 11.37 10,504 Storm 05/01/2014 02:00 05/01/2014 11:30 6,775 0.12 33 x Storm 05/08/2014 07:45 05/08/2014 23:15 89,821 3.81 3,387 Storm 05/10/2014 21:30 05/11/2014 00:30 3,583 0.06 17 x Storm 05/11/2014 21:45 05/12/2014 10:30 110,822 3.74 450 Storm 05/12/2014 16:45 05/13/2014 01:15 16,931 0.30 82 x Storm 05/19/2014 10:30 05/20/2014 21:30 342,831 5.99 7,255 x Storm 05/27/2014 03:15 05/27/2014 14:00 109,353 1.23 464 x Storm 05/31/2014 14:30 06/02/2014 11:30 288,203 1.80 1,547 Storm 06/05/2014 15:15 06/05/2014 18:30 7,546 0.08 54 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:30 06/09/2014 01:30 168,770 2.11 1,243 Storm 06/11/2014 23:30 06/12/2014 05:00 17,734 0.20 126 x Storm 06/14/2014 10:45 06/16/2014 11:15 249,049 2.64 1,042 Storm 06/16/2014 17:15 06/17/2014 13:15 57,901 0.65 411 x Storm 06/18/2014 02:45 06/20/2014 01:45 669,078 10.86 16,665 Storm 06/22/2014 11:00 06/22/2014 14:00 22,138 0.25 157 x Storm 06/28/2014 15:45 06/29/2014 03:45 258,163 3.87 3,384 Storm 07/06/2014 06:45 07/06/2014 09:45 4,133 0.06 22 x Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/07/2014 23:15 76,732 1.44 627 x Storm 07/11/2014 07:45 07/11/2014 16:00 172,426 1.51 818 x Storm 07/12/2014 13:15 07/13/2014 00:00 130,513 1.47 1,255 Storm 07/14/2014 16:15 07/14/2014 21:00 8,860 0.13 48 Storm 07/25/2014 05:00 07/25/2014 10:00 36,970 0.55 199 x Storm 08/10/2014 21:45 08/11/2014 04:30 66,121 0.95 842 Storm 08/11/2014 07:15 08/11/2014 14:45 11,702 0.16 79 Storm 08/17/2014 15:45 08/17/2014 17:15 1,749 0.02 12 Storm 08/17/2014 19:30 08/17/2014 20:45 1,073 0.01 7 x Storm 08/18/2014 00:00 08/18/2014 05:00 95,955 1.14 1,138 Storm 08/21/2014 05:30 08/21/2014 11:15 32,965 0.45 222 Storm 08/24/2014 05:45 08/24/2014 08:15 3,950 0.05 27 Storm 08/24/2014 17:45 08/24/2014 21:00 13,369 0.18 90 Storm 08/29/2014 03:30 08/29/2014 06:30 10,069 0.14 68 Storm 08/29/2014 10:00 08/29/2014 12:45 5,153 0.07 35 x Storm 08/29/2014 16:45 08/30/2014 08:15 184,282 2.76 2,864 Storm 08/31/2014 21:45 09/01/2014 07:00 61,769 0.85 416 Storm 09/03/2014 09:00 09/03/2014 14:00 15,226 0.29 53 Storm 09/03/2014 21:15 09/04/2014 00:00 5,722 0.11 20 x Storm 09/09/2014 21:15 09/10/2014 11:45 158,021 3.26 1,845 Storm 09/15/2014 07:15 09/15/2014 10:00 3,168 0.06 11 Storm 09/20/2014 17:45 09/20/2014 22:45 24,916 0.47 87 Storm 09/24/2014 14:45 09/24/2014 17:30 6,339 0.12 22 Storm 09/29/2014 10:00 09/29/2014 13:15 8,995 0.17 31 Storm 10/01/2014 07:45 10/01/2014 18:15 99,711 1.43 171 Storm 10/02/2014 12:45 10/03/2014 03:00 106,998 1.54 184 Storm 10/03/2014 23:45 10/04/2014 07:00 23,854 0.34 41 Storm 10/23/2014 03:15 10/23/2014 05:45 3,367 0.05 6

Storm Subtotal 4,887,554 71 59,170 Total 4,887,554 71 59,170

TOTAL ANNUAL 4,887,554 71 59,170

Como


Como


Table 6-6: 2014 Como 3 subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LSnow melt Grab 02/18/2014 14:00 02/18/2014 14:00 0.025 18,622.2 0.00100 0.04050 0.05800 0.02540 0.01510 0.49700 2.840 8.9 0.43 0.65 0.30 29,300 260 135 168 - - 6,870 0.077Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 13:00 03/10/2014 13:00 0.210 1,702.2 0.00035 0.03380 0.05660 0.02420 0.01480 0.35600 1.770 6.9 0.61 0.45 0.19 2,800 456 200 144 - - 1,120 0.237Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:00 03/13/2014 13:00 0.303 1,060.9 0.00040 0.01400 0.03250 0.01350 0.00850 0.17100 1.170 5.2 0.62 0.14 0.14 1,950 194 79 96 - - 780 0.336Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 14:00 03/20/2014 14:00 - 780.4 0.00020 0.02460 0.04650 0.02120 0.01510 0.24200 0.620 5.9 0.64 0.42 0.11 1,400 396 156 80 - - - 0.174Storm Grab 03/27/2014 13:30 03/27/2014 13:30 0.302 171.4 0.00040 0.04470 0.09150 0.02400 0.02740 0.63700 1.050 7.7 1.24 0.57 0.10 406 616 228 48 - - 4,110 0.339Storm Composite 04/24/2014 07:30 04/24/2014 13:00 0.047 14.2 0.00020 0.01100 0.01450 0.00970 0.00410 0.07980 0.500 1.5 0.19 0.38 0.03 74 118 42 32 - - - 0.053Storm Grab 04/24/2014 08:35 04/24/2014 08:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,100 -Storm Composite 04/27/2014 04:30 04/27/2014 12:17 0.040 7.8 0.00020 0.01000 0.01670 0.01760 0.00540 0.09170 0.440 1.8 0.27 0.28 0.03 51 279 66 26 - - - 0.035Storm Composite 04/28/2014 10:01 04/29/2014 04:45 0.026 5.4 0.00020 0.00740 0.00860 0.00790 0.00280 0.05870 0.160 0.8 0.11 0.17 0.03 42 72 19 28 - - - 0.072Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:16 05/08/2014 17:15 0.037 6.6 0.00025 0.02210 0.03990 0.04200 0.01110 0.24700 1.100 4.4 0.68 0.43 0.04 51 604 136 42 - - - 0.059Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:16 05/12/2014 02:30 0.030 5.9 0.00020 0.00400 0.01030 0.00920 0.00270 0.06020 0.160 2.5 0.54 0.15 0.03 45 65 20 26 - - - 0.063Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:30 05/19/2014 13:04 0.047 4.2 0.00020 0.01160 0.01580 0.02080 0.00470 0.08520 0.300 1.6 0.28 0.19 0.03 47 339 62 28 - - - 0.069Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:35 05/19/2014 11:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 770 -Storm Composite 05/27/2014 04:01 05/27/2014 08:30 0.028 3.9 0.00020 0.00420 0.00700 0.00620 0.00170 0.04190 0.290 1.2 0.18 0.22 0.03 44 68 22 20 - - - 0.043Storm Composite 05/31/2014 22:46 06/01/2014 07:31 0.033 2.7 0.00020 0.00360 0.00630 0.00800 0.00190 0.04560 0.200 0.9 0.10 0.22 0.03 30 86 22 22 - - - 0.040Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:01 06/07/2014 09:15 - 3.3 0.00020 0.00440 0.00730 0.00850 0.00210 0.03490 0.230 1.1 0.20 0.22 0.03 34 118 28 30 - - - 0.035Storm Composite 06/14/2014 20:31 06/15/2014 05:45 0.022 2.4 0.00020 0.00430 0.00740 0.01060 0.00220 0.03820 0.080 1.0 0.17 0.19 0.03 38 67 20 20 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 06/19/2014 04:03 06/19/2014 04:52 0.029 2.8 0.00020 0.00510 0.01270 0.02290 0.00410 0.05710 0.130 1.3 0.26 0.14 0.03 42 399 55 22 - - - 0.044Storm Grab 06/19/2014 08:45 06/19/2014 08:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,100 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 14:46 06/28/2014 18:30 0.051 4.0 0.00020 0.00810 0.01370 0.02210 0.00420 0.06680 0.190 1.0 0.24 0.16 0.03 40 210 45 26 - - - 0.058Storm Composite 07/07/2014 18:31 07/07/2014 18:47 0.041 4.6 0.00020 0.01090 0.01670 0.01890 0.00380 0.08140 0.120 1.8 0.30 0.23 0.03 43 131 32 32 - - - 0.045Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:46 07/11/2014 09:46 0.056 2.4 0.00020 0.00760 0.00760 0.00750 0.00180 0.03500 0.090 0.7 0.14 0.10 0.03 22 76 19 36 - - - 0.057Storm Grab 07/11/2014 08:56 07/11/2014 08:56 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,100 -Storm Composite 07/12/2014 13:46 07/12/2014 14:02 0.038 2.3 0.00020 0.01030 0.00980 0.01290 0.00290 0.04530 0.200 1.1 0.18 0.18 0.03 33 154 48 26 - - - 0.041Storm Composite 08/10/2014 20:16 08/10/2014 22:45 0.121 12.6 0.00020 0.00960 0.02480 0.02380 0.00700 0.13500 0.210 1.2 0.23 0.66 0.03 81 204 68 32 - - - 0.133Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:31 08/18/2014 01:01 0.057 2.8 0.00020 0.00340 0.01020 0.01660 0.00280 0.05400 0.190 1.1 0.19 0.19 0.03 35 190 40 32 - - - 0.072Storm Grab 08/21/2014 08:20 08/21/2014 08:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11,000 -Storm Composite 08/29/2014 17:17 08/29/2014 18:04 - 2.0 0.00020 0.01290 0.01810 0.02730 0.00540 0.09270 0.120 1.4 0.28 0.25 0.03 41 428 158 44 - - - 0.053Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:31 08/30/2014 02:31 - 2.3 0.00020 0.00310 0.00850 0.01380 0.00230 0.04180 0.060 1.1 0.20 0.13 0.03 17 70 14 36 - - - 0.056Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:31 09/09/2014 23:16 0.103 3.3 0.00020 0.00800 0.01830 0.02970 0.00680 0.12800 0.130 1.8 0.33 0.30 0.03 37 187 38 32 7.2 2.0 - 0.098Storm Grab 10/01/2014 10:00 10/01/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13,400 -


Annual Average 0.078 897.3 0.00026 0.01277 0.02237 0.01777 0.00643 0.13693 0.494 2.6 0.34 0.28 0.06 1,468 231 70 45 7.2 2.0 4,935 0.092Annual Maximum 0.303 18,622.2 0.00100 0.04470 0.09150 0.04200 0.02740 0.63700 2.840 8.9 1.24 0.66 0.30 29,300 616 228 168 7.2 2.0 13,400 0.339Annual Minimum 0.022 2.0 0.00020 0.00310 0.00630 0.00620 0.00170 0.03490 0.060 0.7 0.10 0.10 0.03 17 65 14 20 7.2 2.0 770 0.020Annual Median 0.041 4.2 0.00020 0.00960 0.01450 0.01760 0.00410 0.07980 0.200 1.4 0.26 0.22 0.03 43 190 45 32 7.2 2.0 4,100 0.058


- Not collected

Como


Hidden Falls



7.1 DESCRIPTION

The Hidden Falls subwatershed is a small subwatershed (166 acres), which encompasses the

former Ford Motor Company Twin Cities Assembly Plant (Figure 7-2). The former assembly

plant site makes up approximately 70% of the watershed’s total area while the remainder of the

land area is residential. Monitoring of the Hidden Falls subwatershed began in April 2014, one

year after demolition of the Ford site began in May 2013. The primary goal of monitoring the

subwatershed is to characterize the water quality over time as the Ford site is demolished and

redeveloped.

Figure 7-1: The Hidden Falls monitoring station (top); Hidden Falls, downstream of monitoring station (bottom).

Hidden Falls


Figure 7-2: Map of Hidden Falls subwatershed and monitoring location.

Hidden Falls


7.2 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY

The Hidden Falls subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality for the 2014

monitoring season. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurs between

the months of April and October. During the winter months, ice accumulation prevents

monitoring activities.

7.2.1 DISCHARGE

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Hidden Falls for both baseflow and stormflow

events in 2014.

Total baseflow discharge: 7,849,686 cubic feet (Table 7-1)

Total stormflow discharge: 6,760,807 cubic feet (Table 7-1)

Total annual discharge: 14,610,492 cubic feet (Figure 7-4; Table 7-1)


Baseflow and stormflow samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to

calculate event-based and total annual loads.

Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 5 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 341 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total baseflow TSS load: 2,371 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total stormflow TSS load: 101,607 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total annual TSS load: 103,978 mg/L (Table 7-1)


Baseflow and stormflow samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to

calculate event-based and total annual loads.

Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.03 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.26 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total baseflow TP load: 14 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total stormflow TP load: 77 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Total annual TP load: 92 mg/L (Table 7-1)

Discharge Hidden Falls


Figure 7-3: Hidden Falls cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 7-4: Hidden Falls level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 7-5: Hidden Falls level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids Hidden Falls


Figure 7-6: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Hidden Falls subwatershed and historical averages (2014 only).

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2014

Total Phosphorus Hidden Falls


Figure 7-6: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Hidden Falls subwatershed and historical averages (2014 only).

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2014

Hidden Falls


Table 7-1: Hidden Falls subwatershed monitoring results, 2014.

2014

Subwatershed Area (ac) 167

Total Rainfall (inches) 28.37

Number of Monitoring Days 196

Number of Storm Sampling Events 10

Number of Storm Intervals 27

Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events 0

Number of Snowmelt Intervals 0

Total Discharge (cf) 14,610,492

Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 6,760,807

Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 7,849,686

Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 193

Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 132

Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 341

Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 5

Total TSS Load (lbs) 103,978

Storm TSS Load (lbs) 101,607

Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 2,371

Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 623

Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.16

Total FWA TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.12

Storm FWA TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.26

Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.03

Total TP Load (lbs) 92

Storm TP Load (lbs) 77

Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 14

Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.55

Hidden Falls


Table 7-2: Hidden Falls subwatershed loading table.

Sampled Event Sample Event Loading Interval Event Volume

(cf) Interval TP

(lb) Interval TSS

(lb) Start End

Storm 04/24/2014 10:20 04/24/2014 11:45 31,739 0.51 331

x Storm 04/27/2014 04:20 04/27/2014 07:05 67,890 0.99 985

Storm 04/27/2014 10:25 04/27/2014 15:15 206,994 2.85 1,802

Storm 04/27/2014 17:35 04/27/2014 18:35 100,653 1.31 825

x Storm 05/08/2014 15:45 05/12/2014 16:15 196,263 14.03 34,484

Storm 05/19/2014 12:15 05/21/2014 06:45 728,713 12.41 15,720

Storm 05/31/2014 23:05 06/01/2014 04:00 209,648 3.90 4,985

Storm 06/01/2014 05:10 06/01/2014 09:30 318,935 3.12 2,947

x Storm 06/07/2014 07:30 06/07/2014 09:05 103,239 1.07 876

Storm 06/14/2014 19:30 06/14/2014 20:55 110,901 1.00 933

Storm 06/14/2014 22:55 06/15/2014 10:35 326,348 3.16 2,978

Storm 06/18/2014 02:30 06/18/2014 03:45 16,107 0.18 175

Storm 06/19/2014 03:15 06/19/2014 15:20 1,021,115 9.21 8,596

Storm 06/19/2014 17:55 06/21/2014 16:00 355,821 4.39 4,257

Storm 06/22/2014 10:45 06/22/2014 14:30 10,539 0.21 215

x Storm 06/28/2014 16:45 06/28/2014 18:40 103,698 1.00 2,427

Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/07/2014 19:10 30,497 0.45 549

x Storm 07/11/2014 08:15 07/11/2014 09:55 155,227 1.08 1,151

x Storm 07/25/2014 04:45 07/25/2014 12:15 97,580 2.11 2,640

Storm 08/03/2014 20:30 08/04/2014 16:00 160,901 1.67 1,344

Storm 08/29/2014 17:00 08/29/2014 18:25 45,208 0.46 369

x Storm 08/30/2014 00:30 08/30/2014 06:45 98,882 1.30 1,312

x Storm 08/31/2014 21:30 09/01/2014 00:55 51,267 0.36 179

x Storm 09/09/2014 20:45 09/13/2014 21:15 96,768 3.99 4,721

Storm 09/20/2014 17:45 09/20/2014 20:30 15,954 0.33 367

Storm 10/01/2014 10:50 10/01/2014 11:40 22,035 0.82 800

x Storm 10/02/2014 12:30 10/02/2014 15:55 89,364 5.28 5,639

Storm Subtotal 4,772,285 77 101,607

Total 4,772,285 77 101,607

Month

Base Loading Interval Monthly Base Volume (cf)

Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 --- --- ---

February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 --- --- ---

March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 --- --- ---

April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 1,012,639 2.18 198

May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 2,407,624 4.74 527

June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 2,267,545 3.39 282

July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 838,610 1.44 131

August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 410,232 1.08 872

September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 422,614 0.76 185

October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 473,069 0.74 177

November* 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 17,082 0.02 6

December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 --- --- ---

Base Subtotal 7,849,415 14 2,377

TOTAL ANNUAL 12,621,701 92 103,985

*October concentration used

Hidden Falls


Table 7-3: 2014 Hidden Falls subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved P

Type Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/L

Base Grab 04/22/2014 08:30 04/22/2014 08:30 - 74.1 0.00020 0.00053 0.00150 0.00056 0.00150 0.02380 0.310 0.8 0.03 1.27 0.03 471 3 1 312 - - - 0.020

Base Grab 05/14/2014 08:40 05/14/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 -

Base Composite 05/14/2014 09:01 05/15/2014 05:46 0.005 83.2 0.00020 0.00077 0.00220 0.00350 0.00190 0.02740 0.250 1.0 0.02 1.46 0.03 545 5 2 368 - - - 0.021

Base Grab 05/29/2014 08:50 05/29/2014 08:50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124 -

Base Composite 05/29/2014 09:31 05/30/2014 08:00 0.016 116.4 0.00020 0.00036 0.00150 0.00058 0.00230 0.01440 0.160 0.7 0.04 2.06 0.03 782 2 1 492 - - - 0.024

Base Grab 06/10/2014 08:20 06/10/2014 08:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176 -

Base Composite 06/10/2014 08:31 06/11/2014 02:16 0.005 99.6 0.00020 0.00039 0.00140 0.00030 0.00230 0.00840 0.120 0.6 0.03 1.88 0.03 714 2 1 444 - - - 0.020

Base Composite 06/23/2014 14:01 06/24/2014 10:30 0.009 88.8 0.00020 0.00055 0.00170 0.00041 0.00220 0.01130 0.060 0.5 0.02 1.54 0.03 694 2 1 420 - - - 0.020

Base Grab 06/25/2014 08:30 06/25/2014 08:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 -

Base Grab 07/02/2014 08:20 07/02/2014 08:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 682 -

Base Grab 07/03/2014 08:25 07/03/2014 08:25 0.006 103.3 0.00020 0.00037 0.00130 0.00010 0.00240 0.00860 0.150 0.6 0.03 1.84 0.03 716 2 1 420 - - - 0.020

Base Grab 07/21/2014 08:55 07/21/2014 08:55 0.010 119.9 0.00020 0.00032 0.00120 0.00057 0.00250 0.00730 0.200 0.6 0.02 1.79 0.04 769 3 1 436 - - 138 0.028

Base Grab 08/04/2014 08:40 08/04/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 649 -

Base Composite 08/04/2014 08:46 08/05/2014 07:45 0.007 83.5 0.00020 0.00520 0.00510 0.00610 0.00480 0.02410 0.110 0.6 0.13 1.28 0.03 550 46 5 324 - 95.2 - 0.020

Base Grab 08/13/2014 09:00 08/13/2014 09:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 238 -

Base Composite 08/13/2014 09:31 08/14/2014 08:31 0.005 110.5 0.00020 0.00140 0.00440 0.01780 0.00460 0.03080 0.170 0.8 0.02 1.81 0.06 745 34 5 404 1.0 147.0 - 0.020

Base Grab 08/26/2014 08:25 08/26/2014 08:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,414 -

Base Composite 08/26/2014 08:47 08/27/2014 08:16 0.113 26.1 0.00020 0.00054 0.00280 0.00400 0.00300 0.01120 0.070 0.8 0.04 0.93 0.06 778 19 5 432 - - - 0.031

Base Grab 09/08/2014 08:40 09/08/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 -

Base Composite 09/08/2014 09:01 09/09/2014 05:01 0.005 103.9 0.00020 0.00088 0.00170 0.00240 0.00310 0.01190 0.170 0.7 0.03 0.87 0.07 735 7 1 416 - - - 0.020

Base Grab 09/29/2014 08:40 09/29/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18,500 -

Base Grab 10/09/2014 09:15 10/09/2014 09:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,300 -

Base Composite 10/09/2014 10:01 10/09/2014 18:30 0.005 39.7 0.00020 0.00039 0.00250 0.00830 0.00270 0.01250 0.060 2.6 0.03 0.43 0.03 330 6 3 208 - - - 0.020

Base Average 0.017 87.4 0.00020 0.00098 0.00228 0.00372 0.00278 0.01598 0.153 0.9 0.04 1.43 0.039 652 11 2 390 1.0 121.1 1,945 0.022

Storm Grab 04/24/2014 08:45 04/24/2014 08:45 0.033 20.1 0.00051 0.00680 0.01670 0.05840 0.00450 0.21300 0.340 1.2 0.11 0.57 0.03 166 73 23 116 - 30.1 101 0.030

Storm Composite 04/27/2014 04:30 04/27/2014 14:02 0.032 10.8 0.00072 0.00830 0.02220 0.06450 0.00540 0.27900 0.340 1.4 0.20 0.39 0.03 122 194 46 80 - - - 0.039

Storm Composite 04/28/2014 09:16 04/28/2014 18:30 0.029 16.4 0.00056 0.00700 0.01840 0.05720 0.00450 0.23800 0.120 0.9 0.20 0.56 0.03 174 125 26 102 - - - 0.063

Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:16 05/08/2014 17:45 0.013 8.5 0.00490 0.04300 0.11000 0.46300 0.02580 1.71000 0.570 2.1 0.46 0.39 0.04 92 1,520 292 84 - - - 0.036

Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:16 05/12/2014 02:30 0.034 13.6 0.00069 0.00830 0.02510 0.06710 0.00560 0.31300 0.130 1.3 0.24 0.10 0.03 102 100 27 82 - - - 0.082

Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:16 05/19/2014 13:48 0.022 6.6 0.00120 0.01260 0.03130 0.11200 0.00900 0.48300 0.200 1.6 0.26 0.20 0.03 73 363 80 50 - - - 0.032

Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:40 05/19/2014 11:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -

Storm Composite 05/31/2014 20:31 06/01/2014 03:51 0.005 10.4 0.00075 0.00850 0.02330 0.07670 0.00600 0.44800 0.110 1.2 0.21 0.29 0.03 82 264 58 56 - - - 0.020

Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:01 06/07/2014 14:00 - 12.9 0.00040 0.00580 0.01580 0.04220 0.00450 0.22200 0.190 1.1 0.17 0.36 0.03 105 130 31 76 - - - 0.042

Storm Composite 06/16/2014 18:01 06/16/2014 22:15 0.016 18.5 0.00020 0.00150 0.00570 0.00550 0.00150 0.03460 0.020 0.5 0.06 0.38 0.03 145 10 4 84 - - - 0.021

Storm Grab 06/19/2014 08:40 06/19/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,100 -

Storm Composite 06/28/2014 17:16 06/28/2014 18:00 0.008 8.3 0.00043 0.00660 0.01680 0.07030 0.00500 0.24100 0.070 0.7 0.14 0.19 0.03 74 335 45 44 - - - 0.020

Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:00 07/11/2014 09:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,986 -

Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:46 07/11/2014 11:45 0.012 6.3 0.00023 0.00420 0.00950 0.02530 0.00330 0.11600 0.050 0.5 0.11 0.14 0.03 63 116 23 48 - - - 0.020

Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:25 07/25/2014 08:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,600 -

Storm Composite 07/25/2014 05:16 07/25/2014 07:00 - 22.1 0.00069 0.01210 0.02760 0.08910 0.00920 0.30300 0.100 1.6 0.33 0.36 0.06 144 412 55 84 - - - 0.020

Storm Grab 08/21/2014 08:35 08/21/2014 08:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13,500 -

Storm Composite 08/30/2014 00:45 08/30/2014 03:15 - 18.7 0.00034 0.00640 0.01410 0.04990 0.00570 0.15200 0.020 0.8 0.20 0.19 0.03 142 202 32 68 - - - 0.030

Storm Composite 08/31/2014 22:30 09/01/2014 05:45 - 25.7 0.00020 0.00350 0.00800 0.01820 0.00290 0.06180 0.020 0.6 0.11 0.21 0.03 172 55 11 80 - - - 0.020

Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:16 09/10/2014 00:45 0.018 28.8 0.00071 0.01440 0.02830 0.10300 0.01270 0.32500 0.110 1.8 0.42 0.45 0.04 176 486 70 92 7.1 22.2 - 0.020

Storm Composite 09/29/2014 10:30 09/29/2014 18:46 0.005 48.2 0.00045 0.00710 0.01960 0.05030 0.00770 0.17000 0.020 1.0 0.19 0.54 0.06 267 173 39 156 - - - 0.020

Storm Composite 10/01/2014 08:16 10/01/2014 15:15 0.026 23.8 0.00032 0.00790 0.01590 0.04890 0.00720 0.13800 0.020 0.9 0.23 0.13 0.08 164 143 26 132 - - - 0.038

Storm Grab 10/01/2014 08:55 10/01/2014 08:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71,700 -

Storm Composite 10/02/2014 13:16 10/02/2014 22:00 0.029 18.3 0.00100 0.02440 0.04230 0.21100 0.02510 0.32300 0.120 1.8 0.89 0.24 0.15 180 950 115 124 - - - 0.030

Storm Average 0.020 17.7 0.00079 0.01047 0.02503 0.08959 0.00809 0.32058 0.142 1.2 0.25 0.32 0.044 136 314 56 87 7.1 26.2 14,141 0.032

Annual Average 0.019 45.6 0.00056 0.00667 0.01593 0.05524 0.00596 0.19874 0.146 1.0 0.16 0.76 0.042 342 193 34 208 4.1 73.6 6,438 0.028

Annual Maximum 0.113 119.9 0.00490 0.04300 0.11000 0.46300 0.02580 1.71000 0.570 2.6 0.89 2.06 0.150 782 1,520 292 492 7.1 147.0 71,700 0.082

Annual Minimum 0.005 6.3 0.00020 0.00032 0.00120 0.00010 0.00150 0.00730 0.020 0.5 0.02 0.10 0.030 63 2 1 44 1.0 22.2 1 0.020

Annual Median 0.012 24.8 0.00028 0.00550 0.01180 0.03375 0.00450 0.12700 0.120 0.9 0.12 0.44 0.030 175 87 23 120 4.1 62.7 649 0.021

Actual number less than value (<)

Estimated concentration above the adjusted method detection limit and below the adjusted reporting limit.

- Not collected

Hidden Falls


East Kittsondale



8.1 DESCRIPTION

The East Kittsondale subwatershed is located in the southern portion of CRWD and drains 1,116 acres of St. Paul (Figure 8-2). East Kittsondale is the smallest of the four major subwatersheds monitored by CRWD. The subwatershed empties into the Mississippi River, downstream of the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers. There are no surface water bodies in the subwatershed. Land use in the subwatershed is largely residential, with 46% impervious surface cover. CRWD operates a full water quality monitoring station in the East Kittsondale subwatershed. Flow monitoring equipment is installed year-round while a water quality sampler is only installed for the non-winter monitoring period (April to early November). The station is not located at the true outlet to the river because the depth of the storm sewer beneath the ground surface makes it difficult to monitor any farther downstream.

Figure 8-1: The East Kittsondale monitoring site location (top, bottom left) and flow-logging and sampling equipment installed inside storm tunnel (bottom right).

East Kittsondale


Figure 8-2: Map of the East Kittsondale subwatershed and monitoring location.

East Kittsondale



The East Kittsondale subwatershed has been monitored for flow and water quality since 2005. From 2005-2009, monitoring only occurred during the spring, summer, and fall with no winter monitoring. Since 2010, the site has been monitored for the full calendar year with continuous flow data recorded and, at a minimum, one full water quality sampling event per month. Due to these differences in monitoring period, the 2010-2014 loading, and discharge data may show a significant difference when compared to pre-2010 data. Stormflow data should not be affected by differences in monitoring period as all storm samples since 2005 were collected during the spring, summer, or fall.

The East Kittsondale monitoring site has a history of illicit discharges. In 2010, an illicit connection was identified and corrected. In 2012 possible illicit discharges were noticed during a dry period of the year. In 2013, greater attention was paid to the flow data during a dry period from August to October to identify and record potential illicit discharges. In 2014, one illicit discharge was identified in May.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at East Kittsondale are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at East Kittsondale is explained in Appendix B.

8.2.1 DISCHARGE

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at East Kittsondale for both baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt events in 2014.

• Total baseflow discharge: 31,521,903 cubic feet (Figure 8-3; Table 8-1) • Total stormflow discharge: 51,888,007 cubic feet (Figure 8-3; Table 8-1) • Total snowmelt discharge: 5,433,144 cubic feet (Figure 8-3; Table 8-1) • Total annual discharge: 88,843,054 cubic feet (Figure 8-4; Table 8-1)


Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 4 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 199 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 426 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Total baseflow TSS load: 8,774 lbs (Figure 8-7; Table 8-1) • Total stormflow TSS load: 640,084 lbs (Figure 8-7; Table 8-1) • Total snowmelt TSS load: 144,378 lbs (Figure 8-7; Table 8-1) • Total annual TSS load: 793,236 lbs (Figure 8-7; Table 8-1)


Baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

East Kittsondale


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.05 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.37 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 0.64 mg/L (Table 8-1) • Total baseflow TP load: 107 lbs (Figure 8-9; Table 8-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 1,201 lbs (Figure 8-9; Table 8-1) • Total snowmelt TP load: 217 lbs (Figure 8-9; Table 8-1) • Total annual TP load: 1,525 lbs (Figure 8-9; Table 8-1)

Discharge East Kittsondale


Figure 8-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt, illicit discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Illicit Discharge

Storm

Base

Seasonally Monitored (~Apr-Nov)

Continuously Monitored (Jan-Dec)



Figure 8-4: East Kittsondale cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 8-5: East Kittsondale level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 8-6: East Kittsondale level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids East Kittsondale


Figure 8-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt, illicit discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Illicit Discharge

Storm

Base

Total Suspended Solids East Kittsondale


Figure 8-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for East Kittsondale subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=1

n=9

n=28

n=28

n=29

n=33

n=19

n=20

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=5

n=4

n=3

n=4

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014

Total Phosphorus East Kittsondale


Figure 8-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at East Kittsondale subwatershed for snowmelt, illicit discharge, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Illicit Discharge

Storm

Base

Total Phosphorus East Kittsondale


Figure 8-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for East Kittsondale subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=1

n=9

n=28

n=28

n=29

n=33

n=19

n=20

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=5

n=4

n=3

n=4

n=0

n=0

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

East Kittsondale


Table 8-1: East Kittsondale subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116Total Rainfall (inches) 29.28 24.13 13.96 18.89 20.95 35.61 33.62 30.26 36.36 35.66Number of Monitoring Days 200 210 225 217 277 325 365 360 365 364Number of Storm Sampling Events 18 15 25 12 25 19 13 20 22 18Number of Storm Intervals 23 26 43 37 58 54 34 40 40 82Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 1 3Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 37 18Number of Illicit Discharge Sampling Events NA NA NA NA 8 0 0 0 3 0Number of Illicit Discharge Intervals NA NA NA NA 41 0 0 0 14 0Total Discharge (cf) 27,816,625 39,689,928 58,852,320 35,342,806 44,095,386 66,983,674 76,282,660 55,261,249 72,017,156 88,843,054 Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 21,125,831 25,397,422 45,045,199 24,635,756 30,705,350 50,937,930 36,668,961 36,530,284 32,265,441 51,888,007 Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5,740,510 14,504,314 5,433,144 Illicit Discharge Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA 4,211,844 NA NA NA 133,811 NABaseflow Subtotal (cf) 6,690,794 14,292,506 13,806,121 10,707,050 9,178,141 16,045,744 39,613,699 12,990,455 25,113,590 31,521,903 Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 133 171 279 169 100 106 117 84 102 125Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 132 173 316 214 112 185 122 123 91 144Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 133 266 403 291 141 241 243 160 184 199Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 157 22 426Illicit Discharge FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA 98 0 0 0 25 0Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 4 6 32 36 20 7 10 5 11 4Total TSS Load (lbs) 230,190 427,494 1,161,807 471,176 308,358 773,129 580,026 425,599 408,699 793,236Storm TSS Load (lbs) 228,519 421,821 1,134,452 447,229 271,189 766,063 555,801 365,152 371,464 640,084Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56,334 19,920 144,378Illicit Discharge TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA 25,722 0 0 0 209 0Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 1,671 5,673 27,354 23,877 11,360 7,066 24,225 4,113 17,106 8,774Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 206 383 1,038 422 276 693 520 381 366 711Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.31 0.37 0.35 0.39 0.29 0.25 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.26Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.23 0.38 0.35 0.48 0.29 0.34 0.19 0.25 0.25 0.28Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.28 0.54 0.44 0.58 0.35 0.43 0.32 0.30 0.35 0.37Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.00 0.31 0.33 0.64Illicit Discharge FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.24 0.16 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.05Total TP Load (lbs) 398 931 1,302 1,058 801 1,425 886 845 1,125 1,525 Storm TP Load (lbs) 373 861 1,236 898 662 1,369 724 690 710 1,201 Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 111 302 217 Illicit Discharge TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA 49 0 0 0 1 0Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 25 70 66 161 90 56 162 44 113 107Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.36 0.83 1.17 0.95 0.72 1.28 0.79 0.76 1.01 1.37

East Kittsondale


Table 8-2: 2014 East Kittsondale subwatershed loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Snowmelt 01/13/2014 12:45 01/13/2014 13:30 2,405 0.01 0 Snowmelt 01/19/2014 13:30 01/19/2014 21:00 25,798 0.06 3 Snowmelt 02/18/2014 12:30 02/18/2014 18:45 34,281 0.06 4 Snowmelt 02/19/2014 12:30 02/19/2014 19:30 83,319 0.16 10 Snowmelt 02/20/2014 12:00 02/20/2014 15:15 20,711 0.04 3 Snowmelt 02/20/2014 16:30 02/20/2014 18:30 4,075 0.01 1 Snowmelt 03/05/2014 13:45 03/05/2014 17:30 19,115 1.08 744 Snowmelt 03/08/2014 12:45 03/08/2014 19:30 99,301 3.43 2,283 Snowmelt 03/09/2014 12:00 03/10/2014 03:30 331,395 10.18 6,690 x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 09:30 03/11/2014 23:15 1,807,269 84.07 85,546 Snowmelt 03/12/2014 11:15 03/12/2014 20:15 172,252 5.79 3,837 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 10:15 03/15/2014 03:15 1,607,516 70.16 23,776 Snowmelt 03/16/2014 13:00 03/16/2014 17:30 28,052 1.49 1,023 Snowmelt 03/17/2014 13:00 03/17/2014 21:00 204,611 6.23 4,089 Snowmelt 03/19/2014 12:15 03/19/2014 21:45 87,508 3.50 2,354 x Snowmelt 03/20/2014 11:30 03/21/2014 00:00 566,848 19.85 6,895 Snowmelt 03/21/2014 11:45 03/21/2014 23:30 327,566 9.87 6,474 Snowmelt 03/22/2014 14:30 03/22/2014 17:45 8,235 0.91 646 Storm 03/26/2014 13:45 03/26/2014 22:00 108,883 3.69 2,452 x Storm 03/27/2014 07:15 03/27/2014 23:15 1,201,711 183.73 61,768 Storm 03/28/2014 10:45 03/28/2014 21:15 270,152 8.82 5,831 Storm 03/29/2014 11:30 03/30/2014 00:30 356,871 10.75 7,050 Storm 03/30/2014 10:00 04/01/2014 03:15 1,285,271 38.29 25,090 Storm 04/01/2014 14:00 04/01/2014 19:00 17,412 1.05 910 Storm 04/02/2014 14:30 04/02/2014 17:30 5,273 0.63 568 Storm 04/03/2014 14:45 04/03/2014 18:45 21,571 0.87 730 Storm 04/04/2014 12:00 04/05/2014 02:45 476,000 11.04 8,455 Storm 04/05/2014 11:00 04/06/2014 03:45 676,884 15.97 12,283 Storm 04/06/2014 10:15 04/06/2014 22:15 313,244 8.27 6,503 Storm 04/07/2014 11:45 04/07/2014 22:00 126,081 3.94 3,186 Storm 04/08/2014 13:30 04/08/2014 19:00 14,913 1.05 925 Storm 04/12/2014 06:15 04/12/2014 16:00 190,715 4.59 3,540 Storm 04/16/2014 16:15 04/17/2014 17:30 1,060,881 24.13 18,407 Storm 04/19/2014 16:30 04/20/2014 08:15 550,895 12.47 9,499 Storm 04/21/2014 02:15 04/21/2014 09:00 211,044 5.00 3,846 x Storm 04/23/2014 14:30 04/24/2014 02:00 283,626 6.52 1,973 Storm 04/24/2014 05:00 04/24/2014 19:45 1,177,953 25.79 19,504 x Storm 04/26/2014 20:45 04/30/2014 21:15 7,328,985 121.18 103,269 Storm 05/01/2014 03:15 05/01/2014 11:00 50,310 2.98 1,766 Storm 05/08/2014 07:30 05/08/2014 12:45 98,936 3.35 1,913 x Storm 05/08/2014 15:30 05/09/2014 01:30 496,830 21.29 23,274 Storm 05/10/2014 20:45 05/11/2014 01:45 106,722 3.61 2,059 x Storm 05/11/2014 21:30 05/12/2014 08:00 912,544 13.86 4,450 Storm 05/12/2014 16:30 05/13/2014 01:00 218,379 7.03 3,995 Storm 05/15/2014 12:15 05/15/2014 14:00 5,547 0.28 167 x Storm 05/19/2014 10:30 05/23/2014 11:00 2,888,910 57.72 33,256 x Storm 05/26/2014 21:30 05/27/2014 18:00 1,115,023 31.88 15,524 Storm 05/28/2014 12:45 05/28/2014 14:30 7,382 0.36 208 Storm 05/29/2014 10:00 05/29/2014 11:15 8,010 0.34 198 Storm 05/30/2014 09:00 05/30/2014 10:15 9,370 0.37 217

East Kittsondale


x Storm 05/31/2014 15:15 06/02/2014 04:15 3,460,320 45.87 26,349 Storm 06/02/2014 06:30 06/02/2014 14:15 82,887 3.48 1,627 Storm 06/05/2014 15:30 06/05/2014 21:00 98,607 3.12 1,430 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:30 06/07/2014 16:00 1,101,023 13.85 4,354 Storm 06/11/2014 23:00 06/12/2014 07:30 281,363 8.29 3,774 x Storm 06/14/2014 10:30 06/15/2014 22:45 3,324,177 56.31 17,212 x Storm 06/16/2014 16:45 06/17/2014 04:30 685,310 6.37 1,574 Storm 06/18/2014 02:30 06/18/2014 13:15 787,520 22.17 10,056 Storm 06/19/2014 03:00 06/23/2014 03:30 5,343,552 152.23 69,135 Storm 06/28/2014 15:30 06/29/2014 09:15 1,597,975 44.35 20,091 Storm 07/01/2014 15:30 07/01/2014 17:45 21,386 0.79 431 Storm 07/06/2014 06:15 07/06/2014 11:30 101,629 2.71 1,407 x Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/08/2014 00:45 389,609 9.49 5,596 x Storm 07/11/2014 06:15 07/12/2014 11:00 1,767,917 18.41 12,183 Storm 07/12/2014 13:30 07/12/2014 20:45 280,721 6.66 3,389 Storm 07/14/2014 17:30 07/15/2014 04:00 213,938 5.20 2,655 x Storm 07/25/2014 04:45 07/25/2014 16:30 472,141 13.47 4,967 Storm 08/01/2014 18:30 08/01/2014 23:45 78,864 1.71 887 Storm 08/03/2014 20:30 08/03/2014 23:45 150,612 2.94 1,497 x Storm 08/10/2014 19:15 08/11/2014 22:30 566,361 13.89 212 Storm 08/17/2014 15:15 08/17/2014 19:00 69,718 1.55 808 Storm 08/17/2014 23:30 08/18/2014 10:15 537,873 10.06 5,083 x Storm 08/18/2014 20:30 08/18/2014 22:15 6,341 0.22 237 Storm 08/21/2014 06:00 08/21/2014 14:00 206,233 4.05 2,064 Storm 08/24/2014 06:45 08/24/2014 09:00 12,012 0.39 215 Storm 08/24/2014 17:30 08/24/2014 22:00 107,115 2.28 1,182 Storm 08/29/2014 03:30 08/29/2014 07:30 78,828 1.69 878 Storm 08/29/2014 11:15 08/29/2014 15:00 12,293 0.40 221 x Storm 08/29/2014 17:15 08/30/2014 14:15 1,555,043 12.98 6,717 x Storm 08/31/2014 21:30 09/01/2014 13:45 881,911 6.26 6,193 Storm 09/02/2014 12:00 09/02/2014 14:30 10,545 0.41 233 Storm 09/03/2014 08:45 09/03/2014 15:45 228,881 5.65 2,957 Storm 09/09/2014 21:00 09/10/2014 15:15 644,239 15.16 7,837 Storm 09/15/2014 07:00 09/15/2014 10:45 44,753 1.36 750 Storm 09/20/2014 17:30 09/21/2014 01:45 239,244 5.69 2,948 Storm 09/24/2014 14:30 09/24/2014 19:00 63,246 1.70 907 Storm 09/29/2014 09:45 09/29/2014 13:45 213,645 5.17 2,692 Storm 10/01/2014 07:15 10/01/2014 22:45 946,153 16.68 5,981 Storm 10/02/2014 12:30 10/03/2014 06:45 1,139,651 20.07 7,193 Storm 10/03/2014 23:30 10/04/2014 07:15 259,166 4.97 1,805 Storm 10/23/2014 02:45 10/23/2014 10:00 82,613 1.70 624 Storm 11/11/2014 13:15 11/11/2014 18:45 22,516 2.59 1,480 Storm 11/22/2014 15:15 11/22/2014 15:45 0 0.28 163 Storm 11/23/2014 00:15 11/23/2014 08:45 95,605 13.49 7,731 Storm 11/23/2014 22:45 11/24/2014 01:15 5,359 2.33 1,349 Storm 12/10/2014 14:45 12/11/2014 02:15 20,276 0.03 3 Storm 12/13/2014 08:45 12/13/2014 19:15 104,054 0.13 13 Storm 12/15/2014 02:15 12/15/2014 04:45 14,128 0.02 2 Storm 12/15/2014 12:15 12/16/2014 05:45 344,744 0.43 43 Storm 12/21/2014 10:15 12/23/2014 07:00 1,065,468 1.33 133

Snowmelt Subtotal 5,430,260 217 144,378 Storm Subtotal 51,413,889 1,201 640,084

Total 56,844,149 1,418

784,462

East Kittsondale


Month Base Loading Interval Monthly Base Volume (cf)

Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 1,758,562 4.61 220 February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 1,206,820 1.96 151 March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 2,994,003 8.91 563 April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 3,142,454 13.94 785 May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 2,648,400 8.44 662 June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 3,777,495 12.49 1,414 July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 3,267,182 14.06 1,121 August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 2,805,777 10.34 1,051 September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 2,471,836 13.73 771 October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 2,166,672 7.71 1,014 November 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 2,837,653 6.91 727 December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 2,363,868 3.62 296 Base Subtotal 31,440,723 107 8,774

TOTAL ANNUAL 88,284,872 1,525 793,236

East Kittsondale


Table 8-3: 2014 East Kittsondale subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved P Potassium Flouride ion Type Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/L mg/L mg/LIllicit Discharge 05/29/2014 10:32 05/29/2014 11:16 - 138.6 0.00020 0.00190 0.00550 0.00500 0.00190 0.02710 0.450 1.6 0.15 - - - 1,110 146 200 - - - - 3.5 0.823

ID Average - 138.6 0.0002 0.0019 0.0055 0.0050 0.0019 0.0271 0.450 1.6 0.15 - - - 1110 146 200 - - - - 3.500 0.823

Base Grab 01/22/2014 10:10 01/22/2014 10:10 0.016 513.2 0.00020 0.00024 0.00130 0.00010 0.00180 0.00770 0.020 0.5 0.03 1.26 0.03 1,350 2 1 528 1.0 113.0 189 0.020 - -Base Grab 02/12/2014 09:15 02/12/2014 09:15 0.041 978.9 0.00020 0.00019 0.00076 0.00010 0.00170 0.00190 0.020 0.4 0.02 1.38 0.03 1,240 1 1 532 - - 52 0.044 - -Base Grab 03/17/2014 08:55 03/17/2014 08:55 0.046 1,139.1 0.00040 0.00110 0.00330 0.00039 0.00300 0.02400 0.020 1.1 0.07 1.21 0.03 2,460 2 2 642 - - 866 0.044 - -Base Grab 04/11/2014 08:45 04/11/2014 08:45 0.044 789.5 0.00020 0.00094 0.00280 0.00047 0.00300 0.01460 0.100 1.3 0.07 1.61 0.04 1,680 3 2 612 - - 1,046 0.049 - -Base Grab 05/14/2014 09:20 05/14/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,414 - - -Base Composite 05/14/2014 09:24 05/15/2014 06:46 0.030 550.3 0.00020 0.00088 0.00410 0.00083 0.00200 0.02020 0.120 1.0 0.09 2.08 0.03 1,350 6 4 540 - - - 0.056 - -Base Grab 05/29/2014 09:25 05/29/2014 09:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,300 - - -Base Composite 05/29/2014 11:17 05/30/2014 01:16 0.015 981.7 0.00020 0.00078 0.00230 0.00043 0.00160 0.00830 0.080 0.8 0.07 2.65 0.03 1,320 8 2 524 - - - 0.029 - -Base Grab 06/10/2014 08:55 06/10/2014 08:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 687 - - -Base Composite 06/10/2014 09:01 06/10/2014 17:01 - 425.1 - - - - - - 0.020 1.1 0.15 2.12 0.03 - 48 16 444 - - - 0.030 4.8 0.170Base Composite 06/10/2014 17:16 06/11/2014 02:16 0.032 446.1 0.00020 0.00150 0.00290 0.00032 0.00170 0.00950 0.020 0.7 0.06 1.86 0.03 1,190 3 1 456 - - - 0.033 - -Base Grab 07/02/2014 08:55 07/02/2014 08:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 161 - - -Base Composite 07/02/2014 09:01 07/03/2014 08:46 0.025 444.0 0.00020 0.00079 0.00330 0.00033 0.00190 0.01130 0.020 0.6 0.05 3.19 0.03 1,180 4 1 428 - - - 0.044 - -Base Grab 07/21/2014 09:25 07/21/2014 09:25 0.028 425.9 0.00020 0.00058 0.00170 0.00010 0.00200 0.00600 0.040 0.4 0.03 2.92 0.03 1,220 3 1 492 - - 78 0.028 - -Base Grab 08/13/2014 09:35 08/13/2014 09:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 461 - - -Base Composite 08/13/2014 09:43 08/14/2014 09:16 0.011 417.9 0.00020 0.00059 0.00250 0.00036 0.00230 0.00660 0.020 0.7 0.02 2.28 0.03 1,080 6 2 464 1.4 97.4 - 0.022 - -Base Grab 09/08/2014 09:15 09/08/2014 09:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 - -Base Composite 09/08/2014 09:17 09/09/2014 09:16 0.025 359.5 0.00020 0.00055 0.00220 0.00230 0.00190 0.00490 0.020 0.7 0.05 1.84 0.08 1,070 3 1 476 - - - 0.020 - -Base Grab 09/29/2014 09:10 09/29/2014 09:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 - - -Base Grab 10/09/2014 09:55 10/09/2014 09:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 - - -Base Composite 10/09/2014 09:57 10/10/2014 08:16 0.012 360.3 0.00020 0.00065 0.00180 0.00029 0.00180 0.00440 0.020 0.8 0.02 2.03 0.03 1,000 2 1 448 - - - 0.020 - -Base Grab 11/20/2014 09:40 11/20/2014 09:40 0.014 939.8 0.00020 0.00020 0.00080 0.00010 0.00200 0.00360 0.020 0.5 0.02 1.40 0.03 2,050 1 1 552 1.0 99.2 1 0.020 - -Base Grab 12/18/2014 09:10 12/18/2014 09:10 0.024 913.9 0.00020 0.00081 0.00140 0.00022 0.00360 0.00950 0.020 0.5 0.03 1.14 0.03 1,700 2 1 548 - - 12 0.020 - -

Base Average 0.026 645.7 0.00021 0.00070 0.00223 0.00045 0.00216 0.00946 0.037 0.7 0.05 1.93 0.034 1,421 6 2 512 1.1 103.2 431 0.032 4.800 0.170

Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 12:40 03/10/2014 12:40 0.203 1,439.8 0.00048 0.02530 0.06830 0.03970 0.01480 0.35200 1.530 6.2 0.64 0.49 0.18 2,460 644 208 120 - - 1,550 0.240Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:20 03/13/2014 13:20 0.289 979.9 0.00040 0.01510 0.05830 0.04020 0.01180 0.28800 1.020 5.0 0.63 0.35 0.12 1,750 212 78 104 - - 1,050 0.331Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 15:30 03/20/2014 15:30 - 211.6 0.00027 0.01280 0.04480 0.03340 0.00850 0.20600 0.560 3.7 0.50 0.45 0.08 496 172 68 44 - - - 0.227Storm Grab 03/27/2014 13:40 03/27/2014 13:40 0.301 117.3 0.00044 0.03550 0.07120 0.05940 0.01960 0.00560 1.110 7.7 2.10 0.60 0.07 320 704 268 32 - - 565 0.356Storm Composite 04/23/2014 15:17 04/23/2014 17:25 0.036 203.4 0.00020 0.01050 0.02960 0.01340 0.00570 0.13600 0.680 3.9 0.32 0.96 0.09 1,130 94 43 156 - - - 0.289Storm Grab 04/24/2014 10:20 04/24/2014 10:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,986 -Storm Composite 04/26/2014 22:02 04/27/2014 15:16 0.038 15.7 0.00020 0.00860 0.02080 0.01950 0.00470 0.11400 0.450 2.1 0.25 0.31 0.03 64 247 113 40 - - - 0.067Storm Composite 04/28/2014 09:47 04/29/2014 09:01 0.040 17.6 0.00024 0.00750 0.02160 0.02180 0.00430 0.14100 0.140 1.9 0.26 0.33 0.03 91 182 75 40 - - - 0.082Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:33 05/08/2014 17:46 0.032 16.3 0.00047 0.01750 0.05580 0.06200 0.01120 0.32500 0.900 4.4 0.64 0.48 0.04 72 696 260 40 - - - 0.045Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:18 05/12/2014 03:31 0.039 9.9 0.00020 0.00420 0.01670 0.01380 0.00310 0.08850 0.160 1.2 0.23 0.13 0.03 48 73 28 44 - - - 0.069Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:17 05/19/2014 15:31 0.042 4.1 0.00025 0.00880 0.02660 0.03410 0.00510 0.13300 0.190 1.8 0.30 0.19 0.03 39 171 52 228 - - - 0.071Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:55 05/19/2014 11:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,414 -Storm Composite 05/27/2014 03:46 05/27/2014 10:46 0.005 15.4 0.00020 0.00640 0.02410 0.01740 0.00400 0.09930 0.140 2.7 0.43 0.44 0.03 89 208 105 64 - - - 0.022Storm Composite 05/31/2014 20:46 06/01/2014 06:46 0.022 4.8 0.00020 0.00370 0.01180 0.01450 0.00250 0.06170 0.060 1.1 0.20 0.22 0.03 37 113 45 40 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:16 06/07/2014 13:01 8.3 0.00020 0.00440 0.01180 0.01040 0.00210 0.05220 0.140 1.0 0.19 0.22 0.03 53 59 20 28 - - - 0.048Storm Composite 06/14/2014 11:32 06/14/2014 15:16 0.065 20.4 0.00020 0.00680 0.01770 0.00970 0.00290 0.08600 0.040 2.4 0.38 0.05 0.03 106 93 64 40 - - - 0.104Storm Composite 06/14/2014 20:34 06/15/2014 03:31 0.025 3.6 0.00020 0.00400 0.01220 0.01460 0.00270 0.07570 0.110 1.0 0.14 0.19 0.03 42 65 22 20 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 06/16/2014 18:01 06/16/2014 22:01 0.021 11.1 0.00020 0.00480 0.01060 0.00660 0.00200 0.04970 0.020 0.9 0.14 0.21 0.03 58 34 16 44 - - - 0.029Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:05 06/19/2014 09:05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,200 -Storm Composite 07/07/2014 18:32 07/07/2014 19:04 0.046 10.9 0.00033 0.01020 0.03280 0.03410 0.00680 0.18700 0.220 2.5 0.36 0.31 0.03 59 209 81 36 - - - 0.068Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:46 07/11/2014 10:01 0.035 2.0 0.00020 0.00540 0.01560 0.02050 0.00320 0.07640 0.020 0.9 0.16 0.06 0.03 32 103 27 32 - - - 0.040Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:20 07/11/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Composite 07/25/2014 05:47 07/25/2014 06:47 - 18.8 0.00023 0.00870 0.03290 0.02180 0.00690 0.17600 0.220 2.8 0.42 0.57 0.03 113 153 59 68 - - - 0.417Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:55 07/25/2014 08:55 - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - 9,700 -Storm Grab 08/10/2014 22:02 08/10/2014 22:47 0.058 21.4 0.00044 0.01270 0.04950 0.04330 0.01060 0.27200 0.280 1.9 0.34 0.60 0.03 117 6 4 48 - - - 0.339Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:31 08/18/2014 01:16 0.047 6.3 0.00023 0.00770 0.02320 0.02580 0.00840 0.12800 0.230 1.6 0.26 0.21 0.03 43 242 102 40 - - - 0.068Storm Grab 08/21/2014 09:05 08/21/2014 09:05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23,100Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:16 08/30/2014 02:46 - 2.4 0.00020 0.00360 0.01240 0.01320 0.00260 0.06390 0.070 0.6 0.13 0.16 0.03 40 66 23 36 - - - 0.057Storm Composite 08/31/2014 22:47 09/01/2014 01:32 - 4.4 0.00020 0.00290 0.00850 0.00570 0.00140 0.04020 0.030 0.6 0.11 0.08 0.03 40 105 51 28 - - - 0.043Storm Grab 10/01/2014 09:20 10/01/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19,500 -

Snow melt Average 0.246 877.1 0.00038 0.01773 0.05713 0.03777 0.01170 0.28200 1.037 5.0 0.59 0.43 0.127 1,569 343 118 89 - - 1,300 0.266Storm Average 0.053 25.7 0.00025 0.00870 0.02527 0.02308 0.00549 0.11556 0.261 2.1 0.37 0.32 0.036 130 181 73 55 - - 8,746 0.113

Annual Average 0.053 337.6 0.00025 0.00640 0.01913 0.01571 0.00474 0.08891 0.234 1.8 0.26 0.96 0.042 735 125 49 238 1.1 103.2 3,161 0.093Annual Maximum 0.301 1,439.8 0.00048 0.03550 0.07120 0.06200 0.01960 0.35200 1.530 7.7 2.10 3.19 0.180 2,460 704 268 642 1.4 113.0 23,100 0.417Annual Minimum 0.005 2.0 0.00020 0.00019 0.00076 0.00010 0.00140 0.00190 0.020 0.4 0.02 0.05 0.030 32 1 1 20 1.0 97.4 1 0.020Annual Median 0.034 160.4 0.00020 0.00420 0.01220 0.01320 0.00300 0.06170 0.090 1.1 0.15 0.53 0.030 320 66 23 86 1.0 99.2 866 0.045


- Not collected

East Kittsondale


Lake McCarrons



9.1 DESCRIPTION

The Lake McCarrons subwatershed drains 1,070 acres and is the northernmost subwatershed in CRWD, located entirely within the city limits of Roseville (Figure 9-2). Land use in the subwatershed is predominantly residential and parkland. The largest subwatershed within the Lake McCarrons subwatershed is the Villa Park subwatershed (753 acres), which flows through the Villa Park Wetland System before discharging into the lake. The Villa Park Wetland System is designed to capture and treat stormwater runoff from the Villa Park subwatershed before entering Lake McCarrons.

CRWD operates a monitoring station at the outlet of the Villa Park Wetland System (called Villa Park Outlet) in order to quantify and characterize the water exiting the wetland system to Lake McCarrons. CRWD also operates a flow-only station at the outlet of Lake McCarrons (called McCarrons Outlet) to determine total discharge from the lake during storm events (the lake only discharges when water levels are higher than normal). When it overflows, water flowing from the outlet of Lake McCarrons enters the Trout Brook Storm Sewer System which eventually discharges to the Mississippi River. For more information on Lake McCarrons water quality, refer to the CRWD 2014 Lakes Monitoring Report (CRWD, 2015).

Figure 9-1: The Lake McCarrons Outlet monitoring site location (left); and Villa Park Wetland System (Villa Park Outlet) monitoring site location (right).

Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-2: Map of the Lake McCarrons subwatershed and monitoring locations.

Lake McCarrons


9.2 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – VILLA PARK OUTLET

The Lake McCarrons subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality at the Villa Park Outlet from 2006-2014. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurs between the months of April to November. During the winter months, baseflow grab samples are taken once a month, but neither level nor flow are recorded during this period.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Villa Park Outlet are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Villa Park Outlet is explained in Appendix B.

A summary of the historical (2006-2012) performance data collected at Villa Park Wetland System is included in Appendix D, Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Performance of the Villa Park Wetland, 2006-2012 (Janke, 2015).

9.2.1 DISCHARGE

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Villa Park Outlet for both baseflow and stormflow events in 2014.

• Total baseflow discharge: 12,167,166 cubic feet (Figure 9-3; Table 9-1) • Total stormflow discharge: 8,104,216 cubic feet (Figure 9-3; Table 9-1) • Total annual discharge: 20,271,382 cubic feet (Figure 9-4; Table 9-1)


Baseflow and stormflow samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 5 mg/L (Table 9-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 21 mg/L (Table 9-1) • Total baseflow TSS load: 3,821 lbs (Figure 9-7; Table 9-1) • Total stormflow TSS load: 10,419 lbs (Figure 9-7; Table 9-1) • Total annual TSS load: 14,240 lbs (Figure 9-7; Table 9-1)


Baseflow and stormflow samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.16 mg/L (Table 9-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.20 mg/L (Table 9-1) • Total baseflow TP load: 123 lbs (Figure 9-9; Table 9-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 102 lbs (Figure 9-9; Table 9-1) • Total annual TP load: 225 lbs (Figure 9-9; Table 9-1)

Discharge Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Villa Park Outlet for baseflow and stormflow from 2006-2014.

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Storm

Base



Figure 9-4: Villa Park Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 9-5: Villa Park Outlet level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 9-6: Villa Park Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Villa Park Outlet subwatershed for stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Storm

Base

Total Suspended Solids Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Villa Park Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2006-2013).

n=4

n=6

n=17

n=22

n=22

n=18

n=11

n=14

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=3

n=4 n=

1

n=1

n=1

n=2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014

Total Phosphorus Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at Villa Park Outlet subwatershed for stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Storm

Base

Total Phosphorus Lake McCarrons


Figure 9-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Villa Park Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2006-2013).

n=4

n=6

n=17

n=22

n=22

n=18

n=11

n=14

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=3

n=4

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=2

0.00

0

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Lake McCarrons


Table 9-1: Villa Park Outlet subwatershed monitoring results, 2006-2014.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 753 753 753 753 753 753 753 753 753Total Rainfall (inches) 24.66 24.16 19.45 19.11 31.32 28.90 26.38 26.00 29.38Number of Monitoring Days 204 228 223 220 212 211 232 197 206Number of Storm Sampling Events 12 18 12 17 13 10 17 13 12Number of Storm Intervals 15 28 19 24 28 23 36 21 19Total Discharge (cf) 11,075,521 14,512,244 12,884,967 7,597,428 13,687,318 15,879,438 12,427,912 16,792,317 20,271,382Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 5,564,657 9,835,524 7,839,161 5,668,868 11,029,258 12,382,914 9,898,813 12,633,927 8,104,216Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 5,510,864 4,656,826 5,045,805 1,928,561 2,658,060 3,496,524 2,529,099 4,158,390 12,167,166Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 18 18 25 32 59 21 35 38 25Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 17 23 22 43 75 30 31 50 11Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 19 28 14 49 91 35 34 59 21Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 15 12 35 26 11 12 19 25 5Total TSS Load (lbs) 11,833 20,394 17,740 20,410 64,362 29,837 23,891 52,906 14,240Storm TSS Load (lbs) 6,742 16,981 6,725 17,230 62,584 27,241 20,840 46,308 10,419Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 5,091 3,397 11,014 3,180 1,778 2,596 3,051 6,599 3,821Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 16 27 24 27 85 40 32 70 19Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.28 0.26 0.32 0.29 0.34 0.21 0.32 0.41 0.23Total FWA TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.31 0.24 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.33 0.18Storm FWA TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.19 0.21 0.32 0.20Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.40 0.28 0.32 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.16Total TP Load (lbs) 216 216 215 113 225 195 174 343 225Storm TP Load (lbs) 79 136 114 80 182 145 132 251 102Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 137 80 101 33 43 51 42 92 123Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.15 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.46 0.30

Lake McCarrons


Table 9-2: Villa Park Outlet loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


x Storm 04/27/2014 10:30 04/29/2014 03:30 469,192 4.01 843.10 x Storm 05/12/2014 00:45 05/14/2014 08:15 314,101 3.12 259.71 Storm 05/19/2014 11:05 05/19/2014 11:30 601 0.01 0.61 x Storm 05/19/2014 11:45 05/21/2014 10:55 667,500 5.00 626.30 x Storm 05/27/2014 05:10 05/30/2014 19:55 272,724 3.06 38.40 Storm 05/31/2014 23:30 06/01/2014 00:20 1,892 0.02 2.92 Storm 06/01/2014 01:50 06/01/2014 14:50 176,284 2.31 321.64 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:40 06/09/2014 01:05 432,871 5.90 394.63 x Storm 06/14/2014 20:00 06/18/2014 20:15 1,140,058 22.80 1,754.65 x Storm 06/19/2014 03:30 06/20/2014 11:50 1,302,615 13.55 1,149.73 x Storm 06/28/2014 15:40 07/02/2014 07:45 1,122,828 16.12 3,588.26 Storm 07/07/2014 14:10 07/07/2014 14:20 612 0.00 0.13 Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/09/2014 02:40 130,930 0.74 20.10 x Storm 07/11/2014 08:10 07/13/2014 15:30 322,466 1.23 70.81 x Storm 08/10/2014 21:50 08/13/2014 23:00 270,221 2.66 192.38 Storm 08/18/2014 00:10 08/22/2014 00:20 248,908 2.68 195.49 Storm 08/29/2014 17:07 09/02/2014 17:17 471,609 4.89 355.75 x Storm 09/09/2014 21:07 09/13/2014 21:17 450,934 6.24 288.80 x Storm 10/01/2014 10:30 10/04/2014 19:20 309,479 8.11 315.64

Storm Subtotal 8,105,825 102 10,419 Total 8,105,825 102 10,419


Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 --- --- --- February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 --- --- --- March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 --- --- --- April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 1,794,054 13.88 569 May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 2,022,274 15.54 569 June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 2,728,669 38.43 680 July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 1,706,839 15.50 533 August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 1,182,547 6.50 443 September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 1,553,244 24.43 582 October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 1,179,263 8.69 446 November 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 --- --- --- December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 --- --- ---

Base Subtotal 12,166,891 123 3,821

TOTAL ANNUAL 20,272,716 225 14,240

Lake McCarrons


Lake McCarrons


Table 9-3: 2014 Villa Park Outlet laboratory data.

VP OutSample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LBase Grab 01/22/2014 09:15 01/22/2014 09:15 0.035 243.2 0.00020 0.00014 0.00030 0.00010 0.00120 0.00190 0.80 2.2 0.18 0.05 0.03 838 5 2 500 1.5 33.2 18 0.053Base Grab 02/12/2014 08:25 02/12/2014 08:25 0.031 337.5 0.00020 0.00008 0.00100 0.00010 0.00100 0.00310 1.04 1.8 0.16 0.15 0.03 988 4 2 488 - - 5 0.031Base Grab 03/17/2014 08:35 03/17/2014 08:35 0.139 443.0 0.00020 0.00094 0.00390 0.00089 0.00140 0.01840 0.63 2.7 0.27 0.52 0.04 982 6 4 220 - - 129 0.160Base Grab 04/11/2014 08:20 04/11/2014 08:20 0.026 91.6 0.00020 0.00034 0.00100 0.00049 0.00069 0.00490 0.22 1.2 0.12 0.28 0.03 279 5 3 124 - - 10 0.038Base Grab 05/14/2014 10:00 05/14/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 -Base Grab 05/15/2014 10:30 05/15/2014 10:30 0.014 89.3 0.00020 0.00026 0.00150 0.00022 0.00110 0.00240 0.11 1.1 0.04 0.05 0.03 348 2 2 200 - - - 0.045Base Grab 05/29/2014 10:00 05/29/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 10:31 05/30/2014 10:46 0.035 89.1 0.00020 0.00021 0.00110 0.00054 0.00120 0.00760 0.20 1.2 0.20 0.08 0.05 339 7 6 200 - - - 0.074Base Grab 06/10/2014 09:20 06/10/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 -Base Composite 06/10/2014 10:01 06/11/2014 10:15 0.059 71.8 0.00020 0.00021 0.00190 0.00038 0.00710 0.00890 0.26 1.1 0.23 0.06 0.03 295 4 3 152 - - - 0.060Base Grab 07/02/2014 09:20 07/02/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 435 -Base Composite 07/02/2014 09:46 07/03/2014 10:30 0.083 43.0 0.00052 0.00033 0.00160 0.00062 0.00130 0.01010 0.27 1.0 0.20 0.06 0.03 225 6 4 144 - - - 0.101Base Grab 07/21/2014 09:45 07/21/2014 09:45 0.032 75.8 0.00020 0.00012 0.00030 0.00010 0.00080 0.00100 0.09 0.6 0.10 0.05 0.03 346 4 3 244 - - 17 0.054Base Grab 08/13/2014 10:05 08/13/2014 10:05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,300 -Base Composite 08/13/2014 10:16 08/14/2014 10:45 0.025 98.3 0.00020 0.00050 0.00096 0.00061 0.00130 0.00620 0.02 0.7 0.09 0.05 0.03 451 6 5 300 5.8 19.6 - 0.027Base Grab 09/08/2014 09:40 09/08/2014 09:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 727 -Base Composite 09/08/2014 10:16 09/09/2014 07:45 0.049 72.0 0.00020 0.00057 0.00100 0.00038 0.00100 0.01010 0.04 1.1 0.25 0.05 0.03 322 6 4 232 - - - 0.039Base Grab 10/09/2014 10:15 10/09/2014 10:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 -Base Composite 10/09/2014 11:01 10/10/2014 02:15 0.025 81.6 0.00020 0.00020 0.00073 0.00044 0.00100 0.00570 0.04 0.7 0.12 0.05 0.03 324 6 4 248 - - - -Base Grab 11/20/2014 10:15 11/20/2014 10:15 0.032 143.1 0.00020 0.00013 0.00030 0.00027 0.00120 0.00092 0.52 1.7 0.17 0.05 0.03 18 5 4 432 3.2 27.1 18 0.025Base Grab 12/18/2014 09:55 12/18/2014 09:55 0.011 297.6 0.00020 0.00081 0.00180 0.00065 0.00160 0.01250 0.32 1.8 0.20 0.52 0.03 548 10 9 324 - - 548 0.020

Base Average 0.043 155.5 0.00022 0.00035 0.00124 0.00041 0.00156 0.00669 0.33 1.4 0.17 0.14 0.03 450 5 4 272 3.5 26.6 236 0.056

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 14:15 02/18/2014 14:15 0.028 987.7 0.00054 0.01760 0.02140 0.01010 0.00940 0.13400 1.30 9.7 1.52 0.58 0.06 2,140 275 140 468 - - 1,190 0.057Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 15:20 02/19/2014 15:20 0.020 549.0 0.00020 0.00140 0.00250 0.00140 0.00180 0.01720 1.02 2.5 0.17 0.57 0.03 1,210 25 13 484 - - - 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 13:50 03/10/2014 13:50 0.130 566.7 0.00020 0.00230 0.00410 0.00170 0.00220 0.03030 1.41 3.8 0.31 0.20 0.06 1,230 39 22 404 - - 2,420 0.138Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:30 03/13/2014 13:30 0.100 778.0 0.00040 0.00200 0.00550 0.00130 0.00210 0.03270 1.25 3.4 0.30 0.29 0.06 1,580 19 11 316 - - 3,260 0.105Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 14:10 03/20/2014 14:10 - 620.7 0.00040 0.00100 0.00380 0.00076 0.00170 0.02070 0.79 3.3 0.27 0.33 0.06 1,260 14 8 292 - - - 0.073Storm Grab 03/27/2014 13:45 03/27/2014 13:45 0.149 284.8 0.00020 0.00580 0.01150 0.04150 0.00430 0.06360 0.61 3.2 0.56 0.34 0.04 624 110 54 208 - - 8,660 0.190Storm Grab 04/24/2014 08:50 04/24/2014 08:50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72 -Storm Grab 04/25/2014 09:50 04/25/2014 09:50 0.006 180.4 0.00020 0.00062 0.00160 0.00038 0.00100 0.00870 0.02 2.0 0.09 0.70 0.03 594 7 5 228 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 04/27/2014 09:16 04/27/2014 15:31 0.012 169.8 0.00020 0.00200 0.00370 0.00370 0.00240 0.02660 0.04 2.1 0.19 0.10 0.03 481 149 40 176 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 04/28/2014 10:46 04/28/2014 16:00 0.026 80.3 0.00020 0.00160 0.00330 0.00210 0.00130 0.02020 0.12 1.3 0.13 0.37 0.03 208 19 7 88 - - - 0.065Storm Composite 05/12/2014 10:31 05/12/2014 13:15 - 98.3 0.00020 0.00100 0.00200 0.00044 0.00170 0.01160 0.02 1.5 0.14 0.05 0.03 9 6 188 - - - 0.043Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:47 05/19/2014 11:47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 816 -Storm Composite 05/19/2014 13:16 05/19/2014 18:16 0.013 108.8 0.00020 0.00042 0.00180 0.00092 0.00120 0.01330 0.18 1.3 0.12 0.06 0.03 381 13 8 28 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 05/27/2014 07:00 05/27/2014 14:15 0.072 79.5 0.00020 0.00029 0.00100 0.00055 0.00110 0.00990 0.55 1.4 0.16 0.09 0.03 293 3 3 176 - - - 0.086Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:16 06/07/2014 14:30 - 69.5 0.00020 0.00037 0.00150 0.00094 0.00160 0.00780 0.41 1.3 0.22 0.10 0.04 286 13 7 180 - - - 0.068Storm Composite 06/14/2014 22:16 06/15/2014 03:45 0.052 64.3 0.00020 0.00052 0.00170 0.00140 0.00130 0.01340 0.49 1.5 0.30 0.06 0.03 267 20 13 140 - - - 0.056Storm Composite 06/19/2014 05:27 06/19/2014 11:12 - 42.2 0.00020 0.00050 0.00130 0.00120 0.00130 0.00950 0.42 1.0 0.18 0.16 0.03 192 12 5 116 - - - 0.096Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:00 06/19/2014 09:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,203 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 17:01 06/28/2014 20:15 0.055 54.0 0.00020 0.00120 0.00260 0.00280 0.00190 0.01940 0.43 1.5 0.23 0.16 0.04 257 44 14 152 - - - 0.063Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:11 07/11/2014 09:11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 548 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 11:16 07/12/2014 00:01 0.029 70.5 0.00020 0.00024 0.00140 0.00029 0.00094 0.00520 0.09 0.7 0.09 0.10 0.03 301 4 3 208 - - - 0.028Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:00 07/25/2014 08:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 512 -Storm Composite 08/11/2014 02:16 08/11/2014 10:00 0.029 117.0 0.00020 0.00050 0.00081 0.00052 0.00150 0.00540 0.07 0.9 0.14 0.07 0.03 524 10 5 336 - - - 0.022Storm Grab 08/21/2014 08:30 08/21/2014 08:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47,100 -Storm Composite 09/09/2014 22:16 09/10/2014 09:30 0.060 58.4 0.00020 0.00039 0.00140 0.00051 0.00096 0.00910 0.02 1.2 0.23 0.05 0.03 256 9 6 160 7.2 7.3 - 0.132Storm Grab 10/01/2014 10:10 10/01/2014 10:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29,200 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 11:01 10/02/2014 09:00 0.061 85.2 0.00020 0.00023 0.00110 0.00042 0.00100 0.00820 0.02 1.5 0.30 0.05 0.03 330 13 10 226 - - - 0.078Storm Composite 10/02/2014 15:46 10/03/2014 09:00 0.063 85.8 0.00020 0.00023 0.00130 0.00140 0.00110 0.00920 0.11 1.3 0.23 0.05 0.03 324 9 8 256 - - - 0.070

Snow melt Average 0.070 700.4 0.00035 0.00486 0.00746 0.00305 0.00344 0.04698 1.154 4.5 0.51 0.39 0.05 1,484 74 39 393 - - 2,290 0.079Storm Average 0.048 103.1 0.00020 0.00099 0.00238 0.00369 0.00154 0.01507 0.225 1.5 0.21 0.16 0.03 355 28 12 179 7.2 7.3 11,014 0.066

Annual Average 0.048 209.4 0.00023 0.00129 0.00265 0.00229 0.00182 0.01628 0.40 1.9 0.23 0.19 0.04 560 25 13 247 4.4 21.8 3,932 0.064Annual Maximum 0.149 987.7 0.00054 0.01760 0.02140 0.04150 0.00940 0.13400 1.41 9.7 1.52 0.70 0.06 2,140 275 140 500 7.2 33.2 47,100 0.190Annual Minimum 0.006 42.2 0.00020 0.00008 0.00030 0.00010 0.00069 0.00092 0.02 0.6 0.04 0.05 0.03 18 2 2 28 1.5 7.3 5 0.020Annual Median 0.032 91.6 0.00020 0.00050 0.00150 0.00061 0.00130 0.00950 0.26 1.4 0.19 0.09 0.03 343 9 6 220 4.5 23.4 512 0.057

Actual number less than value (<)Actual number greater than value (>)Estimated concentration above the adjusted method detection limit and below the adjusted reporting limit.

- Not collected

Lake McCarrons


Lake McCarrons


9.3 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – LAKE MCCARRONS OUTLET

The discharge at the outlet of Lake McCarrons has been monitored from 2006-2014. Flow monitoring at this location generally occurs between the months of April to November. During the winter months, level and flow are not recorded. However, outflow during this time period is rare.

A summary of the 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at McCarrons Outlet is listed below. Monitoring efficiency at McCarrons Outlet is explained in Appendix B.

9.3.1 DISCHARGE

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at McCarrons Outlet in 2014 (Figure 9-11).

• Total Annual Discharge: 72,267,022 cubic feet

Table 9-4: Historical stage and discharge (2005-2014) at Lake McCarrons Outlet monitoring station.

Year Average Stage (ft) Discharge (cf)2005 0.16 83,156,6302006 0.10 8,603,9542007 0.13 18,831,1562008 0.07 4,888,5482009 0.11 9,673,9892010 0.23 13,998,9002011 0.41 21,723,8002012 NA NA2013 0.39 38,664,0002014 0.55 72,267,022

Historical Average (2005-2013) 0.17 24,942,622

NA: Not Available



Figure 9-11: Lake McCarrons Outlet level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 9-12: Lake McCarrons Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation.

Lake McCarrons


Phalen Creek



10.1 DESCRIPTION

The Phalen Creek subwatershed is the eastern-most subwatershed in CRWD (Figure 10-2). Located entirely within the city limits of St. Paul, Phalen Creek drains 1,433 acres and outlets to the Mississippi River. CRWD monitors the Phalen Creek storm sewer near its outlet to the Mississippi River at the Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary. Land use in the Phalen Creek subwatershed is a mix of industrial, commercial, and residential with approximately 50% impervious surfaces (CRWD, 2000).

Figure 10-1: The Phalen Creek monitoring site location (left), flow-logging and sampling equipment installed inside storm tunnel (top right), and open channel entrance (bottom right).

Phalen Creek


Figure 10-2: Map of the Phalen Creek subwatershed and monitoring location.

Phalen Creek



The Phalen Creek subwatershed has been monitored for flow and water quality since 2005. From 2005 to 2008, monitoring only occurred during the spring, summer, and fall. In 2009, monitoring occurred from April to December and beginning in 2010, the subwatershed has been monitored for the full calendar year recording continuous flow data. Since 2010, one full water quality sample, at a minimum, has been collected each month. Due to these differences in monitoring period, the 2010-2014 loading and discharge data may show significant differences when compared to pre-2010 data. Stormflow data should not be affected by differences in monitoring period as all storm samples since 2005 were collected during the spring, summer, or fall.

The Phalen Creek monitoring site is located close to the storm sewer’s outfall to the Mississippi River. The river occasionally backs up into the pipe interfering with the accuracy of the flow measurements.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Phalen Creek are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Phalen Creek is explained in Appendix B.

10.2.1 DISCHARGE

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Phalen Creek for both baseflow and stormflow events in 2014.







• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.06 mg/L (Table 10-1)

Phalen Creek


• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.52 mg/L (Table 10-1) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 1.07 mg/L (Table 10-1) • Total baseflow TP load: 574 lbs (Figure 10-9; Table 10-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 1,181 lbs (Figure 10-9; Table 10-1) • Total snowmelt TP load: 129 lbs (Figure 10-9; Table 10-1) • Total annual TP load: 1,883 lbs (Figure 10-9; Table 10-1)

Discharge Phalen Creek


Figure 10-3: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Phalen Creek for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base





Figure 10-4: Phalen Creek cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 10-5: Phalen Creek level, velocity, and discharge



Figure 10-6: Phalen Creek level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids Phalen Creek


Figure 10-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base

Total Suspended Solids Phalen Creek


Figure 10-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Phalen Creek subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=5

n=8

n=19

n=28

n=25

n=26

n=20

n=15

n=1

n=1

n=2

n=1

n=1

n=3

n=1

n=2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014

Total Phosphorus Phalen Creek


Figure 10-910-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base

Total Phosphorus Phalen Creek


Figure 10-10: Historical total monitored TP loads at Phalen Creek subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base

Figure 10-11: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Phalen Creek subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=5

n=8

n=19

n=28

n=25

n=26

n=20

n=15

n=1

n=1

n=2

n=1

n=0

n=1

n=3

n=1

n=2

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Phalen Creek


Table 10-1: Phalen Creek subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433 1,433Total Rainfall (inches) 29.28 24.13 13.96 17.73 20.34 36.32 33.62 29.73 31.20 35.44Number of Monitoring Days 197 194 134 210 262 362 365 348 342 344Number of Storm Sampling Events 15 7 16 17 18 22 6 18 18 13Number of Storm Intervals 23 15 22 38 33 55 29 40 43 50Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 2 1 3Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA NA 8 13 17 7Total Discharge (cf) 88,688,082 74,856,833 64,631,475 97,607,350 106,837,331 173,450,665 179,835,227 161,506,783 147,100,294 209,188,516Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 28,075,754 14,451,216 25,260,005 29,007,153 30,113,506 50,698,610 38,703,641 41,442,850 32,392,177 36,284,992Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA NA 9,361,953 3,153,892 15,527,373 1,915,314Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 60,612,328 60,405,617 39,371,470 68,600,197 76,723,824 122,752,055 131,769,633 116,910,040 99,180,744 170,988,210Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 289 183 103 169 136 204 34 68 105 156Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 185 115 105 70 80 112 28 42 49 57Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 535 454 164 207 277 369 92 141 165 256Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 53 78 83 389Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 23 34 3 11 3 5 8 6 5 4Total TSS Load (lbs) 1,022,726 538,550 422,175 423,925 535,477 1,209,635 316,563 423,213 448,171 670,800Storm TSS Load (lbs) 937,202 409,501 415,784 375,408 520,356 1,167,829 221,169 365,001 334,441 582,013Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 30,974 15,357 80,533 46,798Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 85,524 129,049 6,391 48,517 15,121 41,806 64,419 42,855 33,197 41,990Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 714 376 295 296 374 844 221 295 313 468Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.39 0.29 0.20 0.39 0.30 0.35 0.16 0.21 0.20 0.32Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.57 0.57 0.34 0.44 0.48 0.54 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.52Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.27 0.39 0.44 1.07Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.07 0.20 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06Total TP Load (lbs) 1242 914 674 1,033 1,157 2,104 1,474 1,470 1,483 1,883Storm TP Load (lbs) 993 518 536 796 902 1,706 667 864 672 1,181Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 157 77 426 129Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 249 396 138 237 255 398 650 530 385 574Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.87 0.64 0.47 0.72 0.81 1.47 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.31NA: Not available. Snow melt events w ere not monitored or sampled until 2011.

Phalen Creek


Table 10-2: 2014 Phalen Creek subwatershed loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Snowmelt 03/09/2014 12:50 03/09/2014 13:10 1,686 0.32 49 x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 10:45 03/11/2014 07:45 701,602 46.21 25,230 Snowmelt 03/11/2014 12:15 03/11/2014 18:50 145,123 13.02 1,955 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 11:20 03/13/2014 22:50 475,361 31.42 9,455 Snowmelt 03/14/2014 12:05 03/14/2014 18:30 215,531 14.13 2,105 x Snowmelt 03/20/2014 12:20 03/20/2014 21:15 267,214 15.61 6,740 Snowmelt 03/21/2014 12:45 03/21/2014 21:00 120,091 8.46 1,262 x Storm 03/27/2014 13:15 03/27/2014 19:55 486,175 80.92 32,555 Storm 03/28/2014 11:45 03/28/2014 18:50 107,829 8.29 1,240 Storm 03/29/2014 12:30 03/29/2014 19:55 134,961 9.31 1,389 Storm 03/30/2014 11:00 03/31/2014 00:15 359,619 19.97 2,959 Storm 04/04/2014 13:35 04/04/2014 20:10 130,554 4.35 2,448 Storm 04/05/2014 11:50 04/05/2014 22:35 360,185 7.72 4,126 Storm 04/12/2014 06:45 04/12/2014 11:00 92,271 2.04 1,094 Storm 04/16/2014 18:15 04/17/2014 04:30 663,027 11.30 5,814 Storm 04/19/2014 22:00 04/20/2014 05:30 285,427 5.37 2,812 Storm 04/21/2014 03:30 04/21/2014 08:45 57,406 1.66 923 Storm 04/23/2014 19:45 04/23/2014 22:45 72,764 1.71 924 x Storm 04/24/2014 06:45 04/24/2014 16:15 628,970 10.69 4,872 Storm 04/26/2014 21:45 04/26/2014 23:45 17,851 0.79 454 x Storm 04/27/2014 03:45 04/29/2014 00:05 5,624,739 69.15 44,663 Storm 04/29/2014 02:55 04/29/2014 15:00 576,390 10.19 5,280 Storm 04/29/2014 16:45 04/29/2014 19:40 37,369 1.62 928 Storm 05/08/2014 07:40 05/08/2014 09:35 37,159 1.91 843 Storm 05/08/2014 15:55 05/09/2014 01:00 203,567 8.57 3,714 Storm 05/11/2014 23:10 05/12/2014 06:05 594,863 17.95 7,470 x Storm 05/19/2014 11:05 05/19/2014 19:45 2,268,435 112.21 66,282 Storm 05/27/2014 05:05 05/27/2014 10:10 1,008,981 27.86 11,439 Storm 05/27/2014 15:00 05/27/2014 20:45 314,240 9.80 4,098 x Storm 05/31/2014 20:00 06/01/2014 12:05 3,428,478 71.43 50,238 Storm 06/07/2014 07:00 06/11/2014 07:10 1,681,876 133.13 53,428 Storm 06/14/2014 13:50 06/15/2014 07:40 1,802,921 70.75 26,522 Storm 06/16/2014 17:45 06/16/2014 22:30 277,828 13.13 5,038 Storm 06/18/2014 02:50 06/18/2014 05:20 611,804 22.60 8,399 Storm 06/19/2014 03:15 06/19/2014 13:30 4,409,743 155.29 57,286 Storm 06/22/2014 11:10 06/22/2014 12:40 59,507 4.87 1,959 Storm 06/28/2014 15:45 06/28/2014 19:50 2,139,728 79.98 29,773 Storm 07/02/2014 23:20 07/03/2014 01:35 33,376 4.61 2,470 Storm 07/07/2014 18:10 07/07/2014 20:30 666,603 18.66 9,153 Storm 07/11/2014 08:20 07/11/2014 12:00 616,177 17.30 8,487 Storm 07/12/2014 13:40 07/12/2014 18:15 84,295 4.18 2,153 x Storm 07/25/2014 05:30 07/25/2014 13:00 228,684 9.91 3,191 x Storm 08/17/2014 23:45 08/18/2014 05:30 970,868 31.63 56,753 Storm 08/19/2014 18:15 08/19/2014 21:00 67,261 3.39 2,254 x Storm 08/21/2014 06:00 08/21/2014 12:00 288,124 7.34 4,145 Storm 08/24/2014 17:30 08/24/2014 21:00 26,662 2.55 1,745 Storm 08/29/2014 03:15 08/29/2014 06:45 122,657 4.82 3,154 x Storm 08/29/2014 17:00 08/31/2014 01:45 1,440,120 29.25 11,641 x Storm 08/31/2014 22:00 09/01/2014 08:30 552,180 5.12 1,213 Storm 09/03/2014 09:45 09/03/2014 13:45 91,444 4.11 1,527

Phalen Creek


x Storm 09/09/2014 20:45 09/10/2014 14:30 716,921 21.71 25,142 Storm 09/20/2014 17:45 09/20/2014 23:45 153,764 5.49 2,005 Storm 09/29/2014 10:15 09/29/2014 12:30 55,805 2.24 827 x Storm 10/01/2014 08:15 10/01/2014 16:45 723,894 16.52 2,491 x Storm 10/02/2014 12:45 10/03/2014 00:00 873,204 13.09 3,406 Storm 10/03/2014 23:45 10/04/2014 04:45 142,463 3.93 1,279 Storm 12/21/2014 14:00 12/21/2014 17:45 47,376 0.18 6

Snowmelt Subtotal 1,926,609 129 46,798 Storm Subtotal 36,376,545 1,181 582,013 Total 38,303,153 1,310 628,811


Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 9,117,404 30.27 1,551 February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 11,258,803 50.60 12,791 March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 14,866,466 44.72 2,795 April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 13,237,363 41.29 3,303 May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 16,437,219 72.85 4,463 June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 20,012,859 112.44 6,871 July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 14,126,584 44.09 1,896 August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 12,449,074 39.66 2,722 September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 12,294,395 38.35 1,534 October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 10,156,446 36.22 1,294 November 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 8,898,297 30.51 1,664 December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 8,835,679 32.60 1,105

Base Subtotal 151,690,589 574 41,990

TOTAL ANNUAL 189,993,743 1,883 670,800

Phalen Creek


Phalen Creek


Table 10-3: 2014 Phalen Creek subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LBase Grab 01/22/2014 11:20 01/22/2014 11:20 0.037 254.6 0.00020 0.00100 0.00130 0.00070 0.00083 0.01460 0.020 0.3 0.09 1.74 0.03 789 5 1 452 1.0 64.1 1 0.023Base Grab 02/12/2014 10:45 02/12/2014 10:45 0.048 2,969.5 0.00067 0.00430 0.01600 0.00410 0.00320 0.09220 0.460 1.2 0.11 1.96 0.06 5,620 30 12 456 - - 3 0.059Base Grab 03/17/2014 09:30 03/17/2014 09:30 0.033 157.8 0.00040 0.00068 0.00130 0.00025 0.00084 0.01490 0.030 0.6 0.05 1.80 0.03 682 1 1 472 - - 36 0.031Base Grab 04/11/2014 09:20 04/11/2014 09:20 0.036 190.0 0.00020 0.00073 0.00130 0.00120 0.00088 0.01510 0.020 0.6 0.06 1.61 0.03 682 8 3 452 - - 461 0.044Base Grab 05/29/2014 11:20 05/29/2014 11:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 14:02 05/30/2014 06:16 0.030 143.2 0.00020 0.00039 0.00120 0.00030 0.00061 0.00670 0.020 0.4 0.07 2.11 0.03 658 3 2 304 - - - 0.032Base Grab 07/21/2014 11:15 07/21/2014 11:15 0.042 167.8 0.00020 0.00054 0.00066 0.00010 0.00067 0.00880 0.050 0.3 0.06 2.45 0.03 713 1 1 392 - - 32 0.039Base Grab 08/14/2014 09:45 08/14/2014 09:45 0.043 162.2 0.00020 0.00080 0.00130 0.00410 0.00096 0.01500 0.020 0.4 0.05 1.87 0.03 694 5 3 456 1.0 68.0 - 0.036Base Grab 09/08/2014 11:05 09/08/2014 11:05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 -Base Composite 09/08/2014 11:17 09/09/2014 09:46 0.047 154.6 0.00020 0.00059 0.00120 0.00082 0.00100 0.01870 0.020 0.3 0.07 1.54 0.03 686 1 1 460 - - - 0.042Base Grab 10/09/2014 11:40 10/09/2014 11:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 -Base Composite 10/09/2014 12:02 10/10/2014 09:46 0.033 154.5 0.00020 0.00061 0.00140 0.00097 0.00076 0.01170 0.020 0.6 0.06 1.73 0.03 637 2 2 464 - - - 0.045Base Grab 11/20/2014 11:35 11/20/2014 11:35 0.035 162.7 0.00020 0.00067 0.00065 0.00120 0.00077 0.00950 0.020 0.3 0.04 1.50 0.03 652 4 2 468 1.0 65.8 3 0.040Base Grab 12/18/2014 10:50 12/18/2014 10:50 0.040 163.9 0.00020 0.00071 0.00065 0.00023 0.00084 0.00810 0.020 0.3 0.04 1.41 0.03 639 1 1 452 - - 10 0.054

Base Average 0.039 425.5 0.00026 0.00100 0.00245 0.00127 0.00103 0.01957 0.064 0.5 0.06 1.79 0.03 1,132 6 3 439 1.0 66.0 62 0.040

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 13:40 02/18/2014 13:40 0.064 3,267.8 0.00045 0.01820 0.04430 0.01680 0.00920 0.23600 0.740 3.5 0.36 1.68 0.14 5,750 168 63 400 - - 504 0.083Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 13:42 02/19/2014 13:42 0.085 2,946.9 0.00058 0.03250 0.07200 0.04560 0.01800 0.48800 1.090 5.5 0.88 0.88 0.17 4,890 364 140 276 - - - 0.119Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 13:14 03/10/2014 13:14 0.226 1,153.2 0.00030 0.01830 0.04160 0.02530 0.00970 0.28700 1.090 6.6 0.62 0.49 0.15 2,020 328 140 140 - - 2,420 0.252Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:50 03/13/2014 13:50 0.302 609.6 0.00040 0.01150 0.03450 0.02630 0.00790 0.17800 0.730 3.4 0.67 0.38 0.10 1,070 197 73 160 - - 959 0.329Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 14:45 03/20/2014 14:45 - 276.6 0.00020 0.00970 0.02770 0.02570 0.00700 0.13100 0.460 3.8 0.56 0.48 0.08 552 234 68 252 - - - 0.255Storm Grab 03/27/2014 14:10 03/27/2014 14:10 0.298 55.3 0.00062 0.02730 0.07120 0.00023 0.01980 0.00930 0.820 6.6 1.52 0.51 0.07 228 604 192 60 - - 3,260 0.343Storm Composite 04/24/2014 07:46 04/24/2014 14:01 0.057 18.6 0.00020 0.00620 0.01280 0.01390 0.00290 0.07680 0.390 1.4 0.20 0.48 0.03 104 85 35 56 - - - 0.055Storm Grab 04/24/2014 10:45 04/24/2014 10:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,000 -Storm Composite 04/28/2014 10:17 04/28/2014 13:47 0.040 8.1 0.00020 0.00470 0.00980 0.01750 0.00260 0.05640 0.130 1.0 0.19 0.18 0.03 67 113 37 52 - - - 0.056Storm Grab 05/19/2014 12:20 05/19/2014 12:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,986 -Storm Composite 05/19/2014 12:46 05/19/2014 13:36 0.059 4.1 0.00039 0.01280 0.03200 0.07970 0.00970 0.17600 0.120 3.2 0.73 0.05 0.03 66 428 108 52 - - - 0.089Storm Composite 05/31/2014 22:01 06/01/2014 06:15 0.025 7.6 0.00020 0.00660 0.01650 0.04730 0.00550 0.08800 0.030 1.3 0.31 0.21 0.03 65 214 50 - - - 0.039Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:25 06/19/2014 09:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9,700 -Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:45 07/11/2014 09:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,300 -Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:55 07/25/2014 08:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,420 -Storm Composite 07/25/2014 06:17 07/25/2014 08:16 - 33.1 0.00020 0.00600 0.01880 0.02040 0.00490 0.09800 0.020 2.3 0.46 0.78 0.06 189 143 70 104 - - - 0.114Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:17 08/18/2014 04:01 0.122 12.3 0.00051 0.00740 0.02690 0.06710 0.00680 0.17500 0.090 2.1 0.47 0.37 0.03 74 814 243 60 - - - 0.124Storm Grab 08/21/2014 09:15 08/21/2014 09:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,600 -Storm Composite 08/21/2014 06:50 08/21/2014 09:01 0.029 23.0 0.00021 0.00690 0.02160 0.03570 0.00490 0.10400 0.020 1.4 0.30 0.57 0.03 127 162 47 92 - - - 0.023Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:47 08/30/2014 04:01 - 5.3 0.00020 0.00490 0.01280 0.02840 0.00380 0.06340 0.030 0.9 0.25 0.15 0.03 59 95 23 48 - - - 0.082Storm Composite 08/31/2014 22:47 09/01/2014 02:01 - 14.0 0.00020 0.00220 0.00740 0.00700 0.00190 0.03340 0.020 0.7 0.12 0.06 0.03 92 26 12 60 - - - 0.049Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:47 09/10/2014 02:01 0.113 20.2 0.00023 0.00610 0.01690 0.03250 0.00450 0.07750 0.070 1.6 0.35 0.17 0.05 115 388 75 88 24 8.2 - 0.108Storm Grab 10/01/2014 09:35 10/01/2014 09:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21,800 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 08:47 10/01/2014 16:01 0.108 16.0 0.00020 0.00410 0.00990 0.00990 0.00220 0.05050 0.280 1.1 0.29 0.05 0.03 90 42 21 76 - - - 0.137Storm Composite 10/02/2014 13:22 10/02/2014 20:46 0.060 15.7 0.00020 0.00410 0.00840 0.01120 0.00200 0.04420 0.050 0.9 0.20 0.42 0.03 97 49 18 84 - - - 0.072




- Not collected

Phalen Creek


St. Anthony Park



11.1 DESCRIPTION

The St. Anthony Park subwatershed has a drainage area of 3,418 acres and is the western-most subwatershed monitored by CRWD. CRWD monitors the storm sewer outlet of the St. Anthony Park subwatershed where it directly flows into the Mississippi River at Desnoyer Park in St. Paul (Figure 11-2). The subwatershed is primarily comprised of industrial and residential land uses with 48% impervious surface land coverage.

CRWD also monitors a 929 acre upland subwatershed of St. Anthony Park called Sarita. The Sarita subwatershed is monitored in a storm sewer at the outlet of the Sarita Wetland near Como Avenue (Figure 11-2). The Sarita subwatershed has substantially different land use than any other CRWD subwatershed because it encompasses the Minnesota State Fair Grounds and the University of Minnesota St. Paul Campus where open space dominates. The predominant land use within the Sarita subwatershed is institutional with 16% impervious surface coverage.

Figure 11-1: The St. Anthony Park monitoring site location (left, top right); and Sarita Outlet monitoring site location (bottom right).

St. Anthony Park


Figure 11-2: Map of the St. Anthony Park subwatershed and monitoring locations.

St. Anthony Park


11.2 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – ST. ANTHONY PARK

The St. Anthony Park site has been monitored for flow and water quality since 2005, with year-round monitoring beginning in 2009. Beginning in 2009, flow monitoring equipment was installed for the full calendar year and a minimum of one full water quality sample has been collected and analyzed each month. Due to these differences in monitoring period, the 2009-2014 load and discharge data may show a significant difference when compared to pre-2009 data. Stormflow data should not be affected by differences in monitoring period as all storm samples since 2005 were collected during the spring, summer, or fall.

The St. Anthony Park monitoring site is located directly at the outfall to the Mississippi River. Its close proximity to the river can make monitoring difficult because of the influence of the river which often backs up into the storm sewer. The storm sewer has a steep gradient resulting in very high velocity flows during storm events. These high velocities increase the risk of monitoring equipment becoming dislodged or damaged. Because of equipment issues and the site characteristics listed above, significant portions of data have been lost each year.

11.2.1 DISCHARGE – ST. ANTHONY PARK

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at St. Anthony Park for baseflow, stormflow, and snowmelt events in 2014.


11.2.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – ST. ANTHONY PARK



11.2.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – ST. ANTHONY PARK


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.07 mg/L (Table 11-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.32 mg/L (Table 11-1)

St. Anthony Park


• Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 0.31 mg/L (Table 11-1) • Total baseflow TP load: 693 lbs (Figure 11-9; Table 11-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 713 lbs (Figure 11-9; Table 11-1) • Total snowmelt TP load: 73 lbs (Figure 11-9; Table 11-1) • Total annual TP load: 1,479 lbs (Figure 11-9; Table 11-1)

Discharge St. Anthony Park


Figure 11-3: Historical monitored discharge volumes at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base





Figure 11-4: St. Anthony Park cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 11-5: St. Anthony Park level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 11-6: St. Anthony Park level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids St. Anthony Park


Figure 11-7: Historical total monitored TSS loads at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 11-8: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for St. Anthony Park subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=4

n=8

n=17

n=23

n=22

n=30

n=19

n=16 n=

1

n=1

n=1

n=3

n=2

n=4

n=1 n=

1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014

Total Phosphorus St. Anthony Park


Figure 11-9: Historical total monitored TP loads at St. Anthony Park subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 11-10: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for St. Anthony Park subwatershed and historical averages (2005-2013).

n=4

n=8

n=17

n=23

n=22

n=30

n=19

n=16

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=3

n=2

n=4

n=1

n=1

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

St. Anthony Park


Table 11-1: St. Anthony Park subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418 3,418Total Rainfall (inches) 28.27 24.13 23.99 9.95 18.72 26.84 29.24 29.71 34.00 33.60Number of Monitoring Days 191 192 215 126 218 188 269 334 351 345Number of Storm Sampling Events 44 21 19 12 25 17 7 5 8 11Number of Storm Intervals 9 23 33 24 38 44 17 30 30 60Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 2 2 3Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 3 24 8Total Discharge (cf) 191,591,247 145,671,734 209,782,937 57,793,346 99,163,464 117,851,525 115,056,718 103,140,522 139,036,000 224,183,075Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 65,769,117 49,091,775 60,484,181 19,865,767 41,313,601 57,480,844 26,284,149 37,566,038 30,798,646 32,743,728Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 3,099,892 18,726,594 3,782,717Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 119,056,352 96,579,959 149,298,756 37,927,579 57,849,863 60,370,681 88,572,569 62,373,370 89,510,760 187,656,629Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 124 108 145 129 138 149 89 75 102 125Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 66 62 72 92 95 123 73 63 93 64Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 146 152 205 247 176 238 214 71 284 223Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 181 117 604Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 21 16 18 10 38 13 31 53 22 15Total TSS Load (lbs) 787,976 564,202 941,282 330,829 589,228 904,150 524,922 408,192 804,368 795,270Storm TSS Load (lbs) 599,259 465,259 774,686 306,571 453,744 853,968 353,893 165,371 546,783 501,623Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 34,992 136,847 141,346Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 153,661 98,943 166,595 24,258 135,484 50,182 171,030 206,376 120,738 152,301Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 231 165 275 97 172 250 154 136 235 233Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.15Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.12Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.33 0.29 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.30 0.32Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.00 0.15 0.26 0.31Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.07Total TP Load (lbs) 1999 1,307 1,668 561 1,070 1,313 944 867 1,316 1,479Storm TP Load (lbs) 942 820 1,031 406 738 1,091 431 440 571 713Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 30 302 73Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 1022 487 636 155 332 222 513 396 443 693Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.58 0.38 0.49 0.16 0.31 0.38 0.28 0.25 0.39 0.43NA: Not available. Snow melt events w ere not monitored or sampled until 2011.

St. Anthony Park


Table 11-2: 2014 St. Anthony Park subwatershed loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Snowmelt 03/08/2014 15:30 03/08/2014 20:00 55,498 1.87 1,523 Snowmelt 03/09/2014 15:30 03/09/2014 21:15 134,009 4.10 3,303 x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 12:00 03/12/2014 06:30 2,048,910 39.49 100,151 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 14:15 03/14/2014 08:25 788,760 1.92 3,978 Snowmelt 03/14/2014 13:10 03/14/2014 20:00 216,984 9.38 7,862 Snowmelt 03/17/2014 14:15 03/17/2014 16:40 20,787 1.39 1,206 x Snowmelt 03/20/2014 13:30 03/20/2014 23:45 409,539 11.08 20,106 Snowmelt 03/21/2014 13:10 03/21/2014 18:20 74,806 3.78 3,217 x Storm 03/27/2014 12:45 03/28/2014 00:00 1,021,378 41.87 13,402 Storm 03/29/2014 14:00 03/29/2014 19:45 89,058 3.50 2,909 Storm 03/30/2014 13:30 04/01/2014 07:15 1,139,220 28.13 21,901 Storm 04/04/2014 13:20 04/04/2014 20:45 214,795 5.48 3,586 Storm 04/05/2014 15:15 04/06/2014 04:00 511,268 11.13 6,992 Storm 04/06/2014 12:15 04/06/2014 17:00 43,830 3.78 2,883 Storm 04/12/2014 07:45 04/12/2014 09:45 30,977 1.64 1,207 Storm 04/16/2014 03:30 04/16/2014 05:45 51,920 2.20 1,571 Storm 04/16/2014 20:30 04/17/2014 00:45 244,614 7.97 5,488 Storm 04/19/2014 03:00 04/19/2014 05:45 54,352 2.78 2,033 Storm 04/19/2014 23:30 04/20/2014 06:30 303,780 9.65 6,611 Storm 04/21/2014 23:00 04/22/2014 02:30 86,557 3.05 2,123 x Storm 04/24/2014 08:30 04/24/2014 18:00 1,144,553 15.71 11,386 Storm 04/26/2014 21:00 04/27/2014 02:30 126,381 3.73 2,518 x Storm 04/27/2014 05:45 04/27/2014 12:15 519,580 4.68 1,554 Storm 04/27/2014 15:15 04/27/2014 18:30 43,311 3.40 2,581 Storm 04/27/2014 20:15 04/27/2014 21:00 2,909 1.24 993 Storm 04/28/2014 11:15 04/28/2014 23:15 1,518,476 35.72 22,923 Storm 04/29/2014 03:00 04/30/2014 07:30 1,270,324 44.64 31,105 Storm 05/01/2014 03:30 05/01/2014 06:45 42,923 3.16 1,591 Storm 05/02/2014 20:15 05/02/2014 22:00 66,305 1.71 831 Storm 05/04/2014 11:00 05/04/2014 14:00 158,506 3.56 1,717 Storm 05/09/2014 10:45 05/09/2014 14:15 41,992 2.80 1,408 Storm 05/09/2014 21:30 05/10/2014 04:15 219,360 6.02 2,937 Storm 05/10/2014 14:00 05/10/2014 16:15 40,381 1.81 901 x Storm 05/11/2014 23:45 05/12/2014 05:45 316,375 4.45 2,152 Storm 05/12/2014 13:30 05/12/2014 16:00 74,810 2.30 1,127 Storm 05/12/2014 23:00 05/13/2014 01:15 50,160 3.01 1,509 Storm 05/13/2014 16:15 05/13/2014 19:00 48,635 3.56 1,795 x Storm 05/19/2014 13:00 05/19/2014 21:30 1,923,886 24.17 12,867 Storm 05/20/2014 04:15 05/20/2014 06:45 25,055 2.54 1,285 Storm 05/20/2014 16:00 05/20/2014 20:15 117,234 5.37 2,674 Storm 05/27/2014 06:00 05/27/2014 08:00 57,731 1.77 868 Storm 05/31/2014 21:15 06/01/2014 14:00 1,363,483 22.36 10,525 Storm 06/03/2014 05:30 06/03/2014 06:00 14,378 0.53 386 Storm 06/03/2014 18:00 06/03/2014 19:45 38,000 1.67 1,238 x Storm 06/07/2014 08:15 06/11/2014 08:45 2,498,217 93.07 96,388 x Storm 06/14/2014 20:45 06/15/2014 13:45 2,957,436 21.89 12,603 Storm 06/15/2014 18:15 06/16/2014 00:15 220,481 6.01 4,246 Storm 06/16/2014 17:30 06/16/2014 22:45 405,528 9.88 6,863 Storm 06/17/2014 07:00 06/17/2014 08:45 38,885 1.47 1,079 Storm 06/17/2014 17:00 06/17/2014 21:00 112,707 3.69 2,666

St. Anthony Park


Storm 06/18/2014 02:45 06/18/2014 06:30 497,379 9.18 6,060 x Storm 06/19/2014 04:30 06/20/2014 04:00 9,176,270 104.47 85,585 Storm 06/20/2014 20:15 06/20/2014 22:30 39,332 3.05 2,346 Storm 06/21/2014 06:00 06/21/2014 07:45 42,565 2.62 1,991 Storm 06/21/2014 15:45 06/21/2014 21:45 353,554 10.62 7,599 Storm 06/22/2014 11:30 06/22/2014 12:30 6,663 1.21 956 Storm 06/26/2014 13:45 06/26/2014 18:30 183,476 7.10 5,216 x Storm 06/28/2014 16:30 06/28/2014 22:45 941,346 29.46 31,331 Storm 07/07/2014 18:45 07/08/2014 06:30 391,967 9.44 4,400 x Storm 07/11/2014 08:15 07/11/2014 21:45 2,800,342 29.65 20,271 Storm 07/12/2014 14:30 07/13/2014 03:45 644,442 14.75 6,830 Storm 07/14/2014 18:45 07/14/2014 23:15 106,823 3.40 1,640 Storm 07/25/2014 06:45 07/27/2014 15:45 612,249 18.35 8,783 Storm 08/29/2014 22:15 08/29/2014 22:30 3,476 0.17 121 Storm 08/30/2014 03:30 08/30/2014 14:00 185,553 5.16 3,617 x Storm 08/31/2014 23:30 09/01/2014 15:15 798,505 6.60 877 Storm 09/03/2014 11:45 09/03/2014 14:45 50,775 1.11 557 Storm 12/22/2014 14:00 12/22/2014 14:25 1,193 0.05 23

Snowmelt Subtotal 3,749,293 73 141,346 Storm Subtotal 36,085,663 713 501,623 Total 39,834,956 786 642,969


Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 6,356,507 25.00 3,175 February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 5,077,642 14.60 3,807 March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 11,102,045 56.62 12,506 April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 25,320,027 142.69 15,855 May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 36,560,849 120.94 33,087 June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 25,919,400 129.44 35,597 July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 17,966,026 77.67 13,970 August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 7,552,219 27.17 9,704 September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 8,161,857 35.33 9,249 October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 6,815,136 28.05 6,575 November 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 4,632,461 15.74 5,668 December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 5,045,498 19.82 3,109 Base Subtotal 160,509,667 693 152,301

TOTAL ANNUAL 200,344,623 1,479 795,270

St. Anthony Park


St. Anthony Park


Table 11-3: 2014 St. Anthony Park subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LIllicit Discharge 12/18/2014 08:30 12/18/2014 08:30 0.025 245.9 0.00140 0.07580 0.10000 0.06620 0.09020 0.23900 0.320 2.2 1.83 0.84 0.03 840 1,680 245 456 - - 4,100 0.053

ID Average 0.025 245.9 0.00140 0.07580 0.10000 0.06620 0.09020 0.23900 0.320 2.2 1.83 0.84 0.03 840 1,680 245 456 - - 4,100 0.053

Base Grab 01/22/2014 08:40 01/22/2014 08:40 0.005 192.7 0.00020 0.00140 0.00230 0.00065 0.03800 0.03760 0.190 1.8 0.06 0.92 0.03 734 26 6 416 1.0 132.0 65 0.020Base Grab 02/12/2014 08:30 02/12/2014 08:30 0.005 147.1 0.00020 0.00091 0.00100 0.00050 0.02890 0.01160 0.230 0.8 0.02 0.97 0.03 668 16 4 428 - - 20 0.020Base Grab 03/17/2014 08:30 03/17/2014 08:30 0.005 86.0 0.00040 0.00350 0.00460 0.00120 0.00750 0.02070 0.090 0.8 0.04 0.80 0.03 404 22 4 252 - - 54 0.020Base Grab 04/11/2014 08:15 04/11/2014 08:15 0.019 63.5 0.00020 0.00056 0.00140 0.00047 0.00530 0.00860 0.190 1.4 0.11 1.29 0.03 301 17 5 188 - - 16 0.034Base Grab 05/29/2014 08:15 05/29/2014 08:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 08:33 05/30/2014 03:47 0.005 323.6 0.00020 0.00066 0.00270 0.00064 0.01320 0.01570 0.210 0.9 0.05 1.59 0.04 933 12 5 220 - - - 0.020Base Grab 07/21/2014 08:25 07/21/2014 08:25 0.042 40.2 0.00020 0.00045 0.00140 0.00028 0.00310 0.00310 0.050 0.9 0.08 0.61 0.03 301 13 3 208 - - 30 0.047Base Grab 08/13/2014 08:30 08/13/2014 08:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122 -Base Composite 08/13/2014 08:47 08/14/2014 08:01 0.005 288.4 - - - - - - 0.160 0.8 0.05 1.42 0.04 924 47 11 464 1.8 125.0 - 0.020Base Grab 09/08/2014 08:15 09/08/2014 08:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 -Base Grab 09/09/2014 08:25 09/09/2014 08:25 0.023 62.0 0.00020 0.00087 0.00170 0.00047 0.00620 0.00580 0.060 1.1 0.08 0.56 0.03 326 16 5 218 - - - 0.020Base Grab 09/29/2014 08:10 09/29/2014 08:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 -Base Grab 10/09/2014 08:50 10/09/2014 08:50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 -Base Composite 10/09/2014 09:01 10/10/2014 08:30 0.005 205.3 0.00020 0.00580 0.00930 0.00510 0.01800 0.02630 0.150 1.4 0.11 1.06 0.04 699 42 13 436 - - - 0.043Base Grab 11/20/2014 08:30 11/20/2014 08:30 0.009 161.9 0.00020 0.00360 0.00440 0.00058 0.01240 0.01160 0.110 0.8 0.05 0.81 0.03 600 24 6 384 1.0 66.3 707 0.020

Base Average 0.012 157.1 0.00022 0.00197 0.00320 0.00110 0.01473 0.01567 0.144 1.1 0.07 1.00 0.03 589 24 6 321 1.3 107.8 110 0.026

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 13:10 02/18/2014 13:10 0.005 2,554.2 0.00020 0.00320 0.00610 0.00220 0.03270 0.06150 0.720 1.8 0.03 1.04 0.08 4,520 39 8 508 - - 29 0.020Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 13:13 02/19/2014 13:13 0.005 1,701.1 0.00055 0.01730 0.02730 0.02260 0.04640 0.13300 0.580 1.8 0.20 0.93 0.08 3,250 360 57 488 - - - 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 12:11 03/10/2014 12:11 0.005 1,501.4 0.00042 0.03870 0.03680 0.01560 0.01620 0.14800 0.880 3.2 0.26 0.80 0.13 2,680 620 108 232 - - 35 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 12:50 03/13/2014 12:50 0.005 410.4 0.00040 0.01820 0.00470 0.00075 0.00550 0.01430 0.360 1.5 0.05 0.99 0.04 932 64 4 240 - - 236 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 13:41 03/20/2014 13:41 - 676.4 0.00026 0.03370 0.01950 0.01240 0.01390 0.08680 0.520 3.1 0.32 0.76 0.08 1,390 540 48 240 - - - 0.040Storm Grab 03/27/2014 13:15 03/27/2014 13:15 0.093 301.2 0.00031 0.01370 0.03250 0.01400 0.01510 0.13000 1.120 4.0 0.53 0.92 0.11 720 168 44 252 - - 1,720 0.135Storm Grab 04/24/2014 08:10 04/24/2014 08:10 0.029 47.7 0.00042 0.01100 0.02420 0.01710 0.00840 0.01350 0.540 2.0 0.21 0.72 0.06 177 146 48 68 - 14.0 921 0.046Storm Composite 04/24/2014 09:19 04/24/2014 12:04 0.016 31.5 0.00028 0.00730 0.01600 0.01350 0.00530 0.09190 0.450 1.3 0.19 0.39 0.04 124 125 42 60 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 04/27/2014 06:33 04/27/2014 08:16 0.023 25.0 0.00020 0.00240 0.00700 0.00530 0.00230 0.05530 0.470 1.2 0.13 0.39 0.03 110 38 14 32 - - - 0.031Storm Composite 05/12/2014 02:32 05/12/2014 03:01 - 19.0 0.00020 0.00250 0.00670 0.00700 0.00250 0.04090 0.060 0.8 0.14 0.13 0.04 - 63 21 38 - - - 0.066Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:15 05/19/2014 11:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,357 -Storm Composite 05/19/2014 14:17 05/19/2014 15:25 0.039 12.9 0.00020 0.00430 0.00870 0.01060 0.00340 0.04540 0.190 1.1 0.17 0.22 0.03 69 88 27 26 - - - 0.045Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:47 06/07/2014 09:52 - 11.8 0.00020 0.00380 0.01060 0.01250 0.00350 0.05340 0.320 1.6 0.23 0.30 0.03 62 195 90 22 - - - 0.054Storm Composite 06/14/2014 21:32 06/15/2014 02:46 0.077 12.6 0.00020 0.00270 0.00670 0.00640 0.00220 0.03920 0.090 0.8 0.11 0.24 0.03 69 58 23 28 - - - 0.020Storm Grab 06/19/2014 08:15 06/19/2014 08:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,100 -Storm Composite 06/19/2014 05:32 06/19/2014 06:36 0.027 12.6 0.00020 0.00330 0.00780 0.01050 0.00350 0.03800 0.060 0.9 0.17 0.16 0.03 74 134 33 30 - - - 0.034Storm Composite 06/28/2014 17:34 06/28/2014 19:01 0.120 10.2 0.00036 0.00810 0.02760 0.02150 0.00800 0.17400 0.190 1.6 0.38 0.23 0.05 76 386 145 48 - - - 0.145Storm Grab 07/11/2014 08:45 07/11/2014 08:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7,500 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:47 07/11/2014 09:52 0.027 5.4 0.00024 0.00450 0.01050 0.01170 0.00360 0.05340 0.080 0.8 0.16 0.14 0.03 42 106 27 38 - - 0.032Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:00 07/25/2014 08:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,100 -Storm Grab 08/21/2014 08:10 08/21/2014 08:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21,800 -Storm Composite 09/01/2014 00:16 09/01/2014 02:01 0.023 16.7 0.00020 0.00210 0.00690 0.00370 0.00210 0.02830 0.080 0.7 0.12 0.08 0.03 93 18 7 54 - - - 0.046Storm Grab 10/01/2014 08:35 10/01/2014 08:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9,800 -

Snow melt Average 0.005 1,368.7 0.00037 0.02222 0.01888 0.01071 0.02294 0.08872 0.612 2.3 0.17 0.90 0.08 2,554 325 45 342 - - 100 0.024Storm Average 0.047 42.2 0.00025 0.00548 0.01377 0.01115 0.00499 0.06361 0.304 1.4 0.21 0.33 0.04 147 127 43 58 - 14.0 6,287 0.056



- Not collected

St. Anthony Park


St. Anthony Park


11.3 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY - SARITA

Sarita has been monitored for flow and water quality since 2006. It is generally monitored from late March to mid-November. Sarita does not have baseflow, but may discharge for a prolonged period following large precipitation events. The number of monitoring days has not varied significantly year-to-year (Table 11-4).

11.3.1 DISCHARGE – SARITA

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Sarita for stormflow in 2014.

• Total stormflow discharge: 10,374,751 cubic feet (Figure 11-11; Table 11-4) • Total annual discharge: 10,374,751 cubic feet (Figure 11-12; Table 11-4)

11.3.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – SARITA

Stormflow samples were analyzed for TSS concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 70 mg/L (Table 11-4) • Total stormflow TSS load: 45,028 lbs (Figure 11-15; Table 11-4) • Total annual TSS load: 45,028 lbs (Figure 11-15; Table 11-4)

11.3.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – SARITA

Stormflow samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate loads.

• Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.23 mg/L (Table 11-4) • Total stormflow TP load: 146 lbs (Figure 11-17; Table 11-4) • Total annual TP load: 146 lbs (Figure 11-17; Table 11-4)



Figure 11-11: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Sarita subwatershed for stormflow from 2006-2014.

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Storm



Figure 11-12: Sarita Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 11-13: Sarita Outlet level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 11-14: Sarita Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation.



Figure 11-15: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Sarita subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Storm



Figure 11-16: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Sarita subwatershed and historical averages (2006-2013).

n=1

n=4

n=8

n=13

n=16

n=19

n=11

n=12

n=1

n=3

n=3

n=5

n=3

n=3

n=1

n=2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014



Figure 11-17: Historical total monitored TP loads at Sarita subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Storm



Figure 11-18: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Sarita subwatershed and historical averages (2006-2013).

n=1

n=4

n=8

n=13

n=16

n=19

n=11

n=12

n=1

0.00

0

n=3

n=3

n=5

n=3

n=3

n=1

n=2

0.00

0

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

St. Anthony Park


Table 11-4: Sarita monitoring results, 2006-2014.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 929 929 929 929 929 929 929 929 929Total Rainfall (inches) 18.19 23.19 17.64 18.72 30.62 28.90 26.16 24.70 28.37Number of Monitoring Days 159 227 211 213 205 203 228 193 196Number of Storm Sampling Events 7 17 13 13 11 6 17 16 14Number of Storm Intervals 19 33 23 18 30 28 33 32 29Total Discharge (cf) 4,722,303 5,364,747 2,501,022 2,028,779 5,052,244 6,490,307 6,249,725 8,540,386 10,374,751Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 4,722,303 5,364,747 2,484,855 2,024,843 5,052,244 6,490,307 6,249,725 8,540,386 10,374,751Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 186 79 82 48 85 53 81 78 72Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 90 99 102 44 143 70 91 118 70Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 90 99 102 44 143 70 91 118 70Total TSS Load (lbs) 26,516 33,176 15,862 5,553 45,191 28,530 35,652 63,090 45,028Storm TSS Load (lbs) 26,516 33,176 15,780 5,541 45,191 28,530 35,652 63,090 45,028Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 29 36 17 6 49 31 38 68 48Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.36 0.26 0.27 0.21 0.23 0.17 0.24 0.32 0.23Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.23Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.23Total TP Load (lbs) 102 98 45 26 77 81 98 190 146Storm TP Load (lbs) 102 98 45 26 77 81 98 190 146Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.16

St. Anthony Park


Table 11-5: 2014 Sarita loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Storm 4/21/2014 13:30 4/21/2014 15:30 849 0.01 3 x Storm 4/24/2014 0:15 4/25/2014 8:45 230,538 2.73 374 x Storm 4/26/2014 22:30 5/1/2014 7:30 1,689,131 21.62 7,645 Storm 5/1/2014 10:45 5/2/2014 3:00 18,433 0.29 60 Storm 5/2/2014 6:15 5/2/2014 22:45 9,133 0.14 30 x Storm 5/8/2014 1:30 5/9/2014 19:30 199,879 2.62 774 Storm 5/11/2014 1:00 5/11/2014 4:45 2,355 0.04 8 x Storm 5/11/2014 23:30 5/13/2014 15:00 175,127 2.08 306 Storm 5/19/2014 11:00 5/21/2014 1:00 620,733 9.69 2,015 Storm 5/27/2014 4:30 5/27/2014 20:45 39,405 0.61 128 x Storm 5/31/2014 20:30 6/2/2014 18:30 365,286 3.19 524 x Storm 6/7/2014 8:00 6/8/2014 14:30 393,662 7.13 3,957 Storm 6/12/2014 0:00 6/12/2014 19:45 26,952 0.35 114 x Storm 6/14/2014 10:30 6/21/2014 23:45 2,272,546 23.41 6,313 Storm 6/22/2014 11:00 6/23/2014 12:00 67,116 0.88 284 x Storm 6/28/2014 17:00 6/30/2014 14:15 307,537 4.61 1,401 Storm 7/1/2014 6:15 7/1/2014 19:30 9,759 0.15 46 Storm 7/6/2014 7:00 7/7/2014 0:45 23,190 0.36 109 x Storm 7/7/2014 18:15 7/8/2014 18:00 111,084 1.32 277 x Storm 7/11/2014 8:00 7/22/2014 21:30 818,625 9.71 4,088 x Storm 7/25/2014 3:15 7/26/2014 20:45 130,594 1.71 220 Storm 8/10/2014 22:00 8/12/2014 19:45 98,971 1.30 392 x Storm 8/18/2014 0:00 9/6/2014 12:15 1,631,918 36.98 13,210 x Storm 9/9/2014 21:30 9/11/2014 15:15 262,183 3.76 867 Storm 9/20/2014 18:00 9/22/2014 23:15 119,874 2.10 408 Storm 9/24/2014 15:15 9/26/2014 18:30 18,769 0.33 64 Storm 9/29/2014 10:30 10/1/2014 1:00 29,683 0.52 101 x Storm 10/1/2014 7:45 10/6/2014 9:15 661,005 8.67 1,300 Storm 10/23/2014 5:15 10/23/2014 18:45 5,049 0.07 9

Storm Subtotal 10,339,388 146 45,028

TOTAL ANNUAL 10,339,388 146 45,028

St. Anthony Park


St. Anthony Park


Table 11-6: 2014 Sarita laboratory data.

SaritaSample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LStorm Grab 04/24/2014 08:00 04/24/2014 08:00 0.045 30.1 0.00020 0.00160 0.00670 0.00310 0.00170 0.04380 0.610 1.9 0.19 0.77 0.06 127 26 19 46 - 8.8 308 0.067Storm Composite 04/27/2014 04:47 04/27/2014 12:49 0.049 6.0 0.00020 0.00380 0.00820 0.01060 0.00340 0.04940 0.370 1.5 0.23 0.32 0.03 69 87 22 32 - - - 0.052Storm Composite 04/28/2014 10:46 04/28/2014 15:15 0.044 2.6 0.00020 0.00440 0.00810 0.01110 0.00400 0.04870 0.170 0.8 0.18 0.22 0.03 62 58 15 32 - - - 0.043Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:47 05/08/2014 21:30 0.030 7.6 0.00020 0.00260 0.00710 0.00730 0.00240 0.04850 0.440 1.5 0.21 0.44 0.04 82 62 16 54 - - - 0.050Storm Composite 05/12/2014 00:16 05/12/2014 06:00 0.058 4.7 0.00020 0.00150 0.00630 0.00430 0.00190 0.03800 0.100 0.9 0.19 0.05 0.03 63 28 10 46 - - - 0.095Storm Grab 05/19/2014 11:10 05/19/2014 11:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 -Storm Composite 05/31/2014 21:31 06/01/2014 07:46 0.075 3.2 0.00020 0.00120 0.00280 0.00320 0.00150 0.02010 0.160 0.8 0.14 0.27 0.04 55 23 7 42 - - - 0.091Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:17 06/07/2014 10:31 - 2.3 0.00020 0.00420 0.00920 0.01370 0.00460 0.05220 0.400 1.8 0.29 0.40 0.03 46 161 35 52 - - - 0.038Storm Composite 06/14/2014 20:46 06/15/2014 01:01 0.044 3.5 0.00020 0.00230 0.00520 0.00710 0.00220 0.02830 0.150 1.0 0.20 0.28 0.03 54 72 20 32 - - - 0.033Storm Composite 06/16/2014 19:46 06/16/2014 22:15 0.059 3.7 0.00020 0.00110 0.00420 0.00230 0.00150 0.01750 0.110 0.8 0.13 0.14 0.04 52 17 5 52 - - - 0.060Storm Composite 06/19/2014 04:16 06/19/2014 05:23 0.048 2.0 0.00020 0.00560 0.01050 0.02050 0.00520 0.05460 0.150 1.5 0.32 0.22 0.03 57 183 41 28 - - - 0.059Storm Grab 06/19/2014 08:10 06/19/2014 08:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,800 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 17:46 06/28/2014 21:45 0.089 3.2 0.00020 0.00330 0.00710 0.01040 0.00340 0.03750 0.180 1.1 0.24 0.24 0.03 54 73 18 40 - - - 0.095Storm Composite 07/07/2014 18:46 07/07/2014 20:45 0.036 6.8 0.00020 0.00210 0.00630 0.00640 0.00260 0.03250 0.160 1.3 0.19 0.31 0.03 93 40 11 60 - - - 0.040Storm Grab 07/11/2014 08:20 07/11/2014 08:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,986 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 09:02 07/11/2014 11:01 0.077 2.0 0.00020 0.00360 0.00700 0.00930 0.00360 0.03260 0.140 0.7 0.19 0.14 0.03 43 80 18 68 - - - 0.076Storm Grab 07/25/2014 06:31 07/25/2014 08:46 - 6.8 0.00020 0.00170 0.00790 0.01050 0.00220 0.03330 0.140 1.5 0.21 0.47 0.04 98 27 11 64 - - - 0.044Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:31 08/18/2014 03:45 0.024 4.9 0.00020 0.00380 0.00970 0.01400 0.00360 0.05450 0.080 1.4 0.28 0.29 0.03 82 111 32 72 - - - 0.054Storm Composite 08/21/2014 06:31 08/21/2014 09:15 0.066 6.9 0.00020 0.00440 0.01110 0.01330 0.00420 0.06020 0.100 1.3 0.28 0.43 0.03 99 107 37 76 - - - 0.063Storm Composite 08/29/2014 17:32 08/29/2014 20:31 - 6.5 0.00025 0.00830 0.01620 0.02380 0.00690 0.10100 0.190 2.5 0.53 0.11 0.03 78 171 48 60 - - - 0.078Storm Composite 09/09/2014 23:01 09/10/2014 04:30 0.054 5.6 0.00020 0.00320 0.00740 0.00880 0.00300 0.03630 0.060 1.2 0.23 0.31 0.04 77 53 14 46 6.2 3.1 - 0.054Storm Grab 10/01/2014 09:25 10/01/2014 09:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24,600 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 09:31 10/01/2014 17:15 0.111 4.7 0.00020 0.00170 0.00580 0.00240 0.00200 0.02370 0.020 0.9 0.23 0.37 0.05 66 24 9 64 - - - 0.133Storm Composite 10/02/2014 14:46 10/02/2014 23:45 0.085 4.9 0.00020 0.00250 0.00660 0.00300 0.00260 0.02710 0.060 0.9 0.19 0.39 0.05 69 39 12 64 - - - 0.098

Snow melt Average - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Storm Average 0.058 5.9 0.00020 0.00315 0.00767 0.00926 0.00313 0.04199 0.190 1.3 0.23 0.31 0.04 71 72 20 52 6.2 5.9 7,139 0.066

Annual Average 0.058 5.9 0.00020 0.00315 0.00767 0.00926 0.00313 0.04199 0.190 1.3 0.23 0.31 0.04 71 72 20 52 6.2 5.9 7,139 0.066Annual Maximum 0.111 30.1 0.00025 0.00830 0.01620 0.02380 0.00690 0.10100 0.610 2.5 0.53 0.77 0.06 127 183 48 76 6.2 8.8 24,600 0.133Annual Minimum 0.024 2.0 0.00020 0.00110 0.00280 0.00230 0.00150 0.01750 0.020 0.7 0.13 0.05 0.03 43 17 5 28 6.2 3.1 3 0.033Annual Median 0.054 4.8 0.00020 0.00290 0.00710 0.00905 0.00280 0.03775 0.150 1.3 0.21 0.30 0.03 68 60 17 52 6.2 5.9 1,986 0.060


- Not collected

St. Anthony Park


Trout Brook



12.1 DESCRIPTION

The Trout Brook subwatershed is the largest subwatershed in CRWD, draining 8,000 acres in portions of St. Paul, Maplewood, Falcon Heights, and Roseville (Figure 12-4). The Trout Brook subwatershed contains Loeb Lake and five major stormwater ponds in St. Paul. Land use in the Trout Brook subwatershed is a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial, with 40% impervious surface. Runoff in the subwatershed drains to CRWD’s Trout Brook Storm Sewer Interceptor (TBI), which connects to the City of St. Paul’s storm sewer interceptor before eventually discharging to the Mississippi River, just downstream of Lambert’s Landing in St. Paul. The upper section of TBI is comprised of two branches, East and West, which converge near the intersection of Maryland Avenue and I-35E in St. Paul.

Trout Brook–West Branch

Trout Brook-West Branch (TB-WB) subwatershed drains 2,379 acres in St. Paul, Roseville, and Falcon Heights. It has the third largest drainage area of the full water quality monitoring sites. Within the boundaries of TB-WB are the Arlington-Jackson Stormwater Pond, Willow Reserve Stormwater Pond, Como Lake, Lake McCarrons, and Loeb Lake (Figure 12-4). However, it should be noted that the lakesheds of Como Lake and Lake McCarrons are not included in the total drainage area calculation for TB-WB because each lake behaves as its own subwatershed and does not consistently contribute runoff to the Trout Brook subwatershed. The TB-WB monitoring site is located just upstream of the convergence with the east branch of the TBI in the northwest quadrant of the intersection of Maryland Avenue and I-35E.

Figure 12-1: The Trout Brook-West Branch monitoring site location.

Trout Brook


Trout Brook–East Branch

Trout Brook-East Branch (TB-EB) subwatershed drains 932 acres in St. Paul and Maplewood and includes two stormwater ponds, Westminster-Mississippi and Arlington-Arkwright. First established in 2006, this monitoring station was moved slightly downstream in 2007 from its original location to a manhole located between L’Orient Street and the I-35E ramp (Figure 12-4). The TB-EB subwatershed receives direct runoff from the I-35E corridor, which is very influential to the water quality measured at this monitoring station.

Trout Brook Outlet

The Trout Brook Outlet (TBO) monitoring station receives water from nearly 5,028 acres of the Trout Brook subwatershed, which includes the combined discharge from TB-EB and TB-WB monitoring locations. Like TB-WB, the TBO subwatershed does not include the lakeshed drainage areas of Como Lake and Lake McCarrons in its total drainage area (Figure 12-4)

Figure 12-2: The Trout Brook-East Branch monitoring site location.

Figure 12-3: The Trout Brook Outlet monitoring site location.

Trout Brook


Figure 12-4: Map of the Trout Brook subwatershed and monitoring locations.

Trout Brook


12.2 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – TROUT BROOK – WEST BRANCH

The Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality since 2005. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurred between the months of April to November from 2005-2009. Since 2010 flow monitoring has been conducted year-round.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Trout Brook-West Branch are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Trout Brook-West Branch is explained in Appendix B.

12.2.1 DISCHARGE – TROUT BROOK-WEST BRANCH

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Trout Brook-West Branch for baseflow, stormflow and snowmelt events in 2014.


12.2.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – TROUT BROOK-WEST BRANCH


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 12 mg/L (Table 12-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 253 mg/L (Table 12-1) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 478 mg/L (Table 12-1) • Total baseflow TSS load: 201,792 lbs (Figure 12-9; Table 12-1) • Total stormflow TSS load: 926,437 lbs (Figure 12-9; Table 12-1) • Total snowmelt TSS load: 63,091 lbs (Figure 12-9; Table 12-1) • Total annual TSS load: 1,191,320 lbs (Figure 12-9; Table 12-1)

12.2.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – TROUT BROOK-WEST BRANCH

Baseflow, stormflow and snowmelt samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.07 mg/L (Table 12-1) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.44 mg/L (Table 12-1) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 1.19 mg/L (Table 12-1 • Total baseflow TP load: 1,287 lbs (Figure 12-11; Table 12-1) • Total stormflow TP load: 1,620 lbs (Figure 12-11; Table 12-1) • Total snowmelt TP load: 157 lbs (Figure 12-11; Table 12-1) • Total annual TP load: 3,063 lbs (Figure 12-11; Table 12-1)

Discharge Trout Brook


Figure 12-5: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2005-2014

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

300,000,000

350,000,000

400,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base





Figure 12-6: Trout Brook-West Branch cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 12-7: Trout Brook-West Branch level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 12-8: Trout Brook-West Branch level, discharge, and precipitation.

Total Suspended Solids Trout Brook


Figure 12-9: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-10: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=5

n=22

n=17

n=21

n=21

n=9

n=14

n=1

n=1

n=3

n=6

n=4

n=3

n=3

n=1

n=2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014

Total Phosphorus Trout Brook


Figure 12-11: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-12: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=5

n=22

n=17

n=21

n=21

n=9

n=14

n=1

n=1

n=3

n=6

n=4

n=3

n=3

n=1

n=2

0.00

0

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Trout Brook


Table 12-1: Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379 2,379Total Rainfall (inches) 28.78 24.67 24.25 18.99 20.63 36.32 33.62 29.72 36.36 35.46Number of Monitoring Days 191 212 228 224 273 365 365 344 365 356Number of Storm Sampling Events 27 12 18 8 20 21 11 15 17 20Number of Storm Intervals 14 21 38 27 31 54 27 50 30 64Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 2 1 2Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA NA 13 4 11 8Total Discharge (cf) 141,113,120 105,996,024 178,456,040 136,464,730 173,066,683 333,565,680 328,689,637 284,097,170 344,928,332 340,044,329Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 27,471,750 26,637,070 39,682,781 33,416,733 56,480,312 136,032,158 135,021,212 114,260,205 82,367,885 55,748,238Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA NA 15,136,168 3,067,371 30,734,929 2,161,887Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 103,641,370 79,358,954 138,773,259 103,047,997 116,586,370 197,212,437 178,532,258 166,769,594 231,825,518 282,134,204Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 270 266 109 375 130 203 70 69 200 158Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 108 125 43 115 86 96 76 68 79 56Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 312 400 156 378 233 222 154 133 252 253Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 73 58 61 478Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 34 33 10 29 14 9 17 23 20 12Total TSS Load (lbs) 950,788 827,991 476,080 978,540 927,558 1,991,582 1,555,358 1,203,283 1,697,347 1,191,320Storm TSS Load (lbs) 730,597 665,210 386,111 788,964 747,671 1,881,829 1,298,980 949,463 1,296,088 926,437Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 68,730 11,167 117,907 63,091Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 220,191 162,781 89,468 189,576 104,904 109,272 187,648 242,653 283,352 201,792Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 400 348 200 411 390 837 654 506 713 501Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.36 0.28 0.24 0.50 0.29 0.26 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.27Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.16 0.19 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.14Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.41 0.42 0.31 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.41 0.42 0.44Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.27 0.27 0.25 1.19Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.07Total TP Load (lbs) 1,440 1,249 1,255 1,453 1,739 3,820 4,116 3,983 4,134 3,063Storm TP Load (lbs) 955 697 761 981 1,179 3,150 2,878 2,942 2,159 1,620Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 255 51 478 157Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 484 553 494 472 422 668 983 983 1,497 1,287Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.61 0.53 0.53 0.61 0.73 1.61 1.73 1.67 1.74 1.29NA: Not available. Snow melt events w ere not monitored or sampled until 2011.

Trout Brook


Table 12-2: 2014 Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Snowmelt 03/09/2014 13:45 03/09/2014 14:45 842 1.11 274 x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 10:45 03/11/2014 01:15 605,219 57.04 35,927 Snowmelt 03/11/2014 11:30 03/11/2014 21:00 284,945 14.32 3,318 Snowmelt 03/12/2014 13:45 03/12/2014 17:15 57,051 4.56 1,083 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 11:45 03/14/2014 01:30 606,208 42.72 13,715 Snowmelt 03/14/2014 11:00 03/15/2014 02:30 358,482 24.65 5,820 Snowmelt 03/20/2014 11:45 03/20/2014 13:00 4,648 1.57 385 Snowmelt 03/21/2014 12:30 03/21/2014 20:00 197,435 11.01 2,568 x Storm 03/27/2014 09:45 03/27/2014 23:45 600,667 74.02 32,875 Storm 03/29/2014 12:00 03/29/2014 14:15 42,264 3.54 843 Storm 03/30/2014 10:15 03/30/2014 11:30 18,548 1.88 452 Storm 04/06/2014 07:45 04/06/2014 08:00 4,907 0.25 135 Storm 04/12/2014 07:15 04/12/2014 10:00 17,942 1.07 593 Storm 04/16/2014 18:30 04/17/2014 06:45 409,313 9.79 4,959 Storm 04/19/2014 18:00 04/19/2014 18:45 353 0.34 196 Storm 04/23/2014 20:00 04/23/2014 21:15 8,683 0.70 394 x Storm 04/24/2014 07:15 04/24/2014 18:30 529,890 13.35 9,102 Storm 04/25/2014 19:00 04/26/2014 13:15 199,900 8.41 4,530 x Storm 04/27/2014 04:15 05/01/2014 16:35 14,081,466 226.39 130,050 x Storm 05/08/2014 16:00 05/08/2014 22:00 404,433 25.10 24,896 x Storm 05/11/2014 22:45 05/12/2014 23:00 1,054,231 49.47 76,961 x Storm 05/19/2014 11:00 05/21/2014 16:45 4,827,315 150.00 54,408 x Storm 05/27/2014 04:15 05/27/2014 12:15 1,425,699 31.50 11,777 Storm 05/31/2014 15:00 05/31/2014 20:00 95,204 5.56 3,647 x Storm 05/31/2014 20:40 06/01/2014 16:35 3,473,992 92.22 66,557 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:45 06/11/2014 12:00 3,428,626 95.48 34,893 Storm 06/11/2014 23:30 06/12/2014 02:30 114,696 6.50 3,604 Storm 06/14/2014 11:30 06/14/2014 12:45 15,800 2.04 1,172 x Storm 06/14/2014 20:00 06/17/2014 22:00 4,617,134 44.67 11,314 x Storm 06/18/2014 02:45 06/18/2014 10:30 1,441,200 38.44 71,469 Storm 06/19/2014 03:30 06/19/2014 19:25 6,291,147 205.05 107,876 Storm 06/20/2014 10:29 06/21/2014 05:00 415,502 49.33 28,310 Storm 06/22/2014 11:00 06/22/2014 14:45 218,639 12.78 7,095 x Storm 06/28/2014 15:45 06/28/2014 18:20 1,019,138 31.25 43,034 Storm 06/30/2014 10:29 07/01/2014 21:15 517,533 57.81 33,113 x Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/09/2014 01:45 1,322,402 32.40 9,406 x Storm 07/11/2014 08:15 07/11/2014 14:30 808,660 11.25 4,378 x Storm 07/12/2014 13:15 07/12/2014 19:30 673,107 9.78 3,158 Storm 07/14/2014 16:15 07/14/2014 17:45 25,108 1.69 907 Storm 07/25/2014 05:30 07/25/2014 09:45 202,796 6.29 3,143 Storm 08/10/2014 22:15 08/11/2014 00:30 143,654 5.12 3,127 Storm 08/11/2014 01:30 08/11/2014 05:15 285,703 9.28 5,584 Storm 08/11/2014 18:30 08/11/2014 19:45 19,990 1.57 1,031 x Storm 08/18/2014 00:00 08/18/2014 11:45 901,470 20.45 29,681 Storm 08/19/2014 18:15 08/19/2014 20:45 69,876 2.85 1,773 Storm 08/21/2014 06:15 08/21/2014 10:00 205,273 7.37 4,501 Storm 08/24/2014 18:15 08/24/2014 19:45 48,985 2.37 1,505 Storm 08/29/2014 03:30 08/29/2014 06:45 171,945 5.19 3,086 x Storm 08/29/2014 17:15 08/29/2014 21:00 555,817 12.42 4,458 x Storm 08/30/2014 00:45 08/30/2014 07:45 1,077,817 18.21 13,421

Trout Brook


Storm 08/31/2014 22:15 09/01/2014 03:00 266,101 10.45 6,462 Storm 09/03/2014 10:15 09/03/2014 12:15 9,399 3.60 1,118 Storm 09/09/2014 21:00 09/14/2014 09:30 4,406,792 158.86 49,101 Storm 09/20/2014 17:45 09/20/2014 21:00 186,067 7.39 2,285 Storm 09/24/2014 15:15 09/24/2014 18:30 46,344 3.88 1,202 Storm 09/29/2014 10:00 09/29/2014 20:30 168,683 9.78 3,029 x Storm 10/01/2014 08:15 10/01/2014 18:15 763,943 18.23 3,304 x Storm 10/02/2014 13:00 10/02/2014 21:15 572,672 13.70 2,957 Storm 10/03/2014 23:45 10/04/2014 06:00 175,574 7.53 2,696 Storm 10/23/2014 03:45 10/23/2014 05:15 13,816 1.27 472 Storm 12/15/2014 12:45 12/15/2014 15:45 48,305 0.27 57 Storm 12/21/2014 15:00 12/22/2014 01:30 287,569 1.62 339

Snowmelt Subtotal 2,114,830 157 63,091 Storm Subtotal 58,732,088 1,620 926,437 Total 60,846,917 1,777 989,528


Interval TP (lb)



Base Subtotal 278,219,889 1,287 201,792

TOTAL ANNUAL 339,066,807 3,063 1,191,320

Trout Brook


Trout Brook


Table 12-3: 2014 Trout Brook-West Branch subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LBase Grab 01/22/2014 10:00 01/22/2014 10:00 0.010 84.0 0.00020 0.00051 0.00092 0.00022 0.00095 0.00340 0.290 0.8 0.04 0.56 0.03 369 3 1 240 1.0 33.1 1,300 0.020Base Grab 02/12/2014 12:15 02/12/2014 12:15 0.007 94.2 0.00020 0.00120 0.00260 0.00230 0.00150 0.01170 0.220 0.9 0.07 0.61 0.03 354 20 8 220 - - 980 0.020Base Grab 03/17/2014 09:35 03/17/2014 09:35 0.008 119.6 0.00040 0.00400 0.01020 0.00880 0.00340 0.04310 0.230 2.4 0.24 0.66 0.03 448 104 35 248 - - 816 0.020Base Grab 04/11/2014 08:50 04/11/2014 08:50 0.005 120.8 0.00020 0.00038 0.00350 0.00042 0.00110 0.01020 0.220 1.5 0.06 0.77 0.03 414 5 2 236 - - 118 0.020Base Grab 05/14/2014 10:40 05/14/2014 10:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 -Base Composite 05/14/2014 11:01 05/15/2014 09:46 0.005 110.4 0.00020 0.00067 0.00220 0.00170 0.00120 0.01100 0.100 1.4 0.08 0.47 0.03 386 25 12 196 - - - 0.029Base Grab 05/29/2014 10:30 05/29/2014 10:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 10:46 05/30/2014 09:00 0.007 101.7 0.00020 0.00027 0.00130 0.00050 0.00120 0.00400 0.040 0.9 0.09 0.60 0.03 403 6 4 232 - - - 0.020Base Grab 06/10/2014 10:15 06/10/2014 10:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 387 -Base Composite 06/10/2014 10:31 06/11/2014 10:01 0.011 104.1 0.00020 0.00025 0.00200 0.00042 0.00100 0.00330 0.020 0.9 0.09 0.40 0.03 359 10 5 180 - - - 0.020Base Grab 07/02/2014 10:12 07/02/2014 10:12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 172 -Base Composite 07/02/2014 14:20 07/03/2014 10:00 0.019 100.3 0.00020 0.00028 0.00240 0.00031 0.00120 0.00750 0.080 0.8 0.09 0.56 0.03 351 4 2 172 - - - 0.038Base Grab 07/21/2014 10:30 07/21/2014 10:30 0.011 354.5 0.00020 0.00033 0.00080 0.00017 0.00350 0.01230 0.140 0.5 0.03 0.66 0.03 1,020 8 1 536 - - 108 0.020Base Grab 08/13/2014 11:00 08/13/2014 11:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,300 -Base Composite 08/13/2014 11:16 08/14/2014 10:31 0.008 87.4 0.00020 0.00050 0.00180 0.00055 0.00110 0.00600 0.050 0.6 0.03 0.67 0.03 358 4 2 212 1.3 30.3 - 0.020Base Grab 09/08/2014 10:45 09/08/2014 10:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -Base Composite 09/08/2014 11:16 09/09/2014 10:31 0.012 83.6 0.00020 0.00044 0.00190 0.00110 0.00100 0.00800 0.050 0.8 0.09 0.55 0.03 326 13 7 216 - - - 0.020Base Grab 09/29/2014 09:40 09/29/2014 09:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178 -Base Grab 10/09/2014 11:10 10/09/2014 11:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 -Base Composite 10/09/2014 11:31 10/09/2014 18:16 0.008 86.6 0.00020 0.00052 0.00200 0.00160 0.00110 0.00850 0.070 0.8 0.07 0.63 0.04 318 12 6 224 - - - 0.021Base Grab 11/20/2014 10:55 11/20/2014 10:55 0.007 87.1 0.00020 0.00056 0.00110 0.00083 0.00099 0.00360 0.200 0.8 0.04 0.60 0.03 359 12 5 252 1.2 32.8 1,046 0.020Base Grab 12/18/2014 10:30 12/18/2014 10:30 0.008 98.4 0.00020 0.00053 0.00110 0.00059 0.00110 0.00400 0.160 0.8 0.05 0.53 0.03 361 7 3 300 - - 326 0.020

Base Average 0.009 116.6 0.00021 0.00075 0.00242 0.00139 0.00145 0.00976 0.134 1.0 0.08 0.59 0.03 416 17 7 247 1.2 32.1 800 0.022

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 14:40 02/18/2014 14:40 0.012 599.4 0.00020 0.00750 0.01240 0.01080 0.00430 0.07590 0.380 1.7 0.16 0.65 0.05 1,200 86 32 220 - - 473 0.022Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 14:50 02/19/2014 14:50 0.010 1,401.6 0.00046 0.02500 0.03740 0.02850 0.01140 0.18900 0.530 4.8 0.84 0.80 0.08 1,080 368 112 288 - - - 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 14:15 03/10/2014 14:15 0.129 1,160.1 0.00042 0.02090 0.04490 0.02780 0.01260 0.23600 1.230 6.3 0.83 0.42 0.13 2,070 500 148 148 - - 2,420 0.153Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:55 03/13/2014 13:55 0.176 656.8 0.00040 0.01000 0.02580 0.01900 0.00730 0.13000 0.720 5.8 0.71 0.42 0.09 1,180 220 76 164 - - 987 0.229Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 14:35 03/20/2014 14:35 - 321.7 0.00040 0.01130 0.02730 0.02150 0.00810 0.13800 0.360 4.3 0.51 0.50 0.07 686 204 70 124 - - - 0.138Storm Grab 03/27/2014 14:25 03/27/2014 14:25 0.291 75.1 0.00028 0.01680 0.03950 0.02330 0.01160 0.20700 0.800 4.8 0.93 0.52 0.06 210 396 128 76 - - 464 0.506Storm Grab 04/24/2014 10:25 04/24/2014 10:25 0.073 29.4 0.00020 0.00450 0.01050 0.01230 0.00300 0.05320 0.500 1.5 0.19 0.37 0.03 119 108 36 48 - 7.8 2,000 0.076Storm Composite 04/27/2014 04:46 04/27/2014 12:48 0.044 36.2 0.00020 0.00450 0.01160 0.01440 0.00370 0.06010 0.320 2.0 0.26 0.33 0.03 145 161 48 100 - - - 0.033Storm Composite 04/28/2014 11:46 04/28/2014 17:46 0.026 49.5 0.00020 0.00220 0.00510 0.00520 0.00190 0.02600 0.110 1.1 0.12 0.51 0.03 173 38 9 88 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 05/08/2014 16:31 05/08/2014 17:46 0.020 26.0 0.00029 0.01050 0.02810 0.03010 0.00810 0.14700 0.730 4.0 0.61 0.55 0.04 112 578 172 68 - - - 0.044Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:16 05/12/2014 04:01 0.039 28.6 0.00020 0.00290 0.01190 0.01280 0.00300 0.05450 0.070 1.8 0.32 0.07 0.03 115 346 40 60 - - - 0.088Storm Composite 05/12/2014 11:01 05/12/2014 18:01 0.005 105.4 0.00053 0.00780 0.03010 0.02660 0.00770 0.13000 0.060 3.0 0.41 0.41 0.03 354 664 278 168 - - - 0.050Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:31 05/19/2014 16:04 0.044 18.7 0.00020 0.00470 0.01040 0.01210 0.00340 0.05060 0.180 2.0 0.37 0.22 0.03 163 130 35 60 - - - 0.081Storm Grab 05/19/2014 12:15 05/19/2014 12:15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,100 -Storm Composite 05/27/2014 05:46 05/27/2014 09:05 0.043 22.1 0.00020 0.00330 0.00820 0.00980 0.00270 0.03620 0.170 1.5 0.29 0.22 0.03 110 105 32 56 - - - 0.043Storm Composite 05/31/2014 23:46 06/01/2014 02:53 0.040 15.6 0.00020 0.00480 0.01190 0.01530 0.00410 0.06290 0.060 1.7 0.32 0.05 0.03 91 - 212 52 - - - 0.049Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:16 06/07/2014 12:17 - 25.9 0.00020 0.00270 0.00720 0.00620 0.00250 0.02880 0.130 1.5 0.27 0.26 0.03 121 90 32 68 - - - 0.052Storm Composite 06/14/2014 23:16 06/15/2014 04:31 0.029 19.6 0.00020 0.00130 0.00460 0.00490 0.00160 0.01830 0.060 0.9 0.13 0.19 0.03 109 26 10 50 - - - 0.028Storm Composite 06/18/2014 03:31 06/18/2014 05:17 0.037 14.9 0.00020 0.00400 0.01140 0.01360 0.00380 0.04950 0.080 1.8 0.34 0.23 0.03 84 602 94 52 - - - 0.052Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:20 06/19/2014 09:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 16:16 06/28/2014 18:42 0.083 12.8 0.00022 0.00620 0.02030 0.02570 0.00570 0.09880 0.160 2.4 0.45 0.13 0.06 90 611 139 52 - - - 0.101Storm Composite 07/07/2014 18:47 07/07/2014 21:31 0.067 21.9 0.00020 0.00320 0.00820 0.00620 0.00220 0.02730 0.090 1.3 0.25 0.36 0.03 112 67 16 64 - - - 0.083Storm Composite 07/11/2014 09:01 07/11/2014 11:16 0.056 17.0 0.00020 0.00290 0.00840 0.00630 0.00190 0.03430 0.080 1.0 0.18 0.24 0.04 93 64 24 108 - - - 0.060Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:49 07/11/2014 09:49 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Composite 07/12/2014 14:01 07/12/2014 16:46 0.047 27.4 0.00020 0.00310 0.00750 0.00670 0.00200 0.02690 0.170 1.1 0.18 0.36 0.04 129 53 17 100 - - - 0.048Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:25 07/25/2014 08:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,100 -Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:46 08/18/2014 02:46 0.045 13.6 0.00020 0.00370 0.01460 0.01510 0.00350 0.06210 0.070 1.4 0.31 0.33 0.03 78 408 97 64 - - - 0.069Storm Grab 08/21/2014 09:50 08/21/2014 09:50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Composite 08/29/2014 18:16 08/29/2014 19:01 - 7.1 0.00020 0.00460 0.01390 0.01340 0.00300 0.05440 0.050 1.3 0.29 0.37 0.04 68 99 29 36 - - - 0.064Storm Composite 08/30/2014 02:01 08/30/2014 03:46 - 16.9 0.00020 0.00290 0.00770 0.00580 0.00210 0.02300 0.030 1.0 0.22 0.16 0.03 80 147 36 64 - - - 0.070Storm Composite 09/29/2014 09:47 09/29/2014 17:16 0.016 57.3 0.00020 0.00350 0.01280 0.00620 0.00300 0.05210 0.020 2.1 0.41 0.47 0.03 252 81 33 156 - - - 0.103Storm Grab 10/01/2014 10:05 10/01/2014 10:05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32,800 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 11:16 10/01/2014 13:17 0.087 13.9 0.00020 0.00320 0.00970 0.00600 0.00210 0.03830 0.020 1.1 0.27 0.16 0.03 63 48 21 68 8.1 5.2 - 0.115Storm Composite 10/02/2014 13:32 10/02/2014 16:17 0.056 17.3 0.00020 0.00350 0.00820 0.00580 0.00230 0.03620 0.060 1.2 0.23 0.33 0.03 100 47 24 88 - - - 0.061




- Not collected

Trout Brook


Trout Brook


12.3 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – TROUT BROOK-EAST BRANCH

The Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality since 2006. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurred between the months of April to November from 2006-2009. Since 2010 flow monitoring has been conducted year-round.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Trout Brook-East Branch are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Trout Brook-East Branch is explained in Appendix B.

12.3.1 DISCHARGE – TROUT BROOK-EAST BRANCH

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Trout Brook-East Branch for baseflow, stormflow and snowmelt events in 2014.

• Total baseflow discharge: 44,329,393 cubic feet (Figure 12-13 Table 12-4) • Total stormflow discharge: 20,003,770 cubic feet (Figure 12-13; Table 12-4) • Total snowmelt discharge: 268,508 cubic feet (Figure 12-13; Table 12-4) • Total annual discharge: 64,601,671 cubic feet (Figure 12-13; Table 12-4)

12.3.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – TROUT BROOK-EAST BRANCH


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 10 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 238 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 333 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Total baseflow TSS load: 27,481 lbs (Figure 12-17; Table 12-4) • Total stormflow TSS load: 296,464 lbs (Figure 12-17; Table 12-4) • Total snowmelt TSS load: 5,569 (Figure 12-17; Table 12-4) • Total annual TSS load: 329,514 lbs (Figure 12-17; Table 12-4)

12.3.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – TROUT BROOK-EAST BRANCH


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.09 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.48 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 0.77 mg/L (Table 12-4) • Total baseflow TP load: 236 lbs (Figure 12-19; Table 12-4) • Total stormflow TP load: 593 lbs (Figure 12-19; Table 12-4) • Total snowmelt TP load: 13 lbs (Figure 12-19; Table 12-4) • Total annual TP load: 842 lbs (Figure 12-19; Table 12-4)



Figure 12-13: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook-East Branch for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base





Figure 12-14: Trout Brook-East Branch cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 12-15: Trout Brook-East Branch level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 12-16: Trout Brook-East Branch level, discharge, and precipitation.



Figure 12-17: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-18: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=7

n=19

n=19

n=21

n=21

n=12

n=17

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=5

n=5

n=4

n=5

n=2

0

50

100

150

200

250


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014



Figure 12-19: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow and baseflow from 2006-2014.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-20: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=7

n=19

n=19

n=21

n=21

n=12

n=17

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=5

n=5

n=4

n=5

n=2

n=0

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Trout Brook


Table 12-4: Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed monitoring results, 2006-2014.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 451 932 932 932 932 932 932 932 932Total Rainfall (inches) 23.87 23.92 17.91 20.63 36.27 33.43 30.01 36.36 35.66Number of Monitoring Days 191 220 220 273 359 349 357 365 365Number of Storm Sampling Events 11 24 14 18 19 11 17 15 19Number of Storm Intervals 27 30 19 32 37 32 34 32 34Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA 9 2 2 2Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA 10 6 12 3Total Discharge (cf) 8,769,577 22,368,888 19,741,039 26,611,519 41,959,911 43,363,061 42,492,402 49,693,121 64,601,671Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 7,411,730 14,214,980 9,634,182 11,911,763 21,073,199 19,264,104 15,359,967 16,230,742 20,003,770Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA 2,405,051 2,496,397 7,466,757 268,508Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 1,357,847 8,153,908 10,106,857 14,699,756 20,886,712 21,693,906 24,636,038 25,995,622 44,329,393Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 37 98 72 49 51 37 53 245 142Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 44 71 70 39 44 46 54 123 82Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 51 105 132 79 83 79 109 332 238Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA 56 64 32 333Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 7 11 11 8 5 16 19 18 10Total TSS Load (lbs) 24,279 99,207 86,186 65,532 115,109 124,707 143,168 380,532 329,514Storm TSS Load (lbs) 23,687 93,578 79,265 58,555 109,063 94,989 104,312 336,596 296,464Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA 8,365 10,019 14,872 5,569Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 591 5,628 6,921 6,977 3,047 21,353 28,837 29,064 27,481Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 54 106 92 70 124 134 154 408 354Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.22 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.32 0.32Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.26 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.21Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.40 0.31 0.38 0.47 0.48Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA 0.20 0.32 0.29 0.77Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.09Total TP Load (lbs) 155 292 218 245 683 544 550 804 842Storm TP Load (lbs) 147 251 173 190 531 378 363 480 593Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA 30 49 136 13Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 8 41 45 55 152 136 138 188 236Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.34 0.31 0.23 0.26 0.73 0.58 0.59 0.86 0.90NA: Not available. Snow melt events w ere not monitored or sampled until 2011.

Trout Brook


Table 12-5: 2014 Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed loading table.

Sampled Event Sample

Event Loading Interval Event Volume (cf) Interval TP (lb)


x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 14:10 03/10/2014 14:30 281 0.19 197 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 12:50 03/13/2014 22:25 152,843 8.26 4,601 Snowmelt 03/14/2014 12:05 03/14/2014 20:25 114,748 4.40 772 x Storm 03/27/2014 12:00 03/27/2014 20:35 264,341 21.72 5,909 Storm 03/30/2014 11:20 03/30/2014 21:40 99,460 3.88 684 Storm 03/31/2014 11:30 03/31/2014 19:25 56,490 2.63 482 Storm 04/05/2014 12:05 04/05/2014 22:25 106,944 2.09 848 Storm 04/16/2014 18:15 04/17/2014 18:00 319,008 4.96 1,920 Storm 04/24/2014 07:00 04/24/2014 23:00 336,563 5.03 1,928 x Storm 04/27/2014 04:00 05/01/2014 16:20 4,038,831 52.31 21,709 x Storm 05/08/2014 15:45 05/09/2014 08:00 142,689 4.36 5,210 x Storm 05/11/2014 22:45 05/13/2014 06:30 412,780 10.57 3,866 x Storm 05/19/2014 10:45 05/21/2014 06:30 1,201,641 22.94 5,667 x Storm 05/27/2014 05:00 05/29/2014 04:00 848,372 34.68 21,305 x Storm 05/31/2014 20:15 06/04/2014 02:30 1,869,233 65.58 37,487 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:45 06/08/2014 09:30 548,398 17.25 11,169 Storm 06/11/2014 23:30 06/12/2014 05:30 27,200 1.47 557 x Storm 06/14/2014 20:00 06/15/2014 22:55 918,015 20.37 10,043 x Storm 06/16/2014 17:15 06/17/2014 11:00 205,468 4.91 636 Storm 06/18/2014 02:45 06/19/2014 01:15 369,771 12.49 4,488 x Storm 06/19/2014 03:40 06/20/2014 21:55 2,599,200 117.35 73,691 Storm 06/22/2014 11:00 06/22/2014 22:00 70,082 2.90 1,068 x Storm 06/28/2014 15:30 06/29/2014 20:30 1,492,701 70.46 39,969 Storm 07/07/2014 18:00 07/08/2014 09:30 420,237 9.83 3,680 Storm 07/11/2014 08:20 07/11/2014 19:50 281,625 7.72 2,963 x Storm 07/12/2014 13:15 07/13/2014 03:45 321,434 9.04 3,879 x Storm 07/25/2014 05:15 07/25/2014 15:15 74,232 3.15 3,496 x Storm 08/10/2014 21:45 08/12/2014 02:45 263,119 5.23 7,180 x Storm 08/18/2014 00:00 08/18/2014 12:15 386,249 12.95 6,556 x Storm 08/21/2014 06:15 08/25/2014 18:45 483,258 13.64 5,586 Storm 08/29/2014 03:30 08/29/2014 14:30 40,515 1.26 437 x Storm 08/29/2014 17:00 08/31/2014 00:45 642,081 14.46 4,355 Storm 08/31/2014 22:00 09/02/2014 00:45 225,531 5.40 1,776 x Storm 09/09/2014 21:15 09/10/2014 14:30 363,782 10.88 5,153 Storm 10/01/2014 09:35 10/01/2014 18:05 157,679 7.48 963 Storm 10/02/2014 12:45 10/03/2014 15:15 359,110 14.02 1,797 Storm 12/21/2014 20:50 12/21/2014 23:45 13,046 0.07 6

Snowmelt Subtotal 267,872 13 5,569 Storm Subtotal 19,959,085 593 296,464 Total 20,226,957 606 302,033


Interval TP (lb)


January 01/01/2014 00:00 01/31/2014 23:59 2,029,555 6.34 2,155 February 02/01/2014 00:00 02/28/2014 23:59 1,897,287 8.00 2,458 March 03/01/2014 00:00 03/31/2014 23:59 4,272,669 44.00 2,140 April 04/01/2014 00:00 04/30/2014 23:59 4,514,394 15.52 1,411 May 05/01/2014 00:00 05/31/2014 23:59 4,210,285 16.55 2,626 June 06/01/2014 00:00 06/30/2014 23:59 5,580,390 33.48 4,534 July 07/01/2014 00:00 07/31/2014 23:59 6,301,400 32.66 4,328 August 08/01/2014 00:00 08/31/2014 23:59 4,531,254 28.69 3,110

Trout Brook


September 09/01/2014 00:00 09/30/2014 23:59 3,511,271 17.45 1,756 October 10/01/2014 00:00 10/31/2014 23:59 3,228,863 13.70 1,410 November 11/01/2014 00:00 11/30/2014 23:59 1,906,198 7.84 535 December 12/01/2014 00:00 12/31/2014 23:59 2,325,843 11.35 1,019 Base Subtotal 44,309,409 236 27,481 TOTAL ANNUAL 64,536,366 842 329,514

Trout Brook


Table 12-6: 2014 Trout Brook-East Branch subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LBase Grab 01/22/2014 09:45 01/22/2014 09:45 0.017 407.0 0.00020 0.00110 0.00200 0.00260 0.00260 0.01190 0.190 0.7 0.08 0.21 0.03 1,060 17 4 520 1.0 54.5 219 0.023Base Grab 02/12/2014 10:00 02/12/2014 10:00 0.011 317.8 0.00020 0.00260 0.00470 0.00800 0.00340 0.02140 0.190 1.3 0.13 0.28 0.03 904 50 11 500 - - 14 0.020Base Grab 03/17/2014 09:20 03/17/2014 09:20 0.008 472.4 0.00020 0.00069 0.00230 0.00200 0.00260 0.01800 0.300 1.6 0.08 0.38 0.03 1,180 11 3 480 - - 236 0.020Base Grab 04/11/2014 08:40 04/11/2014 08:40 0.005 600.6 0.00020 0.00029 0.00100 0.00062 0.00200 0.00780 0.240 1.5 0.05 0.52 0.03 1,110 5 3 500 - - 1 0.020Base Grab 05/14/2014 10:30 05/14/2014 10:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 -Base Composite 05/14/2014 10:46 05/15/2014 09:15 0.007 344.3 0.00020 0.00028 0.00120 0.00170 0.00240 0.01110 0.150 1.6 0.02 0.66 0.03 988 4 2 524 - - - 0.027Base Grab 05/29/2014 10:25 05/29/2014 10:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 131 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 10:31 05/30/2014 05:15 0.032 232.5 0.00020 0.00032 0.00380 0.00056 0.00340 0.00680 0.080 1.0 0.18 0.19 0.03 686 6 3 344 - - - 0.036Base Grab 06/10/2014 10:00 06/10/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 179 -Base Composite 06/10/2014 10:16 06/11/2014 07:30 0.013 353.1 0.00020 0.00066 0.00160 0.00130 0.00270 0.00630 0.040 0.7 0.10 0.46 0.03 971 11 3 484 - - - 0.020Base Grab 07/02/2014 10:00 07/02/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23,800 -Base Composite 07/02/2014 10:16 07/03/2014 10:00 0.010 368.1 0.00020 0.00310 0.00640 0.00390 0.01360 0.02190 0.210 1.4 0.17 0.88 0.03 1,040 102 7 532 - - - 0.028Base Grab 07/21/2014 10:20 07/21/2014 10:20 0.013 98.2 0.00020 0.00022 0.00084 0.00010 0.00090 0.00160 0.140 0.6 0.04 0.84 0.04 421 3 2 240 - - 46 0.021Base Grab 08/13/2014 10:45 08/13/2014 10:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 -Base Composite 08/13/2014 11:01 08/14/2014 10:15 0.022 293.8 0.00020 0.00080 0.00260 0.00110 0.00320 0.01420 0.090 0.7 0.04 0.44 0.06 846 11 2 436 1.0 54.2 - 0.069Base Grab 09/08/2014 10:35 09/08/2014 10:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 387 -Base Composite 09/08/2014 11:00 09/09/2014 10:00 0.027 216.6 0.00020 0.00700 0.00910 0.01140 0.00670 0.03500 0.160 1.4 0.22 0.33 0.05 717 102 16 420 - - - 0.027Base Grab 09/29/2014 09:30 09/29/2014 09:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -Base Grab 10/09/2014 11:00 10/09/2014 11:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 -Base Composite 10/10/2014 10:40 10/10/2014 10:40 0.026 353.5 0.00020 0.00180 0.00210 0.00260 0.00410 0.00770 0.110 1.0 0.05 0.31 0.03 976 27 4 528 - - - 0.042Base Grab 11/20/2014 11:15 11/20/2014 11:15 0.029 316.0 0.00020 0.00078 0.00120 0.00180 0.00300 0.00720 0.050 0.6 0.10 0.27 0.03 881 5 2 532 7.8 52.6 326 0.043Base Grab 12/18/2014 10:10 12/18/2014 10:10 0.017 303.8 0.00020 0.00230 0.00390 0.00620 0.00380 0.01650 0.070 0.8 0.11 0.20 0.03 876 40 9 468 - - 272 0.020

Base Average 0.017 334.1 0.00020 0.00157 0.00305 0.00313 0.00389 0.01339 0.144 1.1 0.10 0.43 0.03 904 28 5 465 3.3 53.8 133 0.030

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 14:30 02/18/2014 14:30 0.018 2,025.9 0.00085 0.05390 0.06590 0.03480 0.01700 0.36600 0.780 4.1 1.37 0.40 0.07 3,630 380 128 508 - - 2,010 0.024Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 14:40 02/19/2014 14:40 0.030 1,887.3 0.00035 0.02030 0.03760 0.02210 0.01140 0.22200 0.700 4.8 0.53 0.30 0.08 3,330 252 112 460 - - - 0.043Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 14:20 03/10/2014 14:20 0.129 1,217.1 0.00026 0.01580 0.03220 0.01970 0.00930 0.18300 1.040 6.7 0.54 0.26 0.12 2,150 404 144 260 - - 1,050 0.149Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 13:45 03/13/2014 13:45 0.133 669.7 0.00040 0.01410 0.02990 0.01770 0.01040 0.14300 0.580 3.6 0.55 0.27 0.07 1,340 270 82 268 - - 450 0.161Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 14:45 03/20/2014 14:45 - 650.1 0.00040 0.00780 0.01840 0.00870 0.00610 0.09810 0.460 3.5 0.33 0.23 0.06 1,270 108 46 260 - - - 0.099Storm Grab 03/27/2014 14:15 03/27/2014 14:15 0.270 245.8 0.00026 0.01710 0.03730 0.02310 0.01120 0.20000 0.930 4.8 0.90 0.45 0.07 598 232 92 216 - - 3,260 0.308Storm Grab 04/24/2014 10:20 04/24/2014 10:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,553 -Storm Composite 04/28/2014 11:31 04/29/2014 07:30 0.046 47.2 0.00020 0.00600 0.01030 0.00740 0.00460 0.04290 0.140 1.1 0.18 0.69 0.03 203 71 12 84 - - - 0.087Storm Composite 05/08/2014 17:01 05/08/2014 18:15 0.029 153.5 - - - - - - 0.520 2.5 0.30 0.72 0.06 464 331 20 - - - - 0.049Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:46 05/12/2014 10:52 0.042 93.7 0.00020 0.00460 0.01220 0.00770 0.00440 0.05160 0.060 1.4 0.29 0.16 0.03 313 102 20 148 - - - 0.088Storm Grab 05/19/2014 12:10 05/19/2014 12:10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 921 -Storm Composite 05/19/2014 12:15 05/20/2014 10:15 0.053 82.0 0.00020 0.00630 0.01080 0.00780 0.00410 0.04360 0.090 1.5 0.27 0.26 0.04 262 66 15 116 - - - 0.079Storm Composite 05/27/2014 05:46 05/27/2014 10:30 0.042 46.6 0.00020 0.01410 0.01950 0.01510 0.00960 0.06310 0.070 1.9 0.53 0.05 0.03 200 320 40 72 - - - 0.113Storm Composite 05/31/2014 22:16 06/01/2014 09:46 0.071 33.8 0.00021 0.01190 0.02210 0.02720 0.01080 0.07350 0.080 1.6 0.46 0.22 0.05 168 258 39 84 - - - 0.082Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:31 06/07/2014 10:30 - 95.5 0.00020 0.00690 0.01420 0.01450 0.00690 0.05070 0.140 1.6 0.39 0.25 0.06 323 238 42 152 - - - 0.061Storm Composite 06/14/2014 21:16 06/15/2014 22:30 0.051 52.0 0.00020 0.00820 0.01480 0.01570 0.00710 0.04220 0.020 1.1 0.30 0.11 0.03 207 140 24 74 - - - 0.055Storm Composite 06/16/2014 18:31 06/17/2014 06:45 0.071 82.8 0.00020 0.00430 0.00640 0.00410 0.00250 0.02080 0.030 1.2 0.27 0.05 0.03 268 35 10 128 - - - 0.073Storm Composite 06/19/2014 04:31 06/19/2014 09:30 0.056 20.3 0.00031 0.01960 0.03350 0.03930 0.01700 0.09090 0.070 1.9 0.61 0.20 0.04 157 374 50 62 - - - 0.072Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:25 06/19/2014 09:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,220 -Storm Composite 06/28/2014 16:16 06/29/2014 05:00 0.095 39.4 0.00031 0.02010 0.03270 0.04180 0.01610 0.09680 0.250 3.0 0.67 0.26 0.07 187 368 44 48 - - - 0.100Storm Composite 07/07/2014 15:46 07/08/2014 08:30 0.061 99.6 0.00020 0.01080 0.01670 0.01550 0.00800 0.05060 0.080 1.8 0.46 0.48 0.05 322 170 26 168 - - - 0.062Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:35 07/11/2014 09:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14,500 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:15 07/11/2014 23:00 0.068 90.5 0.00020 0.00350 0.01210 0.00440 0.00310 0.02020 0.100 0.9 0.20 0.28 0.05 292 41 10 156 - - - 0.072Storm Composite 07/12/2014 14:30 07/13/2014 07:00 0.056 98.2 0.00020 0.01120 0.01980 0.02100 0.00950 0.04830 0.140 1.3 0.33 0.31 0.05 356 134 17 160 - - - 0.063Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:20 07/25/2014 08:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26,200 -Storm Composite 07/25/2014 06:00 07/25/2014 10:45 - 287.5 0.00020 0.00450 0.00990 0.00780 0.00710 0.03420 0.020 1.4 0.35 0.60 0.07 787 346 22 368 - - - 0.020Storm Composite 08/10/2014 22:30 08/11/2014 10:15 0.073 154.5 0.00020 0.00980 0.01890 0.02120 0.01150 0.04930 0.160 0.9 0.23 0.59 0.08 495 245 37 208 - - - 0.057Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:46 08/18/2014 09:15 0.092 62.7 0.00020 0.00950 0.01740 0.02570 0.00940 0.04570 0.030 1.4 0.45 0.46 0.05 244 220 36 116 - - - 0.097Storm Grab 08/21/2014 09:45 08/21/2014 09:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11,000 -Storm Composite 08/21/2014 07:01 08/21/2014 11:30 0.082 76.0 0.00020 0.00580 0.00980 0.00560 0.00450 0.02760 0.020 1.1 0.29 0.36 0.03 273 105 27 146 - - - 0.218Storm Composite 08/29/2014 17:46 08/30/2014 01:00 - 40.2 0.00020 0.00620 0.01170 0.00820 0.00480 0.03560 0.060 1.1 0.33 0.34 0.06 174 74 18 84 - - - 0.126Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:30 08/30/2014 08:30 - 22.3 0.00020 0.00910 0.02020 0.01000 0.00760 0.04010 0.020 0.8 0.30 0.18 0.03 146 109 21 36 - - - 0.093Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:46 09/10/2014 09:45 0.101 37.9 0.00020 0.00910 0.01450 0.01410 0.00700 0.04620 0.030 1.5 0.39 0.45 0.04 169 178 24 116 - 7.6 - 0.087Storm Composite 09/29/2014 09:46 09/30/2014 02:45 0.071 210.7 0.00020 0.00170 0.00410 0.00190 0.00270 0.01430 0.150 1.3 0.20 0.26 0.03 655 17 7 364 - - - 0.079Storm Grab 10/01/2014 10:00 10/01/2014 10:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32,700 -

Snow melt Average 0.078 1,290.0 0.00045 0.02238 0.03680 0.02060 0.01084 0.20242 0.712 4.5 0.66 0.29 0.08 2,344 283 102 351 - - 1,170 0.095Storm Average 0.075 94.5 0.00021 0.00910 0.01677 0.01541 0.00770 0.05401 0.140 1.6 0.38 0.34 0.05 316 181 28 141 - 7.6 11,419 0.093



- Not collected

Trout Brook


Trout Brook


12.4 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – TROUT BROOK OUTLET

The Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed has been monitored for discharge and water quality since 2005. Flow and water quality monitoring at this location generally occurred between the months of April to November from 2005-2009. Since 2010 flow monitoring has been conducted year-round.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at Trout Brook Outlet are listed below. Monitoring efficiency at Trout Brook Outlet is explained in Appendix B.

12.4.1 DISCHARGE – TROUT BROOK OUTLET

Level, velocity, and discharge were monitored at Trout Brook Outlet for baseflow, stormflow and snowmelt events in 2014.


12.4.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – TROUT BROOK OUTLET


• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 9 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 373 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 856 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Total baseflow TSS load: 324,586 lbs (Figure 12-25; Table 12-7) • Total stormflow TSS load: 1,843,264 lbs (Figure 12-25; Table 12-7) • Total snowmelt TSS load: 196,718 (Figure 12-25; Table 12-7) • Total annual TSS load: 2,364,568 lbs (Figure 12-25; Table 12-7)

12.4.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) – TROUT BROOK OUTLET

Baseflow, stormflow and snowmelt samples were analyzed for TP concentrations in mg/L in order to calculate event-based and total annual loads.

• Baseflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.06 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Stormflow flow weighted average concentration: 0.63 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Snowmelt flow weighted average concentration: 1.62 mg/L (Table 12-7) • Total baseflow TP load: 2,059 lbs (Figure 12-27; Table 12-7) • Total stormflow TP load: 3,133 lbs (Figure 12-27; Table 12-7) • Total snowmelt TP load: 372 (Figure 12-27; Table 12-7) • Total annual TP load: 5,564 lbs (Figure 12-27; Table 12-7)



Figure 12-21: Historical total monitored discharge volumes at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

100,000,000

200,000,000

300,000,000

400,000,000

500,000,000

600,000,000

700,000,000

800,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Dis

char

ge (c

f)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base





Figure 12-22: Trout Brook Outlet cumulative discharge and daily precipitation.



Figure 12-23: Trout Brook Outlet level, velocity, and discharge.



Figure 12-24: Trout Brook Outlet level, discharge, and precipitation.



Figure 12-25: Historical total monitored TSS loads at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TSS

Load

(lbs

)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-26: Monthly average storm sample TSS concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=6

n=25

n=20

n=25

n=20

n=10

n=13

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=4

n=4

n=2

n=4

n=1

n=1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000


TSS

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Month


2014



Figure 12-27: Historical total monitored TP loads at Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed for snowmelt, stormflow, and baseflow from 2005-2014.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TP L

oad

(lbs)

Year

Snowmelt

Storm

Base



Figure 12-28: Monthly average storm sample TP concentrations in 2014 for Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed and historical averages (2007-2013).

n=3

n=6

n=25

n=20

n=25

n=20

n=10

n=13

n=2

n=1

n=3

n=4

n=4

n=2

n=4

n=1

n=1

0.00

0

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60


TP C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Month


2014

Trout Brook


Table 12-7: Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed monitoring results, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Subwatershed Area (ac) 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028 5,028Total Rainfall (inches) 29.28 24.67 24.23 15.54 20.95 36.32 24.53 30.26 36.36 35.50Number of Monitoring Days 198 210 226 198 276 364 344 359 365 363Number of Storm Sampling Events 23 21 19 14 23 24 6 18 19 17Number of Storm Intervals 15 40 38 26 33 52 20 48 30 45Number of Snowmelt Sampling Events NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 1 2 3Number of Snowmelt Intervals NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 4 11 8Total Discharge (cf) 292,595,899 438,485,575 388,392,876 279,271,142 356,849,169 496,585,344 533,045,947 481,542,037 536,193,654 666,381,676Storm Flow Subtotal (cf) 80,113,383 88,748,004 133,852,477 88,336,642 113,482,177 180,006,459 126,247,447 167,030,961 91,385,535 76,728,743Snowmelt Flow Subtotal (cf) NA NA NA NA NA NA 69,637,200 3,307,320 33,744,420 3,645,447Baseflow Subtotal (cf) 212,482,516 349,737,571 254,540,399 190,934,500 243,366,992 316,578,885 337,161,300 311,203,756 411,063,699 586,007,486Average TSS Concentration (mg/L) 311 141 198 82 104 156 47 54 177 188Total FWA TSS (mg/L) 71 50 102 60 56 82 45 43 65 57Storm FWA TSS (mg/L) 201 199 285 175 159 211 129 97 282 373Snowmelt FWA TSS (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 43 123 87 856Baseflow FWA TSS (mg/L) 20 12 6 8 8 9 13 13 15 9Total TSS Load (lbs) 1,306,755 1,363,229 2,474,834 1,054,580 1,143,682 2,557,705 1,484,552 1,281,255 2,164,883 2,364,568Storm TSS Load (lbs) 1,054,690 1,104,384 2,377,790 963,965 1,027,807 2,374,988 1,013,270 1,012,503 1,608,203 1,843,264Snowmelt TSS Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 187,628 25,491 182,492 196,718Baseflow TSS Load (lbs) 252,065 258,845 97,044 90,615 115,875 182,717 283,654 248,311 328,524 324,586Total TSS Yield (lb/ac) 320 271 492 210 227 509 295 255 431 470Average TP Concentration (mg/L) 0.51 0.26 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.31 0.15 0.17 0.30 0.33Total FWA TP (mg/L) 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.13Storm FWA TP (mg/L) 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.41 0.40 0.30 0.27 0.48 0.63Snowmelt FWA TP (mg/L) NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.22 0.41 0.31 1.62Baseflow FWA TP (mg/L) 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06Total TP Load (lbs) 2,698 3,630 4,249 2,845 3,638 5,529 4,831 4,162 5,077 5,564Storm TP Load (lbs) 1,742 2,155 3,438 2,175 2,874 4,482 2,366 2,864 2,762 3,133Snowmelt TP Load (lbs) NA NA NA NA NA NA 959 85 661 372Baseflow TP Load (lbs) 956 1,476 811 670 764 1,047 1,505 1,212 1,655 2,059Total TP Yield (lb/ac) 0.70 0.72 0.85 0.57 0.72 1.10 0.96 0.83 1.01 1.11NA: Not available. Snow melt events w ere not monitored or sampled until 2011.

Trout Brook


Table 12-8: 2014 Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed loading table.


Interval TP (lb)


Snowmelt 03/09/2014 14:00 03/09/2014 17:45 59,651 8.83 1,998 x Snowmelt 03/10/2014 11:00 03/11/2014 01:15 970,651 169.79 119,447 Snowmelt 03/11/2014 12:15 03/11/2014 20:30 365,585 26.66 5,961 Snowmelt 03/12/2014 13:00 03/12/2014 18:30 59,054 11.03 2,501 x Snowmelt 03/13/2014 11:30 03/14/2014 03:45 1,081,792 69.40 39,730 Snowmelt 03/14/2014 11:00 03/14/2014 23:15 632,397 40.81 9,100 x Snowmelt 03/20/2014 12:45 03/20/2014 21:30 441,117 35.02 15,578 Snowmelt 03/21/2014 13:30 03/21/2014 18:15 69,981 10.63 2,405 x Storm 03/27/2014 09:45 03/28/2014 04:30 1,075,989 233.70 155,947 Storm 03/28/2014 13:00 03/28/2014 14:15 3,191 3.03 691 Storm 03/29/2014 13:30 03/29/2014 20:00 132,075 16.20 3,655 Storm 03/30/2014 12:00 03/31/2014 00:15 486,738 38.93 8,722 Storm 03/31/2014 05:45 03/31/2014 08:40 26,512 8.25 1,877 Storm 04/04/2014 14:00 04/04/2014 21:00 174,977 11.18 5,648 Storm 04/05/2014 12:30 04/06/2014 00:15 471,447 21.19 10,540 Storm 04/06/2014 12:00 04/06/2014 13:45 3,707 2.35 1,224 Storm 04/12/2014 08:00 04/12/2014 10:15 35,751 2.61 1,324 Storm 04/16/2014 18:30 04/18/2014 12:45 2,580,818 79.33 38,487 Storm 04/19/2014 22:15 04/20/2014 07:00 411,130 16.80 8,313 Storm 04/23/2014 15:30 04/23/2014 18:00 17,195 2.63 1,354 Storm 04/23/2014 20:00 04/23/2014 23:20 123,658 5.59 2,782 x Storm 04/24/2014 06:20 04/25/2014 05:35 1,928,797 46.62 15,882 Storm 04/26/2014 22:15 04/26/2014 23:25 7,215 1.55 804 x Storm 04/27/2014 04:00 05/01/2014 04:20 16,113,090 460.33 236,158 Storm 05/08/2014 16:00 05/09/2014 01:45 630,806 34.29 20,600 x Storm 05/11/2014 22:45 05/12/2014 23:45 1,485,766 76.75 38,612 x Storm 05/19/2014 11:00 05/22/2014 12:00 7,712,877 280.92 164,406 x Storm 05/27/2014 04:45 05/28/2014 04:00 2,737,395 148.11 116,136 x Storm 05/31/2014 15:15 06/04/2014 15:45 11,573,386 370.59 229,560 x Storm 06/07/2014 07:30 06/11/2014 03:30 4,094,409 146.86 67,076 Storm 06/11/2014 23:45 06/12/2014 05:15 242,553 16.40 9,644 Storm 06/14/2014 11:30 06/14/2014 18:30 249,472 20.84 12,387 x Storm 06/14/2014 20:00 06/18/2014 20:20 9,626,613 180.61 87,656 x Storm 06/19/2014 03:50 06/20/2014 04:55 5,660,205 213.01 129,949 Storm 06/22/2014 11:10 06/22/2014 15:05 276,063 18.41 10,819 x Storm 07/11/2014 08:15 07/14/2014 02:00 2,883,954 131.34 71,848 Storm 07/25/2014 05:45 07/25/2014 09:45 209,929 6.89 3,703 x Storm 08/10/2014 22:15 08/11/2014 23:00 1,031,394 240.41 207,071 x Storm 08/18/2014 00:15 08/18/2014 08:30 774,212 39.36 32,615 Storm 08/19/2014 18:15 08/19/2014 21:45 83,330 5.16 2,993 Storm 08/21/2014 06:15 08/21/2014 15:00 359,853 16.24 9,288 Storm 08/24/2014 18:45 08/24/2014 20:15 27,864 2.58 1,514 Storm 08/29/2014 03:45 08/29/2014 07:15 119,913 5.89 3,384 x Storm 08/29/2014 17:15 08/31/2014 04:00 1,956,219 52.20 20,694 x Storm 08/31/2014 22:15 09/01/2014 03:30 278,419 7.36 3,418 Storm 09/03/2014 10:00 09/03/2014 12:30 31,441 5.55 3,547 x Storm 09/09/2014 21:00 09/11/2014 07:00 1,644,092 78.20 70,193 Storm 09/20/2014 18:00 09/20/2014 20:45 86,857 6.20 3,882

Trout Brook


Storm 09/29/2014 10:30 09/29/2014 12:45 36,220 4.05 2,566 x Storm 10/01/2014 08:45 10/01/2014 18:00 481,725 34.77 11,458 Storm 10/02/2014 12:45 10/03/2014 04:45 778,169 30.94 11,699 Storm 10/04/2014 00:15 10/04/2014 05:30 96,431 7.55 2,961 Storm 12/21/2014 14:30 12/22/2014 02:15 314,723 0.98 177

Snowmelt Subtotal 3,680,228 372 196,718 Storm Subtotal 79,076,582 3,133 1,843,264 Total 82,756,810 3,505 2,039,982


Interval TP (lb)



Base Subtotal 578,470,364 2,059 324,586

TOTAL ANNUAL 661,227,173 5,564 2,364,568

Trout Brook


Table 12-9: 2014 Trout Brook Outlet subwatershed laboratory data.

Sample Sampling Start Sampling End Ortho-P Cl Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn NH3 TKN Total P NO3 NO2 TDS TSS VSS Hardness CBOD SO4 E. coli Dissolved PType Date/Time Date/Time mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mpn/100 mL mg/LBase Grab 01/22/2014 11:15 01/22/2014 11:15 0.010 159.0 0.00020 0.00091 0.00160 0.00120 0.00140 0.00660 0.200 1.4 0.07 0.84 0.03 629 18 3 396 1.0 68.4 488 0.020Base Grab 02/12/2014 11:10 02/12/2014 11:10 0.007 188.3 0.00020 0.00094 0.00170 0.00130 0.00150 0.00970 0.240 0.9 0.05 0.79 0.03 656 12 4 380 - - 727 0.020Base Grab 03/17/2014 10:05 03/17/2014 10:05 0.006 182.9 0.00040 0.00200 0.00480 0.00430 0.00230 0.02280 0.270 1.9 0.13 0.85 0.03 686 47 17 352 - - 345 0.020Base Grab 04/11/2014 09:20 04/11/2014 09:20 0.005 180.4 0.00020 0.00046 0.00110 0.00055 0.00120 0.01080 0.210 1.6 0.05 0.96 0.03 616 8 3 368 - - 81 0.020Base Grab 05/14/2014 11:00 05/14/2014 11:00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 -Base Composite 05/14/2014 11:17 05/15/2014 09:16 0.005 156.2 0.00020 0.00065 0.00230 0.00150 0.00150 0.01160 0.130 1.4 0.09 0.72 0.03 552 22 10 276 - - - 0.027Base Grab 05/29/2014 10:55 05/29/2014 10:55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178 -Base Composite 05/29/2014 11:01 05/30/2014 09:46 0.011 155.9 0.00020 0.00026 0.00120 0.00045 0.00100 0.00540 0.120 1.0 0.10 0.84 0.03 588 6 4 312 - - - 0.020Base Grab 06/10/2014 10:30 06/10/2014 10:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 -Base Composite 06/10/2014 10:47 06/11/2014 09:16 0.020 142.1 0.00020 0.00044 0.00230 0.00160 0.00140 0.00790 0.080 1.0 0.09 0.65 0.03 530 10 4 288 - - - 0.020Base Grab 07/02/2014 10:35 07/02/2014 10:35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,733 -Base Composite 07/02/2014 10:47 07/03/2014 09:31 0.014 147.8 0.00020 0.00064 0.00350 0.00130 0.00180 0.01450 0.110 0.9 0.10 0.78 0.03 532 12 3 300 - - - 0.031Base Grab 07/21/2014 10:55 07/21/2014 10:55 0.010 184.8 0.00020 0.00077 0.00170 0.00070 0.00180 0.01270 0.160 0.6 0.05 0.98 0.05 687 15 3 432 - - 114 0.020Base Grab 08/13/2014 11:20 08/13/2014 11:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,414 -Base Composite 08/13/2014 11:32 08/14/2014 09:46 0.009 158.5 0.00020 0.00050 0.00270 0.00096 0.00160 0.00810 0.080 0.7 0.03 1.01 0.04 614 10 3 344 1.0 67.2 - 0.020Base Grab 09/08/2014 11:20 09/08/2014 11:20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166 -Base Grab 09/09/2014 10:10 09/09/2014 10:10 0.010 160.9 0.00020 0.00045 0.00092 0.00066 0.00110 0.00330 0.130 0.1 0.03 0.89 0.04 606 9 2 372 - - - 0.020Base Grab 10/09/2014 11:30 10/09/2014 11:30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 -Base Composite 10/09/2014 11:47 10/10/2014 08:31 0.009 158.1 0.00020 0.00064 0.00180 0.00100 0.00160 0.00780 0.090 0.9 0.06 0.88 0.04 594 9 4 392 - - - 0.020Base Grab 11/20/2014 12:10 11/20/2014 12:10 0.007 177.8 0.00020 0.00160 0.00270 0.00300 0.00210 0.01220 0.170 0.9 0.08 0.74 0.03 625 45 8 396 1.1 69.8 727 0.020Base Grab 12/18/2014 11:20 12/18/2014 11:20 0.006 157.5 0.00020 0.00064 0.00140 0.00075 0.00160 0.00580 0.170 0.8 0.04 0.62 0.03 626 7 3 384 - - 179 0.020

Base Average 0.009 165.0 0.00021 0.00078 0.00212 0.00138 0.00156 0.00994 0.154 1.0 0.07 0.83 0.03 610 16 5 357 1.0 68.5 458 0.021

Snow melt Grab 02/18/2014 14:00 02/18/2014 14:00 0.009 628.1 0.00020 0.00540 0.01000 0.01020 0.00390 0.04820 0.330 2.2 0.22 0.85 0.03 1,240 88 28 368 - - 246 0.022Snow melt Grab 02/19/2014 14:15 02/19/2014 14:15 0.008 689.0 0.00025 0.01330 0.02130 0.01710 0.00710 0.11400 0.350 3.3 0.38 0.79 0.04 1,380 196 60 356 - - - 0.020Snow melt Grab 03/10/2014 13:54 03/10/2014 13:54 0.062 1,400.6 0.00072 0.02760 0.05690 0.04460 0.01630 0.31500 1.150 9.6 1.28 0.56 0.13 2,460 876 220 244 - - 2,420 0.129Snow melt Grab 03/13/2014 14:20 03/13/2014 14:20 0.149 615.9 0.00040 0.01160 0.02880 0.02360 0.00820 0.13000 0.710 4.2 0.54 0.51 0.09 1,220 292 82 228 - - 1,450 0.164Snow melt Grab 03/20/2014 15:05 03/20/2014 15:05 - 365.1 0.00040 0.01240 0.02830 0.02290 0.00870 0.15200 0.450 4.7 0.54 0.53 0.07 782 226 72 168 - - - 0.107Storm Grab 03/27/2014 14:25 03/27/2014 14:25 0.255 54.2 0.00060 0.02850 0.06860 0.02130 0.01970 0.19500 0.930 6.4 1.41 0.59 0.07 338 916 272 108 - - 4,350 0.293Storm Composite 04/24/2014 07:32 04/24/2014 13:16 0.030 79.0 0.00020 0.00470 0.00980 0.00880 0.00310 0.04650 0.350 1.5 0.19 0.50 0.03 280 59 22 120 - - - 0.033Storm Grab 04/24/2014 10:45 04/24/2014 10:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,120 -Storm Composite 04/27/2014 05:16 04/27/2014 15:18 0.034 47.5 0.00024 0.01030 0.02050 0.02820 0.00770 0.09060 0.220 2.0 0.42 0.32 0.03 216 237 59 88 - - - 0.046Storm Composite 04/28/2014 11:02 04/29/2014 07:46 0.023 71.4 0.00020 0.00300 0.00700 0.00730 0.00260 0.02740 0.110 1.3 0.17 0.62 0.03 254 51 12 112 - - - 0.025Storm Composite 05/11/2014 23:32 05/12/2014 10:46 0.024 77.2 0.00020 0.00510 0.01520 0.01390 0.00480 0.06380 0.090 2.0 0.33 0.34 0.03 258 155 60 128 - - - 0.040Storm Composite 05/19/2014 11:47 05/19/2014 21:46 0.043 39.7 0.00020 0.00800 0.01500 0.02010 0.00630 0.05840 0.140 1.9 0.37 0.22 0.03 175 208 42 88 - - - 0.085Storm Grab 05/19/2014 12:25 05/19/2014 12:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,300 -Storm Composite 05/27/2014 05:16 05/27/2014 10:01 0.034 36.5 0.00020 0.01060 0.01950 0.02890 0.00850 0.07190 0.150 2.4 0.50 0.15 0.03 175 378 67 76 - - - 0.050Storm Composite 05/31/2014 21:46 06/01/2014 07:04 0.045 33.0 0.00020 0.00660 0.01430 0.02190 0.00610 0.05430 0.070 1.5 0.34 0.27 0.04 154 202 42 80 - - - 0.043Storm Composite 06/07/2014 08:32 06/08/2014 01:01 - 78.0 0.00020 0.00330 0.00760 0.00730 0.00330 0.02500 0.070 1.2 0.24 0.36 0.03 279 94 30 148 - - - 0.070Storm Composite 06/14/2014 20:47 06/15/2014 07:01 0.032 33.5 0.00020 0.00520 0.01060 0.01260 0.00430 0.03800 0.050 1.1 0.23 0.26 0.03 159 132 49 74 - - - 0.028Storm Composite 06/16/2014 22:17 06/17/2014 10:01 0.033 97.5 0.00020 0.00099 0.00290 0.00150 0.00140 0.00920 0.050 0.9 0.13 0.41 0.03 358 16 5 180 - - - 0.034Storm Composite 06/19/2014 04:32 06/19/2014 10:46 0.043 16.9 0.00020 0.00940 0.01730 0.02550 0.00830 0.05610 0.040 1.4 0.37 0.10 0.03 114 204 34 58 - - - 0.053Storm Grab 06/19/2014 09:45 06/19/2014 09:45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Grab 07/11/2014 09:50 07/11/2014 09:50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14,600 -Storm Composite 07/11/2014 08:47 07/11/2014 12:47 0.045 39.3 0.00020 0.00590 0.01260 0.01220 0.00460 0.04140 0.070 1.1 0.26 0.31 0.05 171 133 30 116 - - - 0.050Storm Composite 07/12/2014 14:16 07/12/2014 17:16 0.044 38.7 0.00020 0.00890 0.01590 0.01860 0.00660 0.05120 0.130 1.3 0.32 0.39 0.05 173 153 31 180 - - - 0.042Storm Grab 07/25/2014 08:40 07/25/2014 08:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12,200 -Storm Composite 08/10/2014 23:02 08/11/2014 03:31 0.013 37.0 0.00027 0.00820 0.02780 0.02760 0.00840 0.12800 0.100 3.4 1.74 0.70 0.09 181 1,480 140 112 - - - 0.051Storm Composite 08/18/2014 00:47 08/18/2014 05:31 0.048 37.0 0.00023 0.00850 0.02440 0.02840 0.00820 0.09630 0.050 2.1 0.49 0.46 0.05 181 392 73 112 - - - 0.084Storm Grab 08/21/2014 09:25 08/21/2014 09:25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8,500 -Storm Composite 08/30/2014 01:46 08/30/2014 07:31 - 39.1 0.00020 0.00430 0.00960 0.00990 0.00370 0.03270 0.020 1.1 0.22 0.27 0.03 180 81 20 104 - - - 0.059Storm Composite 08/31/2014 23:01 09/01/2014 04:16 - 50.1 0.00020 0.00210 0.00620 0.00370 0.00210 0.02160 0.020 0.9 0.19 0.30 0.03 211 74 19 132 - - - 0.051Storm Composite 09/09/2014 21:47 09/10/2014 03:46 0.071 37.3 0.00020 0.00670 0.01600 0.02110 0.00540 0.07290 0.030 1.8 0.37 0.26 0.05 168 311 50 96 6.5 11.8 - 0.075Storm Grab 10/01/2014 09:40 10/01/2014 09:40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33,200 -Storm Composite 10/01/2014 11:32 10/01/2014 13:46 0.079 29.6 0.00021 0.00960 0.01780 0.02280 0.00700 0.06900 0.020 1.7 0.48 0.17 0.04 134 150 38 80 - - - 0.158


Annual Average 0.036 179.0 0.00024 0.00593 0.01317 0.01229 0.00483 0.05507 0.202 1.9 0.33 0.56 0.04 507 188 42 219 2.4 54.3 3,972 0.054Annual Maximum 0.255 1,400.6 0.00072 0.02850 0.06860 0.04460 0.01970 0.31500 1.150 9.6 1.74 1.01 0.13 2,460 1,480 272 432 6.5 69.8 33,200 0.293Annual Minimum 0.005 16.9 0.00020 0.00026 0.00092 0.00045 0.00100 0.00330 0.020 0.1 0.03 0.10 0.03 114 6 2 58 1.0 11.8 79 0.020Annual Median 0.023 97.5 0.00020 0.00470 0.00980 0.00990 0.00370 0.03800 0.130 1.4 0.22 0.56 0.03 358 88 28 180 1.1 67.8 727 0.034


- Not collected

Trout Brook


Trout Brook


12.5 2014 MONITORING SUMMARY – TROUT BROOK STORMWATER PONDS

CRWD has monitored the elevation of 4 stormwater ponds within the Trout Brook subwatershed: Arlington-Jackson, Westminster-Mississippi, Willow Reserve, and Sims-Agate. Monitoring at these location generally occurs between the months of April to November.

Summaries of 2014 monitoring data collected and observed at the Trout Brook stormwater ponds are listed below. Monitoring efficiencies are explained in Appendix B. Equipment failure resulted in unusable data for Arlington-Jackson and Willow Reserve in 2014.

12.5.1 ELEVATION – WESTMINSTER-MISSISSIPPI

• Average elevation: 107.2 feet (Figure 12-29; Table 12-10)

12.5.2 ELEVATION – SIMS-AGATE

• Average elevation: 83.6 feet (Figure 12-30; Table 12-10)

Table 12-10: Historical average elevations for Trout Brook subwatershed stormwater ponds from 2006-2014.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Arlington-Jackson 118.8 119.0 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.8 119.2 NA 118.9

Westminster-Mississippi 107.3 107.6 107.6 107.6 108.1 108.1 109.3 107.4 107.2 107.8

Willow Reserve 149.6 150.1 149.8 149.7 NA 150.2 149.8 150.6 NA 150.0

Sims-Agate 83.7 83.5 83.5 83.4 83.6 83.6 83.4 84.1 83.5 83.6

PondElevation (feet) Average

Elevation

Trout Brook


Figure 12-29: Westminster-Mississippi elevation and precipitation

Trout Brook


Figure 12-30: Sims-Agate elevation and precipitation

Trout Brook



13 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

13.1 CONCLUSIONS

The 2014 stormwater monitoring data collected from twelve monitoring stations in Capitol Region Watershed District was analyzed for total discharge, pollutant loads, metals toxicity, and bacteria. The data reported herein represents annual water quality results from seven of the sixteen major subwatersheds in CRWD. This 2014 Stormwater Monitoring Report was the first time CRWD reported on the Como 3 and Hidden Falls subwatersheds. Flow and water quality data has been collected seasonally at the Como 3 station since 2012. The Hidden Falls monitoring station was established in May 2014, so 2014 was the first season of data collection at this location. The 2014 monitoring season was the fifth year since 2010 that six CRWD monitoring stations (East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook-East Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet) continuously collected data year-round from January through December. Therefore, the total recorded annual discharge and pollutant loads for these sites were higher from 2010-2014 than the annual data recorded from 2005-2009.

CLIMATE

Climatologically, 2014 was unique with a cold winter and deep snowpack, followed by a wet and cool spring, and then an unseasonably dry summer and fall. June 2014 was the wettest June in Minnesota history. Large precipitation events were frequent in mid-May to late-June 2014 and generated the majority of stormflow at all CRWD monitoring sites. Large storm events contributed a significant portion of the annual yield of TSS and TP. Additionally, the melting of a deep winter snowpack in March and April of 2014 significantly contributed to total annual discharge as well as high pollutant loading. A drier than average July through November resulted in reduced pollutant loading during this period.

DISCHARGE

For discharge, the Trout Brook subwatershed exported the greatest amount of water (666,381,676 cf) in 2014 because it has the largest drainage area in CRWD (5,028 acres). The 2014 water yields for all monitored subwatersheds were greater than the historical averages of previous monitoring years (2005-2013), largely due to an above average annual precipitation year. Phalen Creek recorded the highest annual water yield (145,979 cf/ac) in comparison to all other continuously monitored stations in 2014. In 2014, snowmelt made up a larger portion of discharge, TSS load, and TP load at all stations monitored year-round (East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook-East


Branch, Trout Brook-West Branch, and Trout Brook Outlet). An above average snowpack depth during the 2013-2014 winter contributed to this observation (76.2 inches; 21.8 inches above normal). Also, colder than normal winter temperatures that extended through late March 2014 resulted in a gradual late-season melt of the snowpack. In 2014, a greater effort was made to sample snowmelt events and to standardize how snowmelt discharge volumes are quantified.

POLLUTANT LOADS

In 2014, all monitored subwatersheds exceeded their historical average (2010-2013) TSS yield (lbs/acre), except for Trout Brook-West Branch and Villa Park. At most stations, TSS yields were likely greater than historical averages in 2014 because of the above average precipitation that occurred; TSS loading is primarily driven by stormwater runoff. East Kittsondale produced the highest total annual TSS yields on a per acre basis in 2014 (711 lbs/ac). Trout Brook Outlet had the largest total annual TSS load (2,364,568 lbs) in 2014, of which 78% of the total load was transported by stormflow. The 2014 total annual TP yields (lbs/acre) generally increased at all sites in comparison to historical averages (2010-2013). East Kittsondale produced the highest total annual TP yield (1.37 lb/ac). Como 3 (0.14 lbs/ac) and Sarita (0.16 lbs/ac) had the lowest annual TP yields of all subwatersheds in 2014. Overall, in 2014 Trout Brook Outlet produced the largest total annual TP load (5,564 lbs). TP loading in 2014 primarily occurred during storm events at all continuously monitored stations, even though baseflow accounted for the majority of the total discharge.

METALS

For metals, the 2014 average stormflow toxicity of lead exceeded the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) toxicity standards at all stations, except Villa Park. Yearly copper toxicity was also exceeded from most monitored subwatersheds in 2014, except St. Anthony Park, Trout Brook (East Branch, West Branch, and Outlet) and Villa Park. Average stormflow toxicity of zinc exceeded the MPCA toxicity standard at Hidden Falls, Como 3, and Como 7. For all sites, average concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and nickel for all flow types (base, snowmelt, storm, and yearly) did not exceed the MPCA toxicity standards in 2014 (except yearly cadmium at Hidden Falls).

BACTERIA

During stormflow events, the majority (80%) of E. coli samples for all stations exceeded the MPCA maximum numeric standard (1,260 cfu/100 mL) in 2014. The highest bacteria count observed was at Hidden Falls in October 2014 with 71,700 cfu/100 mL. Baseflow bacteria samples typically did not exceed the standard in 2014, with the exception of a few isolated occurrences.

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS & COMPARISONS

In 2014, stormwater discharging from CRWD was measured to be more polluted than the Mississippi River at Lambert’s Landing. High stormwater pollutant levels contribute to the various water quality impairments found in CRWD lakes and the Mississippi River.


The 2014 median stormwater concentrations for nutrients, solids, metals, and bacteria were compared to other urbanized areas in the United States using data reported in the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD). When comparing to NSQD’s mixed residential land use category, most CRWD monitored subwatersheds exceeded median stormwater concentrations for TSS and E. coli.

STORMWATER PONDS

CRWD stormwater ponds were able to provide adequate water storage while maintaining surface levels commensurate with previous monitoring years. Stormwater ponds experienced slight increases in water levels during large storm events; however, excess water generally drained within 72 hours.

13.2 ACCOMPLISHMENTS & RECOMMENDATIONS

It is the goal of CRWD to continually improve the monitoring program with new ideas in order to advance the program in quality, efficiency, and data application. The monitoring program aims to collect and analyze high quality data from multiple locations to better understand the water quality in individual subwatersheds as well as the watershed as a whole. Data collection and analysis through the monitoring program helps to further CRWD’s mission “to protect, manage and improve the water resources of the Capitol Region Watershed District.”

ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2014

In 2014, CRWD achieved many of the goals stated in both the 2013 Monitoring Report and the Monitoring Program Review & Recommendations (2014-2016), including:

• CRWD established new full water quality monitoring stations in unmonitored CRWD subwatersheds, including Hidden Falls subwatershed, and the Green Line.

• CRWD worked to establish AC power connection and remote data access to Trout

Brook-East Branch and Trout Brook-West Branch in 2014 in order to increase data collection efficiency and data quality.

• CRWD adjusted the sampling season schedule to:

o Reduce the total number of monthly baseflow sampling events; o Target specific precipitation events for sampling for storm volume and intensity.

• CRWD implemented a long-term monitoring database for improved data organization,

data accessibility, data querying, and data analysis. o The database (Kisters WISKI) was launched in December 2014

• CRWD worked with the MPCA to monitor chloride pollution in stormwater to contribute

data to the Twin Cities Metro Area Chloride Project (MPCA, 2012b).


• CRWD partnered with the University of Minnesota on several projects by collecting and analyzing water quality samples.

• CRWD identified and eliminated an illicit discharge observed at Trout Brook-East Branch using IDDE protocols.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 2015

For 2015, CRWD has developed several goals and recommendations aimed at improving the monitoring program’s efficiency as well as CRWD’s water quantity and quality dataset. Goals for 2015 are:

1. CRWD will further explore and implement the many functions of the newly acquired

monitoring database software (Kisters WISKI) in order to improve efficiency, data organization, data access, data analysis, and automation of data QA/QC, such as:

a. Automate baseflow and stormflow interval identification; b. Automate pollutant loading calculations; c. Recalculate discharge and pollutant loads for historical data using automated

scripts in order to streamline calculations and eliminate year-to-year subjectivity.

2. CRWD will consider analyzing water quality samples for additional parameters not currently analyzed, such as: bacteria/microbial source tracking, oil/grease, trash, PAHs, contaminants of emerging concern.

3. CRWD will consider expanding remote data access capabilities to other baseline

monitoring stations in the District, such as East Kittsondale, Phalen Creek, or St Anthony Park.

4. CRWD will develop and implement a CRWD Monitoring Quality Assurance Program

Plan (QAPP) in 2015 to ensure data quality. The QAPP will act as a primary guidance document to:

a. Define field and laboratory quality assurance goals and procedures; b. Summarize monitoring program goals, design, sampling methods, analytical

procedures, and data review protocols.

5. CRWD will seek to enhance partnerships with the City of Saint Paul, Ramsey County, other local urban watershed districts, and research groups (e.g. University of Minnesota) to broaden our understanding of urban hydrology and pollutant loading.

6. CRWD will document illicit discharges throughout the watershed and work with District

municipalities to eliminate other potential sources of pollution.


14 REFERENCES Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2015. 2014 Lakes Monitoring Report. Saint Paul, MN. Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2014. 2013 Stormwater Monitoring Report. Saint Paul, MN. Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2012. Stormwater BMP Performance Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis. Saint Paul, MN. Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2010. CRWD 2010 Watershed Management Plan. Saint Paul, MN. Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2002. Como Lake Strategic Management Plan. Saint Paul, MN. Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), 2000. Watershed Management Plan 2000. Roseville, MN. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network (CoCoRaHS), 2014. Maps: Daily Precipitation. Accessed online from http://www.cocorahs.org/Maps/ViewMap.aspx?state=usa ESRI, 2011. ArcGIS 9.3 Redlands, CA, USA. Janke, B.D., 2015. Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Performance of the Villa Park Wetland, 2006 – 2012. University of Minnesota—Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior: St. Paul, MN. Massa, S., Brocchi, G.F., Peri, G. Altieri, C. and Mammina, C., 2001. Evaluation of recovery methods to detect fecal streptococci in polluted waters. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 32: 298-302. Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES), 2015. Environmental Information Management System. St. Paul, MN. Minnesota Climatology Working Group (MCWG), 2015a. Minneapolis/St. Paul Metro Snow Resources. Accessed online from http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/twin_cities_snow.htm Minnesota Climatology Working Group (MCWG), 2015b. St. Paul Campus Climatological Observatory: 15-minute precipitation data. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed online from http://climate.umn.edu/doc/observatory.htm

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Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 2015a. 2014 Lake Ice Out Dates. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed on-line from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ice_out/index.html?year=2014 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 2015b. Minneapolis/St. Paul Climate Data, Snowfall Data Resources. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed online from http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/snowvar.htm Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 2015c. Median Lake Ice Out Dates. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed online from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ice_out/index.html?year=median Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 2015d. Record-Setting Rainfall in June 2014. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed online from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/140630_wet_june.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), 2013. TMDL Project: Lake Pepin – Excess Nutrients. Accessed online from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/minnesotas-impaired-waters-and-tmdls/tmdl-projects/lower-mississippi-river-basin-tmdl-projects/project-lake-pepin-excess-nutrients.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), 2012a. Final TMDL list of impaired waters. Accessed online from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-document.html?gid=8281. Saint Paul, MN. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), 2012b. Metro Area Chloride Project. Accessed online from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-document.html?gid=16384. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), 2012c. South Metro Mississippi River Total Suspended Solids Total Maximum Daily Load Draft. Accessed online from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-document.html?gid=15794. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2015a. 1981-2010 U.S. Climate Normals. Accessed on-line from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/climate-normals/1981-2010-normals-data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2015b. Yearly Precipitation Rankings at Minneapolis. Accessed on-line from http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=mpx&storyid=102952&source=0 National Weather Service (NWS), 2015. Past weather information for the Twin Cities. Twin Cities, MN. Accessed online from http://www.weather.gov/mpx/mspclimate National Weather Service (NWS), 2015b. Mississippi River at St. Paul. Accessed online from http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=mpx&gage=stpm5

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https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/climate-normals/1981-2010-normals-data

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/climate-normals/1981-2010-normals-data

http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=mpx&storyid=102952&source=0


http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=mpx&gage=stpm5


Office of the Revisor of Statutes (ORS), 2012. Minn. Stat. § 7050.0222 Specific Water Quality Standards for Class 2 Waters of the State; Aquatic Life and Recreation. Saint Paul, MN. Accessed online from https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=7050.0222 Pitt, R., Maestre, A., Hyche, H., and Togawa, N., 2008. The Updated National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD), Version 3. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC 2008: Session 11 through Session 20, 1007-1026(20).

https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=7050.0222



APPENDIX A: METAL STANDARDS BASED ON HARDNESS



APPENDIX A METAL STANDARDS BASED ON HARDNESS

Metals standards for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were calculated on an individual site basis for the entire monitoring season (yearly) as well as for base, storm, and illicit discharge event types (Table A-1). Listed below are the equations used to calculate the event type and yearly metals standards for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. Average hardness concentrations for each individual monitoring site were used in the calculations, which is why each site has a different standard. To convert from micrograms (µg) to milligrams (mg), the standard was multiplied by the conversion factor of 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

1,000µ𝑚𝑚.

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 �𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒0.7852∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��−3.49

𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒0.819∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��+1.561

𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒0.620∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��−0.57

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒1.273∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��−4.705

𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑍𝑍 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒0.8473∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��+0.7615

The Minnesota Rules also states that for waters with hardness values greater than 212 mg/L, the chronic standard for nickel shall not exceed 0.297 mg/L. For those event types or yearly averages which have average hardness values which exceed 212 mg/L, the nickel standard for those event types or year was set equal to the state standard of 0.297 mg/L. If the average hardness value was less than 212 mg/L, the following equation was used to calculate the nickel standard:

𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿� � = 𝑒𝑒0.846∗ln�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿� ��+1.1645


Table A-1: Metals standards based on average hardness, 2014.

Parameter AverageLambert's Landing

East Kittsondale

Hidden Falls

Phalen Creek

St. Anthony

Park

Trout Brook -

East Branch

Trout Brook - West

Branch

Trout Brook Outlet Villa Park Como 3 Como 7 Sarita

Base -- 400* 390 400* 334 400* 247 357 272 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 89 -- 246 342 351 189 273 393 122 158 --Storm -- 55 87 69 58 141 76 110 179 30 26 52Yearly 246 238 34 246 217 277 147 219 247 45 43 52Base -- 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0029 0.0034 0.0023 0.0031 0.0025 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.0020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.0010 -- 0.0023 0.0030 0.0030 0.0019 0.0025 0.0033 0.0013 0.0016 --Storm -- 0.0007 0.0010 0.0009 0.0007 0.0015 0.0009 0.0012 0.0018 0.0004 0.0004 0.0007Yearly 0.0023 0.0022 0.0005 0.0023 0.0021 0.0025 0.0015 0.0021 0.0023 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007Base -- 0.6442 0.6442 0.6442 0.5553 0.6442 0.4347 0.5863 0.4697 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.3652 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.1887 -- 0.4320 0.5661 0.5791 0.3483 0.4709 0.6347 0.2436 0.3010 --Storm -- 0.1272 0.1847 0.1533 0.1325 0.2745 0.1652 0.2231 0.3336 0.0772 0.0677 0.1212Yearly 0.4326 0.4216 0.0855 0.4326 0.3903 0.4772 0.2830 0.3936 0.4338 0.1076 0.1030 0.1212Base -- 0.0232 0.0232 0.0232 0.0207 0.0232 0.0172 0.0216 0.0183 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.0151 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.0092 -- 0.0172 0.0210 0.0214 0.0146 0.0183 0.0230 0.0111 0.0131 --Storm -- 0.0068 0.0090 0.0078 0.0070 0.0122 0.0083 0.0104 0.0141 0.0047 0.0042 0.0066Yearly 0.0172 0.0168 0.0050 0.0172 0.0159 0.0185 0.0125 0.0160 0.0172 0.0060 0.0058 0.0066Base -- 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 0.0147 0.0186 0.0101 0.0161 0.0114 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.0077 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.0028 -- 0.0100 0.0152 0.0157 0.0071 0.0114 0.0182 0.0041 0.0057 --Storm -- 0.0015 0.0027 0.0020 0.0016 0.0049 0.0022 0.0036 0.0067 0.0007 0.0006 0.0014Yearly 0.0100 0.0096 0.0008 0.0100 0.0085 0.0117 0.0052 0.0086 0.0100 0.0012 0.0011 0.0014Base -- 0.5094 0.5094 0.5094 0.4369 0.5094 0.3393 0.4622 0.3676 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.2834 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.1433 -- 0.3372 0.4458 0.4563 0.2699 0.3685 0.5017 0.1866 0.2322 --Storm -- 0.0954 0.1401 0.1157 0.0994 0.2111 0.1249 0.1704 0.2582 0.0569 0.0497 0.0907Yearly 0.3377 0.3288 0.0633 0.3377 0.3036 0.3737 0.2178 0.3062 0.3386 0.0802 0.0767 0.0907Base -- 0.3431 0.3431 0.3431 0.2942 0.3431 0.2284 0.3113 0.2475 -- -- --Illicit Discharge -- 0.1907 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Snowmelt -- 0.0963 -- 0.2270 0.3002 0.3073 0.1816 0.2481 0.3379 0.1255 0.1562 --Storm -- 0.0641 0.0942 0.0777 0.0668 0.1420 0.0839 0.1146 0.1737 0.0382 0.0334 0.0609Yearly 0.2273 0.2213 0.0425 0.2273 0.2043 0.2516 0.1465 0.2061 0.2279 0.0539 0.0515 0.0609

*For hardness values greater than 400mg/L, 400 mg/L is used as the value for metals standards calculations (MPCA)-- No data available

Zinc

Hardness

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Nickel


APPENDIX B: MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE TABLES



APPENDIX B MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE TABLES

Table B-1: Data collection efficiency at CRWD monitoring sites, 2014.

Site Possible Days Possible Hours Hours Missing EfficiencyEast Kittsondale 365 8,760 27 100%Hidden Falls 196 4,705 0 100%Phalen Creek 365 8,760 497 94%St. Anthony Park 365 8,760 486 94%Trout Brook-East Branch 365 8,760 0 100%Trout Brook-West Branch 365 8,760 210 98%Trout Brook Outlet 365 8,760 48 99%Villa Park 206 4,943 0 100%Como 3 196 4,704 0 100%Como 7 196 4,705 31 99%Sarita 196 4,708 0 100%

Arlington-Jackson 170 4,076 4,076 0%

Sims-Agate 162 3,896 0 100%

Westminster-Mississippi 169 4,061 129 97%

Willow Reserve 189 4,530 4,530 0%

McCarrons Outlet 197 4,727 221 95%

Como Outlet 188 4,515 0 100%Total 4,256 102,130 10,255 90%


Table B-2: Total rainfall during monitoring days at CRWD sites, 2005-2014.

Table B-3: Number of possible monitoring days for continuously monitored sites, 2005-2014.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

East Kittsondale 29.05 24.67 24.25 18.89 20.95 35.61 33.62 30.26 36.36 35.66

Hidden Falls 28.37

Phalen Creek 29.28 24.13 13.96 17.73 20.34 36.32 33.62 29.73 31.20 35.44

St. Anthony Park 28.27 24.13 23.99 9.95 18.72 26.84 29.24 29.71 34.00 33.60

Trout Brook-East Branch 23.87 23.92 17.91 20.63 36.27 33.43 30.01 36.36 35.66

Trout Brook-West Branch 28.78 24.67 24.25 18.99 20.63 36.32 33.62 29.72 36.36 35.46

Trout Brook Outlet 29.28 24.67 24.23 15.54 20.95 36.32 24.53 30.26 36.36 35.50

Villa Park 24.66 24.16 19.45 19.11 31.32 28.90 26.38 26.00 29.38

Como 3 26.02 24.70 28.37

Como 7 28.96 24.16 17.40 18.82 30.92 28.90 26.02 24.70 28.37

Sarita 18.19 23.19 17.64 18.72 30.62 28.90 26.16 24.70 28.37

30.6135.66Total 2014 Precipitation at UMN Climatological Observatory

SiteRainfall (inches)

NWS 30-Year Normal Precipitation (January-December)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

East Kittsondale 200 210 225 218 277 365 365 366 365 364

Hidden Falls 196

Phalen Creek 197 194 134 210 262 365 365 366 342 344

St. Anthony Park 191 192 215 126 218 230 269 366 351 345

Trout Brook-East Branch 191 217 212 273 365 349 366 365 365

Trout Brook-West Branch 191 212 228 220 273 365 365 366 365 356

Trout Brook Outlet 198 211 226 198 277 365 344 366 365 363

Villa Park 204 228 223 220 212 211 232 197 206

Como 3 220 190 196

Como 7 195 222 209 217 209 205 223 194 195

Sarita 159 227 203 213 205 203 228 193 196

SiteMonitoring Days


APPENDIX C: MEDIAN MONTHLY CONCENTRATIONS BY SITE



APPENDIX C HISTORIC MEDIAN MONTHLY CONCENTRATIONS BY SITE

Table C-1: Median monthly baseflow concentrations by site, 2005-2014.

Month n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median

Jan 5 0.040 7 0.050 7 0.060 5 0.050 6 0.050 6 0.050 1 0.180Feb 5 0.030 8 0.070 7 0.050 7 0.070 8 0.070 6 0.050 1 0.160Mar 6 0.050 7 0.050 6 0.080 8 0.160 7 0.090 9 0.080 1 0.270Apr 20 0.070 1 0.030 9 0.050 9 0.090 18 0.060 10 0.060 8 0.050 1 0.120May 33 0.050 2 0.030 14 0.070 13 0.050 30 0.060 17 0.080 13 0.050 2 0.120June 36 0.050 2 0.020 12 0.090 12 0.080 29 0.100 15 0.070 13 0.070 1 0.230July 41 0.070 2 0.030 19 0.050 19 0.070 44 0.080 22 0.080 18 0.060 2 0.150Aug 44 0.060 3 0.040 20 0.050 17 0.060 45 0.100 18 0.090 14 0.050 1 0.090Sep 40 0.090 1 0.030 13 0.050 14 0.070 32 0.080 14 0.050 14 0.050 1 0.250Oct 33 0.060 1 0.020 14 0.060 14 0.060 32 0.070 13 0.080 11 0.060 1 0.120Nov 12 0.040 8 0.060 9 0.050 10 0.070 10 0.050 7 0.060 1 0.170Dec 4 0.020 6 0.060 6 0.050 7 0.080 7 0.090 6 0.050 1 0.200

Jan 5 2 0 7 3 7 8 5 17 6 6 6 10 1 5Feb 5 2 0 8 18 7 12 7 21 8 20 6 12 1 4Mar 6 3 0 7 3 6 18 8 8 7 9 9 13 1 6Apr 20 4 1 3 9 4 9 10 18 5 10 6 8 7 1 5May 33 4 2 4 14 4 13 15 30 10 17 15 13 8 2 5June 36 6 2 2 12 6 12 22 29 13 15 7 13 8 1 4July 41 6 2 3 19 2 19 13 44 11 22 11 18 9 2 5Aug 44 6 3 34 20 4 17 20 45 11 18 12 14 9 1 6Sep 40 5 1 7 13 2 14 18 32 8 14 15 14 7 1 6Oct 33 8 1 6 14 2 14 15 32 7 13 12 11 7 1 6Nov 12 4 0 6 8 3 9 18 10 5 10 12 7 13 1 5Dec 4 2 0 6 2 6 8 7 7 7 19 6 9 1 10*Villa Park outlet median values reflect only 2014 values, not historical.

Hidden Falls Villa Park Outlet*

Total Phosphorus (mg/L)


Kittsondale Phalen Creek St. Anthony Park

Trout Brook- East Branch

Trout Brook- West Branch

Trout Brook Outlet


Table C-2: Median monthly event flow concentrations by site, 2005-2014.

Month n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median n median

Jan 1 0.230 1 0.320 1 0.100 1 0.050 1 0.120 1 0.470 1 0.690Feb 6 0.500 4 0.140 6 0.590 6 0.390 4 0.280 1 0.430 2 0.510 2 0.850Mar 5 0.410 17 0.490 14 0.280 15 0.390 13 0.440 12 0.430 9 0.520 12 0.570 4 0.330 6 0.420 4 0.300Apr 21 0.330 3 0.200 12 0.210 14 0.270 19 0.180 12 0.180 11 0.230 7 0.260 13 0.180 2 0.250 9 0.190 3 0.130May 52 0.440 4 0.250 21 0.400 23 0.200 48 0.370 31 0.370 29 0.360 20 0.280 29 0.370 9 0.200 14 0.250 3 0.140June 54 0.420 3 0.140 28 0.520 30 0.230 39 0.370 30 0.450 24 0.390 19 0.180 29 0.470 10 0.220 22 0.210 4 0.220July 59 0.330 2 0.220 26 0.400 23 0.270 44 0.300 29 0.310 28 0.290 15 0.240 23 0.460 12 0.170 21 0.250 1 0.090Aug 67 0.280 2 0.160 30 0.430 31 0.290 51 0.290 36 0.350 24 0.330 13 0.220 22 0.290 8 0.130 25 0.210 1 0.140Sep 37 0.350 2 0.300 21 0.350 21 0.190 26 0.300 18 0.410 11 0.370 6 0.300 12 0.400 4 0.200 14 0.280 1 0.230Oct 40 0.270 2 0.560 17 0.250 17 0.260 32 0.480 18 0.300 14 0.300 9 0.230 18 0.330 10 0.240 17 0.210 2 0.270Nov 4 0.690 1 0.440 1 0.100 1 0.240 1 0.570 2 0.430 1 0.830 1 0.160Dec 1 0.110

Jan 1 68 1 338 1 20 1 9 1 23 1 197 1 237Feb 6 172 4 130 6 177 6 145 4 93 1 260 2 255 2 150Mar 5 264 17 71 14 202 15 59 13 96 12 93 9 107 12 94 4 19 6 15 4 29Apr 21 246 3 125 12 102 14 156 19 63 12 76 11 102 7 195 13 102 2 80 9 58 3 19May 52 246 4 314 21 162 23 92 48 123 31 218 29 203 20 77 29 194 9 12 14 52 3 9June 54 189 3 130 28 189 30 143 39 124 30 232 24 207 19 114 29 236 10 33 22 68 4 17July 59 163 2 264 26 194 23 119 44 108 29 142 28 144 15 86 23 178 12 21 21 76 1 4Aug 67 140 2 129 30 271 31 195 51 88 36 194 24 177 13 108 22 146 8 13 25 64 1 10Sep 37 177 2 330 21 121 21 86 26 87 18 127 11 214 6 56 12 158 4 29 14 55 1 9Oct 40 96 2 547 17 73 17 75 32 61 18 97 14 104 9 28 18 102 10 12 17 28 2 11Nov 4 382 1 49 1 15 1 3 1 289 2 163 1 79 1 7Dec 1 40*Villa Park outlet median values reflect only 2014 values, not historical.

GCP Outlet

Total Phosphorus (mg/L)


Kittsondale Phalen Creek St. Anthony Park

Trout Brook- East Branch

Trout Brook- West Branch

Trout Brook Outlet Sarita Outlet Villa Park

Outlet*Hidden Falls Como 3 Como 7


APPENDIX D: ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT LOADING AND PERFORMANCE OF THE VILLA PARK WETLAND, 2006-2012


Villa Park Wetland Performance Analysis Report 1

Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Performance of the Villa Park Wetland, 2006 - 2012

Prepared for the Capitol Region Watershed District by:

Benjamin D. Janke

and

Jacques C. Finlay

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior

University of Minnesota

Saint Paul, MN, USA

April 6, 2015

2 Villa Park Wetland Performance Analysis Report

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. The Villa Park Wetland ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................................................................... 6

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 7

2. Analytical And Statistical Methods ............................................................................................. 8

2.1. Reconstruction of Hydrologic Data and Load Calculations ....................................................... 8 2.2. Analytical Methods ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Statistical Methods ................................................................................................................................ 10

3. Results ................................................................................................................................................ 12

3.1. Overall (Study Period) Nutrient Loading and Wetland Performance ................................ 12 3.2. Seasonal Net Loading and Removal (Load Ratio) by Year ...................................................... 14 3.3. Significance of Nutrient and Sediment Retention or Export .................................................. 15 3.4. Influence of Discharge, Air Temperature, and Precipitation on Nutrient Loading ....... 17

4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 18

4.1. Hydrologic and Precipitation Controls on Nutrient Export from the Wetland ............... 18 4.1.1. Patterns of Stormflow and Baseflow Discharge in the Villa Park Wetland............................ 18 4.1.2. Precipitation Effects on Wetland Hydrology ....................................................................................... 21 4.1.3. Hydrologic Controls on Nutrient and Sediment Loading ............................................................... 24

4.2. Phosphorus .............................................................................................................................................. 27 4.2.1. Total Phosphorus ............................................................................................................................................ 27 4.2.2. Ortho-Phosphorus .......................................................................................................................................... 32

4.3. Nitrogen .................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3.1. Total Nitrogen .................................................................................................................................................. 36 4.3.2. Ammonia Nitrogen ......................................................................................................................................... 39 4.3.3. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen ............................................................................................................................... 43

4.4. Total Suspended Solids ........................................................................................................................ 47 4.5. Chloride ..................................................................................................................................................... 51

5. Supplemental Data and Analysis ............................................................................................... 54

6. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 56

6.1. Hydrology and Climate ........................................................................................................................ 56 6.2. Phosphorus .............................................................................................................................................. 56 6.3. Nitrogen .................................................................................................................................................... 57 6.4. Total Suspended Solids ........................................................................................................................ 58

References ............................................................................................................................................. 59


Appendix A: Summary of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test p-values and Correlation Coefficients for

Analysis of the Effects of Discharge, Precipitation, and Air Temperature on Nutrient Loads and

Concentrations at Villa Park

Appendix B: Supplementary Data and Excerpts

Appendix C: Cumulative Loading Plots for Volume, TSS, and Nutrients at Villa Park Inlet and Villa

Park Outlet, 2006-2012


1. Introduction

The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the effectiveness of the Villa Park wetland

system for the removal of nutrients and sediment from 2006 – 2012, and of the effects of factors

related to season, climate, precipitation, and vegetation that influence the wetland’s performance

for water quality improvement. The analysis was based primarily on monitoring data collected at

the inlet and outlet of the system by the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), as well as

data from targeted studies by CRWD and others that include vegetation surveys, sediment

samples, and measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other water quality variables.

This project was motivated by several issues concerning the wetland. First, the results of

previous analyses (Janke 2013; CRWD 2013) suggested that the wetland was exporting a large

amount of sediment (as total suspended solids) and phosphorus in some years, particularly late in

the season. Since the wetland discharges directly to Lake McCarrons, and a large fraction (69%)

of the lake’s 1,070-ac watershed drains through the wetland, developing a better understanding

of the factors influencing nutrient export from the wetland is an issue crucial to maintaining and

improving water quality in the lake. Lake McCarrons, an 81-ac public lake located in Roseville,

MN, is considered mesotrophic and is not impaired for nutrients or water clarity. However,

maintaining water quality in the lake is desirable due to the number of people living on the lake

and to its importance as a public recreational destination. In 2004, the lake received an alum

treatment to lower phosphorus levels in the lake, and is routinely monitored by CRWD and other

entities to assess changes in water quality.

Second, in an effort to improve water quality of the lake, CRWD developed a management plan

for the wetland in 2010 to reduce phosphorus export to 109 lb per year (Wenck Associates

2010). Portions of the wetland were dredged during summer 2013 to improve its performance,

and with seven previous years of monitoring data, it was an opportunity to assess the baseline

effectiveness of the wetland before such a major overhaul.

Finally, while phosphorus and sediment may be of primary concern for treatment, the monitoring

data set also provided an opportunity to understand the timing of loading and wetland processing

of other nutrients and ions (including various nitrogen species as well as chloride) that could

impact water quality in the lake.

This report is organized as follows: (1) overview of the Villa Park wetland and data sets, (2)

description of the analytical and statistical methods used in the work, (3) summary and

interpretation of the most important results of the analyses, and (4) conclusion with the results

that are most relevant to the motivating questions. Appendices are included for selected

supplemental data sets that were used to guide interpretation of the results, cumulative loading

plots, as well as for tables of results from all analyses that were completed.


1.1. The Villa Park Wetland

The Villa Park wetland system was originally constructed in 1985-1986 to improve water quality

of Lake McCarrons (Monson 2007). The wetland system collects runoff from roughly 740 acres

of primarily low-density residential and commercial land use, and discharges directly to Lake

McCarrons. The lake’s total watershed area is roughly 1,070 acres, so the Villa Park wetland

system is responsible for treating surface runoff from a large portion (69%) of the drainage area

of the lake and has thus been the subject of several previous studies (Oberts and Osgood 1991,

Monson 2007, Wenck Associates 2010) as well as on-going monitoring efforts by the Capitol

Region Watershed District (CRWD, 2013ab).

The wetland system consists of a series of ponds and cells (Fig. 1-1), which as of a 2004 retrofit

project are separated in the middle reaches of the system by permeable steel and timber weirs to

reduce channelization in the wetland (Monson et al. 2007; Wenck Associates 2010). A

sedimentation basin is located at the upstream end, to which most of the drainage area is

connected by major storm drains. CRWD’s Villa Park Inlet monitoring site is located at the

outlet of this sedimentation basin, and consists of an outlet stand pipe, as well as a secondary

outlet rock weir to serve as an overflow during high-flow conditions. A series of 5 wet cells are

located downstream of the sedimentation basin, with the last cell emptying into a roughly 3-acre

wet pond (Wenck Associates 2010). The CRWD Villa Park Outlet monitoring site is located at

the outlet of the wet pond, the primary outlet for which is a large pipe collecting overflow from a

6-ft wide weir. A secondary outlet weir designed to handle higher flows is also monitored for

level so that total outflow can be determined.

It should be noted that several un-monitored storm drains enter the wetland between the Inlet and

Outlet sites, as well as outflow from a smaller detention pond (“Hockey Rink Pond”), which

empties into the Villa Park wet pond. The total area drained by these additional elements is

roughly 128 ac, or 17% of the total drainage area of the wetland (740 ac).


Figure 1-1. Aerial photograph of the Villa Park Wetland system showing the location of CRWD monitoring

sites, Villa Park Inlet and Villa Park Outlet, as well as the series of treatment cells and wet ponds (image

from Google Earth, dated April 2012).

1.2. Data Collection

The analyzed data set consists primarily of monitoring data collected by CRWD from 2006 to

2012 at the Villa Park Inlet and Outlet sites. Monitoring data include continuous flow rate during

the monitoring season and water chemistry of composite and grab samples collected during


stormflow events and baseflow periods. Water chemistry variables of interest to this study

include total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (Ortho-P), total nitrogen (TN),

nitrate-nitrite nitrogen (NO3-), ammonium (NH4

-), total suspended solids (TSS), and chloride

(Cl-). Monitoring data were collected during the warm season / open water periods of each year,

roughly April to November, with baseflow grab sampling occurring roughly once per month

during the off season. Details on sampling protocols and quality assurance / quality control can

be found in CRWD’s annual monitoring reports (e.g. CRWD 2013b).

Precipitation data were assembled from CRWD-maintained automatic and manual gauges

(including a manual gauge at the Villa Park Outlet), as well as from the State Climatology Office

station on the University of Minnesota St. Paul campus, and the Minneapolis (KMSP) and St.

Paul (KSTP) airports. Air temperature data from the UMN and KMSP stations were also used.

Several supplemental water quality data sets were also used to support or interpret the analyses.

These include data collected by CRWD in the wetland in 2007 for development of a phosphorus

management plan (Wenck and Associates 2010), as well as vegetation surveys in 2007, 2010,

and 2012. Data collected in the wetland in 2011 by Dr. Amy Hansen as part of her dissertation

work studying the role of epiphyton and submerged macrophytes for nitrogen and phosphorus

cycling at small scales has also been utilized (Hansen 2012). Data are also included from

samples provided by CRWD to the Ecology Evolution and Behavior Department at UMN from

2011 – 2012, which were analyzed for several nutrient forms and stable isotopes not included in

CRWD’s standard water chemistry variables, and were used to support an earlier project (Janke

et al. 2014).

Acknowledgements

Two sources in particular are acknowledged for the work described in this report. First, a very

similar study of wetland function was completed in the 1990’s by the USGS (Coon et al. 2000)

for a wetland on Irondequoit Creek in New York, and their report has proved a valuable

reference for presentation of some of the data and results, selection of statistical methods, and

interpretation of results. Much of this report is structured similarly to that of Coon et al. (2000).

A second source of information and interpretation of some of the results has come from

discussions with Dr. Amy T. Hansen, who conducted field work in the Villa Park wetland in

summer 2011 as part of her dissertation work at the University of Minnesota.


2. Analytical And Statistical Methods

2.1. Reconstruction of Hydrologic Data and Load Calculations

Gaps in flow data are relatively common in stream or storm drain monitoring data sets due to

differences in timing of installations from year to year, battery or equipment failure, local

maintenance or construction, etc. Since a primary purpose of this project was to analyze nutrient

and sediment retention for the wetland, the loads needed to be calculated over the same intervals

within years, and for inter-annual comparisons to be made, these intervals needed to be the same

year to year. Therefore the data records for each year were reconstructed or truncated as

necessary to include only Apr 1 to Oct 31. Fortunately, very few large gaps were present in the

flow data for the two Villa Park sites, mostly occurring at the start of the season when equipment

installation did not occur until after Apr 1 (Table 2-1).

Table 2-1. Intervals of missing flow data by year at the monitoring sites during the period of analysis,

2006 – 2012. Missing days as the percent of the monitoring season is given, as well as the amount of

precipitation occurring during intervals of missing data.

Villa Park Inlet Villa Park Outlet

Year Missing Days % Season Precip (in) Missing Days % Season Precip (in)

2006 39 18% 5.3 17 8% 2.23

2007 2 1% 0.14 4 2% 0.2

2008 3 2% 0.28 4 2% 0.28

2009 23 11% 4.63 3 1% 0.04

2010 4 2% 0.19 5 3% 0.19

2011 11 5% 0.5 14 6% 0.5

2012 10 5% 3.37 3 1% 0.33

In the case of baseflow or stormflow intervals that extended beyond at the end of the season, the

intervals were simply truncated at Oct 31, 23:59 and assigned the corresponding fraction of the

interval’s total volume. Missing intervals during the April to October period had to be

reconstructed using the following procedure:

(1) Any days for which rainfall occurred were designated as stormflow intervals, and the

duration of the flow event was assumed to span the entire day regardless of timing of

rainfall. Volumes were assigned based on the method of Boyd et al. (1993) in which

an equation was derived from a line fit to rainfall and runoff data from observed

events at the sites (Fig. 2-1; Janke 2013).

(2) Days for which little or no rainfall occurred were assumed to be baseflow intervals.

Volumes were assigned to these intervals by simple linear extrapolation from the

observed baseflow intervals at the site during the rest of the year.

Once the hydrologic data were reconstructed, nutrient loads could be calculated. For all

stormflow and baseflow intervals for which a sample was collected, a load (in lb.) was calculated


directly from the interval volume (ft3) and the nutrient concentration (mg/L). For un-sampled

intervals, a representative concentration had to be assigned. While several methods exist for this

calculation, a simple method employed in a previous analysis was used (Janke 2013). In this

method all observations at a given site are used to determine mean concentrations by month,

which are then assigned to the un-sampled interval based on month. While not statistically

rigorous, this method does attempt to capture some of the seasonal variability of nutrient

concentrations that are present at the Villa Park sites.

Figure 2-1. Regressions of runoff depth (in.) vs. rainfall depth (in.) at (a) Villa Park Inlet and (b) Villa Park

Outlet used to compute runoff volumes for un-gauged intervals (method of Boyd et al. 1993). Runoff

depth for each event was calculated by normalizing the runoff volume by the drainage area.

2.2. Analytical Methods

To statistically compare the upstream and downstream loads and concentration and to compute

nutrient removal (as a load ratio), a set of hydrologic events (storms and baseflow intervals) had

to be identified in which sampling occurred at both the Inlet and Outlet for a given event. Only

sampled events were used in order to remove the effect of any errors that might result from

reconstruction of intervals and loads. This was a manual process that involved combining some

intervals; for example, if two rainfall events were detected in succession at the Inlet but the

hydrograph at the Outlet only showed one event over the same period, then the two events at the

Inlet would be combined, with concentration assigned by volume weighting of the intervals.

The entire monitoring season (April – October) was also subdivided into bi-monthly (i.e. twice

per month) and monthly intervals, and water volumes and nutrient loads were determined for the

baseflow, stormflow, and combined flow for each interval by summing the event loads. Some

baseflow and stormflow events overlapping the breakpoints had to be split, in which case the

original load was divided proportionally between the split intervals. Longer intervals were used

to make the results more robust, as the event scale could be susceptible to sources of

methodological variation (e.g., presence of incomplete samples, or errors in pairing or classifying

upstream and downstream events), the effects of which would potentially be lessened when

integrated at the bi-monthly or monthly time scales.

y = 0.1704x - 0.007R² = 0.79

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Ru

no

ff D

ep

th,

in.

Rainfall Depth (in)

(a) Villa Park Inlet

y = 0.1884x - 0.0237R² = 0.91

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Ru

no

ff D

ep

th,

in.

Rainfall Depth (in)

(b) Villa Park Outlet


In this report, nutrient and sediment removal efficiency by the wetland was defined as a load

ratio between the Outlet and the Inlet:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝐿𝑅) = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

such that a value greater than 1.0 indicates export and value less than 1.0 indicates retention.

Load ratio was computed at the event scale for the paired loads and for the b-imonthly and

monthly intervals, and separately for stormflow, baseflow, and the combined (total) flow. One

drawback of this method of computing efficiency is that it can, especially at the event scale, lead

to very large ratios that vary substantially from event to event, especially for small Inlet loads.

These large ratios may be misleading since they do not necessarily indicate that a large amount

of a constituent was exported by the wetland, only that export was large relative to observed

inputs at the Inlet. The use of bi-monthly and monthly intervals was intended to smooth short-

term variation to reveal seasonal patterns in retention or export.

Cumulative loading plots were constructed for all years of data at the two sites to illustrate

seasonal and inter-annual variability of nutrient loading. Monthly mean and standard error of

nutrient concentrations were also plotted to illustrate seasonal variability of concentrations,

which were used qualitatively to interpret results of the statistical analyses.

2.3. Statistical Methods

Statistical methods for this project were similar to a study of wetland function and efficiency by

Coon et al. (2000). As in that study, a primary goal of this project was to investigate the

effectiveness of the Villa Park wetland for nutrient removal. A second goal was to investigate

climate factors that could influence removal efficiencies, nutrient concentrations, or loading.

Both goals required different statistical approaches, which are described below.

Wetland effectiveness was assessed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank method on paired (inlet-

outlet) nutrient loads and concentrations on several time scales (event, bi-monthly, and monthly),

as in Coon et al. (2000). This test determines whether the median difference between all pairs of

data is zero; if true, the upstream and downstream data have the same data distribution (Helsel

and Hirsch 2001). The test is non-parametric, and therefore appropriate for data that cannot be

assumed to follow a normal distribution (which is the case for some of the concentration data at

Villa Park). For this test, a p-value of less than 0.05 was assumed to indicate a significant

difference between the Inlet and Outlet loads or concentrations.

Interannual variability in net (Outlet –Inlet) loading by the wetland was expected to be

influenced by hydrology. This variability was investigated by simple linear regression of net

loads against net water volume (Outlet – Inlet) as well as several parameters related to

precipitation, with Pearson R2 and p-values used to assess the strength of correlations.

Parameters included snowfall during the preceding winter, snow meltwater equivalent (using


heated rain gauge data at MSP Airport), seasonal (April – October) rainfall depth, and the total

number of “small” rainfall events or greater (> 0.1 in.), number of “medium” rainfall events or

greater (> 0.5 in.), and number of large rainfall events or greater (> 1.0 in.). While the small

number of years (n=7) available for the regression limits the power of the analysis, the purpose

was to reveal any general patterns among years.

The correlation of nutrient loads, concentrations, and load ratios with several climate,

precipitation, and hydrologic factors was assessed primarily using Spearman correlation

coefficients, as in Coon et al. (2000). This method provides a measure of how strongly the

relationship between two variables matches a monotonic relationship, i.e. does one variable

increase or decrease consistently as the other variable increases in order. A linear relationship

between the two variables is not required or assumed, as for a Pearson correlation coefficient.

Values of the Spearman coefficient, , range from -1 (one variable decreases perfectly as the

other increases) to +1 (both variables increase perfectly together), with 0 indicating no

relationship. A Spearman p-value of 0.05 or less was assumed to indicate a significant

relationship between the two variables. Correlations were generally considered “strong” for

Spearman > 0.70 or R2 > ~0.50, and “weak” for < 0.30 or R2 < ~0.10, though correlations

were sometimes significant at p < 0.05 even without being considered “strong”.

Climate factors used in the correlation analysis include a number of variables related to

temperature. Many processes responsible for nutrient cycling are microbially-controlled, and

processing rates are therefore affected by temperature. Since very little water temperature data

has been collected within the wetland, air temperature data from a nearby weather station (UMN

St. Paul campus) were used as a surrogate for water temperature. Daily minimum, mean, and

maximum temperatures were used as factors, as were the daily temperature exceedences, defined

as the difference between actual daily temperature and the 30-year mean temperature for the day

as measured at the Minneapolis-St. Paul airport from 1981-2010. Exceedences were computed

for the minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, and were averaged over antecedent periods

of both 5 days and 10 days to give a measure of the extent to which antecedent conditions were

warmer or cooler than usual.

Several factors in the correlation analysis were used to characterize rainfall events and

antecedent precipitation patterns. Similar to a previous analysis (Janke 2013), rainfall events

were described by rainfall depth and rainfall intensity, and antecedent rainfall factors included

dry days, days since last 0.5 in. storm, days since last 1.0 in. storm, as well as accumulated

rainfall in the previous 7 days, previous 14 days, and previous 28 days.


3. Results

Results of the analysis of the data from Villa Park are presented here, starting with an overview

of overall (study period) and annual nutrient loads and load ratios in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, and the

significance of upstream-downstream differences in nutrient loads and concentrations in Section

3.3. Results of the statistical analyses, which can be found in the Appendices, are listed in

Section 3.4 and include the correlations of nutrient loads, concentrations, and load ratios with

various hydrologic and climate factors on several time scales.

Discussion of results is presented in Section 4, which includes an overview of year-to-year

patterns in nutrient loading and removal (load ratio), a discussion of hydrologic and climatic

influences on these patterns, and a separate discussion of results for each constituent.

3.1. Overall (Study Period) Nutrient Loading and Wetland Performance

Over the monitoring period, 2006 – 2012, the Villa Park wetland system retained TP, TN, NO3,

and Cl (load ratio less than 1.0), while the wetland exported Ortho-P, NH4, and TSS (load ratio

greater than 1.0). Overall loading during the study period was dominated by stormflow (Table 3-

1), which was responsible for roughly 60% to 80% of combined monitoring season (April 1 –

October 31) loads for all constituents. Stormflow load ratios exceeded 1.0 for all constituents

except NO3, while during baseflow periods, overall load ratios were less than 1.0 for most

nutrients. Nutrient and sediment export during stormflow may have been caused in part by the

additional storm drain inflows along the wetland, which would contribute pollutants not

measured at the upstream (Inlet) monitoring site.

For phosphorus, a small net loss was observed over the study period for TP (78 lb or ~6%; Table

3-1), driven by retention during baseflow, while the wetland exported a large amount of Ortho-P

overall (104 lb), almost entirely in stormflow. These results suggest that the wetland is

effectively trapping or burying some amount of particulate P, but also receiving additional inputs

of dissolved P or recycling some deposited P to soluble forms.

For nitrogen, the wetland provided a substantial decrease in TN overall (20%; Table 3-1). A

small portion of this loss, roughly 13%, was the result of NO3 loss. Also noteworthy was the

amount of NH4 exported by the wetland (208 lbs), which was similar to the amount of NO3

retained (270 lbs) and, much as in the case of Ortho-P, was dominated by stormflow.

The wetland also exported a large amount of TSS, roughly 6,000 lbs per year, which is 31.5% of

TSS observed at the Inlet. Export is driven entirely by stormflow (51.9% stormflow removal

efficiency), which may be evidence of erosion in the wetland during high flows or of significant

inputs from the additional storm drains along the wetland.


Table 3-1. Total loads over the 2006-2012 monitoring period at the VP Inlet and VP Outlet sites. Volume

is in ft3, nutrient and TSS loads are in lbs. Percentages in the first two columns are the portion of the

combined (baseflow and stormflow) load at that site due to either baseflow or stormflow; Load Ratio (LR)

is the loading at VP Outlet relative to that at VP Inlet, such that LR > 1.0 indicates export and LR < 1.0

indicates retention.

Combined

VP Inlet VP Outlet Net Load Ratio

Vol ft3 86,497,608 87,325,779 828,171 1.01

TP lb 1,396 1,318 -78.1 0.94

Ortho-P lb 184 288 103.8 1.57

TN lb 10,855 8,705 -2,150.4 0.80

NO3 lb 1,066 796 -270.0 0.75

NH4 lb 1,064 1,272 208.3 1.20

TSS lb 139,425 183,298 43,874 1.31

Cl lb 484,519 430,529 -53,989 0.89

Baseflow


Vol ft3 27,884,263 32% 24,922,704 29% -2,961,559 0.89

TP lb 554 40% 449 34% -105.6 0.81

Ortho-P lb 76 41% 77 27% 0.5 1.01

TN lb 3,800 35% 2,556 29% -1,243.4 0.67

NO3 lb 249 23% 155 19% -94.1 0.62

NH4 lb 349 33% 324 25% -24.9 0.93

TSS lb 39,072 28% 30,819 17% -8,253 0.79

Cl lb 227,198 47% 172,036 40% -55,162 0.76

Stormflow


Vol ft3 58,613,345 68% 62,403,075 71% 3,789,730 1.06

TP lb 842 60% 870 66% 27.5 1.03

Ortho-P lb 108 59% 211 73% 103.4 1.96

TN lb 7,055 65% 6,148 71% -907.0 0.87

NO3 lb 817 77% 641 81% -175.9 0.78

NH4 lb 715 67% 948 75% 233.2 1.33

TSS lb 100,353 72% 152,479 83% 52,126 1.52

Cl lb 257,320 53% 258,493 60% 1,173 1.00


3.2. Seasonal Net Loading and Removal (Load Ratio) by Year

Net combined (baseflow + stormflow) seasonal loads for most constituents varied from year to

year over the monitoring period at the Villa Park wetland (Table 3-2). Of note, Ortho-P was

exported by the wetland in every year and had the highest overall load ratio (1.57), ranging from

1.12 to 1.97 across seasons (i.e. Ortho-P loading at the Outlet was 12% to 97% higher than that

observed at the Inlet across years). TSS was exported in all years except the first (2006) and had

the second highest overall load ratio (1.31), with the largest range in load ratios (1.10 to 2.24) of

all constituents. NO3 was retained in all years, with a load ratio ranging from 0.57 to 0.88. NH4

was actually retained in some years but was exported by the wetland overall in an amount that

exceeded measured Inlet loading by 20% (i.e. load ratio = 1.20). Cl- was retained by the wetland

overall (load ratio = 0.89), but was exported in two years (2008 and 2010). Hydrologic and

climatic factors influencing year-to-year variation in nutrient and sediment export are

investigated in later sections.

Table 3-2. Net seasonal (April – October) loads and load ratios by year for the Villa Park wetland. Net

loads are computed as the difference in combined (baseflow + stormflow) loads between the Outlet and

Inlet sites, and Load Ratio (LR) is the loading at VP Outlet relative to that at VP Inlet, such that LR > 1.0

indicates export and LR < 1.0 indicates retention.

Vol TP Ortho-P TSS

Year Net Load (ft3)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

2006 -1,108,231 0.91 0.8 1.00 10.4 1.62 -3,110 0.78

2007 -569,838 0.96 -6.5 0.97 22.9 1.97 6,980 1.37

2008 1,468,155 1.13 36.5 1.25 2.7 1.12 6,587 1.63

2009 -605,718 0.92 -22.6 0.82 6.3 1.37 11,659 2.24

2010 734,168 1.06 -93.9 0.70 21.4 1.88 4,847 1.10

2011 3,417,294 1.27 60.6 1.36 20.4 1.66 16,531 1.94

2012 -2,507,660 0.83 -52.9 0.76 19.8 1.41 380 1.02

2006-2012 828,171 1.01 -78.1 0.94 103.8 1.57 43,874 1.31

TN NO3 NH4 Cl

Year Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

Net Load (lb)

Load Ratio

2006 -457 0.72 -44.3 0.72 34.4 1.30 -15,516 0.79

2007 -330 0.82 -43.4 0.75 125.3 1.65 -18,553 0.77

2008 25 1.02 -18.7 0.88 41.6 1.44 10,996 1.15

2009 -283 0.71 -36.8 0.57 -0.3 1.00 -8,084 0.83

2010 -692 0.63 -38.7 0.71 -53.1 0.74 174 1.00

2011 72 1.05 -29.3 0.83 69.2 1.41 -354 0.99

2012 -486 0.71 -58.7 0.68 -8.8 0.96 -22,651 0.73

2006-2012 -2,150 0.80 -270.0 0.75 208.3 1.20 -53,989 0.89


3.3. Significance of Nutrient and Sediment Retention or Export

The effectiveness of the Villa Park wetland for nutrient retention or export was assessed using a

Wilcoxon signed-rank method on paired (Inlet-Outlet) nutrient loads and concentrations on

several time scales (event, bi-monthly, and monthly). A p-value of less than 0.5 was assumed to

indicate a significant difference between the inlet and outlet loads or concentrations. Results are

shown in Table 3-3 for all paired events in baseflow and stormflow separately, and in Table 3-4

for bi-monthly and monthly loading intervals. The effect of seasonality on the significance of

upstream-downstream differences in nutrient and sediment loads was investigated by repeating

analyses using early season (April-June) and late season (July – October) subsets of the data.

These results are shown in Appendix A-2 and discussed in later sections.

Table 3-3. Summary of p-values for Wilcoxon signed-rank test on paired (Inlet-Outlet) event loads and

concentrations. Differences between Inlet and Outlet quantities are considered significant for p < 0.05

(highlighted in blue). Difference in loading/concentration between Inlet and Outlet: ‘Gain’ = increase in

downstream direction (export), “Loss” = decrease in downstream direction (retention).

Baseflow Events Stormflow Events

Parameter Load Conc VPO-VPI Load Conc VPO-VPI

p-value p-value Difference p-value p-value Difference

Vol 2.55E-03 Loss 6.76E-01 Gain

TP 1.80E-01 3.59E-01 Loss 8.22E-01 4.58E-01 Gain

Ortho-P 7.68E-01 8.04E-02 Gain 1.72E-08 2.30E-10 Gain

TN 1.15E-05 1.05E-06 Loss 1.00E-01 1.38E-06 Loss

NO3 7.79E-05 6.83E-04 Loss 8.38E-06 1.67E-11 Loss

NH4 8.51E-02 8.42E-01 Loss 8.26E-01 8.87E-01 Gain

TSS 1.10E-02 2.63E-01 Loss 1.07E-02 1.81E-02 Gain

Cl 6.38E-06 1.45E-07 Loss 1.17E-01 1.31E-01 Loss

With the exception of TP and NH4, most constituents showed significant differences between the

inlet and outlet of the wetland. Water volume decreased significantly in the wetland during

baseflow, but not during stormflow. Export (gain) of Ortho-P was significant only in stormflow,

while loss of TN and NO3 in the wetland were significant in both stormflow and baseflow at

most time scales. For TSS, export was significant in stormflow at the event and monthly time

scales, with significant decreases in both TSS and Cl loading in baseflow. In contrast to the other

nutrients, TP and NH4 were not significantly retained or exported by the wetland in stormflow or

baseflow at any time scale, except NH4 in baseflow at the bi-monthly scale (significant loss).


Table 3-4. Summary of p-values for Wilcoxon signed-rank test on paired (Inlet-Outlet) loads, summed

over bi-monthly and monthly intervals for baseflow, stormflow, and combined flow. Differences between

Inlet and Outlet quantities are considered significant for p < 0.05 (highlighted in blue). Difference in

loading/concentration between Inlet and Outlet: ‘Gain’ = increase in downstream direction (export), “Loss”

= decrease in downstream direction (retention).

Combined Flow

Bimonthly Monthly VPO-VPI

p-value p-value Difference

Vol 7.47E-02 3.85E-01 Gain

TP 2.91E-01 4.24E-01 Loss

Ortho-P 1.97E-05 2.98E-04 Gain

TN 1.95E-06 6.17E-05 Loss

NO3 2.90E-10 4.10E-08 Loss

NH4 7.75E-01 8.21E-01 Gain

TSS 6.71E-01 2.31E-01 Gain

Cl 2.85E-03 1.31E-02 Loss

Baseflow



Vol 1.46E-03 3.00E-02 Loss

TP 6.23E-02 1.53E-01 Loss


TN 9.85E-08 2.59E-05 Loss

NO3 9.61E-09 2.66E-06 Loss

NH4 1.75E-02 7.65E-02 Loss

TSS 5.15E-04 2.12E-02 Loss

Cl 3.45E-06 3.40E-04 Loss

Stormflow



Vol 8.02E-01 9.53E-01 Gain

TP 9.70E-01 1.00E+00 Gain


TN 1.45E-02 4.27E-02 Loss

NO3 7.09E-07 1.88E-05 Loss

NH4 5.66E-02 1.98E-01 Gain

TSS 1.38E-01 3.68E-02 Gain

Cl 7.42E-01 6.15E-01 Gain


3.4. Influence of Discharge, Air Temperature, and Precipitation on Nutrient Loading

The effect of hydrology and climate on nutrient transport in the Villa Park wetland was assessed

using correlation analyses. Simple linear regression was used to investigate the influence of

discharge volume and precipitation on seasonal nutrient and sediment loads and load ratios. For

sub-seasonal time scales, the strength of correlation of nutrient loads, concentrations, and loading

ratios with factors describing temperature, precipitation, and flow was evaluated using the

Spearman correlation coefficient () and significance tests (p-value). Correlations amongst

nutrients and concentrations were also evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. A

complete listing of the results is given below, with all results shown in Appendix A.

Appendix A-1: Correlation (Spearman ) of Event Nutrient Loads and Concentrations

Amongst the other Nutrient Loads and Concentrations

Appendix A-2: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests (p-values) for Significant Inlet-Outlet

Differences in Nutrient Loads and Concentrations (Early Season and Late Season;

monitoring season results are shown in Tables 3-3 and 3-4)

Appendix A-3. Correlation of Season Inlet, Outlet, and Net (Outlet – Inlet) Nutrient

Loads and Load Ratios with Volume and Precipitation Parameters (Pearson R2)

Appendix A-4. Correlations (Spearman ) of Event Load Ratios with Air Temperature

and Antecedent Temperature Exceedence (Season, Early Season, and Late Season)

Appendix A-5. Correlations (Spearman ) of Event Load Ratios with Discharge and

Precipitation (Season, Early Season, and Late-Season)

Appendix A-6. Correlations (Spearman ) of Bi-monthly Load Ratios with Discharge,

Air Temperature, and Precipitation (Season, Early Season, and Late-Season)

Appendix A-7. Correlations (Spearman ) of Event Nutrient Loads and Concentrations

with Air Temperature and Antecedent Temperature Exceedence

Appendix A-8. Correlations (Spearman ) of Event Nutrient Loads and Concentrations

with Discharge and Precipitation

Appendix A-9. Correlations (Spearman ) of Bi-monthly Nutrient Loads with Discharge,

Air Temperature, and Precipitation

Appendix A-10. Correlations (Spearman ) of Monthly Nutrient Loads with Discharge,

Air Temperature, and Precipitation


4. Discussion

4.1. Hydrologic and Precipitation Controls on Nutrient Export from the Wetland

4.1.1. Patterns of Stormflow and Baseflow Discharge in the Villa Park Wetland

Net discharge from the Villa Park wetland was remarkably neutral over the study period (2006 –

2012), with a net volume export of only 1% (Table 3.2), and a roughly linear relationship

between seasonal total volumes by year at the Inlet and Outlet (R2 = 0.50; Fig 4-1a). Stormflow

accounted for 71% of total outflow from the wetland over the study period, with an overall load

ratio of 1.06 (i.e. Outlet volume exceeded Inlet volume by 6% during stormflow). Several

ungauged storm drains and a small detention pond discharge to the wetland between the Inlet and

Outlet sites and would be expected to increase storm volumes observed at the Outlet, especially

for large events. Some evidence for additional inputs along the wetland can be seen in a

polynomial fit between Inlet and Outlet event volumes (Fig. 4-1b), in which the greatest

deviations from 1:1 (the line representing the case of Outlet volume = Inlet volume) occur for

high flows. This non-linearity also suggests that variation in seasonal volumes (Fig. 4-1a) could

potentially be related to frequency of larger storms (see next section). Stormflow discharge was

much higher than that of baseflow (Fig. 4-2), and the high variance in June through October (at

the Outlet in particular) is evidence of the larger storms that tended to occur in the summer and

fall, with some storms producing excess of 10 cfs at the Outlet.

Figure 4-1. [a] Total combined (stormflow and baseflow) seasonal (April – October) volume (ac-ft) at Villa

Park Outlet vs. Inlet by year, and [b] Outlet event volume (ac-ft) vs. Inlet event volume (ac-ft), over the

monitoring period, 2006 – 2012. 1:1 lines, and regression lines (red) with equations and R2 are shown.

In baseflow, a net loss of water was observed over the study period (load ratio = 0.89), which

could be attributed in part to evaporation and transpiration, particularly during late summer when

air temperatures are high and emergent macrophyte coverage can be substantial. Baseflow rates

generally decreased from June through September (Fig. 4.2), which would coincide with warmer

y = 0.84x + 48.26R² = 0.50

150

200

250

300

350

400

150 250 350

Se

as

on

Ou

tle

t V

ol,

ac

-ft

Total (Season) Inlet Vol, ac-ft(a)

1:1

y = 0.03x2 + 0.33x + 2.97R² = 0.76

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

VP

Ou

tle

t E

ve

nt

Vo

l, a

c-f

t

VP Inlet Event Volume, ac-ft(b)

1:1


temperatures and transpiration by growing vegetation. Baseflow discharge rebounded in October,

and while an explanation for this pattern is unclear it may be caused by decreased evaporation

during cooler weather and a loss of retention and transpiration due to senescence of vegetation.

Water loss in baseflow may also be due to groundwater recharge. A previous study by Wenck

Associates (2010) suggested that the upper portion of the wetland was recharging groundwater,

based on flow measurements taken along the wetland system. The presence of groundwater

recharge is also suggested by the substantial net loss of chloride observed during baseflow over

the study period (-24%). While some Cl- loss may be due to uptake by plants growing in the

wetland (Kadlec and Wallace 2009), it is generally conservative and thus expected to be neither

exported nor retained during baseflow (LR = 1.0) without some gain or loss of water in the

wetland.

Figure 4-2. Monthly mean and standard error of discharge (cfs) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012.

Number of samples comprising the mean is shown for each month.


Figure 4-3. Time series of bi-monthly precipitation (in.) and combined (stormflow and baseflow) discharge (cfs) at VP Inlet and VP Outlet [top] and

volume ratio [bottom]. Red lines in bottom plot are the mean volume ratios for the given season.


4.1.2. Precipitation Effects on Wetland Hydrology

Discharge at the Inlet and Outlet varied considerably among years and within seasons, with large

storms and wetter periods logically producing the highest flows in the wetland, especially at the

Outlet (Fig 4-3). When considered at the bi-monthly scale, which was chosen to even out some

of the variability in discharge, the wetland still often oscillated between water retention and

water export several times during a season (Fig 4-3). Extended periods of retention (i.e., when

inflow exceeded outflow) were apparent during several droughts in the study period, including

early summer 2007 and late summer and fall in 2008, 2011 and 2012.

The frequency of large storms appeared to have a greater influence on hydrologic export and

retention than overall (seasonal) precipitation. For example, seasonal (April – October)

precipitation depth was a poor predictor of seasonal net volume and load ratio of water, as well

as of seasonal volumes at both monitoring sites (Table A-3). However, the number of large (> 1

in.) events in a season was positively correlated with seasonal net volume and load ratio of water

(R2 = 0.60 and 0.63, respectively; Table A-3, Fig. 4-4a). Large storms often contribute

disproportionately to stormwater volumes in urban watersheds; at Villa Park, previous analyses

showed that roughly 45% and 55% of total volume loading over the study period at the Inlet and

Outlet, respectively, occurred during events of 1-in. depth or greater (Fig. B-1; Janke 2013).

Figure 4-4. Seasonal net (Outlet-Inlet) volume (ac-ft) versus [a] seasonal (Apr-Oct) precipitation depth

(in.), [b] number of large (>1-in.) events in a season, and [c] total snowfall (in.) during the preceding

winter. Linear regression lines with R2 are also shown.

R² = 0.12-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

15 20 25 30 35

Net

Vo

lum

e (

ac

-ft)

Seasonal Precip Depth, in.(a)

R² = 0.60-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

Net

Vo

lum

e (

ac

-ft)

No. of Large (>1-in.) Events(b)

R² = 0.77-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

10 30 50 70 90

Net

Vo

lum

e (

ac

-ft)

Antecedent Snowfall (in)(c)


Cumulative volume loading plots also showed the influence of large storms, with steep increases

in combined (stormflow and baseflow) loading rates occurring for large rain events (e.g. August

2010 or July 2011; Appendix C). Large events also were capable of altering the relatively

constant loading rates in baseflow, causing small but persistent increases in discharge in the

wake of large storms (e.g., following a 4.0-in. storm in mid-July 2011; Appendix C). The

increased baseflow discharge may be related to higher water levels in the wetland, as well as to

increased shallow groundwater inflow from rising water tables.

Antecedent snowfall was also important to wetland hydrology, as it was strongly and positively

correlated with seasonal net volume and water load ratio (Pearson R2 = 0.77 and 0.72,

respectively; Table A-3, Fig. 4-4c). Antecedent snowfall and subsequent melt would be

important for setting initial water table and surface levels in the wetland in spring, with higher

levels potentially producing larger export volumes early in the season. An explanation is not

apparent for the relatively weaker correlation with snow meltwater equivalent as determined by a

heated rain gauge (R2 = 0.61; Table A-3); relative to raw snowfall depth, it was expected to be a

more accurate estimate of water added to the landscape by precipitation, as the water content of

snow can be variable.

At sub-annual time scales, wetland discharge was greatly influenced by precipitation patterns

(Tables A-8 to A-10). Greater rainfall depth was strongly correlated with larger storm and

combined volumes at both sites and across time scales, with Spearman ranging from 0.78 to

0.94 (Fig. 4-5; Tables A-8 to A-10). Antecedent precipitation also had an effect on event-scale

flow in the wetland, particularly at the Outlet, as 7-day and 14-day rainfall were significantly

correlated to higher baseflow discharge and to larger storm event volumes at the Outlet (=0.25

to 0.44; Fig. 4-6). Antecedent rainfall was also important at longer time scales, being

significantly correlated with larger monthly and bi-monthly stormflow and combined volumes

(=0.26 to 0.40; Table A-9, A-10). By contrast, drier antecedent conditions (dry days, days since

0.5-in. or 1-in.) were significantly correlated with smaller storm volumes and lower baseflow

discharge at the Outlet (=-0.23 to -0.41; Fig. 4-6). Spearman values were relatively low

(though significant), but the general patterns are sensible, as wetter antecedent conditions were

expected to increase water levels in the wetland and reduce stormwater retention, while drier

periods should decrease water levels and increase storage capacity for subsequent storms.


Figure 4-5. Bi-monthly combined (stormflow and baseflow) volume (ac-ft) at [a] VP Inlet and at [b] VP

Outlet as a function of bi-monthly precipitation depth (in.). R2 for linear regression fit and Spearman are

shown, ** indicates significance at p<0.001.

Figure 4-6. [a] Baseflow discharge (cfs) and [b] Event storm volume (ac-ft) vs. 14-day antecedent

precipitation depth (in.), and [c] Baseflow discharge (cfs) and [d] Event storm volume (ac-ft) vs. days since

last 0.5-in. event, at VP Outlet. Spearman are shown, * indicates significance at p<0.05, ** for

significance at p<0.001.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2 4 6 8

Bi-

mo

nth

ly I

nle

t V

ol,

ac

-ft

Bi-monthly Precip, in.

R2 = 0.70

(a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8

Bi-

mo

nth

ly O

utl

et

Vo

l, a

c-f

t

Bi-monthly Precip, in.

R2 = 0.73

= 0.89**

(b)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Ou

tle

t B

as

efl

ow

, c

fs

14-day Antecedent Precip, in.

= 0.44**

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Ou

tle

t S

torm

Vo

l, a

c-f

t

14-day Antecedent Precip, in.

= 0.30*

(b)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

-10 10 30 50

Ou

tle

t B

as

efl

ow

, c

fs

Days Since 0.5-in Event

= -0.36*

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 20 40 60

Ou

tle

t S

torm

Vo

l, a

c-f

t

Days Since 0.5-in. Event

= -0.34**

(d)


4.1.3. Hydrologic Controls on Nutrient and Sediment Loading

Year-to-year variability in seasonal (April – October) net nutrient loading by the Villa Park

wetland was generally related to the volume of water retained or exported. As water export from

the wetland increased, so did the net (Outlet – Inlet) loads and load ratios of TP, TN, NO3, TSS,

and Cl- (R2 0.20 to 0.67; Fig. 4-7 and Table A-3). Seasonal loads of these constituents at the two

monitoring sites also tended to be correlated with their respective seasonal volumes, especially

for Outlet TP and for NO3, TSS, and Cl- at both sites (R2 = 0.53 to 0.85; Table A-3). It should be

noted that net loads of TP and TN for 2010 appear anomalously low (lowest points in Fig. 4-7),

as R2 for net loading vs. net volume increase to above 0.90 with this year removed. The cause of

low TP and TN (as well as NH4) loads for 2010 is uncertain, as there were few intervals of

missing data for this monitoring year (Table 2-1).

Figure 4-7. Seasonal (April – October) total net (Outlet – Inlet) loads of TP, TN, NO3, TSS, and Cl- (lb) vs.

net volume (ac-ft) over 2006 – 2012 at Villa Park. R2 shown for line fits to each constituent. NH4 and

Ortho-P not shown due to lack of correlation. The low net loads of TP and TN occurred in 2010; with

these points removed, R2 improved to 0.92 and 0.91 for regressions with TP and TN, respectively.

R² = 0.33

R² = 0.67

R² = 0.43

-900

-750

-600

-450

-300

-150

0

150

300

450

600

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Ne

t Lo

ad, T

N (

lb)

Ne

t Lo

ad, T

P o

r N

O3

(lb

)

Net Volume (ac-ft)

tp

no3

tn

R² = 0.54

R² = 0.63

-25,000

-20,000

-15,000

-10,000

-5,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Ne

t Lo

ad (

lb)

Net Volume (ac-ft)

tss

cl


By contrast, seasonal NH4 and Ortho-P loading were very poorly correlated with volume

retention in the wetland. Instead, seasonal net loading (export) and load ratio of Ortho-P was

positively correlated with seasonal precipitation total (R2 = 0.69) and with the number of events

0.5 in. or larger (R2 = 0.55; Fig. 4-8), suggesting that more frequent larger events leads to greater

export of Ortho-P. By contrast, NH4 net loading and load ratio were not well correlated with any

precipitation parameters. When loading was considered separately at the two sites (Table A-3),

seasonal Ortho-P loads were poorly correlated with precipitation, while seasonal NH4 loads were

well correlated to several precipitation parameters (R2 = 0.57 to 0.81). The inconsistency of

volume retention and precipitation to explain year-to-year variability in Ortho-P and NH4 loading

suggests an effect of nutrient processing in the wetland (as well as a high degree of within-season

variability of processing), which is discussed in more detail in later sections.

Figure 4-8. Seasonal (April – October) total net (Outlet – Inlet) loads of Ortho-P (lb) vs. [a] seasonal

precipitation depth (in) and [b] number of events 0.5-in. R2 shown for line fits.

Nutrient loading by the wetland was greatly affected by hydrology at sub-annual time scales, as

discharge (cfs) was positively and significantly correlated with the loading of most nutrients in

stormflow and baseflow at both sites, and for all analyzed time scales (Tables A-8 to A-10). The

effect of discharge on bi-monthly TP, Ortho-P, and TSS loading are shown in Fig. 4-9. In

addition, load ratios of TP, Ortho-P, TN, NO3, and Cl were significantly correlated with greater

discharge at the Outlet at both the event and bi-monthly time scales, though more so for baseflow

than for stormflow (i.e. lower p-values / higher Spearman for baseflow; Tables A-8 and A-9).

While nutrient loading should be well correlated to discharge because flow volumes are used to

calculate loads, these results generally suggest hydrologic control for much of the sub-seasonal

nutrient loading by the wetland. Further discussion is provided separately for each constituent in

later sections.

Wetland discharge had some effect on concentrations of nutrient and sediment as well (Appendix

A-8). In baseflow, higher flow rates at VP Outlet were significantly correlated with lower TP and

TSS ( = -0.33 and -0.39, respectively), but with higher NO3 ( = 0.32). While lower TP and

TSS concentrations could be explained by dilution at higher flow rates, NO3 enrichment may be

related to reduced uptake and processing of upstream NO3 (which is significantly higher at the

R² = 0.69

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

15 20 25 30 35

Net

Ort

ho

-P L

oa

d, lb

Seasonal Precip Depth, in.(a)

R² = 0.55

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 15 20 25

Net

Ort

ho

-P L

oa

d, lb

No. of Events, 0.5-in. or Larger(b)


Inlet; Table 3-3) at higher flow rates. This pattern of significantly higher NO3 concentration for

greater discharge also appears for stormflow at the Inlet ( = 0.30) and at the Outlet ( = 0.46).

By contrast, lower Cl- concentration is significantly correlated with increased stormflow

discharge at both the Inlet and Outlet ( = -0.51 and -0.49, respectively), which is likely evidence

of Cl- dilution due to its highly soluble and conservative nature.

Figure 4-9. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loads of TP, Ortho-P, and TSS (lb) vs.

discharge (cfs) at the Inlet ([a],[c],[e]) and at the Outlet ([b],[d],[f]). Pearson shown, ** indicates

significance at p<0.001. Note that in [e], two points plot above the graph (TSS > 12,000 lb), and in [f], one

point plots above the graph (TSS > 30,000 lb).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Bi-

mo

nth

ly I

nle

t T

P,

lb

Bi-monthly Inlet Q, cfs

= 0.68**

(a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0B

i-m

on

thly

Ou

tle

t T

P, lb

Bi-monthly Outlet Q, cfs

= 0.81**

(b)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Inle

t O

rth

o-P

, lb


= 0.61**

(c)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Ou

tle

t O

rth

o-P

, lb


= 0.75**

(d)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Bi-

mo

nth

ly I

nle

t T

SS

, lb


= 0.75**

(e)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Bi-

mo

nth

ly O

utl

et

TS

S, lb


= 0.62**

(f)


4.2. Phosphorus

Phosphorus is of particular concern in many freshwater bodies due to its potential to enhance

eutrophication, which can be detrimental to water quality and is an important water management

issue in urban and agricultural watersheds. The Villa Park wetland discharges directly to Lake

McCarrons and treats much of the runoff from the lake’s drainage area, and is therefore a crucial

element in controlling water quality in the lake. A primary goal of this project was to evaluate

the wetland’s effectiveness in removing phosphorus from inflows to the lake, and to potentially

better understand the timing of phosphorus export from the wetland as well as factors or

processes that may influence the wetland’s ability to retain phosphorus. Total phosphorus (TP)

and ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P) are monitored by CRWD. Other forms, including particulate

phosphorus (PP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), have been sporadically measured by the

University of Minnesota, CRWD, and others.

Sediment washing into the wetland is likely the primary input of phosphorus (P), with a much

smaller input possible from atmospheric deposition. Primary losses (storage) of P within the

wetland include settling of sediment-bound P, uptake by plants and microbes, and precipitation

with certain metals; P sources may include decomposition of organic matter, erosion of

sediment, and release of iron-bound P under anoxic (reducing) conditions (Ardon et al. 2010;

Kadlec and Wallace 2009).

4.2.1. Total Phosphorus

The Villa Park wetland retained a small amount of TP (78 lbs) over the 2006 - 2012 study

period, with a net combined (baseflow and stormflow) load ratio of 0.94 (Table 3-1). This small

overall retention masked considerable variability in seasonal load ratios, which ranged from 0.70

(-94 lbs) in 2010 to 1.36 (61 lbs) in 2011 (Table 3-2, Fig. 4-12). This year-to-year variability of

TP removal was affected by hydrologic conditions, as seasonal load ratios were positively

correlated with volume ratio (R2 = 0.58) and antecedent snowfall (R2 = 0.56), as well as with net

(Outlet – Inlet) volume (R2 of only 0.30, but see Fig. 4-7). In addition, TP load ratio was strongly

correlated with volume ratio at the bimonthly time scale (Spearman = 0.70).

Differences may exist between stormflow and baseflow in how TP is transported and processed

by the wetland, as overall TP retention was driven by retention (loss) in baseflow (LR = 0.89),

with slight export of TP occurring during stormflow (LR = 1.03). However, no significant

differences existed between TP loads at the Inlet and Outlet in baseflow or in stormflow,

regardless of the time scale of analysis (Tables 3-3, 3-4). Together with small overall TP

retention and strong correlations of TP loading with hydrologic parameters (see below), these

results suggest that the wetland may not process much TP overall, or that TP inputs (whether

internal or from the additional storm drains along the wetland) are very similar to the amount of

TP retained by the wetland through sediment trapping and biological uptake.


In general, stormflow TP loading was driven by precipitation and stormwater volume. TP load

and volume in stormflow were strongly correlated (Spearman = 0.87 at the Outlet, 0.83 at the

Inlet; Table A-1), and thus cumulative stormwater loading for TP tended to follow patterns in

volume loading (Appendix C), with the largest loads associated with major storm events.

Rainfall depth was strongly correlated with TP loading at the Inlet and Outlet ( = 0.73 and 0.74,

respectively), while rainfall intensity was weakly but significantly correlated with both TP load

and concentration at the Outlet ( = 0.26 and 0.32, respectively). Wetter antecedent conditions,

which led to increased storm volumes (perhaps due to reduced water storage in the wetland), also

increased TP loads, with storm volume and TP load at both sites significantly correlated with

greater antecedent 14-day rainfall ( = 0.20 to 0.30).

Mean TP concentrations in stormflow showed seasonality for both sites, with peak

concentrations in late summer (July and August), and the lowest concentrations observed in the

early season (April and May; Fig. 4-10). These patterns are consistent with expectations that

more frequent and larger storms occur during the warmer months, and are associated with larger

TP inputs to and outputs from the wetland (especially of sediment-bound P). However, the

highest loading rates did not always occur later in the season. For example, as the cumulative

stormflow loading plots show (Appendix C), even in a year (2012) in which there was almost no

rainfall in the late season, a wet spring resulted in substantial TP loading, leading to the second-

largest seasonal load among years at the Inlet. High TP loading in this case was likely due to the

lack of established vegetation early in the season to filter and retain particulate P.

Baseflow TP loading was also affected by precipitation patterns. Cumulative TP loading plots

(Appendix C) show relatively steady loading rates throughout the early season in most years,

with inflection points for increased loading rates (such as mid-August 2011 and early Oct 2010

at the Inlet) occurring immediately following very large storms. This pattern suggests that

baseflow is continuing to flush suspended P, whether deposited by the storm or resulting from

high storm flow rates that eroded wetland sediments. The importance of large events and rainy

periods for baseflow TP loading by the wetland is further supported by significant correlations of

Outlet baseflow TP loads with days since one-inch rainfall ( = -0.48), and antecedent 14-day

rainfall ( = 0.43; Table A-8).

Baseflow TP also varied seasonally, with generally higher loading rates (Appendix C) and

concentrations (Fig. 4-10) occurring in the late season. In particular, elevated TP baseflow

concentrations persisted throughout late summer and fall, lagging mid-summer peak stormflow

concentrations (Fig. 4-10). This pattern suggests that in the fall, the wetland is flushing summer-

deposited P in addition to P from senescing vegetation and potentially from release by anoxic

sediments. Flushing appears to occur over several months, perhaps even during winter, as

October TP concentrations are roughly 3 times higher than those in April. While winter sampling

data is somewhat limited, previous analyses showed that TP concentrations in baseflow at both


the Outlet and Inlet over the study period (2006-2012) were significantly lower in winter than in

summer and fall (Appendix B-1; Janke 2013).

Figure 4-10. Monthly mean and standard error of TP (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012. The

number of samples comprising the mean are shown for each month.

Previous work suggests that particulate P, derived from sediment deposited or suspended in the

wetland, could be an important source of P at the Outlet. A 2007 CRWD study of soil cores

taken across the wetland (Wenck Associates 2010), found soil TP to be roughly 27% mobile P

(dissolved, bio-available P; mostly as Ortho-P), with the rest (73%) in particulate form as either

organic P (bound to sediment or organic matter) or refractory P. In a separate study, several


stormflow and baseflow water samples taken during 2011 and 2012 from the Outlet were

analyzed by a lab in the Ecology Evolution and Behavior Department at UMN, and TP was

found to be roughly 70% to 75% particulate P (combined organic and refractory; Appendix B).

While a limited data set, these results imply roughly consistent particulate P composition

between wetland sediments and water at the outflow, suggesting that the sediments may be a

major source of P export. This conclusion is also suggested by significant positive relationships

between TSS and TP at both sites, in stormflow and in baseflow (Spearman = 0.54 to 0.85; Fig.

4-11).

The effect of air temperature on TP concentrations and loads, especially at the Outlet, suggests

that some processing of P occurs within the wetland at sub-annual time scales. For example, at

the event scale, stormflow TP concentration at the Outlet was weakly but significantly correlated

with 5-day and 10-day antecedent exceedences in maximum air temperature ( = 0.23-0.33;

Table A-7), and TP concentration in stormflow and baseflow at the Outlet was significantly

correlated with higher air temperature ( = 0.45-0.55; Table A-7). Monthly and bimonthly TP

(and Ortho-P) loads in stormflow and baseflow were also significantly related to higher

temperatures ( = 0.24-0.51; Tables A-9 and A-10). These positive (though relatively weak)

Spearman values may be evidence that decomposition rates, which would increase during warm

periods, may be releasing P from organic matter, to be slowly leached out during baseflow or

flushed during the next storm. By contrast, the lack of many significant correlations with

temperature exceedences over 5-day and 10-day intervals (especially relative to the daily

temperatures or exceedences) suggests that cycling of TP, if present, is occurring rapidly.

Figure 4-11. Event TP loads (lb) vs. Event TSS loads (lb) at [a] the Inlet and [b] the Outlet, over the study

period (2006-2012). Spearman correlation coefficient shown, ** indicates significance at p<0.001. Note

that both plots are shown on the same scale for comparison, and in [b] roughly 10 events are not shown

(TSS > 2,500 lbs, TP from 5 to 30 lb).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1,000 2,000 3,000

Inle

t T

P L

oa

d, lb

Inlet TSS Load, lb

= 0.85**

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1,000 2,000 3,000

Ou

tle

t T

P L

oa

d, lb

Outlet TSS Load, lb

= 0.65**

(b)


Figure 4-12. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of TP over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0

indicates retention). The red lines in the bottom plot are the overall mean load ratio for the given year.


4.2.2. Ortho-Phosphorus

Ortho-P had the highest overall load ratio of all constituents (1.57), and was exported from the

wetland in all years. Total export (104 lb) exceeded the magnitude of TP retention (78 lb) by

roughly 50%, even though Ortho-P comprised only 10% to 24% of TP on average. This export

was driven entirely by stormflow, as the amount of Ortho-P export in baseflow was negligible.

Load ratio was variable within seasons, ranging from 0.12 to 7.56, but was almost always greater

than 1.0, indicating export (Fig. 4-15). Consistent with the tendency to export Ortho-P,

concentrations and loads were significantly higher at the Outlet than at the Inlet in stormflow

(and in baseflow, though only in the early season, April – June; Table A-2).

Export of Ortho-P by the wetland was affected more strongly by precipitation patterns than by

hydrology. For example, interannual variability of net Ortho-P export and load ratio were well

explained by seasonal rainfall (R2 = 0.69, 0.66; Fig. 4-8), though not by annual net volumes or

volume ratio. In stormflow, event Ortho-P loads were significantly (though mostly weakly)

correlated with precipitation depth and intensity at both the Inlet ( = 0.23 and 0.24,

respectively) and at the Outlet ( = 0.78 and 0.41; Table A-8). In addition, cumulative loading

plots for Ortho-P (Appendix C) illustrate that loading patterns tended to be similar to those of

volume loading in stormflow, though the magnitude of Ortho-P loads were not always

proportional to the increases in volume, especially for the Inlet (see e.g., 2006, 2007, and 2008).

An explanation for Ortho-P export being strongly related to rainfall patterns but not to hydrology

is unclear, but may indicate that export is influenced by processes within the wetland that are

rapid enough to be enhanced by frequent storms.

Baseflow loading of Ortho-P, while minor relative to stormflow, was also influenced by

precipitation. Baseflow loading rates tended to be very low early in the season, with inflection

points corresponding to large events (e.g. mid-July 2011, mid-June 2012) in which loading rates

increased disproportionately to increases in cumulative volume (Appendix C). Wetter periods

seemed to result in greater Ortho-P loading by the Outlet, with weak but significant negative

correlations between Ortho-P loading and days since 0.5-in rainfall ( = -0.39), and significant

positive correlations with antecedent rainfall total over previous 7, 14, and 28 days ( = 0.34-

0.40). These relationships suggests a build-up of P in the wetland as a result of larger or more

frequent storms, perhaps from erosion of wetland sediments, or decomposition and leaching of

sediment and organic matter accompanying inflows from antecedent storms.

Ortho-P concentrations in both baseflow and stormflow exhibited similar seasonality as TP (Fig.

4-13), with the lowest concentrations occurring early in the season (April, May) and increasing

to peak concentrations in July and August. The summer peaks likely reflect the contribution of

internal sources, such as decomposition and/or release from anoxic sediments, in addition to

external inputs from summer storms. Stormflow concentrations at both sites also showed a

rebound in October; in the case of the Outlet, mean October concentration was essentially equal

to the peak concentration in July. The cause of this late fall peak might be related to leaching of


fresh inputs of terrestrial litter from autumn leaf drop, or to flushing of decomposition products

or epiphytes as wetland vegetation senesces. In a 2011 study of submerged macrophytes in Wet

Cell 1 (Fig. 1-1), Hansen (2012) found decreasing Ortho-P between mid-July and early

September along with increasing anoxia in the water column. The author also noted a late

summer bloom of duckweed covering the entire surface of the wetland (consistent with CRWD

vegetation surveys in 2007, 2010, and 2012), and hypothesized that the increased water column

shading was causing senescence of submerged algae and macrophytes at that time (Sep 6, 2011).

Figure 4-13. Monthly mean and standard error of Ortho-P (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012.

Number of samples comprising the mean in each month is also shown.


Several results suggest that higher Ortho-P concentrations were caused by warmer weather

conditions. Ortho-P concentration was significantly correlated with higher air temperatures for

both sites, in stormflow and baseflow ( = 0.28 - 0.48; Fig. 4-14, Table A-7), and with 10-day

antecedent temperature exceedence for storm Ortho-P concentration at the Outlet ( = 0.29).

Baseflow load rate was also positively affected by temperature during the late season, when

temperatures were higher ( = 0.34 - 0.37). Warmer water temperatures in the wetland would

result in higher microbial activity, which should cause higher Ortho-P export from

decomposition, while higher respiration in relatively still backwaters of the wetland could create

anoxic conditions that would result in the release of P from reduced iron in sediment (Ardon et

al. 2010; Kadlec and Wallace 2009). Evidence for persistence of anoxic conditions in the

wetland and potential effects on nutrient concentrations is described in more detail in Section 5.

Figure 4-14. Event concentration of Ortho-P (mg/L) vs. mean air temperature (˚F) at [a] the Inlet and [b]

the Outlet, over the study period (2006-2012). Spearman correlation coefficients shown, * indicates

significance at p<0.05.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 50 100

Inle

t O

rth

o-P

Co

nc

, m

g/L

Mean Air Temp, ˚F

= 0.34*

(a)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 50 100

Ou

tle

t O

rth

o-P

, m

g/L

Mean Air Temp, ˚F

= 0.44*

(b)


Figure 4-15. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of Ortho-P over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0



4.3. Nitrogen

Nitrogen is an abundant nutrient that can be a water quality concern in high enough

concentration, especially if paired with relatively high concentrations of P. Excess N loading

tends to be a more important issue in coastal waters (e.g. the Gulf of Mexico or Chesapeake Bay)

where N is often the limiting nutrient for photosynthesis, but it can have very localized water

quality effects as well, e.g. pollution of drinking water sources by excess nitrate. Total nitrogen

(TN) consists of dissolved inorganic forms (NO3 and NH4) and organic forms (both particulate

and dissolved).

4.3.1. Total Nitrogen

Total nitrogen was retained by the Villa Park wetland over the study period (load ratio = 0.80),

both in stormflow (LR = 0.87) and especially in baseflow (LR = 0.67). Net loading varied from

year to year (Fig. 4-17, Table 3-2), with net export occurring in 2008 and 2011, two years with

the largest water export from the wetland. TN concentrations were significantly lower at the

Outlet in both stormflow and baseflow at the event scale, while loads were significantly lower

only in baseflow, regardless of season interval used (Tables 3-3 and 3-4). Bimonthly and

monthly loads were significantly lower at the Outlet for all flow regimes.

TN loading is influenced to some extent by the wetland’s hydrology. Seasonal load ratio was

well-correlated with volume ratio (R2 = 0.59), while event load ratio was significantly correlated

to Outlet discharge in stormflow (Spearman = 0.32) and baseflow ( = 0.45). In addition, with

some small differences, cumulative loading patterns for TN generally followed the patterns in

cumulative volumes for both stormflow and baseflow (Appendix C).

TN concentrations did not show the same seasonality as TP and Ortho-P (i.e. peak concentrations

in late summer); instead concentrations were variable throughout the monitoring season (Fig. 4-

16). Storm TN at both sites generally decreased over the course of the season, which may

indicate processing of both internal and external sources of N over the course of the season. TN

in both stormflow and baseflow at the Outlet increased from August to October, perhaps the

result of decomposition of leaf litter or decay of macrophytes within the wetland in the fall. The

high variability (standard error) of Outlet baseflow TN in October may be caused by several

events with high TN concentrations from decomposition products in the wetland.

The other monitored forms of N, NO3 and NH4, together comprised roughly 15% to 19% of TN

in baseflow and 22% to 25% of TN in stormflow, and therefore most of TN is in the form of

organic matter (particulate and dissolved; see Appendix B). The retention of TN in the wetland is

therefore likely the result of a small amount of uptake of dissolved inorganic N (NO3 and NH4)

into plant biomass, with the bulk of retained TN likely occurring from deposition or trapping in

the wetland. This is supported in part by significant correlation between TSS and TN loads at the

event scale in baseflow ( = 0.61 and 0.51 for the Inlet and Outlet, respectively), when TN

retention is most likely (i.e. when LR generally < 1.0).


Figure 4-16. Monthly mean and standard error of TN (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012. Number of

samples comprising the mean for each month is also shown.


Figure 4-17. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of TN over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0



4.3.2. Ammonia Nitrogen

Nitrogen transformation affects NH4 via several processes. NH4 may be removed from water and

sediment through assimilation by plants or microbes, or by conversion to NO3 via nitrification,

while NH4 may be produced or released by mineralization of organic N during decomposition,

leaching of organic matter, N-fixation from the atmosphere, or by diffusion from anoxic

sediments (Kadlec and Wallace 2009).

Ammonia nitrogen (NH4) was a significant portion of TN (9% to 15%), and except at the Inlet in

stormflow, comprised more of TN loading than NO3. The wetland exported 208 lb of NH4

overall (load ratio of 1.20), which was dominated by stormflow export (233 lb; LR = 1.33), with

a small proportion of NH4 retained in baseflow (-25 lb; LR = 0.93) (Table 3-2).

Several results suggest that in contrast to most of the other constituents, seasonal NH4 removal

does not appear to be greatly affected by wetland hydrology, and may be more impacted by

wetland processes or seasonality. Net loading varied year to year (Figure 4-20, Table 3-2), but

was not correlated with any annual precipitation characteristics or volume ratio. Loads and

concentrations of NH4 were not significantly different between the Inlet and Outlet for any flow

regime at the event scale, and few significant upstream-downstream differences were present

even when integrated at the bimonthly and monthly scales (Table 3-4). An exception to this is

when just the late season is considered (July – Oct), and the downstream loads become

significantly larger in stormflow (Table A-2).

The strong seasonality of NH4 in the wetland can be seen in the cumulative loading plots

(Appendix C) and in the monthly concentration data (Fig. 4-18). In most years, NH4 loading

rates in baseflow (and to a lesser extent stormflow) were very low in the early season regardless

of volume loading rates, especially at the Outlet. Loading rates increased greatly over the rest of

the season, beginning around mid-summer. The Outlet also showed a steadily increasing NH4

concentration in baseflow (similar to baseflow Ortho-P at the site), with elevated September and

October concentrations in stormflow (Fig. 4-18). Together these patterns may be evidence of

decomposition (and mineralization) of organic matter, a primary source of NH4, which would

occur at higher rates later in the season as organic matter builds up in the wetland and

temperatures warm, enhancing microbial processing rates (Kadlec and Wallace 2009).

The importance of temperature for NH4 processing is suggested by the weak but statistically

significant correlation of Outlet storm NH4 concentration with air temperature and antecedent

temperature exceeedence, especially exceedence in the maximum temperature (Spearman =

0.22 – 0.27; Table A-7). Higher temperatures would be expected to increase microbial activity,

and therefore decomposition, releasing NH4 from wetland detritus. If rates of decomposition and

respiration are high enough, anoxia could be occurring as well, which can result in release of

NH3 gas from sediments along with Ortho-P (Coon et al. 2000).


Figure 4-18. Monthly mean and standard error of Ammonium (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012.

Number of samples comprising the mean for each month is also shown.

Similar to Ortho-P, wetter conditions were significantly correlated with larger NH4 at the Outlet

in baseflow and stormflow events (Table A-8). For example, stormflow load and concentration

of NH4 was significantly correlated with precipitation depth and intensity, while baseflow NH4

was enhanced by greater antecedent rainfall (Fig. 4-19, Table A-7). Bi-monthly baseflow NH4

loading at the Outlet was significantly correlated with antecedent precipitation (= 0.23),

suggesting the importance of higher water levels for baseflow loading, while stronger


correlations were present between precipitation depth and bi-monthly stormflow loads at both the

Inlet and the Outlet ( = 0.81 and 0.79, respectively). In addition, seasonal NH4 loads at the Inlet

and the Outlet were well-correlated with seasonal precipitation, number of events (> 0.1-in), and

number of medium (0.5-in) events or larger (R2 = 0.57 – 0.81; Table A-3). These results suggest

that frequent flushing of the wetland may not greatly dilute NH4 or deplete its source, and

persistent higher water levels may hydrologically connect more of the backwater areas where

decomposition (mineralization) may be occurring.

Figure 4-19. [a] Event storm NH4 load (lb) vs. precipitation depth (in.), and [b] Baseflow NH4

concentration (mg/L) vs. 14-day antecedent rainfall (in.), at VP Outlet. Spearman correlation coefficients

shown, ** indicates significance at p<0.001.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 2 4 6

Ou

tle

t S

torm

NH

4 L

oa

d, lb

Event Precip Depth, in.

= 0.58**

(a)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

0 2 4 6

Ou

tle

t B

as

e N

H4

Co

nc

, m

g/L

Precip in Previous 14 d, in.

= 0.47**

(b)


Figure 4-20. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of NH4 over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0



4.3.3. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen

Nitrate-nitrite nitrogen, much like ammonium, is a highly soluble form of N that is affected by

several N transformation processes. Primary NO3 removal processes include biological uptake as

well as denitrification (the conversion of NO3 to N2 gas under anoxic conditions), while NO3 is

produced or released by decomposition and by conversion of NH4 to NO3 (nitrification) under

aerobic conditions (Kadlec and Wallace 2009).

The retention of NO3 in the Villa Park wetland was the largest among all studied constituents,

with an overall load ratio of 0.75 (0.62 in baseflow and 0.78 in stormflow). The magnitude of net

NO3 loading varied from year to year (-18.7 lb to -58.7 lb; Fig. 4-23, Table 3-2) but was always

retained, and was well-correlated with net volume (R2 = 0.67; Fig. 4-7) and volume ratio (R2 =

0.53), but not seasonal precipitation or antecedent snowfall. NO3 loss between upstream and

downstream was statistically significant at the event, bimonthly, and monthly time scales, and for

both stormflow and baseflow (Table 3-3, 3-4). These patterns suggesting a strong effect of both

hydrology and wetland processing on NO3 retention.

Seasonal patterns in NO3 concentration were generally similar between the Inlet and Outlet (Fig.

4-21). Peak concentrations occurred in April in stormflow and baseflow at both sites, with some

variability the rest of the year in stormflow. In baseflow, concentrations were persistently near

the detection limit (0.08 mg/L) at both sites. The high spring concentrations may be explained by

nitrification of NH4 from decomposition of matter liberated from the wetland by spring

snowmelt and brought in from the watershed by early season rainfall. Rapid uptake over the

early summer by growing aquatic vegetation would result in low concentrations, especially at the

Outlet. Denitrification might also be occurring in any anoxic portions of the wetland; some

evidence is provided by corresponding late-season increases in concentrations of NH4 (Fig. 4-15)

and Ortho-P (Fig. 4-13), which may be released from anoxic sediments.

NO3 loading was enhanced by wetter conditions, as stormflow and baseflow event NO3 loads at

both sites were significantly correlated with antecedent rainfall, with generally higher correlation

coefficients for baseflow (Spearman = 0.24 to 0.43) than for stormflow ( = 0.21 to 0.27;

Table A-7) at the event scale. At the bi-monthly scale, stormflow NO3 loads at both sites were

strongly correlated with precipitation ( = 0.79 and 0.82). In addition, higher NO3 concentrations

were correlated with higher discharge in baseflow ( = 0.32) and stormflow (= 0.46) at the

Outlet (Fig. 4-22). These patterns suggest that higher water levels and flow rates in the wetland,

which would decrease hydrologic residence time, result in less removal (uptake or

denitrification) of upstream inputs of NO3. Since Inlet NO3 concentrations were significantly

higher than those at the Outlet (Table 3-3), the result of shorter residence time and less wetland

removal would be enhanced NO3 export from the wetland, rather than dilution, as might be

expected for greater flow rates and water volumes.


Furthermore, antecedent dry days and days since 0.5-in rainfall were negatively correlated with

stormflow and baseflow NO3 event loads (r = -0.22 to -0.39), suggesting that NO3 removal by

uptake (or denitrification) was occurring while the wetland remained relatively undisturbed by

rainfall-runoff.

Figure 4-21. Monthly mean and standard error of NO3 (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012. Number

of samples comprising the mean for each month is also shown.


Temperature appeared to enhance NO3 retention, as bi-monthly baseflow NO3 loads were

significantly and negatively correlated with daily air temperature at both the Inlet and Outlet ( =

-0.25 to -0.43; Table A-6). While few significant correlations existed for other temperature

parameters, this result supports the idea that warmer conditions would lead to greater uptake of

NO3 by algae and macrophytes, while enhanced respiration and microbial processing rates at

warmer temperatures could lead to anoxia in the wetland, allowing for greater potential for

denitrification.

Figure 4-22. Outlet event NO3 concentration (mg/L) vs Outlet discharge (cfs) for [a] baseflow and for [b]

stormflow,. Spearman correlation coefficients shown, * indicates significance at p<0.05, ** indicates

significance at p<0.001. Note that the detection limit for NO3 was 0.08 mg/L; correlation would likely have

been stronger if points at the DL had been omitted.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.0 0.5 1.0

Ou

tle

t N

O3

Co

nc

, m

g/L

Outlet Baseflow Discharge, cfs

= 0.32*

(a)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 5 10 15

Ou

tle

t N

O3

Co

nc

, m

g/L

Outlet Stormflow Discharge, cfs

= 0.46**

(b)


Figure 4-23. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of NO3 over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0



4.4. Total Suspended Solids

The primary source of total suspended solids (TSS) is erosion of soils within the Villa Park

watershed, as well as scour and re-suspension of sediments in detention ponds and wetland cells

both upstream and within the wetland system. Sediment loss is generally a physical process, as it

drops out of suspension as flows decrease and can also be trapped by macrophytes, algae, and

debris. Sediment loading is a concern because it can increase turbidity of receiving waters, and

also may serve as a substrate for the transport of nutrients (P in particular), metals, and other

potential pollutants.

TSS export for the wetland is substantial (overall load ratio = 1.31), with overall retention of

21% (LR = 0.79) during baseflow and export of 52% (LR = 1.52) during stormflow. Net export

of TSS occurred in all years except the first (2006), and annual net TSS loads were correlated

with net volumes (R2 = 0.54; Fig. 4-7). Baseflow loads of TSS at both the Inlet and Outlet were

small relative to stormflow (28% and 17% of the combined load on average, respectively),

emphasizing the importance of stormflow for TSS export. TSS removal in baseflow and export

in stormflow were statistically significant at the event scale (Table 3-3), but load ratios were not

well-correlated with many precipitation or air temperature parameters (Tables A-4, A-5).

The significance of bi-monthly TSS export is worth noting, as TSS reduction is a primary

function of a constructed wetland like Villa Park. TSS retention only occurs during baseflow,

likely the result of decreasing flow rates that allow for deposition, and is statistically significant

only when considered for the whole monitoring season (Apr-Oct; Table 3-4).

In stormflow, TSS is a large net export from the wetland regardless of time scale considered, but

is significant only for the late season (July – Oct) period (Table A-2), when the largest load ratios

(net export) occurred in most years (Fig. 4-25). This late-season export of TSS was also seen in

the cumulative loading plots for several years, when greater than 50% of the seasonal TSS load

occurred after mid-summer (Appendix C). The cause of such large sediment loads is unclear, but

may be due to build-up of sediment during early summer flows. Hansen (2012) observed

accumulation of sediment within and behind dense canopies of macrophytes and algae in the

wetland during late summer 2011. This accumulated sediment could then be flushed out by

subsequent large, late-season storms, the effect of which may be exacerbated if vegetation has

begun senescing in the fall. In 2010, for example, a large (3-in.) June storm produced very high

TSS loading at VP Inlet but not at the Outlet, suggesting that the sediment had been effectively

trapped by the wetland. A series of storms producing over 4-in. of rainfall occurred in August of

the same year, resulting in a substantial TSS load at the Outlet (~60% of the season total).


Figure 4-24. Monthly mean and standard error of TSS (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012. Number

of samples comprising the mean for each month are also shown.

Storm event TSS loads and concentrations were significantly correlated with several

precipitation factors (Table A-8). Discharge and rainfall depth were significantly (though

weakly) correlated with storm event TSS loading at the Inlet (Spearman = 0.33 and 0.62,

respectively), and at the Outlet ( = 0.30 and 0.43). Rainfall intensity was significantly correlated

with increased event TSS concentration at the Inlet ( .28) and at the Outlet ( = 0.26),


and with Outlet TSS load ( = 0.29). Correlations were generally stronger at the bi-monthly

scale, with larger storm TSS loads strongly correlated with greater discharge and precipitation at

both sites ( = 0.79 to 0.94; Table A-9). These patterns are sensible, as greater rainfall and the

high energy of more intense rainfall and discharge rates would increase sediment loads to the

wetland as well as contribute to scouring of wetland sediments.

In baseflow, a late season increase in TSS is also apparent at the Outlet site (and to a lesser

extent at the Inlet), as illustrated in the seasonal concentration plots (Fig. 4-24). These substantial

increases from summer to fall suggest accumulation of sediment in the downstream end of the

wetland, where it is perhaps consolidated or compacted over the winter.

A strong link between TSS and TP would be expected given that phosphorus is often transported

in particulate form with sediment. At both Villa Park sties, TSS was well-correlated with TP,

with significant positive relationships between TSS and TP in stormflow and in baseflow

(Spearman = 0.54 to 0.85; Fig. 4-11, Table A-1). For Ortho-P, higher stormflow concentrations

were significantly correlated with higher TSS concentrations at the Outlet ( = 0.46) but not at

the Inlet. Ortho-P loading at the Outlet was significantly correlated with TSS loading in both

stormflow and baseflow, but at lower than for the other forms of N and P (Table A-1).

Together these results support the conclusion that particulate P, the dominant form of P in the

wetland, is generally transported with TSS.


Figure 4-25. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of TSS over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0

indicates retention). The red lines in the bottom plot are the overall mean load ratio for the given year. Note that high load ratios are produced

during dry periods with low Inlet TSS, and in some cases by Outlet TSS falling into the bi-monthly interval after that of a large TSS Inlet load.


4.5. Chloride

Chloride was retained by the wetland overall (load ratio = 0.89), nearly all of which occurred in

baseflow (55,162 lb; LR = 0.76). The Cl- load was split almost evenly between stormflow and

baseflow at each site, but almost no retention occurred during stormflow. Interannual variability

in net Cl- loads and removal efficiency was related to net water volume (R2 = 0.63; Fig. 4-7) and

water load ratio (R2 = 0.66), but was poorly correlated with antecedent snowfall. As the primary

source of Cl- is likely from salt applied as a road deicer during winter, the lack of correlation

with snowfall illustrates that salt application rates may not be proportional to snowfall.

Cl- concentrations were very seasonal (Fig. 4-26), with the highest concentrations in spring and

lowest in mid-summer, in both stormflow and baseflow. By comparison, mean baseflow

concentrations were higher in winter (Dec – Feb) than during the monitoring season (348 mg/L

and 370 mg/L at the Outlet and Inlet, respectively; Janke 2013). The increase in concentrations

in September and October may be related to lower flow rates or water levels in the wetland, or to

release of Cl- from senescing vegetation. In addition, as evapotranspiration rates in the wetland

decrease in the fall, water tables would rise and inflow of Cl--contaminated shallow groundwater

may enhance fall Cl- concentrations. While there is no direct evidence for Cl- contamination of

groundwater in the Villa Park watershed, a recent study has shown Cl- concentrations in excess

of 250 mg/L in shallow (< 30 ft) wells in sand and gravel aquifers across the Twin Cities

Metropolitan area (Kroening and Ferry 2013). Furthermore, baseflow Cl- concentrations at two

CRWD monitoring sites (East Kittsondale and Trout Brook East Branch) exceed the MPCA

chronic standard of 230 mg/L Cl- year-round, suggesting contamination of shallow groundwater

by road salt (Janke 2013).

Cl- cumulative loading also illustrates the seasonality of Cl- concentrations in both stormflow and

baseflow (Appendix C), with high loading rates in the spring that level off in summer. In some

years loading rates increase again in the fall, both in stormflow and baseflow. Large events, such

as the mid-August event in 2011, appear to result in increased baseflow loading rates, as was the

case for other dissolved nutrients.

Several results suggest that the wetland may be recharging groundwater: Cl- loading and

concentrations in baseflow were significantly lower at the Outlet (Table 3-3), and a large net loss

of Cl- was observed during baseflow over the whole study period. Cl- should be mostly

conservative, unlike the other constituents in this study. Therefore, the Cl- load ratio should be

roughly 1.0 without any processes present to remove Cl-, though some Cl- could perhaps be

temporarily stored in soils or aquatic plants. Lower baseflow Cl- concentrations were

significantly correlated with higher daily air temperatures ( = -0.44 to -0.53 at the Outlet), a

somewhat puzzling result given that higher temperatures would be expected to enhance

evaporative losses and result in higher Cl- concentrations. This result suggests that perhaps plants

are taking up Cl- during warmer periods, when evapotranspiration rates would be higher (Kadlec

and Wallace 2009).


Stormflow Cl- was negatively correlated with rainfall depth and rainfall intensity at both sites (

= -0.27 to -0.49), suggesting dilution by rainfall-runoff of Cl- stored in the wetland. Cl-

concentration was also significantly correlated with antecedent rainfall parameters, increasing for

drier periods and decreasing for wetter periods. This pattern also suggests that even if the

wetland is losing some water to groundwater or evaporation, Cl- is likely being stored in the

water, sediment, and vegetation of the wetland.

Figure 4-26. Monthly mean and standard error of Cl- (mg/L) at the Villa Park sites, 2006-2012. Number of

samples comprising the mean for each month is also shown.


Figure 4-27. Bi-monthly combined (baseflow and stormflow) loading and load ratio of Cl- over the study period (> 1.0 indicates export, < 1.0



5. Supplemental Data and Analysis

Dissolved oxygen of less than 2.0 mg/L can result in the release from sediments of iron-bound P

(often as Ortho-P), and can also stimulate denitrification or release of NH3 (Kadlec and Wallace

2009). Results of this analysis show that a significant loss of NO3 is occurring in the wetland

(Table 3-2), providing some evidence for denitrification (and thus for anoxia), although uptake

can also cause a substantial loss of both NH4 and NO3 (Kadlec and Wallace 2009). As might be

expected, Ortho-P concentration was significantly and positively correlated with NH4 at both

sites for stormflow and baseflow ( = 0.26 to 0.64), while a weakly significant, negative

correlation was present for NO3 in stormflow at the Outlet ( = -0.24), providing some evidence

for anoxic conditions required for denitrification (Fig. 5-1; Appendix A-1).

An inspection of other data sets, including from CRWD monitoring efforts in 2007 (Wenck

Associates 2010) and from the work of Hansen (2012) provide support for persistent hypoxic and

anoxic conditions in the middle cells of the wetland (Appendix B). For example, dissolved

oxygen measurements by CRWD in the sedimentation basin, Wet Cells 1, 3, and 5, as well as the

wet pond show anoxic conditions (< 0.5 mg/L) to be present in as much as 65% of all

measurements (Wet Cell 3; Table 5-1). Hansen (2012) noted that anoxic conditions within the

submerged macrophytes in Cell 1 in 2011 gradually increased from the sediment upward in the

water column over the growing season. While the sample size is low (n = 23) and DO

measurements were somewhat sparse, anoxic conditions in the middle three cells of the wetland

appeared to influence the dissolved inorganic nutrients: mean concentration of Ortho-P, NO3,

and NH4 in storm samples at the Outlet during summer and fall 2007 were 0.065 mg/L, 0.17

mg/L, and 0.40 mg/L, respectively when mean DO was less than 2.0 mg/L in Wet Cells 1, 3, and

5; concentrations were 0.052 mg/L (lower), 0.20 mg/L (slightly higher), and 0.40 mg/L

(unchanged), respectively, under oxic conditions (Appendix B). Higher Ortho-P from sediment

release and lower NO3 from denitrification might be expected, while relatively unchanged NH4

suggests that it is primarily a decomposition product.

Table 4-1. Persistence of hypoxia and anoxia based on Dissolved Oxygen measurements in several

locations in the Villa Park wetland, as a percentage of total measurements at the given thresholds. Sites

are organized left-to-right from upstream (Sedimentation Basin) to downstream (Wet Pond, WP).

Sed Basin WC 5 WC 3 WC 1 WP

Hypoxia (0.5 - 2.0 mg/L) 14.6% 37.4% 16.0% 20.0% 40.6%

Anoxia (< 0.5 mg/L) 34.2% 45.0% 64.9% 41.1% 7.5%

If portions of wetland are channelized, then backwater areas could become anoxic under

conditions of higher temperatures and large inputs of organic matter, such as after large storms or

vegetation senescence in the fall or during shifts in the vegetation community, e.g. when

duckweed covers the water surface in late summer and shades vegetation below it in the water


column (A. Hansen, pers. comm.). If these areas of hydrologically disconnected wetland were

becoming anoxic and releasing Ortho-P, then concentrations might be expected to increase for

drier antecedent conditions or with days since the most recent large rainfall event. However, the

opposite trends were found for stormflow and baseflow Ortho-P at the Outlet (i.e. higher

concentrations and loads for wetter conditions). In addition, very little correlation was found

between measured DO in the wetland and stage at either the Inlet or Outlet, nor were Outlet

concentrations well correlated with DO measurements (data in Appendix B). Alternate

explanations may be that wetter conditions keep the backwater areas from drying out and re-

oxygenating, or that frequent flushing or more intense flows are able to leach the abundant

organic matter in the backwaters.

Figure 5-1. [a] Outlet storm event NH4 vs. Ortho-P concentration (mg/L), [b] Outlet baseflow NH4 vs

Ortho-P concentration (mg/L), and [c] Outlet storm event Ortho-P vs. NO3 concentration (mg/L). Pearson

correlation coefficients are shown; * indicates significance at p<0.05, ** significance at p<0.001. Note the

detection limit of NO3 was 0.08 mg/L.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Ou

tle

t S

torm

NH

4,

mg

/L

Outlet Storm Ortho-P Conc, mg/L

= 0.26*

(a)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Ou

tle

t B

as

e N

H4, m

g/L

Outlet Base Ortho-P, mg/L

= 0.45**

(b)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Ou

tle

t S

torm

Ort

ho

-P,

mg

/L

Outlet Storm NO3, mg/L

= -0.24*

(c)


6. Conclusions

6.1. Hydrology and Climate

Snowfall during the previous winter was well-correlated with net (Outlet – Inlet) volumes

in the wetland (water export)

Frequency of large storms was more important than total rainfall for water export

As water export from the wetland increased, so did the net loads and load ratios of TP,

TN, NO3, TSS, and Cl-

By contrast, NH4 and Ortho-P net loads were not generally impacted by net volumes, and

instead were influenced more by precipitation and to a lesser extent air temperature

Stormflow was responsible for 60% to 80% of total seasonal loads for all constituents

Water loss in baseflow (i.e. Inlet > Outlet) was likely due to evapotranspiration within the

wetland, but a corresponding loss of a conservative constituent (Cl-) suggested that some

groundwater recharge may be occurring

6.2. Phosphorus

A small net loss of TP was observed over the study period (78 lb, or ~6% of Inlet TP),

driven by retention during baseflow and slight export during stormflow, though TP loss

and export were not statistically significant on any time scale

Year-to-year TP removal was affected by hydrologic conditions, including seasonal

rainfall, snowfall during the previous winter, and net volume (Outlet – Inlet)

TP loading in stormflow was driven by stormwater volume and precipitation depth

Particulate P was the primary component of TP, and TSS and TP loads were well-

correlated at both the Inlet and Outlet ( = 0.54 to 0.85)

Flushing of summer-deposited P likely occurred during the fall in some years

Ortho-P had the highest load ratio of all constituents (1.57) over the study period and was

exported by the wetland (104 lb), almost entirely in stormflow

Ortho-P comprised 10% to 24% of TP on average

Export of Ortho-P was affected more strongly by precipitation patterns than by hydrology

(e.g. was more strongly correlated with seasonal rainfall than with net volume),

suggesting the importance of wetland processing

Higher Ortho-P concentrations were caused by warmer weather conditions; microbial

processing rates increase with temperature, and would be responsible for processes that

produce Ortho-P (decomposition, release from anoxic sediments)

According to the Villa Park Wetland Management Plan (Wenck Associates 2010), the

management target for the wetland was to reduce TP flux from the wetland to 109 lbs or less.

Over the course of the monitoring period analyzed in this report (2006 – 2012), seasonal Outlet


loading exceeded this target in all years except 2009 (106 lbs), with loads exceeding 200 lbs in 4

of the 7 years. To reduce TP export to an average of 106 lbs / year over the study period, an

additional reduction of roughly 71 lbs would have been needed, equivalent to a load ratio of

0.41; load ratio over the study period was only 0.94. Monitoring in 2014 and subsequent years

should show an improvement in TP export as a result of dredging of the lower wetland in 2013.

Additional inputs of P to the wetland are likely, and therefore the relatively simple approach of

comparing the Inlet and Outlet loading, as employed in this report, may limit the applicability of

the conclusions. Other potential sources include outflow from several unmonitored storm drains

and a small wet pond downstream of the Inlet site (representing roughly 17% of the Villa Park

drainage area), atmospheric deposition, groundwater, and internal sources from decades of

accumulation in the wetland. Wenck Associates (2010) estimated that the inflow P load to the

wetland from the Inlet site was only 38% of total inputs, with internal processes (primarily

sediment release) accounting for 45%. In 2007, this same study conducted leaching of soil cores

collected across the wetland, and estimated sediment release to be 126 lbs, which by itself would

have exceeded the loading target of 109 lbs.

Ortho-P export was relatively significant at 15 lbs per year over the study period, suggesting that

P release from decomposition and anoxic sediments within the wetland are not negligible. It is a

small quantity compared to the amount of reduction needed to meet water quality goals, and

management is potentially difficult. Ardon et al. (2010) showed increased soluble reactive

phosphorus (SRP) export from a restored wetland that was drawn down and re-flooded, due to

SRP release from anoxic sediments. In addition, in a study of N and P retention in 57 wetlands

across world, Fisher and Acreman (2004) recommended limiting the presence of reducing

(anoxic) conditions if P removal is a management goal due to the tendency of soluble P to be

released from anoxic sediments. While those studies occurred on much larger scales, a similar

response may have been observed at the Villa Park wetland, as Ortho-P export was significant

and anoxia appears persistent within the wetland (Hansen 2012, Wenck Associates 2010).

6.3. Nitrogen

TN was retained by the wetland over the study period (load ratio = 0.80), both in

stormflow (LR = 0.87) and especially in baseflow (LR = 0.67)

NH4 was a significant portion of TN (9% to 15%), and generally comprised more of TN

loading than NO3

The wetland exported 208 lb of NH4 overall (load ratio of 1.20), with export in stormflow

(233 lb; LR = 1.33), and a small amount of retention in baseflow (-25 lb; LR = 0.93)

NH4 was not greatly affected by wetland hydrology, and loads and concentrations were

not significantly different between the Inlet and Outlet


NH4 loading was affected by precipitation patterns (i.e. wetter conditions were

significantly correlated with greater NH4 at the Outlet) and by temperature (i.e. higher

concentrations were correlated with higher air temperatures)

Retention of NO3 over the study period was substantial (LR of 0.75, or 270 lb) and year-

to-year removal of NO3 was well-correlated with net volume

NO3 loss between the Inlet and the Outlet was statistically significant at all time scales

and in baseflow and stormflow

NO3 loading, especially at the Outlet, was enhanced by wetter conditions (i.e., greater

event depth or antecedent rainfall), and seasonal remova

Most of the nitrogen being transported through the wetland was organic, as NO3 and NH4

comprised a relatively small portion of TN (less than 25% on average combined). Limited UMN

data from 2011 and 2012 suggest that particulate N is roughly 40% of TN, with the rest as

dissolved organic N (Appendix B). N loading to Lake McCarrons is not likely to be a water

quality issue, but the export of NH4 is potentially a concern. NH4 is rapidly taken up by

macrophytes and algae, and could, if accompanied by large amounts of P, potentially contribute

to algae blooms or clarity problems in the lake. Furthermore, the promotion of denitrification,

which requires anoxic conditions, might have the undesired side effect of enabling Ortho-P

release from sediments (Fischer and Acreman 2004, Kadlec and Wallace 2009).

6.4. Total Suspended Solids

TSS export for the wetland was substantial (44,000 lbs, or a load ratio = 1.31), with

overall retention during baseflow (LR = 0.79) and export during stormflow (LR = 1.52)

Seasonal net (Outlet – Inlet) TSS loads were correlated with net volumes (R2 = 0.54)

Stormflow was important for TSS export, as baseflow loads were small relative to

stormflow (28% and 17% of the combined load on average at the Inlet and Outlet)

Storm event TSS loads and concentrations were significantly correlated with several

precipitation factors, as well as discharge

Particulate P, the dominant form of P in the wetland, was generally transported with TSS

Of the constituents studied, TSS was the second largest export from the wetland by ratio (overall

LR =1.31), with a majority of the loading and all of the net export occurring during stormflow.

The significance of late season stormflow export of TSS, which shows up in the TSS cumulative

loading plots in several years, is a potential management concern. The source of the loads is

probably internal, with early season deposits of sediment building up behind growing vegetation

or dropping out in the wet pond when flows lessen. Accumulation of sediment at the downstream

end of the wetland is supported by the seasonal increase in baseflow TSS concentrations at the

Outlet, likely contributing to increased sediment loads for large late season storms that could

scour the deposited sediments or erode the deposits behind senescing vegetation. It should be

expected that dredging of the wetland in 2013 will have improved its ability to retain TSS.


References

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from a restored wetland ecosystem in response to natural and experimental hydrologic

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Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) (2013a) Capitol Region Watershed District 2013

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Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) (2013b) Capitol Region Watershed District 2013

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14. 283 pp.

Documents

2014 CRWD Stormwater Monitoring Report