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A review of shape memory alloy research,applications and opportunities

 ARTICLE  in  MATERIALS AND DESIGN · APRIL 2014

Impact Factor: 3.5 · DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.084

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4 AUTHORS:

Jaronie Mohd Jani

University of Kuala Lumpur

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M. Leary

RMIT University

36 PUBLICATIONS  194 CITATIONS 

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Aleksandar Subic

Swinburne University of Technology

245 PUBLICATIONS  704 CITATIONS 

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Mark Gibson

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industri…

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Review

A review of shape memory alloy research, applications

and opportunities

 Jaronie Mohd Jani a,b,⇑, Martin Leary a, Aleksandar Subic a, Mark A. Gibson c

a School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australiab Institute of Product Design and Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiac CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o

 Article history:

Received 17 September 2013

Accepted 16 November 2013

Available online 17 December 2013

Keywords:

Shape memory alloy

Shape memory materials

Automotive

Aerospace

Biomedical

Robotics

a b s t r a c t

Shapememoryalloys (SMAs) belong to a class of shape memory materials (SMMs), whichhave theability

to ‘memorise’ or retain their previous form when subjected to certain stimulus such as thermomechan-ical or magnetic variations. SMAs have drawn significant attention and interest in recent years in a broadrange of commercial applications, due to their unique and superior properties; this commercial develop-

ment has been supported by fundamental and applied research studies. This work describes the attri-butes of SMAs that make them ideally suited to actuators in various applications, and addresses their

associated limitations to clarify the design challenges faced by SMA developers. This work provides atimely review of recent SMA research and commercial applications, with over 100 state-of-the-art pat-

ents; which are categorised against relevant commercial domains and rated according to design objec-tives of relevance to these domains (particularly automotive, aerospace, robotic and biomedical).

Although this work presents an extensive review of SMAs, other categories of SMMs are also discussed;including a historical overview, summary of recent advances and new application opportunities.

 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The technology push, towards ‘smart’ systems with adaptiveand/or intelligent functions and features, necessitates the in-creased use of sensors, actuators and micro-controllers; therebyresulting in an undesirable increase in weight and volume of theassociated machine components. The development of high ‘func-

tional density’ and ‘smart’ applications must overcome technicaland commercial restrictions, such as available space, operatingenvironment, response time and allowable cost  [1]. In particular,

for automotive construction and design: increased mass directlyresults in increased fuel consumption, and automotive suppliersare highly cost-constrained. Research on the application of smarttechnologies must concentrate on ensuring that these ‘smart’systems are compatible with the automotive environment and

existing technologies   [1]. The integration and miniaturisation of integrated micro-controllers and advanced software has enabledconsiderable progress in the field of automotive sensors and con-trol electronics. However, the technical progress for automotive

actuators is relatively poorly advanced  [2]. Currently, there are

about 200 actuation tasks are performed on vehicles with conven-tional electro-magnetic motors, which are potentially sub-optimal

for weight, volume and reliability [3].Shape memory alloy (SMA) or ‘‘smart alloy’’ was first discovered

by Arne Ölander in 1932 [4], and the term ‘‘shape-memory’’ wasfirst described by Vernon in 1941  [5]  for his polymeric dentalmaterial. The importance of shape memory materials (SMMs)

was not recognised until William Buehler and Frederick Wang re-vealed the shape memory effect (SME) in a nickel-titanium (NiTi)alloy in 1962 [6,7], which is also known as nitinol (derived from

the material composition and the place of discovery, i.e. a combi-nation of NiTi and Naval Ordnance Laboratory). Since then, the de-mand for SMAs for engineering and technical applications has beenincreasing in numerous commercial fields; such as in consumerproducts and industrial applications  [8–10], structures and com-

posites [11], automotive [2,12,13], aerospace [14–17], mini actua-tors and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)   [16,18–21],robotics   [22–24], biomedical   [16,18,25–30]   and even in fashion[31]. Although iron-based and copper-based SMAs, such as Fe–

Mn–Si, Cu–Zn–Al and Cu–Al–Ni, are low-cost and commerciallyavailable, due to their instability, impracticability (e.g. brittleness)[32–34] and poor thermo-mechanic performance [35]; NiTi-basedSMAs are much more preferable for most applications. However,

each material has their own advantage for particular requirements

or applications.

0261-3069/$ - see front matter  2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.084

⇑ Corresponding author at: School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing

Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia. Tel.: +61 405552605.

E-mail addresses:   jaronie@iprom.unikl.edu.my   (J. Mohd Jani),   martin.leary@

rmit.edu.au  (M. Leary),   aleksandar.subic@rmit.edu.au   (A. Subic),   mark.gibson@csiro.au (M.A. Gibson).

Materials and Design 56 (2014) 1078–1113

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