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TENSES DARI SIMPLE SENTENCE I:Penggunaan Kata Kerja

Penuh Be (Am, Is, dan Are) dalam Tenses

Simple Present Tense

I am

here

now/ today/ everyday / oncea month/ twice a month/ three times a month / on Sundays(=every Sunday)/ this morning (= pagi ini).

He is

They

are

Simple Past TenseIHe

was

here

yesterday/ last week/ lastSunday /three days ago(= tiga hari yang lalu) / for(= selama)

three days/ this morning (= pagi tadi)/ in 1999.

They were

Future Tense

IHeThey

will

maymust

can

be here

tomorrow / today/ next week/ nextSunday/forthree days / soon (=segera) / later(= nanti) / in fiveminutes.

Present Perfect TenseIThey

have

been

here

since yesterday/ until now / up to now(= sampai sekarang) / forthree days / sofar(= hingga kini)/ in the last(past) few days (= dalambeberapa hari terakhir) / all day(=sepanjang hari) / lately(akhir-akhir ini).

Hehas

Past Perfect TenseIHeThey

had

been

herefortwo days before Ani came(verb II)(yesterday).

Simple Present Tense

There

isa lot ofdevelopment in our

countrynow.

are

a lot of

advancesSimple Past Tense

There

wasa lot ofdevelopment in our

countrylastyear.

werea lot ofadvances

Future Tense

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There

will

maymu

stcan

be

a lot ofdevelopmenta lot of

advances

in ourcountry

in a few yearsto come(= dalambeberapa tahun

mendatang).

Present Perfect Tense

There

has

been

a lot ofdevelopment in our

countryin the last fewyears.ha

vebeen

a lot ofadvances

Past Perfect Tense

There

had

been

a lot ofdevelopmenta lot ofadvances

in ourcountry

before theRepelita started(verb II).

Kalimat Tanya Ya / Tidak1. A:Were (= Apakah) youin the head office (keterangan tempat)

yesterday?B: Yes, I was / No, I wasnt (was not).

2. A:Was (= Apakah)Jono absent(kata sifat) from work lastMonday?

B: No, he wasnt /Yes, he was.

3. A:Will you (= Apakah Anda akan) beback(kata sifat) (= kembali)again soon?

B: No, I wont (will not) /Yes, I will.

4. A:Have you (= Apakah Anda sudah / telah) been here(keterangan tempat) since yesterday/ since the seminar began (verb II)?

B: Yes, I have / No, I havent (have not). (Saya masih beradadi sini)

5. A: Has he been here (keterangan tempat) since yesterday/since the seminar began

(verb II)?B: Yes, he has / No, he hasnt (has not). (Ia masih berada di sini)

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6. A:Have you been a computer programmer(kata benda)for along time?

B: Yes, I have / No I havent. (= Saya masih menjadi seorangpemrogram komputer)

7.

A:Had he been a managerfor a long time before he retired(verb II) (= pension)?B: Yes, he had / No he hadnt (had not). (Ia sudah tidak menjadi

seorang manager)

Kalimat Tanya dengan Kata Tanya1. A:Where were you yesterday?B: I wasnt there yesterday, but I was in the branch office.

2. A:Whywas heabsentfrom work last Monday?

B: He wasabsentfrom work lastMonday, because he wasill (katasifat). Nowhe isin Sarjito hospital.

3. A:Whenwill you bebackagain?B: III (I will) bebackagain soon / in ten minutes.

4. A:How long (=Berapa lama) have you been here?B: I have been herefor two days.

5. A:How long (=Berapa lama) have you been a computerprogrammer?

B: I have beena computer programmerfor about (= kira-kira) halfa year (a half year).

6. A:How long (=Berapa lama) has he been a computerprogrammer?

B: He has beena computer programmerfor about (= kira-kira) halfa year.

7. A:How long (=Berapa lama) had he been a managerbefore heretired (verb II)?

B: He had been a managerfor years before he retired.

TENSES DARI SIMPLE SENTENCES II V:

Penggunaan Kata Kerja Penuh Selain Be dalamTenses

Simple Present TenseUntuk sesuatu yang bersifat umum, contoh:

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Computersdo your tasks very quickly.In Jogja, some shopsopen at nine a.m. and close atnine p.m., and other shopsopen at the same hourbut close at four p.m.

In Jakarta, most employeesworkfor five days aweek and theydont workon Saturdays and onSundaysIn Indonesia, most workbegins at seven a.m. andfinishes at four p.m.What timedo shopsopen in your country and whattimedoesworkbegin at your office?

Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, contoh:

The girl comes from Australia. She lives with arelative of hers (her relative) at 19 Jl Ki AgengPemanahan, Yogyakarta. She studiesInformationTechnology (IT) at Amikom College. Besides shestudies at the College at the day time, she also workspart-time at a hotel in the city at night / in the night.She is very young, but she doesntlive on herfamily.

Untuk kebiasaan pada waktu sekarang denganAdverbials of Frequency: usually(= biasanya), always(= selalu), often / frequently(= sering), sometimes (=

kadang-kadang), seldom / rarely(= jarang), hardlyever(= hampir tidak pernah), never(= tidak pernah),contoh:

We alwaysdelete unimportant files.She cleans the disk drive every day / once a week.

Untuk waktu yang akan datang dengan kata kerjatertentu: begin / start, leave, arrive, contoh:

His exams begin next month.The plane leaves at 7:30 a.m.

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Untuk tulisan dalam cerita fiktif: novel dansebagainya.

Present Continuous TenseUntuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktusekarang atau pada waktu berbicara, contoh:Please turn of the radio. I am trying to concentrateon my work. (= Saya sedang mencoba / berusahaberkonsentrasi pada pekerjaan saya)

Please dont make so much noise. I am studying.

Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat sementara, contoh:

I am staying here until I can find an apartment.Untuk suatu perubahan, contoh:The price of a computer is going up.His English is getting better.

Untuk sesuatu yang telah diputuskan / telahdirencanakan akan dilakukan, contoh:

This is my schedule for next week:I am making reports on Monday. (Future Tense)I am attending the meeting on Tuesday. (Future

Tense)

I am making reports. (Future Tense)(= I am going to make reports)(= I will be making reports)(= I intend to make reports)

Present Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yangsedang terjadi pada waktu sekarang; PastContinuous Tense (untuk sesuatu yang sedangterjadi pada waktu lampau), dan Future ContinuousTense untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktuyang akan datang. Contoh:

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John works every morning from 9 oclock till noon. It is10 oclock now. He is working (PresentContinuous Tense).At 10 oclock yesterdayhe was

working (Past Continuous Tense).At 10 oclocktomorrow he will be working (FutureContinuousTense).

John is an industrious man. He works in a shop.The shop opens at 9 oclock and closes at 5.30. At10 oclock yesterday he was working. Its 10 oclock

now. He is working. At 10 oclock tomorrow he willbe working. He is never absent from work.Future TenseUntuk sesuatu yang diputuskan akan dilakukan padasaat berbicara, contoh:

I thinkI supposeI am sureI betI guessProbably/ possibly /maybe / perhaps

I dont think he will come. (= Saya pikir ia tidak akan

datang)Do you think he will come? (= Apakah Anda pikir /Apakah menurut

pendapat Anda ia akandatang?)I will not come to the meeting. (= Saya tidak akandatang ke rapat itu)

(Penolakan)I will not be coming to the meeting. (= Saya tidakakan datang ke rapat

itu) (Tidak adakesempatan)

he will

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Will you come to the meeting? (=Maukah Andadatang ke rapat itu?)Will you be coming to the meeting? (= ApakahAnda akan datang ke

rapat itu?)Shall we go there now? (= Bagaimana kalau kitapergi ke sana sekarang?)(= What aboutgoing there now?)(= How aboutgoing there now?)(= Lets (Let us) go there now?) (= Mari kita pergi kesana sekarang) (Jawabannya: Yes, lets / No, lets not)

Simple Past TenseUntuk memberikan pernyataan atau pertanyaan padawaktu sekarang mengenai sesuatu yang terjadi ataudilakukan pada waktu lampau atau sebelumnya, dantidak berhubungan dengan waktu sekarang, contoh:

+ He calculated (verb II) the expenseyesterday/lastMonday/ two hours ago/ this morning (= pagitadi) / in 1996 / for two hours.(calculate calculated calculated)

- He didnt calculate the expense.? Did he calculate the expense? Yes, he did / No,he didnt.

This is a list of things I did yesterday:7:30 8:30 typed letters8:30 9:30 processed data9:30 10:30 .

Untuk kebiasaan pada waktu lampau dengan

Adverbials of Frequency: usually, always, often,sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never, contoh:

Ani and I used to work at the same office. She oftengot to work late. Her manager didnt know she oftencame late because he often came late, too.

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When Ani was younger (Simple Past daripenggunaan kata kerja penghubung be sebagai katakerja penuh), She seldom / rarelywent to bed before

9. She oftenstayed up the whole night(= begadang) and nevergot up early.

Past Future TenseUntuk sesuatu yang akan dilakukan pada waktulampau, contoh:

Yesterday I called at Jonos office. When I got there,he would go out with his pretty, new secretary.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense dan PresentPerfect TensePresent Perfect Continuous Tense untuk sesuatuyang dilakukan atau yang terjadi dalam rentangwaktu dari waktu lampau sampai sekarang, dansekarang masih terus berlangsung. Dengan kata lain,dalam bahasa Indonesia Present Perfect ContinuousTense bisa sama dengan mengatakan sudah / telah /pada waktu sekarang dengan rentang waktu.Present Perfect Tense untuk sesuatu yang sudah /telah terjadi atau yang sudah / telah / baru sajaselesai dilakukan pada waktu sekarang. Dengan kata

lain, dalam bahasa Indonesia Present Perfect Tensebisa sama dengan mengatakan sudah / telah / barusaja pada waktu sekarang tanpa rentang waktu.Contoh:

Johno is reading a book. He began reading (the book)two hours ago. He is on page 52. He has been

reading for two hours (Present PerfectContinuous Tense). He has read (verb III) 52 pages(Present Perfect Tense). (read read read)

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Johno is studying English. He began studying (English)six years ago. He has been studying English for sixyears. He has read a lot of English books.

Jono began studying IT at Amikom College in 1999.Now he is still studying at the College. So far, he hasbeen studying there for about nine years, but hehas not completed / finished his study yet.

Untuk sesuatu yang baru saja dilakukan dan masihada tanda tanda akibat perbuatan yang telah

dilakukan, contoh:

I am very tired. I have been working hard all day/lately/ in the last few days / for hours / since lastMonday/ so far/ up to now/ until now.

Bandingkan!I lived in Yogyakarta for two years. - I have beenliving in Yogyakarta for

two years. (= I have livedin

Yogyakarta for two years)I mailed the letter yesterday. - I have mailedthe letter.

Did you see Johno this morning? - Have youseen Johno this morning?

Yesterday I went to a party. John went to the party,too.

When I arrived at the party, he was singing.When I arrived at the party, he had been singingfor a few minutes.(Past

Perfect Continuous Tenseyang merupakan

bentuk lampau Present PerfectContinuous

Tense)When I arrived at the party, he had been there fora few minutes. (Past

Perfect Tense dari Pola KalimatTunggal I

yang merupakan bentuk lampauPresent

Perfect Tense)

When I arrived at the party, he sang a song. (= I

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This is the first time I have driven a car.It is time we went home.Future Perfect Tense (Bentuk yang akan datang

Present Perfect Tense)Contoh:

Perawan always goes to bed at 11:00. Joko is going tovisit her at 11:30 this evening. When Joko arrives,Perawan will havegone to bed.By(= menjelang) the end of this year he will havegraduated from Amikom College.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Bentuk yangakan datang Present Perfect Continuous Tense)Contoh:

Bythe end of this year he will have been studyingat Amikom College fortwo years.

Past Perfect Tense / Simple Past TenseContoh:

By1999 he had graduated (Past Perfect Tense) /graduated (Simple Past Tense) from AmikomCollege.

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BANDINGKAN

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE+

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE+

amis

wasbeen

workworked

worked

come came come

arewere

writewrot

ewritten

I am

from Japan.

IYouThestudents

comefromJapan.

HeThestudent

is

YouThestudents

areHeThestudent

comes

? ?

Apakah

Is he from Japan? Apakah

Does he come from

Japan?Are you Do you

Yes, I am / No, I am not. Yes, I do / No, I dont (do not).Where

are you from?Where

do you comefrom?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE+

SIMPLE PAST TENSE+

amis

was

beencall

called called

go went gone

arewere

read read read

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IHeThestudent

was in

Japan

yesterday.

IHeThestudentYou

Thestudents

went

to Japan

Y

esterday.

You

Thestudents

we

re

? ?

Apakah

Was

he

inJapan

yesterday?

Apakah

Didheyou

gotoJapan

Yesterday?

Were

you

Yes, I was / No, I wasnt (was

not).

Yes, I did / No, I didnt (did

not).Where

were

youyesterday?

Ididnt

gotoJapan

Yesterday?

Where

did you go