2012 Annual Safety Day

Suggested topics

Instructions• In accordance with CAPR 62-1, a Safety Day must be accomplished during January, February,

or March. The topics of focus that the National Safety Team would like to see an emphasis on during the 2012 Safety Day are:

– · Pre-Existing Medical Conditions "Why We Need to Know, How to Identify, How to Manage."– · Dehydration "Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Care, and Recovery"– · Vehicle Tire Safety "Inspection, Rejection, and Replacement"– · Aircraft and Vehicle Tire Mishaps: “What Evidence Should be Recorded for the Report?"

• It is also recommended the Regions and Wings add geographical topics to supplement these recommended topics.

• Lastly, CAP HQ has updated the safety education database to help document the annual CAPR 62-1 ORM familiarization requirement and to track the Safety Day for 2012. The only thing the person entering data has to do is check the box identifying the training as your Annual Safety Day in eServices when you are entering your topic and attendance. HQ will be writing some reports for commanders and safety officers so they can easily get an overview of their members’ compliance on this requirements.

Recommended Topics• FY11 Mishap Review and Recommendations

– Briefing (slides 4-18) with charts can also be found as a stand alone briefing at the Mn Wing Web page under Safety.

• Pre-Existing Medical Conditions – "Why We Need to Know, How to Identify, How to

Manage.”• Dehydration

– "Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Care, and Recovery”• Vehicle Tire Safety

– "Inspection, Rejection, and Replacement“• Aircraft and Vehicle Tire Mishaps:

– “What Evidence Should be Recorded for the Report?"

National Safety Team

FY11 Mishap Reviewand Recommendations

1 Oct 2011 – 30 June 2011

Mishap Review Overview

• Mishap Classification Trends

• Expanded Classification Details– Bodily Injury – Suggested Focus Areas

• Bodily Injury Prevention Recommendations

• Expanded Classification Details– Vehicle – Suggested Focus Areas

• Vehicle Mishap Prevention Recommendations

• Expanded Classification Details– Aircraft – Suggested Focus Areas

• Aircraft Mishap Prevention Recommendations

• National Safety Team Comments

• Closing Emphasis

Mishap Classification Trends

• The following graphs depict the current mishap classification trends based on the recent National Board approved classification changes to CAPR 62-2.

Mishap Classification Trends

• Bodily Injury mishaps continue to lead aircraft and vehicle mishaps and recommendations to abate bodily injury mishaps should be considered for prevention of future occurrences.

• Vehicle mishaps have increased this year. CAP has had two major vehicle accidents resulting in the total loss of CAP assets. Both mishaps were on exit ramps. One lost control due to road conditions, the other attributed to lack of familiarity and fatigue.

VehicleAircraftBodily Injury

Mishap Classification Trends

• Pre-existing conditions lead the trend rate of mishaps that only the individual member can control. These are a result of unknown or undeclared medical conditions. If CAP leaders know of a pre-existing condition, restrictions must be observed and members should consider non-participation, as one option, to prevent exposure or added risk or responsibility to other participants and CAP leaders.

• Bodily injury mishaps have the highest occurrence among ALL reported mishaps. Emphasis on program changes should be immediate and recommendations should be strongly considered to reduce future occurrences.

Mishap Classification Trends

• Vehicle mishap reporting is showing a positive balance of accidents, incidents, and minor mishaps. Emphasis on safety deviation reporting is highly recommended.

• Mishap reporting for vehicle mishaps have demonstrated a large number of weather related mishaps, not previously noted. This classification of mishap may require review of vehicle parking protocols to include covered parking options.

• The increase in the classification of OTHER is primarily related to wildlife strikes, primarily deer (5).

Mishap Classification Trends

• Aircraft mishap reporting has balanced from previous fiscal years. This is an indicator that CAP members have begun to trust the safety program, previously deemed very negative. This positive improvement is also noted by Near-Miss and Safety Deviation reporting, areas that could benefit CAP by increased emphasis.

• All mishaps are closely reviewed in this area to ensure accuracy of reporting and alignment with NTSB reporting rates

Expanded Classification Trends

• Pre-existing Conditions are defined as any mishap where a member’s undisclosed, underlying medical condition results in a mishap, or significantly aggravates the ultimate outcome. This could also be attributed to a member’s failure to follow limitations set for a disclosed medical condition. This includes chronic (e.g., diabetes, asthma) and acute (e.g., knee sprain, concussion).

• The shuttle run for cadets was an emphasis item in FY10 and improper posture in formations resulting in fainting injuries remains high. One cadet required an airlift for treatment after a fainting injury while representing CAP.

Bodily Injury Prevention Recommendations

• It is recommended that Wing Commanders follow-up with all members that are party to mishaps that result due to pre-existing conditions. A stern progressive handling of this with direct contact to the member or parents of cadets, starting with an education letter of CAP’s requirements and limitations from the Wing Commander. NHQ Safety, in coordination with GC, will provide a template draft for approved use.

• For all physical fitness training an understanding of appropriate warm-ups must be implemented. More importantly, leadership oversight must ensure members, particularly cadets are held accountable to perform proper warm-ups and stretching as required. Non-compliance to this requirement should result in non-participation. Additionally, risk management evaluations must be completed to ensure training surfaces are appropriate and without hazards, such as holes, sand, or other hidden objects in grass areas where PT may be performed. Consideration should always be given to the physical ability of the member participating. Unnecessary pressure from cadet or senior member leaders should be avoided.

Expanded Classification Trends• Weather has again taken it’s toll on CAP’s vehicles. Hail damage and debris

has had an impact on CAP’s vehicles, pun intended. CAP vehicles should be strategically parked and garaged when available.

• When driving at night, be aware of wild-life. Deer are nocturnal and if we didn’t hit the deer this year, they charged our vehicle. Be alert, particular on roads that aren’t frequently traveled.

• RV style communications trailers and FEMA trailers are not maintained in regular maintenance schedules and are solely the responsibility of the wings. It is very important that all trailer tires are checked and replaced before traveling. Trailer tires tend to deteriorate at a higher rate because they are impacted by solar degradation and not exercising them, doesn’t give the tire the opportunity to breath, usually resulting in catastrophic failure. It has been several years since these trailers were purchased, therefore near the end of the tire lives in a storage environment. Please check load ratings on these types of trailers to ensure they are proper rated and installed.

Vehicle Mishap Prevention Recommendations

• Road conditions and awareness have contributed to two accidents this year. A couple of close-calls have also shown that weather can have an impact on driving. Reduction of speed, choosing alternate routes or times of day, or cancelling a trip are all viable solutions to prevent road condition mishaps.

• On a couple of occasions, lack of rest has contributed to judgment and situational awareness. It is recommended that drivers plan for long trips by starting with adequate sleep. ORM analysis should demonstrate adequate rest requirements and using aircraft rest requirements outlined in CAPR 60-1 for aircrews is highly recommended for all vehicle operators.

Expanded Classification Trends

• Flat Tires – Controllable – This is related to crew proficiency on aircraft brakes. Typically too much pressure, foot attire that cannot sense pressure, or inexperience. It is recommended that a good flight instructor demonstration be given to crews on short field landing capabilities without brakes. If the landing is too fast, practice a go-around.

• Wing Strikes while operating aircraft was a high emphasis resulting in a Safety Alert; however recently, ground handling mishaps have increased. The biggest concern is getting aircraft into and out of hangars. It is recommended that aircraft be moved by full crews as much as possible, but hard stationary objects in hangars should be padded or protected in case an aircraft inadvertently comes in contact. Trailing edge and corner foam guards with “Remove Before Flight” streamers could be installed on ALL CAP aircraft that are in the hangar as an alternative.

Aircraft Mishap Prevention Recommendations

• CAP has lost four aircraft this year due to weather related mishaps. Additionally two hangars were destroyed by storm winds. This highlighted the need to understand what approved ropes should be used to tie down aircraft and to ensure that ropes are tied tight to prevent the aircraft from “flying” off the ground during storms. Additionally, if storms are forecast, it is better to store aircraft inside or to relocate aircraft to an area where severe storms will not have an impact. For gliders, use trailers if available. Lastly, ALL personnel need to know where appropriate storm shelters are. Thin aluminum hangars have proved NOT to meet that need, resulting in injuries of CAP members.

• Ground movement and ground handling of aircraft has surfaced again this year as a top cause for aircraft damage. It is recommended that all potential impact surfaces of the aircraft be protected with foam padding before moving aircraft. Also, wing clearance streamers, like a tennis ball that marks the parking stop point of personal auto garages, could be used to show wing clearances in hangars. Permanently fastened chocks to the floor would also assist in tail protection when pushing aircraft into the hangar. Use of all crew and ground members is necessary to ensure safety movement of aircraft.

General Awareness Recommendations

• Communication of safety awareness items to the lowest level is key. To accomplish a positive habitual safety culture, safety has to be supported from the top, but owned and implemented from the bottom up. It has been recommended that wings use published safety alerts is highly recommended; however in discussion with squadron level membership, it is found that information does not effectively flow to members at the squadron level. This doesn’t fit all wings; however seems to be very common. Supporting members from the top would be getting the information and tools the members need to be successful and ensuring that it is communicated to them.

• Positive re-enforcement is a KEY component to success. All members should look at all situations positively. As an example, a pilot has a bad landing, hits a runway light on landing. It is assumed the pilot was in error, but could it have been the pilots superior skill that prevented a mishap from being worse. Even in the worst case scenarios, members should be praised for making an effort. 4:1 positive to negative is the fertilizer of success for CAP’s future in a non-punitive safety environment. Suspending members for not completing courses, means non-participation, ultimately leading to reduced proficiency.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact safety@capnhq.gov.

Thanks for your attention and support of safety.

Pre-Existing Medical Conditions "Why We Need to Know, How to Identify, How to Manage.“

• Definition: CAPR 62-2 para 2.b.9 Pre-existing Condition: is any mishap where a member’s undisclosed, underlying medical condition results in a mishap, or significantly aggravates the ultimate outcome. This could also be attributed to a member’s failure to follow limitations set for a disclosed medical condition. This includes chronic (e.g., diabetes, asthma) and acute (e.g., knee sprain, concussion).

Pre-Existing Medical Conditions "Why We Need to Know, How to Identify, How to Manage.“

• Why We Need to Know– Critical to ORM analysis and pre activity briefings

• How to Identify– Ask on permission slips

• How to Manage– Parental involvment– Limit participation/activities as necessary– Identify on Form 78 if related to safety incident– Review CAPR 160-2 Handling of Cadet Medications if

required

Dehydration

• Dehydration occurs when there isn't enough water to replace what's lost throughout the day. Your system literally dries out.

• Unfortunately, thirst isn't always a reliable gauge of the body's need for water, especially in children and older adults. A better indicator is the color of your urine: Clear or light-colored urine means you're well hydrated, whereas a dark yellow or amber color usually signals dehydration.

Dehydration "Causes“

• Diarrhea, vomiting. Severe, acute diarrhea can cause a tremendous loss of water and electrolytes in a short amount of time. Vomiting will cause, you lose even more fluids and minerals.

• Fever. In general, the higher your fever, the more dehydrated you may become.

• Excessive sweating. You lose water when you sweat. Hot, humid weather increases the amount you sweat and the amount of fluid you lose. Preteens and teens may be especially susceptible, because of their body weight,.

• Increased urination. This is most often the result of undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, — diuretics, antihistamines, blood pressure medications and some psychiatric drugs — as well as alcohol also can lead to dehydration, generally because they cause you to urinate or perspire more than normal

DehydrationMild to moderate dehydration, Symptoms

• Dry, sticky mouth• Sleepiness or tiredness — children are likely to be less

active than usual• Thirst• Decreased urine output — no wet diapers for three hours

for infants and eight hours or more without urination for older children and teens

• Few or no tears when crying• Dry skin• Headache• Constipation• Dizziness or lightheadedness

Dehydration Severe dehydration, a medical emergency, Symptoms

• Extreme thirst• Extreme fussiness or sleepiness in infants and children; irritability and confusion in

adults• Very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes• Lack of sweating• Little or no urination — any urine that is produced will be dark yellow or amber• Sunken eyes• Shriveled and dry skin that lacks elasticity and doesn't "bounce back" when

pinched into a fold• In infants, sunken fontanels — the soft spots on the top of a baby's head Shriveled

and dry skin that lacks elasticity and doesn't "bounce back" when pinched into a fold

• Low blood pressure• Rapid heartbeat• Rapid breathing• No tears when crying• Fever• In the most serious cases, delirium or unconsciousness

DehydrationComplications

• Heat injury, ranging in severity from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion to potentially life-threatening heatstroke.

• Swelling of the brain (cerebral edema) after being dehydrated, the body tries to pull too much water back into your cells. This can cause some cells to swell and rupture. The consequences are especially grave when brain cells are affected.

• Seizures. Electrolytes — such as potassium and sodium — help carry electrical signals from cell to cell; messages can become mixed up, which can lead to involuntary muscle contractions and sometimes to a loss of consciousness.

• Low blood volume shock (hypovolemic shock) caused by a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the amount of oxygen in your body.

• Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys are no longer able to remove excess fluids and waste from your blood.

• Coma and death. When not treated promptly and appropriately, severe dehydration can be fatal.

DehydrationPeople are at greater risk

• Infants and children. because of their relatively small body weights• Older adults: ability to conserve water is reduced, your thirst becomes less acute,

less able to respond to changes in temperature. They tend to forget to eat or drink altogether, chronic illnesses such as diabetes, by hormonal changes associated with menopause and by the use of certain medications.

• People with chronic illnesses. diabetes puts you at high risk of dehydration kidney disease, alcoholism and adrenal gland disorders.

• Endurance athletes. Anyone who exercises can become dehydrated, especially in hot, humid conditions or at high altitudes

• People living at high altitudes. As body tries to adjust to high elevations through increased urination and more rapid breathing — the faster you breathe to maintain adequate oxygen levels in your blood, the more water vapor you exhale.

• People working or exercising outside in hot, humid weather. When it's hot and humid, your risk of dehydration and heat illness increases. That's because when the air is humid, sweat can't evaporate

Dehydration Prevention, Care, and Recovery

• If you're a healthy adult, you can usually treat mild to moderate dehydration by drinking more fluids, such as water or a sports drink (Gatorade, Powerade, others).

• When to see a doctor (Treat children and older adults with greater caution)– Severe signs and symptoms such as extreme thirst, lack of urination,

shriveled skin, dizziness and confusion.– Develops severe diarrhea, with or without vomiting or fever– Has bloody stool– Has had moderate diarrhea for three days or more– Can't keep fluids down– Is irritable or disoriented and much sleepier or less active than usual– Has any of the signs or symptoms of mild or moderate dehydration

• Go to the nearest hospital emergency room or call 911 or your emergency medical number if you think a child or older adult is severely dehydrated.

Vehicle Tire Safety "Inspection”

1. Refer to your owner's manual for the manufacturer's recommended tire pressure. You might find this information on a sticker in the glove box or driver's door jamb.

2. Use a gauge to check the air pressure in each tire. 3. Look in the grooves on tire tread for raised patches, called wear bars. These 2/32-inch tall patches

will help you identify a worn out tire. Replace if worn flush. 4. If no wear bars, place a US penny into a groove between treads, with Lincoln's head down. If the

tread is at or beyond the top of Lincoln's head you have at at least 3/32-inchof tread left.5. Tread should wear evenly. Inspect each tire for unusual tread wear. A rounded edge on the inside

and outside edges of tread could indicate under-inflation.6. The same wear pattern on front tires of front-wheel drive vehicles could indicate a need for more

frequent tire rotation.7. Excessive wear on the center of a tire's tread could indicate over-inflation.8. Unusual wear that resembles a chop or stair-step pattern could indicate worn shocks.9. Excessive wear on the inside or the outside of the tread could indicate the need for alignment.10. Carefully check each tire for punctures, nails, damage, scuffs, and weather cracking. Repair or

replace as necessary.

Vehicle Tire Safety "Inspection”

• Pressure stats printed on sidewalls indicate the maximum amount of air pressure tires should be inflated with -- not recommended pressures.

• Check your owner's manual or ask your local tire dealer for tire rotation recommendations.

• Because of this difference, you will want to begin any tire inspection with a careful examination of the sidewall. Look for any cuts, bubbling, or cracking. If you find any of these, take your tires to a local tire retailer immediately for a professional inspection. Because of the delicate nature of the sidewall, it is advisable to install your spare tire before driving.

• Proper inflation is essential for normal wear on your tires. Unlike the economy, on your car low inflation is a bad thing. If your tires are under-inflated, the sidewall will sag causing excessive wear on the outside areas of the tread. Under-inflation also results in excessive heat, which accelerates wear and may cause a blow out

Aircraft and Vehicle Tire Mishaps:• The average aircraft tire is composed of 50%

rubber, 45% fabric and 5% steel. These tires are designed to carry heavy loads at high speeds. Problems caused by incorrect tire pressure can lead to catastrophic failure of the tire(s). Over inflation of a tire can cause uneven tread wear, reduced traction, make the tread more susceptible to cutting, and can increase the stress on aircraft wheels. Under inflation of a tire can cause uneven tire wear and greatly increases stress and flex heating in the tire, which shortens tire life and can lead to tire blowouts.

Aircraft and Vehicle Tire Mishaps:

• “What Evidence Should be Recorded for the Report?“– Condition of tires (Tread, cracking, bald spots)– Pressure of all tires– Damage – Confirmation of maintenance procedures– Conditions during mishap – Operators inputs– Any recalls

Aircraft Tire 1. CHECK DAILY WHEN TIRES ARE COOL2. INFLATE TO WORST CONDITIONS (Coolest temp of day)3. USE DRY NITROGEN GAS (WHEN REQUIRED)4. INCREASE PRESSURE 4% FOR TIRES UNDER LOAD5. ALLOW 12-HOUR STRETCH AFTER MOUNTING

– All tires, particularly bias tires, will stretch (or grow) after initial mounting. This increased volume of the tire results in a pressure drop

6. NEVER REDUCE PRESSURE ON A HOT TIRE7. CALIBRATE INFLATION GAUGE REGULARLYNote: Airplanes can lose as much as five percent of tire pressure

per day. At a pressure rate loss of five percent per day, it would only take a few days before they require servicing.