about the Irish language Irish is an ancient language, with a limited number of speakers nowadays, but it still attract many people interested in Irish and Celtic culture. The earliest form of the language, Primitive Irish, is found in ogham inscriptions up to about the 4th century. After the conversion to Christianity, Old Irish begins to appear as glosses in the margins of Latin manuscripts, beginning in the 6th century, until it gives way in the 10th century to Middle Irish. Modern Irish dates from about the 16th century. http://www.irishlanguage.net/irish/history.asp As for nouns, in Irish there are 5 cases: the 4 like those in German as well as the vocative as the 5th case. Iin the official standard there are supposedly only now 3 cases, whereby nominative, accusative and dative are combined. Nouns inflect according to two grammatical genders (inscn): masculine (firinscneach) and feminine (baininscneach).

special characters: , , , (the accent on the letter is called fada) Two genders Declination language - nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative watch sentence construction

pronunciation: in Irish there are broad vowels (A, O, U) and slender vowels (I, E) there is no letter K there are tonic accents vowels: /a/ - a, // - e, /*/ e in endings, the a in the words ag, na, an // varies (rare sound) //: , ae /i/ i /o/ o /oy/ oy /ay/ ay, /u/ u /ow/ au - gh end of word consonants /b/ b /d/ d /f/ f , ph /g/ g /ge/ dh+ broad /dj/ gh + slender /k/ c /kv/ qu + a, o /s/ - s + broad /z/ // s + slender /t/ t, + broad /y/ gh + slender, /ye/ ia /pause/ - h as a consonant on its own (not preceded by c or p - h makes a vowel sound longer. /th/ t+ slender (pronounce like Thin) /v/ v special characters: , , , for verbs ending with "n" pronounce /en/ a slender vowel before consonant is followed by slender vowel after the consonant; same rule with broad. Lenition Lenition is a "softening" (a.k.a. "aspiration") of the consonant sound at the beginning of a word or syllable. It only happens to certain sounds:

b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t; other letters are unaffected. In the new/modern style, where an h is added after the consonant. the letter s is not lenited when it is directly followed by one of c, p, t, m, or f, since there's no way (in Irish) that you could pronounce something like shf or shc. do phoca - your pocket do stair - your history. on adjectives after a masculine genitive singular noun (ex. an chro dhubh = of the black heart) after mo or do (ex. mo shaol = my life) after a when it means "his" (ex. a shaol = his life) on masculine genitive singular nouns after the article (ex. an chro = of the heart) (if you have d, t, or s but the consonant before is d, n, t, l, s, there is no lenition. on masculine attribute adjectives --> grian the = hot sun.

Eclipsis Eclipsis is an "eclipsing" (obviously) of the initial consonant sound of a word by another consonant sound. It only affects seven sounds: b, c, d, f, g, p, and t; essentially what happens is that you only pronounce the eclipsing consonant(s) - the eclipsed letter gets totally left out of the pronunciation (except for ng). However, when writing one of these things you write the eclipsing letter followed by the eclipsed letter. The rules for what happens to each go like this: b is eclipsed by m to become mb c is eclipsed by g to become gc d is eclipsed by n to become nd f is eclipsed by bh to become bhf (two letters, but one sound) g is eclipsed by n to become ng (note that this is pronounced not just as a straight n, but as the hybrid ng sound, much like an ng in English) p is eclipsed by b to become bp t is eclipsed by d to become dt

on plural genitive nouns after the article (ex. na bpg = of the kisses) after any of the plural possessive articles, like "our", "your" (pl.), "their" (ex. r ngr = our love, bhur bpsadh = your wedding, a gcostas = their cost) after some preposition+article combinations - you'll have to memorize which ones, but they can be learned with use (ex. ar an mbord = on the table, n gcsta = from the coast, as an bPoblacht = out of the Republic after the preposition i (ex. i mbosca = in a box)

Article an article is a small word that tells you how many units of noun there are, and what gender the noun is. Numbers and portions can be used as articles.

1 kg pratai ( article + measure + genitive of noun)

an cupan caife (article + measure + noun in genetive form) The Irish equivalent of the English word "one"v in counting (as used in phrases like "ten big ones", etc.) is "ceann", literally "head". The cardinal numeral two has the effect of aspirating it and numbers seven to ten eclipse it. Unlike regular nouns following numbers, "ceann" is put in the plural ("cinn") from number three up: Q. C mhad? -- How many? A. Dh cheann. -- Two.

A. Tr cinn. -A. Seacht gcinn. --

Three. Seven.

possessive articles mo, lenite the first consonant of the following word if possible. preceding a vowel: m' do lenite the first consonant of the following word if possible. preciding a vowel: d' a (his) meaning "his" lenite the first consonant of the following word if possible. a (= her) no change in following word following word preceded by a vowel: a h ar take an eclipsis on the consonnant in the following word following word preceded by a vowel: r n bhur take an eclipsis on the consonnant in the following word following word preceded by a vowel: bhur n a take an eclipsis on the consonnant in the following word following word preceded by a vowel: an

the ordinal number indicates a position or a rank. ordinal numbers (for counting) 0 = nialas 1 = aon 2 = d 3 - tr 4 -ceathair 5 -cig 6 -s 7 - seacht 8 - ocht 9 - naoi 10 deich 11 -a haon dag 12 - d dhag 13 tr cinn dag 14 - ceithre cinn dag 15 - cig cinn dag 16 - s cinn dag, 17- seacht cinn dag 18 - ocht cinn dag 19 - naoi cinn dag 20 - fiche. 21 - fiche a haon 22 - fiche a d 23 - fiche a tr 24 - fiche a ceathair 25 fiche a cuig

1. = an chad 2. = an dara 3 = an tr 4. = an ceathr 5. = an cigi 6. = an s 7. = an seacht 8. = an ocht 9. = an nao 10. = -deichi 11. = an t-aon ceann dag 12. = an dara ceann dag 13. = an tr ceann dag 14. = an ceathr ceann dag 15. = an cigi ceann dag 16 = an s ceann dag 17 = an seacht ceann dag 18. = an ocht ceann dag 19. = an nao ceann dag 20. = an fichi 21. an chad ceann fichi 22. = an dara ceann fichi 23. an tr ceann fichi 24. an ceathr ceann fichi 25. an cigi ceann fichi

A noun A noun is a word to name a person, a place or thing. Common nouns are the names for things we can see and touch. Abstract nouns are the names for things we cannot see and touch. Proper nouns are the special names, used for a person, a place or a thing. A proper noun starts with a capital letter. As for nouns, in Irish there are 5 cases: the 4 like those in German as well as the vocative as the 5th case. In the official standard there are supposedly only now 3 cases, whereby nominative, accusative and dative are combined. Nouns inflect according to two grammatical genders (inscn): masculine (firinscneach) and feminine (baininscneach). Basically, those living things which are male are named with masculine nouns, for female creatures then feminine nouns. But, as in any language, there are definite exceptions to the rule: e.g.: stail = stallion is feminine, cailn = girl is masculine (about the suffix -n see below)- for objects, one has to learn the noun with its gender. FIRINSCNEACH - MASCULINE / BAININSCNEACH - FEMININE Next you need to know that nouns in Irish belong to one of two groups called firinscneach - - masculine and baininscneach - - feminine. Male and female gender has a little to do with it although it is not the only criterion. Cailn - - a girl is masculine and stail - - a stallion is feminine Do you need to know whether a noun is masculine or feminine? For accurate writing you should. Do not be put off by this however. Few Irish speakers and a surprising number of writers are unsure of the inscne - gender of many Irish nouns. The main thing is to use your Irish "ceart n cearr - right or wrong". The learner must have the courage to disregard the misguided criticism of the perfectionists and carry on. They mean well but do not allow them to discourage you. Knowledge of masculine and feminine will come with familiarity. The following table shows masculine and feminine nouns with the definite article singular. I have tried to cover all the possible variants with the nouns I have selected, nouns beginning with consonants, with vowels, and with "s". They behave differently. Note: (a) the nouns beginning with consonants; (b) those beginning with vowels; and (c) those beginnning with "s".

The beginning of the word is treated differently in masculine and feminine nouns starting with a consonant; a vowel; or "s". Can you make out the six rules from this list: Noun with Indefinite article As Barla In English Inscne Noun with As Barla Gender definite article In English boat car man roof clerk rider fool army bird priest hawks seed

An Chad Doclaonadh - - The First Declension bd a boat m. an bd the carr a car m an carr the fear a man m. an fear the don a roof m. an don the clireach a clerk m an clireach the marcach a rider m an marcach the amadn a fool m. an t-amadn the arm an army m an t-arm the an a bird m an t-an the sagart a priest m an sagart the seabhac a hawk m an seabhac the sol (a) seed m an sol the An Dara Doclaonadh - - The Second Declension brg cuileog pirc clann a shoe a fly a field offspring fem. fem. fem. fem. fem. fem. fem. m. fem fem. fem. an bhrg an chuileog an phirc an chlann an leabharlann an it an aois an t-im an tseachtain an tsil an tsrid the the the the

shoe fly field children

leabharlann a book it aois im seachtain sil srid a place (an) age butter week an eye a street

the library the place the age the butter the week the eye the street

buachaill

An Tr Doclaonadh - - The Third Declension a boy m. an buachaill the boy

feirmeoir gleann cuid mil smacht Gaeltacht am agir sioc sos seanmir

a farmer a valley / glen part honey control an Irish-speaking area time injustice frost an interval a sermon

m. m. fem. fem. m. fem. m. fem m. m. fem.

an feirmeoir an gleann an chuid an mhil an smacht an Ghaeltacht an t-am an agir an sioc an sos an tseanmir

the the the the the

farmer valley part honey control

the Gaeltacht the the the the time injustice frost interval

the sermon

An CeathrDoclaonadh - - The Fourth Declension madra a dog m. an madra the dog cailn a girl m.!! an cailn the girl gloine (a) glass fem. an ghloine the glass filte (a) welcome fem. an fhilte the welcome the earra a commodity m. an t-earra commodity uisce water m. an t-uisce the water aiste an essay fem. an aiste the essay oche a night fem. an oche the night the seasile sea-water m. an sile water seilide a snail m an seilide the snail slinte health fem. an tslinte the health sl road, way fem an tsl the way suilce virtue fem. an tsuilce the virtue An Cigi Doclaonadh - - The Fifth Declension a train fem. an traein the a sheep fem an chaora the a friend m. an cara the wax fem. an chir the a number fem an uimhir the

traein caora cara cir uimhir

train sheep friend wax number

Ainmfhocail Neamhrialta - - Irregular Nouns bean a woman fem. an bhean the woman teach a house m. an teach the house m a month fem. an mhi the month So now you know the rules for the tuiseal ainmneach - the nominative case with and without an :

complex noun:

mias rse. compound nouns in Irish by Abigail - http://www.daltai.com/ blthfhleasc (m-f) - garland (= "flower loop") The first component (anam, blth, ralt, lmh) is the one that "acts like an adjective." Gender and declension are taken from the second component. Hyphens are only used to separate identical consonants, e.g. lmh-mhaisi - manicure (= "hand adornment") For the genitive, there are two possibilities. The qualifying noun can be used attributively (i.e. as an adjective) or as a noun in apposition: gloine beorach - a beer glass (appositive) gloine bheorach - a glass of beer (attributive) bragin - toys siopa - shop --> siopa bhragin (toy-shop)

Appositive genitives are never lenited. Attributive genitives are treated just like attributive adjectives (i.e. lenited after feminine nouns or plurals ending on slender consonants) with the exception that the DeNTaLS rule does apply (it doesn't for attributive adjectives): an bhean dheireanach (attributive adjective) an bhean deiridh (attributive genitive) Of course you only see a difference between the two if the first noun is feminine or a weak plural (and the second one starts with a consonant that admits lenition), and there's not always (or even usually) a significant difference of meaning - a nead circe is pretty much always a nead chirce and vice versa! But it's still a worthwhile distinction and I do wish grammar books would stress it just a bit more.

The genitive case www.irishgaelictranslator.com/articles/grammar/genitive-case/ The genitive case, in general, is used to take Noun A and use it to describe, define, limit, or modify Noun B. The genitive case is a signal that Noun A is related to Noun B in a close and intimate way: in English we express the relation in terms of possession, origin, material, belonging and membership, and the like. madra an bhuachalla the boys dog. bosca adhmaid a wooden box (a box of wood) Teachta Dla representative of the Dil bidn Fheilimidh Feilimidhs little boat. An indefinite noun in the genitive can also be used like an adjective, to describe a noun: seomra folctha room of washing (bathroom) laoch cogaidh war hero dochtir mn a female doctor (a woman doctor) In Irish, the genitive has two other major uses: 1.) It marks the direct of object of verbal nouns when they are used with t. T na mn ag danamh na hoibre the women are doing the work (the women are at the doing of the work First Declension:These are generally masculine nouns that end in a broad consonant. The genitive singular is formed by making that final consonant slender, usually by adding an i just before it. This may cause the vowels to change: bd -> bid leabhar -> leabhair fear -> fir mac -> mic iasc -> isc Most nouns that end in -(e)ach take the ending -(a)igh: ireannach -> ireannaigh Second Declension: these are mostly feminine nouns that end in either a broad or slender consonant. The genitive singular is formed by adding an e to the end of the nominative. If the nominative ends in a broad consonant, that consonant must be made slender by adding an

i before it, and this may change the vowels like in the first declension: fuinneog -> fuinneoige muc -> muice long -> loinge scian -> scine eaglais -> eaglaise Feminine nouns ending in -(e)ach become -(a): bisteach -> bist Third Declension: These are both masculine and feminine, and their nominatives end in either broad or slender consonant. The genitive singular is formed by adding an a to the end of the nominative. If the ending is originally slender, it becomes broad: rud -> ruda minteoir -> minteora Fourth Declension: The genitive singular is identical to the nominative singular, and you can only tell the case by the context: an cailn -> ainm an chailn Garda -> carr Garda mhir Fifth Declension: These are mostly feminine nouns, and they follow one of two patterns: they either end in a vowel and form the genitive singular by adding a consonant, or they end in -ir, -il, -in, and form the genitive by adding a broad -ach. comharsa -> comharsan cathair -> cathrach cara -> carad There are also a handful of irregulars that dont fit in any declension.

the plural of quantifiable nouns When talking about more than one thing the word for "the" before masculine and feminine nouns is "na". "a" is added to some nouns in the plural, na muca (the pigs), is added or inserted before the final broad consonant in some words for exampla na bid (the boats), there are a number of other plural forms such as , (e)anna, (e)acha. The following table was compiled by Focloir Scoile. When looking the word in the dictionnary, you will notice that it gives you a code for the type of noun, and gives you the irregular plural form as well. there are 6 types of nouns in Irish m1, m3, m4 (masculine) f2, f3, f4 (feminine) MASCULINE Model noun m1 - bd Other nouns in this category: bacach (beggar), penn (pen), paipear (paper) Singula Plura r l bd bid bid bd

1. nominative 2. genitive

nominative singular is spelled the same as genitive plural genitive singular is spelt the same as nominative plural. -ach --> -aigh eann --> -inn -ioch --> -igh -ear --> eir Model noun m3 - cainteoir Other nouns in this category: gnolacht , tincir 1. nominative 2. genitive Singular Plural cainteoir cainteoir cainteor cainteoir a

-acht --> achta, achtai -ceir --> -ceara, ceari

Model noun m4 - bata Other nouns in this category: feirin, ciste, runa, ord, cruinni Singula Plura r l bata bata bata bata

1. nominative 2. genitive

-in --> in --iste --> ist -na --> naithe -d --> daithe (genitive, and plural forms) --ni --> nithe (genitive and plural forms) FEMININE Model noun f2 - beach Other nouns in this category: bos, scornach, eaglais Singula Plural r beach beach a beiche beach a

1. nominative 2. genitive

-os --> oise, osa, os -nach --> -na, nacha, -nach -glais --> -glaise, -glais, -glais

Model noun f3 - admhil Other nouns in this category: bacach (beggar), penn (pen), paipear (paper) 1. nominative 2. genitive Singular admhil Plural admhla

admhlach admhlach a a

-nacht --> nachta, nachta, nachta -ab --> aba, -aba, -aba Model noun f4 - bearna Other nouns in this category: comhairle

1. nominative 2. genitive

Singula Plural r bearna bearna bearna bearna

-airle--> airle, airl, airl very small products are always in the plural - peas, beans,

portions: we use the genitive to indicate portions units and measures - always followed by nouns in gen. one glass of water - ceann gloine uisce a piece of cake - ceann posa cca a slice of pizza - ceann sin de pizza (1 l, 1 kg, 1 cup of, 1 spoonful of, 1 tin of, 1 pot of, 1 plate of, of, 1 portion of, 1 bottle of, 1 glass of) 1 ltear, 1 cileagram de, 1 cupn, 1 spng, , 1 stin , 1 pota, 1 plta, 1 chuid sin de, 1 buidal, 1 gloine liquids and creams (yogurt) are always introduced with the noun in gen. NOTE: food solids can have different shapes and sizes. there is a difference of meaning between "'T an fear ag ithe an cis. " and 'T an fear ag ithe cise. " When we say, 'T an fear ag ithe an cis. ' , we mean that he is eating the whole cheese. a student. chun staidar to think --> a thinker. smaoinigh to play (a game) --> a player. imirt -> imreoir>to play (an instrument) -->seinn ar --> imreoir to hunt --> a hunter. to dance --> a dancer. damhsaigh --> to drive --> a driver. thiomin -> tiomna. to read --> a reader. a ligh -> litheoir. to research --> a researcher. taighd -> taighdeoir. to explore --> an explorer. taiscal -> ? to translate --> a translator. aistrigh -> aistritheora. To clean --> a cleaner. glan -> nos glaine. to lecture --> a lecturer. lacht ->lachtir. to manage --> a manager. bainistiir -> le bainisteoir

to employ --> an employer. a fostaigh -> fostir. to be employed --> an employee. bheith ar fost -> fosta. To work in an office --> an office worker. Ag obair in oifig -> oibr oifige. to be unemployed --> an unemployed person. a bheith dfhostaithe -> dhuine dfhostaithe. to sing -> a singer. can -> amhrna. to buy --> a buyer. a ceannaigh -> cheannaitheoir. to sell --> a seller. dol -> doltir.

Pronoun a pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun. "Thing" (rud) and "person (duine)" and "location" are not exactly pronouns because they need an article you can use them to replace a noun if you can't remember its name but do not forget A feature unique to Irish is the existence of numbers referring to people alone. One person can be referred to as "duine" or "aon duine amhin", but for higher numbers of people there are special numerals: two people three people four people five people six people seven people eight people nine people ten people eleven = people twelve drag = people For numbers of people higher than twelve, the ordinary system of numbering is used: "13 people" is "tr dhuine dhag", etc. when talking to someone... http://www.daltai.com/ Lenite names in Irish in direct address: a Chit, a Sheosaimh*, a Pheadair*, A Shiobhn. If you cannot put an 'h' after a consonant in writing, then you don't have to worry about it in speech. 'N', 'r' and 'l' can be lenited in speech, however, but it has never been the custom to indicate it in spelling, probably because not all native speakers do it (or ever have done it, apparently). So no need to worry about 'a Nra', 'a Roibeird', etc. (You will hear some speakers pronounce them with slender values if you listen closely). As pressure from English has grown, Irish speakers are less and less likely to lenite non-Irish names. It varies from person to person and place to place. I heard 'A Mhelissa' from a native speaker recently. 'M', 'p', and hard 'c' seem to be lenited in foreign names quite commonly, maybe those that start with 'b' as well. beirt / ds trir ceathrar cigear seisear seachtar ochtar naonr deichnir aon duine dhag = = = = = = = = =

* Note that with male names, you usually make a final broad consonant slender. There are a handful of exceptions: a Liam, for example.

Pronoun a pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun. "Thing" (rud) and "person (duine)" and "location" are not exactly pronouns because they need an article you can use them to replace a noun if you can't remember its name but do not forget A feature unique to Irish is the existence of numbers referring to people alone. One person can be referred to as "duine" or "aon duine amhin", but for higher numbers of people there are special numerals: two people three people four people five people six people seven people eight people nine people ten people eleven = people twelve drag = people For numbers of people higher than twelve, the ordinary system of numbering is used: "13 people" is "tr dhuine dhag", etc. beirt / ds trir ceathrar cigear seisear seachtar ochtar naonr deichnir aon duine dhag = = = = = = = = =

substantive possessive pronouns English general mine yours his hers ours yours theirs plural*

mo mo cheannsa chuidse do do cheannsa chuidse a a cheannsa chuidsea n n a ceannsa r gceannna a cuidse r gcuidne

bhur bhur gceannsa gcuidse

a a gceannsa gcuidsea n n * Plural form also for non-countable things in the singular. For persons muintir instead of cuid (mo mhuintirse = my (people)) Words like"mine", "yours" etc. , also subst. possessive pronouns, that do not require an additional noun are not present in Irish. In order to make statements like "mine", "yours", one uses the nouns ceann ("head") or cuid ("share") or muintir ("people"). By juxtaposition, ("my thing and yours") one simply repeats the noun ("mo rudsa agus do rudsa"). Sin mo cheannsa = That is mine. Sin mo chuidse = Those are mine.

Adjectives an adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. It can also describe who the noun or the pronoun belongs to or how many there are.

shapes (nouns) ciorcal, sorcir, cib, cearng, triantn, con, polagn, cros, lne, corrn, dronuilleog, leath-ciorcal, ralta colours (adjectives) oriste, bu, gorm, dearg, glas, dghorm, corcra , bndearg, liath, donn dubh,ban, neamhlonrach / geal, eadrom / dorcha exercise: is (noun -shape)(colour adjective) . Seo an ( noun - shape) (colour adjective) Is an leathanach bn. The page is white. seo ar leathanach bn. - this is a

white page

A personal pronoun as the subpredicate appears in the short forms preceding definite nouns after the demonstrative pronoun, because this counts as the copular form. Seo an fear. In Ulster it's omitted: Seo an fear = This is the man. beairic:, cathartha, bardasach, uirbeach, trchtla, trigthe, happy - sona sad - bronch dead: marbh injured - dochrach ill - tnn disabled- mchumasach (disabled person = duine mchumasaithe angry - feargach

tired - tuirseach (he is tired : t tuirse air) pregnant - beith ag iopmar clainne adj: Gaelige - irish-language, beag: little

Verb A verb is a word that is used to tell what a person or thing does. Verbs change according to who is involved. Verbs change according to when they take place. TO BE - One aspect of Irish syntax that is unfamiliar to speakers of other languages is the use of the copula (known in Irish as an chopail). The copula is used to describe what or who someone is, as opposed to how and where. This has been likened to the difference between the verbs "ser" and "estar" in Spanish and Portuguese, although this is only a rough approximation. The copula, which in the present tense is "is", is usually demonstrative: Is fear : "It is a man." Is Sasanaigh iad: "They're English." When saying "this is", or "that is", "seo" and "sin" are used: Seo mo mhthair: "This is my mother." Sin an muinteoir: "That's the teacher." TO HAVE - Another feature of Irish grammar that is shared with other Celtic languages is the use of prepositional pronouns. For example, the word for "at" is "ag", which combines with the pronoun "me" (which is m), to form agam "at me". This is used with the verb "bi" ("to be"), to form the closest equivalent of the verb "to have". T leabhar agam. (ag + m): "I have a book." T deoch agat. (ag + t): "You have a drink." T romhaire aige. (ag + ): "He has a computer." T piste aici. (ag + ): "She has a child." In the Irish language the verbs "to do" and "to make" are translated by the same verb : a dhanamh. "To make" (things) is usually translated in this construction: Danann an t-ealaontir pictir. "to do" (work) is usually rendered with such a construction: Is an dalta obair bhaile a dhanamh. (literally: this is the student doing homework) sideann an oibr meaisn. V + Subject(Article + noun) + complement (noun) The worker uses a machine. Subject(Article +noun) + verb + complement (article + noun) Oibronn an bhean mar altra. V + S + prep (mar) + profession The woman works as a nurse S + V + prep (as) + C

have = T + prepositional pronoun personal prepositional pronouns answers the question "ag?" (with whom) agam agat aige, aici ag sinn ag sibh ag siad

T agam leabhair. I have a book Verb A verb is a word that is used to tell what a person or thing does. Verbs change according to who is involved. Verbs change according to when they take place.

Present Tense to be - auxilliaire (use for other verbal constructions) irr b T m T t T s, s, T sinn T sibh T siad

TO BE - One aspect of Irish syntax that is unfamiliar to speakers of other languages is the use of the copula (known in Irish as an chopail). The copula is used to describe what or who someone is, as opposed to how and where. This has been likened to the difference between the verbs "ser" and "estar" in Spanish and Portuguese, although this is only a rough approximation. The copula, which in the present tense is "is", is usually demonstrative: Is fear : "It is a man." Is Sasanaigh iad: "They're English."

Present Tense to be - b copula irr is (A/C) m is (A/C) t is (A/C) s, s, is (A/C) sinn is (A/C) sibh is (A/C) siad

(A/C) means Attribute or complement, the part of the sentence that is not the subject nor the verb. Answers the question "what". When saying "this is", or "that is", "seo" and "sin" are used: Seo mo mhthair: "This is my mother." Sin an muinteoir: "That's the teacher." TO GO Present continuous of TO GO irr tigh tann m tann t tann s, s tann sinn tann sibh tann siad

TO HAVE - Another feature of Irish grammar that is shared with other Celtic languages is the use of prepositional pronouns. For example, the word for "at" is "ag", which combines with the pronoun "me" (which is m), to form agam "at me". This is used with the verb "bi" ("to be"), to form the closest equivalent of the verb "to have". T leabhar agam. (ag + m): "I have a book." T deoch agat. (ag + t): "You have a drink." T romhaire aige. (ag + ): "He has a computer." T piste aici. (ag + ): "She has a child." Present Tense to have T (A/C) agam. T (A/C)ag sinn.

T (A/C) agam.

T (A/C) ag sibh.

T T (A/C) (A/C)aige.a ag siad. ici verbs: existence to be (b) possession to have movement to go - tigh to go in to go out the five senses to see, - feic to say, - abair to hear, - clois to feel, to smell. emotions, symptoms to feel. clothing: to wear, to put on, to take off transport to carry, activities to do, to make - dean to clean - glan transport Present Tense dean (to do, to make) deanaim deanann t deanann s, s deanaimid deanann sibh deanann siad

1st conjugation verbs have one syllable in their roots (ex: glan)

- add -(e)ann to all endings except for 1st person singular -(e)aim and 1st person plural -(e)aimid 2nd conjugation verbs have more than one syllable in their roots (ex: ceannaigh) - add -(a)onn to all endings except for 1st person singular -(a)m and 1st person plural -(a)mid 3rd category - irregular verbs abair - say beir - catch b - be clois - hear/ listen dean - do faigh - get feic - see ith - eat tabhair - give tar - come tigh - go I

n the Irish language the verbs "to do" and "to make" are translated by the same verb : a dhanamh. "To make" (things) is usually translated in this construction: Danann an t-ealaontir pictir. "to do" (work) is usually rendered with such a construction: Is an dalta obair bhaile a dhanamh. (literally: this is the student doing homework) sideann an oibr meaisn. V + Subject(Article + noun) + complement (noun) The worker uses a machine. Subject(Article +noun) + verb + complement (article + noun) Oibronn an bhean mar altra. V + S + prep (mar) + profession The woman works as a nurse S + V + prep (as) + C These are examples of verbs and professions associated with the verb. (add these to your page called "verbs" and to your page called "people") to work - a worker. oibrigh - oibr. to teach - a teacher. a mhineadh - mhinteoir to study -> a student. chun staidar to think --> a thinker. smaoinigh to play (a game) --> a player. imirt -> imreoir to play (an instrument) -->seinn ar --> imreoir to hunt --> a hunter. to dance --> a dancer. damhsaigh --> to drive --> a driver. thiomin -> tiomna. to read --> a reader. a ligh -> litheoir. to research --> a researcher. taighd -> taighdeoir. to explore --> an explorer. taiscal -> ? to translate --> a translator. aistrigh -> aistritheora. To clean --> a cleaner. glan -> nos glaine. to lecture --> a lecturer. lacht ->lachtir. to manage --> a manager. bainistiir -> le bainisteoir to employ --> an employer. a fostaigh -> fostir. to be employed --> an employee. bheith ar fost -> fosta. To work in an office --> an office worker. Ag obair in oifig -> oibr oifige. to be unemployed --> an unemployed person. a bheith dfhostaithe -> dhuine dfhostaithe. to sing -> a singer. can -> amhrna. to buy --> a buyer. a ceannaigh -> cheannaitheoir. to sell --> a seller. dol -> doltir.

ith- to eat regular verb -er ithim itheann t itheann se, s ithimid itheann sibh itheann siad

l - to drink regular verb -er laim lann t lann se, s laimid lann sibh lann siad

tabhair- to give food to someone

tugaim tugann t tugann se, s tugaimid tugann sibh tugann siad

Is an ccaire ullmh mias rse.

Adverb An adverb is a word that describes a verb. Usually it describes how, where, when or how often it happens. Adverb How to form an adverb - An adverb is a word that describes a verb. Usually it describes how, where, when or how often it happens. The spelling of an adverb never changes. The adverb comes mostly: before simple personal- or prepositional pronouns as the object e.g.: Bh mo mhac inn agam = My son was yesterday by me. after emphatic pronouns ( -sa, fin, seo) e.g. Bh mo mhac agamsa inn = My son was by me yesterday. it can, like every other part of speech, move to the beginning (as a copular construction), the rest as a dir. relative clause (Is) inn a bh mo mhac agamsa. = Yesterday, my son was by me. Inn (is ea) a bh mo mhac agamsa. = Yesterday, my son was by me.

forming with the adverbial particle go: form go + adjective go + h+adjective (init. vowel) examples go maith, go cliste, go sciobtha go hiontach, go hard

An adverb gives an indication of time, place, manner or quantity Examples : m : Marie is coming today. Marie ag teacht inniu. English Adverbs adverbs of time yesterday today tomorrow now then Irish Adverbs Dobhriathra ama inn inniu amrach anois ansin

nos dana anocht Anois dreach/lom right now lithreach last night arir an mhaidin seo/maidin this morning inniu next week an tseachtain seo chugainn already cheana recently le gairid lately le dana soon go luath immediately gan mhoill ( without delay ) still fs yet go fill ago shin modh: He treated us very kindly, dilelfar s dinn an-cinelta, adverbs of manner very quite pretty really fast well hard quickly slowly carefully hardly barely mostly almost dobhriathra modha ango leor deas i ndirre tapa/ tapaidh go maith crua go tapa go mall go cramach igean ar igean den chuid is m beagnach

English Adverbs later tonight

Irish Adverbs

absolutely together alone

go hiomln le chile i n-aonar/ina haonar/.ina naonar

it : During their visit, they will come here. Le linn na cuairte, beidh siad ag teacht anseo. adverbs of place here there dobhriathra ite

anseo ansin thall ansin/ thall over there ansd everywhere i ngach it anywhere it ar bith nowhere it ar bith home ag baile/sa bhaile away as baile out amach/ amuigh chainnocht: I have enough food in the house. T m go leor bia sa teach. adverbs of dobhriathra frequency minicochta always i gcna frequently go minic usually de ghnth sometimes uaireanta occasionally am go ham seldom Is annamh a rarely go hannamh never riamh There are also adverbial expressions (two or more words) Example : Please reply at once. Tabhair freagra lithreach. some common adverbs: NOT (negative form) change T into Nl

I am going out. ---> I am not going out. T m ag dul amach. -->- Nl m ag dul amach. He is in the house -> He is not in the house. T s sa teach. Nl s sa teach. I know --> I do not know. T a fhios agam. Nl a fhios agam. very - anso - amhlaidh almost - beagnach throughout - ar fud approximately - thart unfortunately - ar an drochuair often - go minic together - le chile for nothing - do rud ar bith today - l at inniu ann tomorrow - amrach yesterday - inn at once - lithreach. hopefully - t sil againn of course - ar ndigh really - i ndirre apparently - cosil surely - cinnte eventually - ndeireadh na dla probably, maybe - is dcha, b'fhidir. suas and amach mean extended also: completely, fully e.g.: T m caite amach = I am completely out.

Amach is amach = through and throughgach+ noun in singular --> every + noun in singular tbla danta as adhmad. = Tbla adhmaid An ornament made of porcelain = a porcelain ornament --> ornament danta as poircealln = ornament poirceallin A box made of cardboard = a cardboard box --> Bosca danta as cairtchlr = bosca cairtchlir . made by (arna ndanamh ag)- describes the person who made the object.

This painting was made by Jack Yeats. Rinneadh an phintireacht ag Jack Yeats.