2011 New Jersey Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report Final

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    2011 PEDESTRIAN SAFET

    TRACKING REPORT

    SUBMITTED TO:

    STATE OF NEW JERSEY

    Department of Transportation

    1035 Parkway Avenue

    P.O. Box 600

    Trenton NJ 08635-0600

    SUBMITTED BY:

    ALAN M. VOORHEES

    TRANSPORTATION CENTER

    Edward J. Bloustein School of

    Planning and Public Policy

    Rutgers, The State University of

    New Jersey

    33 Livingston Avenue

    New Brunswick NJ 08901

    New Jersey Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Cen

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    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

    Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJerseyEdwardJ.BlousteinSchoolofPlanningandPublicPolicy

    AlanM.VoorheesTransportation Center33 Livingston Ave New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 T 732.932.6812 F 732.932.3714 http://policy.rutgers.edu/vtc

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    Table of Contents

    Introduction! 1Total Pedestrian Fatalities and Injuries! 2Gender! 2Age! 3Pedestrian Crashes by Road Type! 4Pedestrian Crashes by Time of Day! 6Pedestrian Crashes by Day of the Week! 6Pedestrian Crashes by Month! 7Pedestrian Crashes by Weather Condition! 7Pedestrian Crashes and Alcohol Consumption! 8Pedestrian Crashes by County! 9Pedestrian Crashes for 10 Largest New Jersey Municipalities! 11Conclusions and Implications! 12Appendix A Pedestrian Crashes in New Jerseys Ten Largest Municipalities! 14

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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    IntroductionThis report is intended to extend and update the information provided in the 2010 Pedestrian Safety

    Tracking Report. Data presented in this report were collected from a variety of sources, but focus on the

    Plan4Safety database of reported crashes in the State of New Jersey. This database is maintained by the

    Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT) at Rutgers, The State University of New

    Jersey. The data in the Plan4Safety database are compiled from police records and verified by New Jersey

    Department of Transportation. This report updates the 2010 report with data from 2009 and 2010, while

    also increasing the accuracy of previously reported data through a more robust data extraction.

    The primary purpose of this report is to continue to track crashes involving pedestrians. This report

    refines the previous work done, and provides more detailed analysis of the patterns of pedestrian

    fatalities and injuries on New Jersey's highways and roads. We have specifically expanded this year's

    analysis to include some new spatial information on counties and municipalities. It is our expectation that

    this spatial data and more sophisticated visual representations of existing data will be incorporated into

    future updates to make the presentation of this material more accessible and useful for policy makers.

    Another ongoing goal of this research is to collect and compile information on safety improvements and

    investments. These efforts are underway, reflected in a separate three-corridor analysis report entitled

    Pedestrian Safe Corridors: Memorandum. We expect to improve this effort in subsequent years as we are able

    to collect more data on specific improvements and combine those data with the Plan4Safety data.

    The primary findings of this report show a continuation of the highly variable number of pedestrian

    fatalities on New Jersey streets, even while the overall numbers of crashes involving pedestrians have

    modestly declined in the most recent years. Demographic analysis shows a higher risk for men and older

    adults, especially over the age of seventy-five. New analysis techniques have also uncovered a significant

    outlier in terms of overall pedestrian safety: Atlantic County. Home to popular tourist destinations that

    attract many pedestrians to the region, Atlantic County has a much higher rate of crashes involving

    pedestrians than any other New Jersey county when population density is controlled. One explanation is

    that most of the county is tourist-oriented, which inflates the number of pedestrians compared to the

    native population during certain times of year. Nevertheless, Atlantic County (and to a lesser extent

    Ocean County) is more fatally dangerous than other areas of the State.

    The data extracted from the Plan4Safety database limited the type of crashes under investigation. Like the

    previous years study, the 2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report only examined crashes involving

    pedestrians, which were also reported to result in injury or fatality. We omitted crashes that only resulted

    in property damage. Data were merged from both the pedestrian reports and the crash reports to create a

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 1

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    single dataset containing all pedestrian (individual) and crash site variables. When possible, pedestrian-

    level data were used to calculate injury and fatality counts. In some cases, crash counts were used in place

    of pedestrian level data for analysis.

    The rest of this report provides detailed sections analyzing trends in pedestrian safety. The report aims to

    inform decision makers and therefore does not explicitly engage in policy discussions or make

    recommendations. The concluding section does discuss some implications of the findings, but does not

    suggest any strategies for addressing pedestrian safety. The concluding section also summarizes the

    methodological challenges in analyzing pedestrian safety data.

    Total Pedestrian Fatalities and Injuries

    During the eight-year study period, 2003-2010, a total of 1003 pedestrian fatalities occurred due to

    vehicle-pedestrian crashes, or an average of 125 per year. During the same eight-year period, a total of40,150 pedestrian injuries occurred due to such crashes at an annual rate of 5,019 injuries. Fatalities have

    stayed nearly constant over the period, but injuries show a large drop between 2005 and 2006 and then

    again between 2008 and 2010. During the latter period, vehicle-miles-traveled have also fallen, which may

    be one explanation for the decline in pedestrian injuries.

    nnual Pedestrian Fatalities and Injurie in New Jersey, 2003-2 10

    Injury Fatal Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled

    Pedestrian Fatalities per 1

    million Daily VMT

    Pedestrian Injuries per 1

    million Daily VMT

    2003

    2004

    20052006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    Total

    5,817 126 195,237,000 0.6 29.8

    5,785 120 199,119,000 0.6 29.1

    5,658 147 203,076,000 0.7 27.94,805 124 207,131,000 0.6 23.2

    4,721 125 208,419,000 0.6 22.7

    4,704 108 200,051,000 0.5 23.5

    4,549 133 199,586,000 0.7 22.8

    4,111 120 N/A N/A N/A

    40,150 1003

    Gender

    One of the more striking details about these data is the differences in injuries and fatalities among men

    and women. Though men are very slightly overrepresented in injurious crashes, fatal crashes show atroubling difference. Men represent 65 percent of the pedestrian fatalities in New Jersey crashes. One

    reason may be that men walk more frequently at night when more fatal crashes occur. Men's proportion

    of nighttime fatalities is 67 percent; that proportion drops to 59 percent during daylight hours. Because

    most fatal crashes occur in nighttime hours, the overall percentage is skewed heavily toward the

    nighttime percentage.

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 2

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    Pedestrian fatalities have varied over the last eight years. Between 2008-2010, a higher proportion of men

    have been killed than in three of the previous five years. This increase corresponds to a general decline in

    pedestrian fatalities over this same period. The proportion of injuries occurring to males has remained

    nearly constant throughout the entire study period.

    Age

    Data for 2003-2010 show age as an interesting indicator in crash occurrences. In this analysis we

    compared both injuries and fatalities to the overall population shares in ten different age categories. For

    pedestrian injuries, the 10-17 and 18-24 year-old categories are significantly over-represented. This likely

    reflects both the propensity of younger people to walk and their risk-taking behavior when walking. The

    0-9 year-old category is the only category underrepresented, likely due to their dependence on adults. Allother age categories track closely to the overall population share for pedestrian injuries.

    Pedestrian fatalities tell a slightly different story, though. First, pedestrian under 18 years old are

    significantly underrepresented compared to their population share. This contrasts the injury data and is

    difficult to explain; some hidden explanatory factor must be omitted from our data. One explanation may

    be that younger people are in better physical condition and can survive major injuries more often than

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 3

    0%

    25%

    50%

    75%

    100%

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Percent male by severity

    Injury

    Fatal

    0

    25

    50

    75

    100

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender and Year

    Female

    Male

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    older adults. Pedestrians over the age of 44 become more likely to be involved in a fatal pedestrian crash

    and that propensity increases with each age category. The older one gets, the more likely it seems

    pedestrian crashes will be fatal.

    Pedestrian Crashes by Road Type

    During the years 2003-2010, the largest number of pedestrian fatalities occurred on state highways (380),

    followed by county roads (268), and municipal roads (220), respectively. However, when normalized by

    miles of roadways in each class, fatalities are far less frequent on county and municipal roads (52 and 10

    per 1,000 miles, respectively) than state highways (198 per 1,000 miles). A moderate increase in pedestrian

    fatalities on Interstate highways from 2008-2010 (19 per year versus 10 per year in 2003-2007) has pushed

    the normalized average fatalities for Interstate highways (104) into the same range as other high-speed

    roadways like state highways (198) and toll roads (119).

    These data indirectly indicate that speed is an important factor in pedestrian fatalities. This is highlighted

    by the county road injury data. County roads have the highest normalized injury rate (1,797 per 1,000

    road miles), yet as previously mentioned, do not result in nearly as many fatalities as the higher speed

    highways.

    Although municipal roads account for only a modest number of pedestrian fatalities compared to state

    highways, half of the pedestrian injuries occur on these roads. These roads, however, account for 70

    percent of the total road miles in the state.

    Pedestrian fatalities for each road type have remained fairly constant over the eight year study period.

    Injurious crashes have also remained nearly constant, except for at the municipal level. Municipal

    roadways have seen a steady decline in reported injuries during the entire study period (2,956 injuries in

    2003 to 2,153 in 2010).

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 4

    0%

    5%

    10%

    15%

    20%

    0-9 10-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

    Proportions of population and fatal crashes by age

    Pop %

    Fatal %

    Injury %

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    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 5

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Fatal crashes by road type, 2003-2010

    Interstate State Authority County Municipal Park Private Property Other

    0

    1500

    3000

    4500

    6000

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Injurious crashes by road type, 2003-2010

    Interstate State Authority County Municipal Park

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    Pedestrian Crashes by Time of Day

    Combined data for the eight-year study period show that most pedestrian fatalities (65 percent) occur at

    night. This statistic illustrates the importance of visibility in pedestrian safety. In contrast, however, mostpedestrian injuries (64 percent) occur during daylight hours. The relatively high proportion of injuries

    during the daytime is due to greater pedestrian presence. Most pedestrian activities occur during the day,

    thus putting more pedestrian on the streets at risk of traffic crashes.

    One potential explanation of higher rates of pedestrian fatalities at night might be the increased use of

    alcohol in those types of crashes. At night, 23 percent of fatal crashes involved alcohol compared to 6

    percent during daylight hours. It seems there is evidence among these data of alcohol as a contributing

    factor in more pedestrian fatalities at night.

    Although darkness is often attributed to crashes, when the pedestrian injuries and fatalities are classified

    by availability of streetlights, it appears only a small proportion (7 percent) of nighttime injuries occur in

    areas with no streetlights. Fatalities, however, far outpace the proportion of injuries in unlit areas at 20

    percent of all nighttime pedestrian deaths. To understand the true impact of streetlights on pedestrian

    crashes, a more detailed research approach would be needed.

    Hourly data of the eight-year period show that pedestrian injuries predominately occur in the afternoon/

    evening period. This can be directly related to activities and road usage by individuals.

    Pedestrian Crashes by Day of the Week

    Aggregate data for the 2003-2010 period show that pedestrian fatalities and injuries vary only modestly

    between the days of the week. Both fatalities and injuries are highest on Fridays. The higher frequency ofcrashes on Fridays may be due to a combination of various factors, including greater traffic volumes,

    greater traffic and pedestrian volumes after dark, and alcohol consumption. Despite lower traffic volumes

    on weekends, Saturdays have the second most fatalities. Sundays also have a large fatality-to-injury

    discrepancy. Lower injury rates and higher fatality rates on weekends suggests that higher speeds due to

    lower traffic volume may be a contributing factor to these higher weekend fatality rates.

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 6

    Crashes by light condition

    Dark Dawn Daylight Dusk Total

    Fatalities

    %

    Injuries

    %

    635 13 314 21 983

    65% 1% 32% 2%

    11705 392 23398 1030 36525

    32% 1% 64% 3%

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    Pedestrian Crashes by Month

    The largest number of pedestrian crashes occurs during the October-December period. Aggregate data

    from the 2003-2010 period show that both fatalities and injuries peak in the month of December. The

    reason for a large number of crashes in December may be a combination of weather, high volumes of

    holiday traffic, alcohol consumption, and unfamiliarity with driving in winter weather conditions. It is

    worth noting that a large number of injuries occur in May and June, which may be due to higher

    pedestrian volumes and academic breaks.

    Pedestrian Crashes by Weather Condition

    During the eight-year study period, 66 percent of pedestrian fatalities occurred during clear conditions,

    while 12 percent occurred during rain or snow. Seventy percent of pedestrian injuries occurred during

    clear conditions; twelve percent of injuries occurred during rain or snow. Most pedestrian crashes occur

    during clear conditions because pedestrians tend to avoid activity during inclement weather. Taking into

    account weather conditions is a difficult procedure due to the variety of ways one could measure

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 7

    0

    50

    100

    150

    January February March April May June July August S eptember October November December0

    1250

    2500

    3750

    5000Crashes by month, fatal and injurious

    Fatal

    Injury

    0%

    5%

    9%

    14%

    18%

    Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

    Crashes by day of week

    FatalitiesInjuries

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    weather-related impacts. One way to control for variation in weather with easily accessible data is to use

    total annual precipitation. Normalizing for this factor on an annual basis reveals that 2007 and 2008

    seemed to have an unusually high number of pedestrian fatalities in rain or snow conditions compared to

    the annual precipitation figures. In 2004, 2009, and 2010, rain/snow fatalities were much lower when

    compared with annual rainfall. These anomalies are difficult to explain, but may be worth future research

    to detect these differences more accurately.

    Pedestrian Crashes and Alcohol Consumption

    It is widely acknowledged by researchers that alcohol consumption by motorists and pedestrians is often

    a contributing factor in crashes. Between 2003 and 2010, alcohol was involved in 17 percent of totalpedestrian fatalities. Alcohol is a much smaller factor in pedestrian injuries; only 6 percent of pedestrian

    injuries reported during the period involved alcohol. This relationship is highly correlated with the

    daytime/nighttime crash statistics reported earlier. More fatal crashes occur at night, when alcohol is also

    more likely to be involved, than during the day. These data do not infer, however, who was under the

    influence of alcohol and pedestrian alcohol consumption is likely to be underreported because it is not

    necessarily illegal to walk when under the influence of alcohol.

    Cra hes inv lving alcohol2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Fatal Alcohol

    No alcohol

    % alcohol

    Injury Alcohol

    No alcohol

    % alcohol

    31 24 28 37 20 20 38 20

    116 122 136 145 132 141 134 112

    21% 16% 17% 20% 13% 12% 22% 15%

    386 377 341 326 305 305 299 272

    5575 5586 5429 5121 5128 5090 4990 4481

    6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 8

    0%

    5%

    9%

    14%

    18%

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

    15

    30

    45

    60

    Percent rain/snow conditions by year versus annual statewide preciptation

    % Rain & Snow Precipitation

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    Pedestrian Crashes by County

    The data reported to the Plan4Safety database allow a certain degree of spatial analysis. In this section we

    briefly highlight some of the county-level variation in crash statistics during the eight year study period.In general, urban and northern counties have lower rates of pedestrian crashes when controlling for

    population density than suburban and southern counties. Three significant outliers are present in the

    population density analysis: Atlantic, Ocean, and Burlington Counties. Both Atlantic and Ocean Counties

    are shore counties with large tourism economies. They tend to attract visitors who are likely to walk more

    often than other places, and who are unfamiliar with the areas. The visitors to these places are also likely

    to consume alcohol and walk at night. Burlington County, on the other hand, is a large suburban county

    on the Delaware River. Detecting reasons why Burlington has a high fatality rate normalized by

    population density is difficult.

    Controlling for population only (omitting land area) yields slightly different results. Smaller, northern

    counties (Essex, Hudson, Passaic, and Union) have much higher total crash rates when only population is

    controlled. Atlantic also remains high. Burlington drops to near the bottom, suggesting that it's large land

    area might be a larger factor in the density analysis above. In terms of fatal crashes, Atlantic remains an

    outlier in fatal crashes when only population is controlled. Both Ocean and Burlington drop back to the

    rest of the counties in the fatal crash analysis. Union is the only other outlier and is difficult to explain

    with the available data.

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 9

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    MorrisOcean

    Passaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    0 50 100 150

    Fatal crashes by county

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    MorrisOcean

    Passaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    0 2000 4000 6000 8000

    Injurious crashes by county

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    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 10

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    Morris

    OceanPassaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    All crashes controlling for pop density, by county

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    Morris

    OceanPassaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    All crashes per 100,000 people by county

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    Morris

    OceanPassaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    Fatal crashes controlling for population density, by county

    Atlantic

    Bergen

    Burlington

    Camden

    Cape May

    Cumberland

    Essex

    Gloucester

    Hudson

    Hunterdon

    Mercer

    Middlesex

    Monmouth

    Morris

    OceanPassaic

    Salem

    Somerset

    Sussex

    Union

    Warren

    Fatal crashes per 100,000 people by county

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    Pedestrian Crashes for 10 Largest New Jersey Municipalities

    As a supplement to the county-level analysis, we visualized the crash data for New Jersey's ten largest

    municipalities. Each of the maps in Appendix A shows a visual representation of crash data over theentire eight-year study period. Crash locations are aggregated based on proximity to each other, and

    larger dots represent clusters of frequent crashes. The maps show a spatial pattern of crashes along major

    transportation corridors. These are typically the highest traffic locations with the most retail and service

    businesses to attract high volumes of both automobiles and pedestrians. Relatively suburban

    municipalities like Toms River and Hamilton clearly show clustering along corridors and at major

    intersections of multiple corridors. Denser urban municipalities like Jersey City and Newark show much

    more distributed (but high density) crash locations. This reflects the high pedestrian volumes in these

    cities.

    Another measure of pedestrian safety at the municipal level is the Pedestrian Danger Index (PDI). This

    index uses the percent of workers walking to work (as reported to in the American Community Survey)

    as a rough estimate of pedestrian exposure within municipalities.1 This measure was developed by the

    Surface Transportation Policy Partnership in the 1990s and has been applied by a number of research

    groups as a best available practice to estimating pedestrian exposure. We have adapted the data for our

    use by adding PDI measures associated with both fatal crashes and total crashes. The data from New

    Jerseys ten largest municipalities show a pattern of high pedestrian danger in suburban locations like

    Edison, Woodbridge, and Toms River. These three municipalities have a much lower rate of pedestrian

    exposure (measured by workers walking to work). Among the other municipalities, Jersey City and

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 11

    1 PDI is computed by dividing the average annual fatalities (or crashes) by the percent of workers walking to work.

    For convenience, the PDI - Crashes measure is divided by 100. PDI - Fatalities and PDI - Crashes are not comparable.

    AverageAnnualPedestrianDeathsper

    100,000(2003-2010)AverageAnnual

    PedestrianCrashesper100,000(2003-2010)

    PercentofWorkersWalkingtoWork(ACS2005-2009)

    PedestrianDangerIndex-

    Fatalities

    PedestrianDangerIndex-

    Crashes

    JerseyCityPaterson

    Lakewood

    Elizabeth

    Newark

    Trenton

    Edison

    Woodbridge

    TomsRiverHamilton

    1.0 96.9 8.2% 12 12

    0.9 90.4 5.9% 16 15

    2.2 51.6 9.8% 22 5

    1.6 66.5 6.5% 25 10

    2.1 100.7 7.5% 28 13

    1.9 87.7 5.3% 36 16

    2.0 30.4 2.0% 101 15

    2.6 31.4 2.5% 104 12

    2.5 32.9 1.1% 215 29

    1.3 25.6 N/A N/A N/A

    Pedestrian Danger Index 10 Largest New Jersey Municipalities

    Note: American Community Survey data for Hamilton Township not available.

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    Paterson are safest, while Trenton and Newark are less safe. These results show little correlation among

    pedestrian deaths and pedestrian exposure among this small sample of cities. Comparison with PDI -

    Total Crashes shows some similarities and differences. Toms River is still an outlier when taking into

    account total crashes; it seems much more dangerous than the other municipalities listed by both

    measures. Toms River has the lowest pedestrian walking rate of all the municipalities listed, so that may

    be influencing the results. When taking into account all crashes, suburban Edison and Woodbridge fall

    roughly into the same category as the other municipalities listed. Elizabeth and Lakewood both seem

    significantly safer than other municipalities when measuring based on total pedestrian crashes. In future

    work, we plan to expand this analysis to include all available municipalities in New Jersey.

    Conclusions and Implications

    The analyses in this report provide some useful information on pedestrian crashes in New Jersey by

    focusing on fatalities and injuries from 2003-2010. New Jersey is a state characterized by predominately

    urban and suburban land use patterns, along with a ubiquitous network of Interstate highways, tollways,

    and state highways. It's relatively small land area also means that it has the highest population density

    among all states. The combination of high overall population density and automobile-oriented land use

    patterns contributes to a high degree of exposure to unsafe automobile traffic for pedestrians. Although

    overall traffic fatalities in New Jersey are modest in comparison to many other states, the state ranks fairly

    high in the northeastern region. This should be a concern for all transportation planners and policy

    makers in the state.

    The analyses in this report provide some key information on pedestrian crashes in the state:

    First, far more men become casualties of pedestrian crashes than women. This is presumably

    because of exposure since men walk more frequently and take more risks than women (in

    darkness and in unsafe conditions).

    Second, age is an important indicator. Young people seem to take more risks resulting in higher

    injury rates, but older people are more prone to be killed in crashes compared to their respective

    shares of the population.

    Third, most pedestrian injuries occur in the daytime when pedestrian activity is higher, but

    pedestrian fatalities are skewed heavily toward darkness hours. To understand this relationship

    more fully, a comprehensive pedestrian study should be conducted.

    Fourth, most pedestrian crashes occur on municipal roads, but these also tend to be less fatal.

    State highways, county roads, and Interstates have higher proportions of traffic fatalities because

    speed kills.

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 12

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    Fifth, pedestrian crashes follow temporal patterns. More crashes tend to occur in the late Autumn,

    with a second spike during the early Summer. Factors contributing to these increases could be

    academic cycles and changing climate conditions (including shorter daytime hours), which take

    time to adjust to each year.

    Sixth, alcohol use continues to be a factor in pedestrian crashes. Nighttime crasheswhere the

    results are more often fatalare more often correlated with alcohol involvement than daytime

    crashes, a very troubling relationship.

    In order to make policy recommendations regarding pedestrian safety issues, cause-and-effect

    explanations are important. Identifying the causes of crashes in a scientific manner using the limited data

    collected by CAIT in the Plan4Safety database is limited. The Plan4Safety database has no measure for

    pedestrian volumes or exposure, so controlling for volumes of pedestrian activity is not possible.

    Pedestrian volume counts are costly to collect and are generally not readily available except in very small

    geographic samples and for very limited durations. The Plan4Safety data are also devoid of any

    information on land uses in the areas where crashes occur. We can only infer characteristics of land use by

    looking at the types of roads (state highways, county roads, municipal arterials, etc). In the absence of

    adequate information on pedestrians' exposure and micro-area land use characteristics, it is difficult to

    identify specific strategies to address pedestrian crashes.

    We have begun the process of examining the Plan4Safety data on a spatial scale. We hope to expand this

    effort in future updates to this report and other work. We will continue to seek more sources of data to

    include alongside the Plan4Safety data in these analyses to help establish new understandings of thepatterns of pedestrian crashes in the State of New Jersey.

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report 13

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    Appendix A Pedestrian Crashes in New Jerseys Ten Largest Municipalities

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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    2840 35 31 34

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    Edison Number of Crashes

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    Edison Fatalities

  • 8/3/2019 2011 New Jersey Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report Final

    21/31

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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  • 8/3/2019 2011 New Jersey Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report Final

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    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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    23/31

    2011 Pedestrian Safety Tracking Report

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    48 30 25 44 36 32 34

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    Lakewood Number Crashes

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    Lakewood Fatalities

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