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©2010 Pearson Education
Public Speaking Handbook:3rd edition Appendix B
TheClassicalTradition
OfRhetoric
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©2010 Pearson Education
The EarliestTeachers of Rhetoric• Corax (476 B.C.)
• Doctrine of generalprobability.
• Focused on likelihoodof guilt.
• Public speaking skills todefend ones self in courts.
©2010 Pearson Education
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The
Sophists• Skilled speakers
won in courts.• Sophist:
“wisdom bearer.”• Helped train people.• Some wrote speeches (logographers). Antiphon (480 - 411 B.C.). Lysias (459 - 380 B.C.).
©2010 Pearson Education
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The
Sophists• Some trained people to be eloquent. Protagoras (481 - 411 B.C.). Gorgias (485 - 380 B.C.).
• Some trained people to be statesmen.
• Isocrates (436 - 338 B.C.)helped to promotewisdom in his students.
©2010 Pearson Education
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The
Sophists• Isocrates’ three keys to success: Natural ability. Ability refined through practice and experience. Education in philosophy as well as rhetoric.
• Some criticized sophists of focusing
more on form, and less on content.
©2010 Pearson Education
Plato• Lived from 469 to 399 B.C.• The biggest critic of the sophists.• Was a student of Socrates.• Writings focused on: Psychology. Logic. Rhetoric.
• Platonic (Socratic) Method: helped
determine the “truth.”
©2010 Pearson Education
Plato• Rhetoric: a means of using language
to influence the minds of listeners,
not just those in the courts.• Truth exists on several levels: Doxa - observed human senses
(least reliable). Episteme - “true”
knowledge, fromphilosophical inquiry(most reliable).
©2010 Pearson Education
Aristotle• Lived from 384 to 322 B.C.• Founded the Lyceum school.• His Rhetoric was the earliest
discussion of speechmaking.• Had philosophy of Plato, and
practical suggestions of the Sophists. • Believed rhetoric was an art – a
system that could be taught.
©2010 Pearson Education
Aristotle• Defined rhetoric as: “the faculty of
discovering, in any given case, the
available means of persuasion.”• Three means of persuasion: Ethos - credibility Logos - reasoning Pathos - emotions
©2010 Pearson Education
Aristotle• Said there were different situations (“given cases”) for a speech: Deliberative – legislative speaking
(decide on a course of action) Forensic – speaking in courts
(judge a person’s past action) Epideictic – ceremonial oratory
(praise or blame the speech subject)
• Situations were determined by the
role of listeners.
©2010 Pearson Education
The Roman Tradition• Roman educational systems prepared
citizens to speak in legislatures & courts.• Progymnasmata: written & spoken
exercises.• Schools of rhetoric focused on 5 arts: Invention – gather evidence Arrangement – organize ideas Style – use of language Memory – recall ideas when speaking Delivery – nonverbal skills
©2010 Pearson Education
The Roman TraditionCicero • Ideal orator: a learned
philosopher-statesman.• Public Speaking: intended
for the good of the state.• A true orator is a fully educated person.
Quintilianus • Stressed moral & ethical uses of rhetoric. • Believed the ideal orator was
“a good man speaking well.”