—— CHINA WIND POWER OUTLOOK 2010 ——

Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association

Global Wind Energy Council

Greenpeace

October 2010

Lead Authors

Li Junfeng Shi Pengfei Gao Hu

Other Authors

Xie Hongwen Yang Zhenbin Tang Wenqian Ma Lingjuan

Coordinators

Li Ang Li Yan Yang Ailun Qiao Liming Tang Wenqian

Photo

© Greenpeace/ Simon Lim/ Pao Lihui/ John Novis/ Paul Langrock / Zenit Sinovel, Shanwei

Honghaiwan Wind Farm

ForewordThe Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA) published Wind Force 12 – China, China Wind Power

Report 2007 and China Wind Power Report 2008 with the support of Greenpeace, the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)

etc. in 2005, 2007 and 2008 respectively. These reports were well received by readers both at home and abroad, and

we have similar expectations for the publication of China Wind Power Outlook 2010. As a new wind power report was

expected by people in the industry, CREIA organised experts from both China and overseas to edit and publish China

Wind Power Outlook 2010 with the support of Greenpeace and GWEC. Our aim is to satisfy readers’ desire to understand

the latest situation on wind power development in China.

China Wind Power Outlook 2010 includes the main features of previous reports and some elements from GWEC’s analysis

of global wind energy, and tries to reflect the situation, characteristics and prospects for both global and Chinese wind

power. The report covers strategic energy demand and resources, market capacity and equipment, market environment

and policy, environmental issues and climate change, a historical perspective and prospects for the future. To provide a

comprehensive overview for readers, we have tried to analyze and interpret all the main issues for wind power development

in China in terms of both the global context and the country’s broader energy development strategy. Our analysis also

combines wind power development with energy saving and emissions reduction and the strategic objective that the

consumption proportion of non-fossil energy will reach 15% by 2020.

Due to the need for haste and the limitations of the main authors’ knowledge, the discussion of many issues raised in this

report will be improved at the time of republication. It is hoped that readers will make comments and propose constructive

suggestions for modifications that will make this an authoritative publication. During preparation of this report, both support

and financial assistance were received from Greenpeace and the Global Wind Energy Council, and strong support from

the Chinese Wind Energy Association and the Industry Association of Chinese Renewable Energy Societies, the China

Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, the Energy Research Institute of the National Development and

Reform Commission, the SWERA Project of the United Nations Environment Programme, the National Climate Centre and

the National Energy Bureau, to which we hereby express our gratitude.

Authors

1st October 2010

01

Foreword by Zhu JunshengFour or five years ago, when many were discussing how Spain had succeeded in taking the lead in wind power, China’s wind power industry and its market remained at an early stage which was full of difficulties. It was difficult to imagine at that time that China would eventually take a leading position itself in the developing pattern of global wind power. Looking back to the preparation, commencement and development of Chinese wind power, we have succeeded, failed and explored unknown areas. This has been a process full of experiences and lessons learned from failures. It also indicates that China’s wind power industry, although moving towards maturity, still has a long road to travel and needs to make persistent efforts.

We should firstly recognize the current international status of China’s wind power development. China has now joined the front ranks of the world in terms of both the industrial and market scale of its wind power industry. However, in some respects China’s international position as a large manufacturing country has not been changed. China remains dependent on Europe and America for the key design technology of wind turbine generator systems; the detection and certification systems for wind turbine generator systems are not sound; the developers of Chinese wind power lack experience in the long-term operation and maintenance of wind power plants; China’s own technology for evaluation of wind resources is still at an early stage; and the cultivation and maintenance of Chinese skills in wind power remains insufficient.

China has therefore just taken the first and easy step in the development of wind power, owning the biggest market and output in the world. To face and address the long-term problems, China needs to learn constantly, create opportunities for international cooperation and communication, and establish a cooperative mechanism of win-win and multilateral wins with wind power corporations and research institutes all over the world in order to learn other countries’ strong points, compensate for her own weak points, and develop together.

The second point is that the rapid development of China’s wind power should be regarded calmly and objectively. As a rising high-tech industry, its technological reliability needs to be examined through a long-term operating cycle. With less than 10 years experience in wind power development and no more than 5 years experience in the installation and operation of large-scale wind turbine generator systems, China is still unable to guarantee the reliability of the systems or declare that the development speed of its wind power market is definitely impressive. Investors need to consider its development in the long run and regard wind power as a practical option for future energy substitution. The development of wind power needs cooperation and efforts from all types of stakeholders over a long period, and it should not be merely regarded as a tool to pursue short-term benefits.

Thirdly, it would be prudent to develop an offshore wind power industry. Offshore wind power has become a hot topic recently. However, this is only limited to media reports and discussions on policy. Compared with the operation of land-based wind power, the conditions for the operation of offshore wind power are more complicated; it is more demanding in terms of technology and it is more expensive to address problems. Therefore, rational investors will give priority to land-based wind power for quite a long time and test offshore systems against onshore ones rather than investing in deep-sea wind power blindly. To be objective, offshore wind power will attract new investment soon but it will not become a focus for large-scale investment.

Fourthly, it is most important that both technological progress and quality control should be made consistent. From development to maturity, the wind power industry has to pass the test of both technology and quality, which is also the basis for measuring the strength of a wind power enterprise. We therefore believe that an enterprise with consistent technological improvement and quality control will be the final winner.

Finally, I wish that the practitioners of wind power in China bear more social responsibility, contribute more passion and wisdom to the great movement of energy reform, find a healthy, sustainable and steady development road through the intense market competition, and thereby contribute to the common future of humanity.

Zhu Junsheng

President of Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association

03

Foreword by Kumi Naidoo

I recently visited the Guanting wind farm near Beijing, and what an inspirational experience it was. Located in farmland,

this quiet and clean wind farm will soon generate enough electricity to supply 200,000 households in Beijing. It will save

200,000 tons of CO2 every year – and that is just one wind farm.

Imagine wind farms such as the one I visited dotted across China, replacing dirty, dangerous coal-fired power stations

and mines. Imagine the improvement in the quality of life of millions of Chinese people – and imagine the contribution the

country could make in the global struggle against catastrophic climate change.

This is not an empty dream. Over the last four years, the wind power market in China has grown annually by more than

100%. We are expecting another significant jump in 2010. Five years ago, the Chinese government announced plans to

install 30 GW of wind power by 2020. In fact, things have gone so well that, right now, two wind turbines are being built

in China every hour. This report predicts that wind capacity could reach over 230 GW by 2020 in the most ambitious

scenario. Wind is becoming a Chinese success story.

There are still major hurdles to overcome. China remains the world's biggest producer and consumer of coal. This dirty,

old-fashioned form of energy is not only the single biggest contributor to climate change, its pollution also poses a daily

health hazard for people across China. But, here too, things are progressing: over the last three years, more coal-fired

power stations have been shut down in China than the total electricity capacity of Australia.

By choosing to cut their dependence on dirty energy sources, and by focusing on renewable energy instead, China can

equip itself with a clean, secure and independent means of energy that is guaranteed for generations to come. The wind

doesn’t stop blowing. Government investment in this sector would also provide the country with thousands of new jobs.

What inspires me most in all of this is that by choosing to go down the road of renewable energy, China could pride

itself on having had both the foresight and the courage to become the country that led the world in the struggle against

catastrophic climate change. It could pride itself on having contributed massively to guaranteeing a safe and secure future

for all of our children and grandchildren.

China has all the potential to become the world's clean energy superpower, the world reference for low carbon

development – to me, that is very exciting to witness.

Kumi Naidoo

Executive Director, Greenpeace International

04

Foreword by Steve SawyerGWEC is very pleased to support and contribute to the 2010 version of the China Wind Power Report. It is the definitive

work on this subject and a source of much useful information for those interested in the world’s most dynamic wind power

market.

The story of the Chinese wind industry is remarkable indeed. From a small series of demonstration projects in the early part

of the last decade, the Chinese market has grown in a few short years into the world’s largest, and passed Germany to

become No.2 in cumulative installed capacity at the end of 2009. From a near complete reliance on imported equipment,

a domestic industry has undergone explosive growth and now boasts three manufacturers in the global top 10 and five

in the top 15, supplying more than 80% of the domestic market; and a number of China’s domestic manufacturers are

developing serious export strategies. Another 2009 milestone was the construction start on China’s first offshore wind farm

near Shanghai, with construction completed in the first half of 2010.

China’s success has been driven by a unique combination of a rapidly growing economy and electricity demand, combined

with a clear and unambiguous commitment on the part of the government to develop wind power in order to diversify

the electricity supply, make the overall economy more energy efficient, create a domestic industry with global leadership

potential and at the same time reduce carbon emissions. International political leaders talk much about capturing the

energy markets of the future; China’s leadership is walking the talk, providing clear signals and direction to the marketplace.

The results speak for themselves. Clear medium term targets, the ambitious wind base programme and the new push for

offshore development set the industry on a clear path for continued growth and expansion.

Of course, this rapid growth has not been without its problems. Grid connection remains a problem, and only government

action can open up the bottlenecks that delay grid connection for new projects, or cause production curtailment for

existing projects in some grid-congested areas. In addition, there is a universally recognised need to change the focus from

‘quantity’ to ‘quality’ which is already underway.

One of the best ways to facilitate this is further opening the market to international players with more experience in such

areas as certification, standards, grid management, resource assessment, forecasting and other consulting services,

which are necessary to improve the quality and performance of the industry. As major Chinese players begin to establish

themselves abroad, we believe that this will facilitate this ‘knowledge exchange’. However, the government could do more

by providing guidance and setting standards and requirements in this area.

Having said this, the Chinese government and industry has been very willing to listen to and learn from international

experience, from the early days of the first demonstration projects through to the formulation of the landmark Renewable

Energy Law. Now, in addition to learning the lessons from elsewhere on quality control and grid management, the Chinese

industry has something to teach about low cost manufacturing and rapid deployment, where they are the clear leaders.

We look forward to working with our Chinese partners to continue to facilitate this exchange to the benefit of the Chinese

market, and the global market as a whole.

Given the rapidity and scale of development in China, no doubt this report will need to be updated soon!

Steve Sawyer

Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council

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1. Current Status of Global Wind Power

In 2009, despite the ongoing international financial crisis,

the global wind power industry continued to expand rapidly,

achieving an annual growth rate of 41%. The European Union,

the USA and Asia dominate global wind power development.

China ranked first in the world for newly installed capacity.

According to statistics compiled by the Global Wind Energy

Council (GWEC), total installed capacity of global wind power

reached 158 GW, a cumulative growth rate of 31.9%.

The global wind power industry has not only become

an important part of the world energy market but is

also playing an increasingly important role in stimulating

economic growth and creating employment opportunities.

According to GWEC, the total output value of the installed

capacity of global wind power has already reached 45

billion euros and the number of people employed in the

industry was approximately 500,000 in 2009.

By the end of 2009 more than 100 counties around the

world had started developing wind power, and more than

17 countries each had over 1 GW of cumulative installed

capacity. The top ten countries for cumulative installed

capacity were the USA, China, Germany, Spain, India, Italy,

France, Britain, Portugal and Denmark.

Asia became an important new market in 2009, exceeding

the levels in both America and Europe and mainly

stimulated by China and India. Newly installed capacity in

China was 13.8 GW and the cumulative installed capacity

reached 25.8 GW.

2. Status of Wind Power in China

1) Wind resources

China has a vast land mass and long coastline and is rich

in wind energy resources. Studies show that the potential

for exploiting wind energy in China is enormous, with a

total exploitable capacity for both land-based and offshore

wind energy of around 700-1,200 GW. Other assessments

suggest even higher figures up to over 2,500 GW. Wind

power therefore has the resource basis to become a major

part of the country’s future energy structure. Compared

with the current five major countries for wind power, the

extent of wind resources in China is close to the USA and

greatly exceeds India, Germany and Spain.

Wind energy resources are particularly abundant in the

southeast coastal regions, the islands off the coast and in the

northern part (northeast, north and northwest) of the country.

There are also some places rich in wind energy in the inland

regions. Offshore wind energy resources are also plentiful.

The geographical distribution of wind energy resources is

mismatched with the electrical load, however. The coastal areas

of China have a large electrical load but are poor in wind energy

resources. Wind energy resources are plentiful in the north, on the

other hand, but the electrical load is small. This brings difficulties

for the economic development of wind power.

2) Market overview

In 2009, the Chinese wind power industry was a global

leader, increasing its capacity by over 100%. Its cumulative

installed capacity now ranks second in the world. Its

newly installed capacity was the largest in the world. The

country’s equipment manufacturing capability also took

first place in the world. Both the newly installed capacity in

the country and China’s wind turbine output accounted for

roughly a third of the global total.

The total number of newly installed wind turbines in China

in 2009, excluding Taiwan Province, was 10,129, with an

installed capacity of 13.8 GW. China thus overtook the

USA for new installations. The cumulative installed capacity

reached 25.8 GW, in the fourth consecutive year that had

seen a doubling in capacity

3) Industry and Supply Chain

China’s wind turbine equipment manufacturing industry

has developed rapidly and its industrial concentration has

further intensified. Domestic manufacturers now account

for about 70% of China’s supply market and are beginning

to export their products.

The manufacturing industry for wind power equipment is

clearly divided into three levels, with Sinovel, Goldwind and

Dongfang Electric (all among the world’s top ten suppliers)

in the first ranking and Mingyang, United Power and XEMC

in the second. These are followed by a range of smaller

Executive Summary

06

manufacturers.

Driven by the development trends in international wind power,

the larger Chinese wind turbine manufacturers have also

begun to enter the competition for large-scale wind power

equipment. Sinovel, Goldwind, XEMC, Shanghai Electric

Group and Mingyang are all developing 5 MW or larger

turbines and can be expected to produce competitive and

technically mature machines. One concern for the industry,

however, is the quality of its products. The general view is

that China’s domestic wind power equipment will receive

its supreme test in 2011 and 2012. If it passes this test

successfully, it will mean a qualitative leap forward.

Although China now has an established wind turbine

manufacturing supply chain, including producers of all

the main parts, it is still lacking a fully developed network

of ancillary services, such as certification bodies and

background research and development.

4) Offshore prospects

Serious investigation effort is being committed to the

prospects for offshore wind development around China’s

long coastline. In 2010 the first offshore project was

completed – 100 MW at Shanghai's Donghai Bridge, with

34 Sinovel 3 MW turbines. According to plans prepared

by the coastal provinces, the installed capacity of offshore

wind power is planned to reach 32,800 MW by 2020.

5) Developers

The top three developers of wind parks in China are

Guodian (Longyuan Electric Group), Datang and Huaneng.

All three are large state-owned power supply companies.

Most investment and project development work is

undertaken by power supply companies who have a

commitment under national law to steadily increase their

proportion of renewable energy.

6) Geographical Distribution

By the end of 2009 a total of 24 provinces and autonomous

regions in China had their own wind farms. There were over

nine provinces with a cumulative installed capacity of more

than 1,000 MW, including four provinces exceeding 2,000

MW. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the lead

region, with newly installed capacity of 5,545 MW and a

cumulative installed capacity of 9,196 MW.

3. National Energy Policy

At the end of 2009, the Chinese government made a

political commitment to the international community at

the Copenhagen Conference on climate change that non-

fossil energy would satisfy 15% of the country’s energy

demand by 2020. This will require an unprecedented

boost to the scale and pace of future clean energy

development, including a new orientation towards wind

power development. Wind energy is encouraged by a

range of laws and regulations, the most important being

the Renewable Energy Law, originally introduced in 2005.

This report includes details of the latest changes to this and

other statutes affecting wind power development.

1) Wind Power Bases

A major part of the Chinese government’s commitment to

wind power involves the creation of seven “GW-scale wind

power bases”. The seven bases, each with a potential for

at least 10 GW of installed capacity, are located in the east

and west of Inner Mongolia, Kumul in Xinjiang, Jiuquan in

Gansu, Hebei, the western part of Jilin, and the shallow

seas off Jiangsu.

Planning the development of these bases started in 2008

under the leadership of the National Energy Bureau and is

progressing fast. According to the plan, they will contain

a total installed capacity of 138 GW by 2020, but only if

the supporting grid network is established. A significant

problem is that many of these bases are located in remote

areas with a weak transmission grid and at a long distance

from China’s main electricity load centers. There is also the

issue of how large quantities of variable wind power are

integrated into a grid network dominated by inflexible coal-

fired power stations.

2) Price Support Mechanisms

Pricing policy is a key factor affecting the level of active

investment by developers and market growth. China’s

support mechanism for wind power has evolved from a

price based on return on capital and the average price

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of electricity through a competitive bidding system for

wind park development contracts to a feed-in tariff with

variations based on differences in wind energy resources.

Introduced in 2009, the feed-in tariff system establishes

a benchmark price for land-based wind power based on

dividing the country into four categories of wind energy

resource areas. There is no doubt that the introduction of

the regional feed-in tariff policy has been a positive step in

the development of wind power in China and is stimulating

stronger growth.

4. Wind Power and Sustainable Development

As the most economically competitive new energy source,

wind power plays an essential role not only in energy

security and the diversification of energy supplies but

also in economic growth, poverty alleviation, atmospheric

pollution control and the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions. In 2009 China produced wind turbines with a

capacity of over 15 GW and an output value totalling RMB

150 billion, and with taxes and fees paid to the national

finances valued at over RMB 30 billion. The industry also

offered nearly 150,000 jobs in employment areas directly

related to wind power. Assuming that the Chinese wind

power industry has an installed capacity of 200 GW by

2020, and a power generation output of 440,000 GWh,

if not considering energy efficiency improvement, then

it will reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 440

million tons as well as limiting air pollution by reducing coal

consumption, at the same time generating over RMB 400

billion in industrial-added value and 500,000 jobs.

Compared with these benefits the potential negative

effects of developing wind energy, such as the risk of bird

collisions, are minor. If we do not use clean and renewable

energy but rely on fossil fuels, the resource will eventually

be exhausted and the pollution and climate change brought

about by using fossil energy will result in fatal damage to

the human environment.

5. Issues for China’s Wind Power Development

Despite the clear success of wind power in China, a

number of issues are raised in this report about its ongoing

operation and regulation.

1) Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the

methods devised under the Kyoto Protocol to enable

clean energy projects to be financed in relatively poorer

developing countries with the support of richer nations.

China has taken great advantage of this.

A total of 869 Chinese projects have been approved by the

United Nations, accounting for 38.71% of the total number

of CDM projects registered, and income from the CDM has

made an important contribution to investors’ return from wind

farm development. This has now been threatened, however,

by challenges to the way in which Chinese projects have

interpreted the rule that any CDM project must be “additional”

to what would have happened otherwise. This issue needs to

be resolved for the health of the Chinese wind industry. There

is also uncertainty about whether the CDM will continue in

the same form after the expiry of the current Kyoto Protocol

emissions reduction period in 2012.

2) Grid Integration

As a variable supply, large-scale wind power development

is bound to result in challenges in terms of its easy

integration into the electricity grid network. Wind farms in

China are mainly located in areas far from load centers, and

where the grid network is relatively weak, so the present

design of the grid places constraints on the development of

wind power. This has become the biggest problem for the

future development of wind power in the country.

Four issues need to be addressed in relation to grid

integration. The first is that of the weak grid itself. The

specialized construction of long-distance transmission lines

to meet the needs of large-scale wind and solar power

development is now a vitally necessary part of the country’s

energy infrastructure.

The second issue is the reluctance of grid companies to

accept wind power in their network. On paper, China’s

Renewable Energy Law requires grid companies to acquire

increasing volumes of renewable energy generation, with

the aim of achieving an 8% proportion of renewable energy

generation in their output by 2020. These provisions are

not practical, however. There is no punishment if the grid

does not accept renewable energy generation and there is

no compensation for the loss of wind power business, so

the grid enterprises have no pressure to accept this input,

including wind power.

The third issue is the compatibility of wind power with

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the requirements of the grid. China needs to follow the

lead of other countries with a large quantity of renewable

energy, which have implemented technical standards and

regulations for the integration of renewable power into the

electricity grid system. Wind power forecasting, energy

storage such as Pumped Storage Power Station and

electric vehicles also all need to be developed in order to

make best use of the resource.

The pricing policy for wind power does not fairly reflect

the difficulties it currently encounters in terms of grid

connection, often resulting in less power being accepted

than agreed. Current rules for the determination of the

power price and power scheduling also do not fully reflect

the part that electricity generators can play in the process

of safe operation of the power grid, such as peak regulation

and standby operation. Wind power development has also

been negatively affected both by recent changes in the

national VAT regime and by reduced income from the CDM.

The role of government in price leverage should therefore

be given full play to mobilize the enthusiasm of market

participants. Differential power prices should be used

to guide and encourage enterprises to construct power

generation capacity with a flexible adjustment capacity and

to increase the scheduling flexibility of the grid companies.

At the same time, peak-trough prices should be used to

guide the power use of electricity consumers, encourage

off-peak power use and reduce the pressure on power grid

enterprises for peak shaving.

6. Proposals for reforms in wind power development policy

Although on the whole the policy of encouraging wind power

has been successful, the report makes specific suggestions

for reform in wind power development policy. These are:

1) Present a clear national development target which

local governments, power companies, power generation

companies and manufacturing industry can all work

towards. The installed wind power capacities for 2015 and

2020 (including offshore) should not be less than 110 and

200 GW; 130 and 230 GW would be better.

2) Develop economic incentive policies to coordinate the

interests of all parties and protect local economic benefits,

such as an increase of 3-5 fens in the price of electricity

through the economic development fund. Western regions

should enjoy more favorable policies.

3) Work out an effective economic policy to encourage

integration into the power grid, including introducing wind

power grid connection standards and specific rules to

guarantee acceptance by the grid companies.

4) Work out better management of the nationally agreed

“renewable energy funds”.

5) Improve the various incentives and penalties to meet the

requirements of the proportion of installed capacity of non-

hydropower renewable energy to achieve 8% by 2020, a

target in the Mid-long Term Plan.

7. Projections of Future Growth

Experts from the Chinese Academy of Engineering and

the National Development and Reform Commission

have projected in 2008 that under low, medium and high

growth outcomes Chinese wind power capacity will reach

either 100, 150 or 200 GW by 2020. This would see the

proportion of wind power in total energy consumption

reach 1.6%, 2.5% and 3.3% respectively. If wind power

is looking to account for 5% of total energy consumption,

then a figure of 300 GW would be required.

The authors of this report have produced a more ambitious

“forecasts” up to 2050. Under a “conservative” version, these

would see wind power grow to 150 GW by 2020, 250 GW by

2030 and 450 GW by 2050. An “optimistic” version sees this

figures increase to 200 GW by 2020, 300 GW by 2030 and

500 GW by 2050, as a result of bottleneck issues primarily

addressed, such as grid integration. Finally, a “positive”

scenario assumes that there will be intense pressure for the

reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, that the government

will introduce policies to actively support wind power, and that

by 2050 those resources developable in terms of technology

will have been basically exploited. This version shows wind

power increasing to 230 GW by 2020, 380 GW by 2030 and

680 GW by 2050.

These forecasts are more in line with an advanced scenario

produced by the Global Wind Energy Council. It projects

that China's wind power capacity could reach 129 GW by

2015, 253 GW by 2020 and 509 GW by 2030. Wind power

would account for 10% of total electricity supply by 2020 and

reach 16.7% in 2030. This assumes, however, that overall

consumption is reduced by major energy efficiency measures.

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2010 CHINAWIND POWER OUTLOOK

CONTENTS

1. Current Development Status and Outlook of

World Wind Power

1.1. Summary

1.2. Development of Offshore Wind Power

2. Present Status and Prospects of China’s Wind

Power Industry

2.1. Resource Conditions

2.2. Present Status of Development

2.3. Offshore Wind Power

2.4. National Energy Policy

3. Seven Major Wind Power Bases

3.1. Outline Proposal

3.2. Construction Progress

3.3. Grid Connection and Wind Power Delivery

3.4. National Support Policies

4. Development Status of China’s Wind Power

Industrial Supply Chain

4.1. Present Status of the Equipment Manufacturing

Industry

4.2. Status of Wind Power Developers

4.3. Status of Wind Power Service Industry

5. Grid-Connected Price Mechanism and

Reform Prospect of Wind Power

5.1. Historical Perspective

5.2. Characteristics and Effects of Different Pricing

Mechanisms

6. Wind Power and Sustainable Development

6.1. Wind Power and Economic Development

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6.2. Wind Power and Environmental Protection

6.3. Limited Negative Environmental Side Effects

6.4. Wind Power and the Clean Development Mechanism

7. Power Grid Bottlenecks and Solutions

7.1 Issues at an Institutional and Policy Level

7.2 Technical Issues

7.3 Policy Solutions for Difficult Wind Power Connections

7.4. Technical Solutions to Wind Power Grid Integration

8. Policies, Laws and Regulations Affecting China's Wind

Power Industry

8.1. China’s Policies Supporting the Development of the Wind

Power Industry

8.2. Main Problems or Deficiencies of China's Current Policy

8.3. Issues to Be Addressed for China to Support Wind Power

in the Medium Term

8.4. Proposals for Reforming Wind Power Development Policy

9. Outlook for Wind Power in the World and China

9.1. World Development Outlook

9.2. Future Scenarios for China’s Wind Power Development

9.3. Forecasts of this Report on Wind Power Development in China

9.4. Contribution of Wind Power to Chinese Energy and

Environmental Problems

10. Postscript

11. References

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