2009.12.09 sichuan fo_real_estate_presentation

Action learning Action research Action planning

Methodology


Diagnosing

Evaluating

PlanningLearning

Action

VENEZUELA

GHANA

BANGLADESH

THE PHILIPPINES LEGAZPI

EL SALVADOR

population numbers

destroyed houses: 36,000 houses (approx.)recovery timeframe:

affected by super typhoon Reming:death toll: 300 persons (approx.)

30 november 2006Overview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 2008No of events: No of people killed:Average killed per year: No of people affected: Average affected per year: Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000): Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):

31031,0601,07198,701,7103,403,5075,946,537205,053

1800 1814 1940 1950 19751960 1970 19901980 1985 20101995 2000 2005 2015

typhoon season and every 5 years eruption

inte

nsity

196980

TIMEFRAMEmedia and international donor agencies. The emer-gence can therefore develop into an emergency if ade-quate aid is not available.

The different phases of redevelopment are associated with the frequency of the disaster. Areas of frequent disaster rebuild much faster then areas that are not hindered by these time restrictions and have a time-frame due to the discomfort of living in a transitional shelter for an extended period of time.

The impact of natural disasters is highly related to their intensity and frequency. Cyclones, landslides, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis all have different im-plications in time. While the repetitiveness of the floods in Ghana is part of a yearly cycle, the magnitude and rarity of the tsunami in Indonesia caught a society unprepared. The growth of continuous, multiple or recurring disasters can become a state of emergency, whereas a single event disaster of unexpected and overwhelming scale can result in a direct emergency.

The singular disaster can have a bigger impact as people may not be prepared, and hence may be more vulnerable than those used to living with recurrent disasters. The scale of this impact often leads to large international media attention and response. The rebuilding may be less focused on dealing with a similar disaster in the future. Areas dealing with more frequent disasters focus more on disaster preparedness in the redevelopment process. The fact that there are perhaps fewer deaths due to the developed coping mechanisms makes it less attractive for

FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY

poor people, after the change to the dollar which was a economical disaster for the poor this earth-quake did hit the economy very bad.

quake did destroy a vast amount of houses,public buildings and infrastructure. The town hall of Santa Tecla was in the emergency camp and some villages were closed of for three days.

Influences of Earthquake:destroyed houses: 150,000 (approx.)

6 months

est. 1,5 year

recovery timeframe:

death toll: 1,159 persons

Earthquakes of the13th of January and the 13th of Februari 2001.Overview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 2008No of events:No of people killed:Average killed per year:No of people affected:Average affected per year:Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):

413,9951543,169,705121,9124,567,210175,662

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reconstructionpreparedness

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

CIVIL WAR

2,3 mil

1,6 mil

1,5 mil

0,98 mil1980

PopulationMetropolitan Area of San Salvador

PopulationMunicipality of San Salvador

PopulationMunicipality Mejicanos Population

Municipality Santa Tecla121 908116 57573 000

20 000

209 708

510 367402 448

1,9 mil

3,5 mil

4,7 mil

6,1 mil

6,7 mil

2005

4,5 mil

7,2 milPopulation

El Salvador

Donated money $17 800 000

Destroyed houses200 000

$12 000 000

Influences of Earthquake:destroyed houses: 500,000 (approx.)recovery timeframe:

death toll: 3,500 persons

Cyclone Sidr of the11th of November 2007Overview natural disasters in Bangladesh from 1980 - 2008No of events:No of people killed:Average killed per year:No of people affected:Average affected per year:Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):

36170,9956106--4,200,000150,000

relieftransitional

reconstructionpreparedness

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

The cyclone track of Sidr went over the Sunderbarans, destroying large parts of the forest. In this event the Sunderbarans acted as a buer for the rest of the country.Salination of the soil as a result of the storm surge proved to have long term eects on the land.

Hardest hit were the economically disadvantaged who lost what possesions they had.

ACEH INDONESIA

destroyed houses: 17,000 houses (approx.)

recovery timeframe:

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

WAR

affected by tsunami:death toll: 167,000 persons (approx.)26 december 2004Overview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 2008

No of events: No of people killed:Average killed per year: No of people affected: Average affected per year: Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000): Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):

293189,6156,53818,195,948627,44621,219,450731,705

600

donated money ($)

7,000,000,000

population numbers

177881

relieftransitional

redevelopmentpreparedness

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number of aid organizations50

Roads, Electricity and any form of Comunication were down for several weeks.

Several villages were partially destroyed by the massive landslide triggered by Reming.

Same as in the villages all the agriculture was destroyed by the typhoon and landslide.

100,000 affected people in Legazpi

108,000

239146

During the 1999 disaster people were trapped in Vargas because all the roads col-lapsed.

The disaster indiscriminantly destroyed the homes of the rich and poor.

The harbour, one of Vargas most important economic drivers, was detroyed.


1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Effects of disasterdeath toll: 20,000 persons (approx.)

15 and 16 december 1999Overview natural disasters in Venezuela from 1980 - 2008No of events: No of people killed:Average killed per year: No of people affected: Average affected per year: Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000): Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):

3930,8391,142845,74431,3243,306,300122,456

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10

source: preventionweb.org

26,414,816

IMF LOAN$ 4.800.000.000

400.000 affected

20.000 affected

ECONOMICRECESSION

FIRST DEMOCRATIC

ELECTIONOIL DISCOVERED

Foreign Aid to other countries$ 17.800.000.000

0

0

historical events

400.000 affected

90.000 affected

300 affected100 affected


1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

affected by flood:death toll: 56 persons (approx.)

august 2007Overview natural disasters in Ghana from 1983 - 2007

transitional

redevelopmentPreparedness

No of events: 23No of people killed: 1,003Average killed per year: 40No of people affected: 16,019,431Average affected per year: 640,777Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000): 33,500Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 1,34

1957INDEPENDENCE

2.000.00012.500.000

people affected2800

700.000

324.602144.025

332.600

58.00012000

population (millions)

18,9

23,4

8,66,7

12,3

Economy and livelyhood got aect by the oods which destroys farmlands and livestock which is the only income for most people in the ooded area.

The houses get destroyed by the ood which washesaway the mud walls, bringing down the whole structure.

Roads, bridges, electricity line get totally disrupted during disaster cutting o the whole aected areas from the rest of the work, making aid eorts really hard to reach.

An estimated 7 billion dollars of aid money came to Aceh

The tsunami helped trigger the peace agreement with the Indonesian government (signed in 2005)

Up to 3 kilometres in land the city was wiped out, up to 4 kilometres flooded

$$

population

150 000 000

aid organizations

percentage of world development aid

GDP per capita

GDP per capita against average

RISK

coping mechanismlivelihood

livelihoodlivelihoodRISK

RISK

RISK

livelihood coping mechanism

VENEZUELA

BANGLADESH

THE PHILIPPINES

RISK

livelihoodcoping mechanism

RISKcoping mechanism

livelihood livelihoodlivelihood

INDONESIA

RISK

RISK

RISK

livelihood

RISK

livelihood livelihood livelihood livelihood

coping mechanism

coping mechanismRISK

EL SALVADOR

RISK

RISK

livelihoodlivelihoodlivelihoodlivelihoodcoping mechanism

coping mechanism

GHANA

IMPACTDespite the risk, people are drawn to disaster prone areas by social, economical and cultural factors that outweigh the threat of disaster. The totality of the spa-tial relationship must be seen in the entire context that ties people to place. The pull forces of livelihood and the push forces of land scarcity all attribute to the spatial condition.

In order to reduce vulnerability in risk areas, govern-ments and international agencies including NGOs im-plement various programs, ranging from infrastructure to education to increase resilience. Besides these ex-ternal attempts to help, many communities, often through repetitive exposure to extreme natural con-ditions, evolve their own coping mechanisms.

A natural disaster is an event in which people suffer from the effects of a natural hazard. It is a moment in which two forces come together. First there is the risk of the hazard to occur, which is the probability of its occurrence. And secondly, there is the vulnerability of a population to this specific hazard. Combined, these forces define the impact of a natural hazard, which is the effect of the hazard on the affected people. For example, there can be a small risk (once in a hundred years) for a hazard to occur, but its impact can be much larger when people are unprepared and therefore vulnerable. This studio focuses emergencies in urban environments as a result of natural disasters.

Various natural hazards can be distinguished that cause these urban emergencies. This studio has focused on the

following: land movement (earthquakes, landslides, volca-noes), water abundance (flood, tsunami), and weather (cyclones, typhoons). For this research, the focus on drought has been limited as it generates a slow disaster with less acute urban consequences.

Vulnerability increases when people, or a society, dont have the means to prepare adequately for disaster. This, and the omnipresent increase in extreme weather condi-tions make developing countries even more vulnerable to disaster. The vulnerability of a settlement is deter-mined by various factors. Lack of land and resources lead to land scarcity and poverty, which are often the driving factors leading to unplanned urbanization. This entails building on hazardous sites, poor construction, and lack of knowledge regarding the risk involved in living there.

RISK AND VULNERABILITY

TOP-DOWN

BOTTOM-UP

GOVERNMENTALNON-GOVERNMENTAL

New settlementsand housing (1)

New settlementsand housing (2)

Urban self-settlement

Invasions

Transitional Jobs

Urbanizationes

Refugios

VENEZUELA

GHANA

BANGLADESH

THE PHILIPPINES

Ciudades

Just before the Vargas landslides in 1999, a national scheme for social housing was passed. When the disaster took place, many affected people were offered houses by the government in these urbanizations.It became apparent that this forced migration, was an enormous wasteful pro-cess, when a large part of the population abandoned these housing projects, because of lacking facilities, jobs, and the fact that they were geographically isolated.

Transitional Jobs

To get the economy back on its feet, the government offered 12.000 jobs to clean the debris from the disaster. These jobs, obviously not enough for all the affected people, were hoped to induce monetary flows which would consequently stimulate other enterprises like shops, services etc.Although most people didnt directly benefit from this project, those who did feel pride about the work they did for their state.On the other hand many people who cleaned their streets as well, without government help, obviously felt disadvantaged.

Refugios

After the disaster temporary com-munal shelters were centrally man-aged by the army. Life in these refugios, which were planned according to military standards, turned into a what many people call: the second tragedy. Many traumatized people were put together in conditions with up to sixty persons per toilet. This absence of dignity and privacy led to many social ills, like rape, child prostitution, and violence. Best practice around the world has con-cluded that housing traumatized people communally is NOT a good

Invasions

The Vargas state has a controversial mix of weekend homes owned by wealth people from Caracas, and self-constructed shacks made by poor people seeking opportunities in the tourist industry, nearby harbor, and airport.When the disaster struck, many victims decided to invade the weekend homes of the wealthier victims of the disaster. These invasions were more or less tolerated, given the absence of alternatives solutions.Today, ten years later many houses are still invaded.

EL SALVADOR

INDONESIA

Like most of the gampongs in and around Banda Aceh, completely wiped out Lhoknga was rebuilt with the help of several NGOs working on different phases of the rebuilding process at the same time. After the tsunami people received tents, semi-temporary housing, temporary housing and permanent houses. Some of them were constructed at the same time on the same plot of land. Many people in Lhoknga suddenly owned more than one house after the tsunami.

Ulee Leue exemplifies the troubles raised by poor coordination between aid organizations. So called 'finished' reconstruction houses lack power, water and sanitation, whole areas are virtually unaccessible by conflicting road and sewer layouts.

Some NGOs took a dierent approach. They provided Village Chiefs with a small donation. Supervised by the help-organization, the Village Chief organized the reconstruction process employing beneciaries as builders. Sometimes houses had to be taken down afterwards because they werent earthquake proof.

Lampuuk used to be a slum-like fishermans village. After the tsunami, the reconstruction done by the Turkish Red Crescent transformed this originally ramshackle settlement into a luxury bungalow park. Other villages were envious and refused the less fancy housing provided to them by other NGOs.___

BANDA ACEH

Buraguis supports the ecoville concept. After a number of failed plans, half of this site was declared unsafe for building due to landslide risk. This resulted in the opprotunity to developing the slope into agriculture and releasing world bank funds for this project. With a little assistance, the owners built their own homes. Materials and roads are kept to a minimum, neglecting the local building codes. There is a strong focus on livelihoods. The site is relatively close to the city centre.

Banquirohan dates back to the early 90-ies. Back then the volcano errupted and caused the resettlement of a number of families. The city oered the site, about 45 min jeepney ride away from the centre. They helped with building shelters, but there was a lack of infrastructure development. With the eort of the beneciaries themselves, this has changed over time. Now the site is quite dierentiated. The stigma of relocation has been relieved. The community has grown strong together over the years.

Taysan was constructed after typhoon reming in 2006. Before that date NGO Gawad Kalinga had started building homes for the urban poor, but after the typhoon the beneciary group had changed. Seven other NGOs joined in the eort and the site was planned top down by a technical workgroup, with members of the Local Government Unit. The site is

Padang is the place that was hit the hardest by super typhoon Reming. It was a middle class Barangay, situated on the shore. The typhoon triggered a landslide that came down from the volcano and buried the whole community. The survivors spread out to family or friends and many helpless were settled in Taysan. However, today some people are moving back, building their own houses with natural materials and taking up the profession of sherman again.

Relocation site

Relocation site

selfsettlement

Self improvedrelocation site

Urban self-settlement (3)

KUAKATA

Many NGOs work in the communities before disaster strikes, as poverty is a much more imminent threat than the natural hazard. This is done on the basis of savings groups and extending microcredit loans. The NGOs in fact operate like banks. When a disaster strikes, the most vulnerable population groups are already known to the local NGOs, and beneficiary lists are quickly established, and shared with the national government, so that foreign aid can be sent in the right direction.

The major cities of Bangladesh are for a large part made of informal settlements of katcha houses (bamboo and other lowgrade materials), as opposed to the formal pucca structures (made of concrete and bricks). The slums are in well connected parts of the cities, as economic migration is huge, especially after natural disasters when land and livelihood have been lost. Interestingly, the slums tend to keep the same social network as was in the villages resulting in (rural)urbanity.

Some NGOs are now beginning to realize the value of investing in local knowledge rather than hiring outside contractors (overpriced and underskilled). A project by the British Red Cross employed many local carpenters and used training as a tool to empower the carpenters in building storm proof shelters. A combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign engineering was incorporated in the design to come to an profitable solution for all stakeholders.

Without conscious urban planning, NGOs are the deciding factor for planning in the (urban) rurality of Bangladesh. Due to population density, corruption and land scarcity inside the embankment, there is very little kash (government) land available for projects, and NGOs tend to have to build dense decentralized shelter communities. Another option that some go for are the decentralized scattered shelters outside the embankment where land is widely available.

Urban self-settlement

New settlementsand housing

Technical transfer

Financial support


Financial support


Pequena Inglaterra is build with full participation of the beneficiaries. Plan International did supply materials and technical support, but the people themselves had to build the house to get the legal land rights. A strong community was build up, but slowly fell apart in time, due to a bad organized handover and the lack of maintenance. Adjacent a political issue between two involved local governments created obstruction in the development of the infrastructure and networks.

After a groundstudy the plot for the new settlement in Cobanal was labeled as too dangerous to build on. The people who already were living in transitional shelters on this plot, were not able to get any construction help on houses neither on infrastructure. The inhabitants of the new community decided to stay and create a new settlement themeselves. The private plot was the concern of the individual, but an the scale of the settelment the inhabitants got together and started to make a spatial plan. With some consultancy help of planners and architects and protection walls build by the central government, they managed to devide the plots and started to build on there infrastructure.

The shelter camp of Polideportivo partly turned into the permanent settlement Santa Gertrudes. The camp was set up as a transitional camp to distress the camp of Cafetalon in the city centre. Since a main sports event was planned at Polideportivo the beneficiaries were asked to move to the different new settlements which were being build at least 20 kilometers from Santa Tecla. A group of 50 families decided to stay in this place due to the better connectivity with the city. The beneficiaries didnt get any more help and have to live with very little resources which in this case stress the social relations within the community.

The great love village in Chanmico is a top-down planned settlement which is build by the Taiwanese NGO Tzu Chi. It is situated along a highway between the provincial towns of Lourdes and Opico, but furthermore secluded from any other urban fabric. The big amount of volunteers and money resulted in a well constructed settlement with a school, clinic, public space, but due to the lack of community involvement and connectivity, this settlement is 7 years after the earthquake a social disaster.

--

In the flood affected Builsa district of the upper east region in Ghana, a NGO by the name TIMAACHAAB is helping families affected by flood, in building houses. They provide 60% of the cost of the house and make the family build the house for themselves. Adjacent they provide technical advice for flood proof construction by the use of cement blocks for foundation and aluminum sheets for roofing.

Old Fadama is an informal settlement right at the heart of Accra. Ghana is a place at a constant state of flux, due to the high concentration of disasters and the owner driven construction that follow them. The image portrays a portion of the settlement which was burnt in a fire accident a few weeks ago. The entire redevelopment driven by the owner has completely changed the whole spatial structure.

In the informal settlement of Old Fadama, Accra, a Community Based Organistaion (CBO) called Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor, organizes micro credits and infrastructure development inside the community. The picture shows one such community gathering which happens weekly on Wednesdays, being attended by students from the University of London, doing research on urban farming and its implications on urban settlements.

Although the family gets material and technical aid from the NGOs, the construction of the house is done by the owners themselves. Owing to the huge task involved in the construction of houses, the community works together sharing the work load at varies stages of construction. That means that one day everyone works on one house and the other day they work on the house of the neighbor. At the end all the houses must be finished before the rainy season starts.

Owner driven reconstruction

Technical transferNGO to owner

Financial supportby CBO

characterised by a strong grid and dierent housing types related to the donator NGOs. Now, 30 % is complete and it is the biggest relocation site in Legazpi.

AIDaccording to their own aid vision and strategy.

The solution-oriented approach, due to the emer-gency, creates many parallel approaches. This redeve-lopment aid occurs within a spectrum of top-down to bottom-up approaches, and varies from governmental to non-governmental involvement. In practice there is often a lack of cohesion, due to huge variations in ideologies concerning disaster response between the various organizations and institutions.

Given developing countries are more vulnerable than more economically developed countries, the effects of the disaster can be greater. For multiple disaster events, people are often incapable of regenerating directly after the event. As a result, the disaster becomes an obstruc-tion for development. A vicious circle becomes apparent, as development is needed to protect against the natural hazards.

The trend of increasing natural disasters in developing countries has created huge loss of life and livelihood due

to the inability of the system to cope with these events effectively. Under these circumstances, responses driven by foreign organizations such as NGOs often become the only means of recovery and redevelopment.

In general the NGO and foreign aid is voluntary and pro-vided to help the victims of the recipient country. Howe-ver, there may also be diplomatic, military or influential motives at work. The general atmosphere of humanita-rianism and altruism is predominant, however. This implies that organizations can use their own approach

(INTER)NATIONAL MONETARY AND HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

VENEZUELA

GHANA

BANGLADESH

INDONESIA

THE PHILIPPINES

GhanaVenezuelaIndonesiaEl SalvadorPhilipinesBangladesh

RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

NATIONALGOVERNMENT

RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

COMMUNITYSELF-HELP

RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

LOCALGOVERNMENT

RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

PRIVATESTAKEHOLDERSINVESTORS

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGONGO

NGO

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NGONGO

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RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

INTERNATIONALNGO

RELIEF

TRANSITIONAL

REDEVELOPMENT

PREPAREDNESS

LOCAL NGO

National government

The disaster inVargas coincided with the socialist revolution, led by Hugo Frias Chavez. Opportunistically, thevictims of La Tragedia, were fit in an immense government project aimed at providing housing, healthcare, andeducation to the poorest population of Venezuela. Hence the affected population became a guinea pig for thelargest social experiment inVenezuelan history.

This project involved displacing the effected community to new satellite cites across the country, which wereoften isolated and mono-functional.

The role of the government as the all comprising savior has caused a state of extreme dependency among theaffected population, and impedes any private involvement.

Community

After the disaster many people shoveled out their homes, and fixed their houses.Although may were displaced,those who stayed rebuilt what was left.

In 2006, seven years after the disaster, the government launched the Consejo Communales, this is a neighbor-hood governance system, which theoretically empowers the people to propose government funded plansdirectly to the national government, passing regional restrictions.This new form of self-governance has been received extremely well in poor communities. Although up untiltoday nothing has actually been built, many plans have been proposed on housing, risk management, waterworks,sport, education, and more

NGO

International NGO

There is a plethora of international NGOs operating in Bangladesh, perhaps the worlds largest host of non-governmental organizations.The majority of these NGOs focus on development or poverty alleviation.

To create a central database for the different NGOs, the Government created the NGO Affairs Bureau in 1990.The Bureau enables the NGOs to obtain their regi-stration clearance, approval and permission for their proj-ects.

With regard to disaster, the United Nations Development Programme has esta-blished a platform for communi-cation with Government of Bangladeshs Ministry of Disaster in the form of the Comprehensive Disaster Man-agement Programme.

Local NGO

Bangladesh is often seen as the birthplace of the microcredit NGO,namely the Grameen Bank.Non-governmen-tal organizations have emerged as an integral part of the institutional structure for addressing poverty as well asrural development, water and sanitation, gender equality, environmental conservation, disaster management,human rights and other social issues.

These organizations mostly follow the target-group strategy under which the poor with similar socio-economicinterests are organized into groups to achieve their objectives.Microcredit and saving groups have become morecontroversial in the light of natural disasters, as no insurance is provided.There are many reports of NGOs col-lecting interest on loans weeks after a disaster.

Local NGO

In a slum like Old Fadama, Community Based organizations are the most active participants working at thegrass root level of the society. Ghana Federation of the urban poor one such organisation, helps people in thecommunity by providing micro credits and building infrastructure facilities.They have established deeper routeswith 3 different organisations helping the of the community, namely

1. Kayayei youth Association 2. Ghana homeless people Association 3. Railway dwellers Association

International NGO

In the flood affected areas of the North,Aid organizations like Red-Cross help people build their houses.They take part as external agents, providing 60% of the construction cost buying materials and tools for each household.They also provide technical assistance on best practice for flood resistant structures, monitoring the whole process of construction.The houses built by these AID agencies are a conglomeration of local ver-nacular architecture and cement block-Aluminum construction.

All the post disaster aid and help flowing in to Ghana, is co-ordinate by the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO), which directs the ground implementation of all these measures.This in one hand narrows the stake holder to one organization but on the other due to very less lobby power of this organisa-tion the effectiveness of the aid is drastically reduced.

NGO

Local government

The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR Badan Rehabilitasi danRekonstruksi) for Aceh and Nias was established on 16 April 2005 by the national government. BRR was respon-sible for a coordinated approach to planning, fundraising and implementation, to ensure that the reconstructionprogram was effective, duplication minimized, and donor funds optimally used.

International NGO

The worldwide community donated more than $7 billion (2004 U.S. dollars) for aid initiatives. Over 400 organi-zations have been involved with the recovery process of Aceh, leading to a complex process of redevelopment,and resulting in many miscommunications and delays. Most organizations are planning to exit from Aceh during2009, reducing the constant influx of foreign money into the local economies that was present for the last fiveyears.

EL SALVADORNational government

In August 2005 the national government of El Salvador set up a law to improve the disaster preparedness andmitigation process.The law and regulations for the civil protection, prevention and mitigation of disasters createsa structure of civil protection departments on the national level, departmental and municipality level. Commu-nity participation is brought into municipality level.Where the national government before was especially focus-ing on disaster relief and aid, with this new law the emphasis lies more on disaster preparedness and mitigation,although the department of civil protection still is responsible for direct aid and relief as well.The disaster pre-paredness and mitigation mostly consists out of education and capacity building.This program is implementedtop-down from national to departmental, from departmental to municipality and from the municipality to com-munity level.Accompanied with an alarm system for disaster risk, this program should prepare all people nation-wide.

International Ngos

Within development and disaster preparedness projects the international Ngos work closely together with localNgos.The specific social and cultural local knowledge from the local Ngos is combined with the more generalknowledge and money from the international Ngos. After a major natural disaster the demand for aid and reliefis much higher, and the amount of monetary and physical resources disposable increases. In this stage the Na-tional Government is responsible to divide and control the money and aid coming in.After the two earthquakesin 2001 the organization and management of the aid and monetary flows was slowing down the relief process.Therefore the National government gave the International Ngos the freedom to give out their help withoutdirect control, within the relief phase.Within the relief, but as well as in the reconstruction phase, the vastamount of international help exceeds the available capacity of local Ngos.Therefore the collaboration doesnttake place in all reconstruction projects.






Community

Part of the reason why corruption is so widespread in the Philippines is because the country is used to giving aid. If you are better of than your neighbour, you are expected to help him/her out once in every while, ac-cording to good catholic tradition. If you are the brightest of the family, you are expected to study and get a job overseas, and send money back every month.This situation has lead to extreme cases of people camouflag-ing the fact that they own an air-conditioner...And what if the donator requires something in return, later on? Like a vote in the municipal elections? Aid could easily turn into corruption.

Luckily not all people are touched by this evil and it is common for communities to organise themselves.Theywill have a chosen barangay (community) leader, or even neigbourhood community organisations, consisting of volunteers. These are an essential knot in connecting the people to the local government.

Local Government Unit (LGU)

The LGU is of crucial importance to disaster response in the Philippines. Because of the many disasters thatoccur in the Philippines on a yearly basis, response has developed into governmental organised organs.These arecalled the Disaster Coordinating Councils (DCC) and have been arranged to cover different planning scales,from regional to municipal. Albay has appointed a separate committee under the DCC, concerned with disasterrisk reduction.

According to Transparency International, the Philippines is one of the most corrupt countries in the world andbecause of that, many developments are initiated on a local level. The central government does not interfere,but local governments are very dependent on funds coming from Manila. Often local government has to wait forthese, sometimes to such an extent that they have to take loans from the local pawnshops, to pay the wages ofthe officials.

WASTE

MANAGEMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE

HOUSIN

G/SH

ELTER

CAPACITYBUILDING

HEALTH

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HOUSIN

G/SH

ELTER

CAPACITYBUILDING

HEALTH

WASTE

MANAGEMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE

HOUSIN

G/SH

ELTER

CAPACITYBUILDING

HEALTH

MANAGEMENTprocess into pockets of in-effective developments. Ma-naging the coordination seems to be the most chal-lenging part of the whole redevelopment process.

The graph bellow shows when and where and who were involved during the redevelopment process in the various countries.

Disaster management, mitigation and risk reduction hugely depends on the stakeholders relation with the local community. This relationship directly affects the level of influence of aid efforts can have. The effective imple-mentation and maintenance of projects is directly af-fected by the extent and interest of involvement shown by the government in co-ordination with the NGOs the-

reby reaching out to the beneficiaries and existing social networks integrating them as a part of the process of re-development.

The failure of any one agent in this long chain of execu-tion results in massive miss-management of resources, often leading to corruption and breakdown of the whole

STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS

CLUSTER VILLAGE

NEW SETTLEMENT

HOST SETTLEMENT

THE BEACH

phase 1 disaster phase 2 temporary shelter

INFORMAL SHELTERLLtentsmade ofscrapmaterial

TEMPORARY SHELTERLLschools,publicbuildings,hotels

RELATIVESAA

NGO SHELTERS

economicurbanpullfactors

decentralizedavailable land

Cyclone

GHANA

BANGLADESH

INDONESIA

THE PHILIPPINES

VENEZUELA

EL SALVADOR

BANQUEROHAN

TAYSAN

BURAGUIS

Typhoon

Volcano

phase 1 disaster

Typhoon Reming Pacific mall Temporary shelters Resettlement area Taysan

phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3 beneficiary settlement

phase 1 disaster phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3 beneficiary settlement

HOSTFAMILIESRELATIVES

TEMPORARYSHELTER

mall, schools, public buildings

INFORMAL SHELTER

HOSTFAMILIESRELATIVES

TEMPORARYSHELTER

mall, schools, public buildings

INFORMAL SHELTER

phase 1 disaster phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3b non beneficiary settlementphase 3a beneficiary settlement

Tamale

BolgatangaWiaga

Tamale

BolgatangaWiaga

Tamale

BolgatangaWiaga

phase 1 phase 2 temporary shelterphase 3a beneficiary settlement

phase 1 phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3b non beneficiary settlement

0 1 20 1 20 1 2

0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

disaster

0 50 100 0 50 100

0 50 100

0 50 100

0 5 100 150 300

0 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100

0 5 100 150 300 0 5 100 150 300

0 5000 10000

0 5000 10000

New settlement the great love village in ChanmicoEmergency camp El Campo Cafetalon

SHELTERCAMPLOURDES SHELTERCAMP

LOURDES

NEW SETTLEMENTSACACOYO

NEW SETTLEMENTPEQUENA INGLATERRA

NEW INFORMAL SETTLEMENTST. GERTRUDES

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTLA CRUZ

SHELTERCAMPEL CAFETALON

SHELTERCAMPEL CAFETALON

TRANSITIONAL CAMPPOLIDEPORTIVO

RELATIVES

San Salvador

DepartmentSan Salvador

Santa Tecla

DepartmentLa Libertad

La Libertad

RELATIVES

Tsunami

Tsunami

LAND TENANT

RECONSTRUCTIONHOUSING

HOST RELATIVESHOST RELATIVES

INFORMAL SHELTER

INFORMAL SHELTER

COLLECTIVE CENTRE

TEMPORARYSHELTERTEMPORARY

SHELTER

phase 2 temporary shelterphase 1 disaster and relief phase 3 beneficiary resettlement

1.The landslides 2. Evacuation 3. Aid & Shelter airport 4. Communal Shelter (refugios) 5. Informal Shelter (Rancho) 6. Family and Friends 7. Dormitory cities 7. Dormitory cities 8.The return

11 1 1

1

23

4

4

4

5

5

77 7 7

8888

7

7

56

6

6

mk00

0.1

mk02

0 12 24

0 200 400

MIGRATIONthe disaster (to safer places), after the disaster (to temporary shelters or the homes of relatives), and in the rehabilitation phase there may be proactive reset-tlement (to the rural areas by beneficiaries of govern-ment or NGO aid), and reactive resettlement (to the urban areas by non-beneficiaries).

Natural disasters often cause forced migration, as the area which people inhabited previously tends to become unsuitable for dwelling after the disaster. Land availability and risk reduction can result in proactive governance and NGO response towards top-down decentralizationof settlements in rural areas. Land scarcity and lack of

economic activity may at the same time cause initiatives from bottom-up as families or communities may reacti-vely seek resettlement in urban areas.

The migration patterns can be described in phases. De-pending on the disaster, there may be migration during

FORCED AND OPPORTUNISTIC DISPLACEMENT

High

Low

During the Rainy season of May to June the city of Accra experiences large scale flooding along the Odaw RIver spine. Old Fadama gets inundated by flood waters, causing huge amount of damage to life and livilyhood.

The flood disasters so prevalent in this settle-ment, over time has induced the evolution of a various coping mecha-nisms like the land fill up to 2 meters from the lagoon level, the saw-dust spread for grip during floods, cemented pavements, stone filled streets, etc. all put in place to help people mitigate the serious nature of the issue, and carry on with their live-lihood.

Wood being the primary con-struction material used, fire ac-cidents are one of the most prevalent disasters in dryseason.The kiosks or houses at the edge of the settlement aremore at risk due to the pres-ence of the saw dust catches fire easily and is spread by the wind, thereby causing massivefire incidents. One huge fire in 2007 knocked down nearly 400 houses killing 5 people.

The ominous nature of these situ-ations have caused change in con-struction material from wood to cement blocks, because on one hand they are fire resistant and on the other they give more sense of security.This sense of fear of fireis changing the whole landscape.

January February March April May June July August September October November December

In Accra the capital of Ghana, the Odaw River runs through the heartof city emptying its waters into the korle lagoon.Which in turn open out to the sea.The lagoon with its huge flood plain, which once used to be a green belt, now has become an ecologically dead zone due to extensive amount of pollution.

Old Fadama

BEFORE DURING AFTER

The flood plain of the Korlelagoon over time has been occupied by the migrant settlement of Old Fadama,which moved inwards into the lagoon, reclaiming land and spreading out into the green zone

Odaw River

Annual RainGraph of Accra,

Ghana

Korle Lagoon

Edge Condition

Land Fill

Vertical Raise

2005

High Fire Risk

2009

2006

2007

2007

2008

SORSOGON

TABACO

NAGA - MANILA

LEGAZPI

DARAGA

GUINOBATAN

LIGAO

CAMALIG

SORSOGON

TABACO

NAGA - MANILA

LEGAZPI

DARAGA

GUINOBATAN

LIGAO

CAMALIG

SORSOGON

TABACO

NAGA - MANILA

LEGAZPI

DARAGA

GUINOBATAN

LIGAO

CAMALIG

resettlement area

Taysan

resettlement area

Banquerohan

resettlement area

Baraguis, CARESS

resettlement area

Bagong Abre, BLISS

Time

plann

ed

built

post

typho

on

BEFORE DURING AFTER

BEFORE DURING AFTER

BANGLADESH

INDONESIA

THE PHILIPPINES

TYPOLOGY

GHANA

EL SALVADOR

VENEZUELAThe Vargas region, as domany places in Venezuela,show two different urbantypologies: one is plannedand preconceived.The otherhas grown out of a cumula-tion of individual architectu-ral endeavors that haveslowly consolidated into anurban form.

The night of 16 december1999, the amount of rainthat usually falls anually,caused dramatic landslides.The landslides cut throughthe urban tissue indiscri-minantly: Rich and poor were equally affected, yetthe implications weredifferent.

After the disaster large voids were created in theurban fabric of Vargas.While displacement intomodular pre-fabricated houses was the initialsolution for housing, this soon proved a fiasco.While the city repopulated, tenure issues causeddifficulties to rebuild the voids in the center.Today these empty plots have a degeneratingeffect on the environment around them. Whilesolutions seem to complex for the authorities inacharge.

Extra land was created after La Tragedia.

Communal shelterLarge housing projectsAuto construction

New Centre;Tourism = Work

Barrios follow the geograhpy. The city centre is orthogonal

Modular housing: PetrocasaAuto construction Army camps Large housing projects

Sector Montreal in the north of the metropolitan area of San Salvador,is build on the hills of a mountain rich. The connecting road to the city is build on top of the rich, fromwhere so called pasajes go down on the hills on both sides. The pasajes are informaly or not constructed.

During the rainy season, which runs from june to december. The houses on the bottom of the hills are at risk. Heavy rainfall, bad constructed houses and loose soil cause small disasters every year. With interna-tional help of NGOs and the EU the municipality has a warning system and evacuation plan. The community house serves as shelter for the most vulnerable in these days.

On the architectural scale the typology in this communities is typical for big parts of the city.The houses are build with different materials, depending on the individual resources and skills. The techniques and constructions are mainly poor and temporary; a roof is kept on the house by putting bricks or other weight on top.The private plots are closed of from the public spaces with big walls, steel sheeting or every type of material that lost its primary function, to create home security and privacy.

The construction and materials used in this project are all earthquakeproof. Reinforced bricks and well con-structed roofs create a census of security. In this new area the plot owned by the community. The indi-viduals families do not have the chance to close of their property as they did it at their old homes. Thegroundfloors were set and their are hardly no possibilities to expand their houses.

When a house is damaged or totally destroyed, the people repair or build back there houses themeselves. Thelocal NGO Procomes created a new home for a group of 32 families in a neighboring municipality of Cuscat-ancingo. The families that were yearly affected got the chance to dwell in a more save, according to risk, and organized area.

BEFORE DURING AFTER

BEFORE DURING AFTER

yraurbeFyraunaJ rebmeceDrebmevoNrebotcOrebmetpeStsuguAyluJenuJyaMlirpAhcraM

BEFORE DURING AFTER

Traditional houses were built around agriculturalproduce and in proximity of the Bangladeshi pond.Locally obtained materials like wood were generallyused for the framework, with a clay foundation andbanana leaf roof.

When a cyclone hits everything outside the embank-ments is destroyed. A large area inside the embank-ment is also inundated. The only safe place to be is onthe embankment or on raised plinth inside a concretecyclone shelter.

The reactionary spatial development following disas-ter that can be observed is the linear city. Settling on orinside of the embankment provides some security andthis tendency creates a low linear density along infra-structure.

The rural area has a greatdiversity in dwellings and little

each other by rice paddies and green open spaces

The city centre knows a typology of rows of buildings situated directlyon the mainroads with a ground-

or storage on top.

After the tsunami in no time rows of new houses arose. Innumerable homogeneus houses werebuilt by NGOs. These were single family free-standing houses, each containing 36 squaremetres.Each project consists the same design, form and materials. There is now diversity what so ever.

36m2 36m236m236m236m236m236m2

rary urban tools (e.g. space syntax, gis/gps mapping, spacemate, etc), it is possible to research the public and private space in relation with the extensions made to peoples shelters.

In the overwhelming complexity of the post disaster urban redevelopment, it is important to locate where spatial material thinkers (architects and urbanists) can be of use within this process in order to compli-ment the currently involved fields represented by en-gineers and relief workers. By studying the bounda-ries where architecture and urbanism are called upon, diverse tools can be used to analyze the specific cases of interest

The Urban Emergencies studio researches the effects of hazardous climatic conditions on the urbanization pro-cesses (e.g. transformation of the urban surface, migra-tion of societies, architectural solutions). These changes are especially visible in vulnerable terrains, where natural disasters are either recurring or prone to happen shortly. The disaster events can then be seen as part of the gene-ral emergence, influencing the gradual development of the urban fabric. This research has tried to unravel these influ-ences.

This can be done on different academic levels. On the urban scale it is interesting to see how settlements have adapted to the disaster as an informal organism in itself. This includes different forms of research into the flows generated by livelihoods developments. Space Syntax and

GIS/GPS software has been a tool to analyze to what extent places are integrated and connected with the rest of the urban environment. On the other hand, it is also interesting to see what the influences have been of formal interventions by the government, and how they change the vulnerability to new disasters.

On a lower scale, the family house designs can be ana-lyzed on an architectural level, to see if people adapt their homes to the disaster. This can be done informally with local knowledge, or by external designs. Often, fo-reign architects are responsible for the post disaster shelter designs. Which solutions for protection against natural hazards arve integrated in these designs? And how do these solutions go along with local pragmatic construction techniques? By making use of contempo-

URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL RECONSTRUCTION


Synthesis

Implement

ConceptualizeAccomplish

Strategize

an urban emergency [challenge]

Dujiangyancity center area

of 87 KM2in total area of

1,208 KM2

496.7

2,273

351.2DEN

SIT

Y(i

nhab

itan

t/KM

2)

of

324,200peasants

out of

622,000Inhabitants

in Total (2005)

(47.9%)

other

297,800live in

city center

POPULATION

City

Ove

rall

Urb

an A

rea

Rura

l A

rea

municipalborder

20 KM1050

Chongzh

ou

Pengzh

ou

Shifan

g

Guan

ghan

Dey

ang

Chen

gdu,

capital

city

UNESCO Heritage Sites in China painting beginning volume + complete reel

Dujiangyan Irrigation SystemUNESCO heritage (N31 0 6.012 E103 36 19.008, Ref: 1001, 2000)

As the ONLY of perfectly conserved, permanently utilized, and the oldest ancient water irrigation system, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in 256 BC, to conduct the rapid water stream of Min River. In 2000, together with the Mout Qingcheng, the birthplace of Taoism, Dujiangyan Irrigation System was nominated as UNESCO World Heritage.

fish aquiculture

fowl aquiculture

domestic animalaquiculture

fowl eggs

meat production

tea

grains

alcohol

medicine

oil production

fowl meat

rice crop corn oil seed reap

kiwi

red plum flowermagnolia

tea leaf

wheat crop

(post-) Agriculture Production Web

9.65b i l l i o ncity GDP (2004)

PrimaryEconomies

SecondaryEconomies

ThirdEconomies

agriculture, forestry, fisheries, animal husbandry and collection industry

mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water production & supply, construction

circulation, production and living services, culture and social services

12.55 billion 13.0% (-0.9%)

50.6% (+0.2%)

36.4% (+0.7%)35.11 billion

48.87 billion

agriculturepopulation

averageresidence

439,200 (72%)36.9 M2/inhabitant

35.76 M2/inhabitant

non-agriculturepopulation

averageresidence

120,400 (28%)

On May 12, 2008 14:28:01.42 (CST), a monstrous (8M) earthquake struck Sichuan, in Western China, followed with 36,052 (Wikipedia) aftershocks in total. Some of which exceeding 6M, continuing to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.

5KM

15KM

25KM

60KM

40KM

2008.05.12 14:28

0

25

25

50

75

100

125

150KM

municipal townships

earthquake damages

DUJIANGYAN

confirmeddeath

69,227injured

374,176missing

18,222

confirmeddead children

19,065homeless

11million

direct economic damage

845.1 billion (yuan)

Mao Zedong

Sun Yat-sen

Hu Jintao

Jiang Zemin

Deng Xiaopin

Chiang Kai-shek

World War II

Nationalist-Communist

Civil War

Battles among Warlords Culture Revolution Reform and Open Policy

1 km0.50.250

The era of China Republic Plan for Historic City

2 km10.50

1981 Plan for Guan County (Dujiangyan)

2 km10.50

1989 Conservational Plan for Historic and Cultural City of Dujiangyan

8 km420

1993-2010 General Urban Plan for Dujiangyan (2003)

2007 Conservational Plan for Historic and Cultural City of Dujiangyan

1 km0.50.250

2008 Post-disaster Reconstruction Plan for Dujiangyan

4 km210

Polit

ics

& E

vents

Urb

an P

lans

Urb

an D

ynam

ics

His

toric

Gro

wth

8 km420

early 20 C

1990s

20072009(post-earthquake)

2008.05.12 14:28[8M] Eeathquake

1933.08.25[7.5M] Eeathquake

1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N=

50

0,0

00

IN

H.

UR

BA

N C

ON

STR

UC

TIO

N=

50

KM

2

GD

P G

RO

WTH

=1

0 B

illi

on

0.53 bn

4.93 bn

6.99 bn

8.82 bn

13.65 bn

11.62 bn

75,059

622,000

680,000

720,000

900,000

(-3,069)

4 KM2

29 KM2

47 KM2

60.2 KM2

88.7 KM2

5 million Relief Camps (by Jul. 2008)

1 trillion uan(by Jan. 2009)

agriculture fields were taken, upon which tremendous camps and relief houses were assambled, most of them took places at the urban fringe and outskirt.

shortly after the first aid relief, besides the temporary settlements, enormous giant "relief houses", which promoted by the authority and each will accommodate thousands of families, were projected at the edge of the city - edge cities are brewing.

2009 20122009 2012

4 km210

2008.05.12 14:28[8M] Eeathquake

1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N=

50

0,0

00

IN

H.

UR

BA

N C

ON

STR

UC

TIO

N=

50

KM

2

GD

P G

RO

WTH

=1

0 B

illi

on

0.53 bn

4.93 bn

6.99 bn

8.82 bn

13.65 bn

11.62 bn

75,059

622,000

680,000

720,000

900,000

(-3,069)

4 KM2

29 KM2

47 KM2

60.2 KM2

88.7 KM2

City of Dujiangyan has gained remarkable investments and institutional cooperations by the disaster, which makes it possible to promote enormous new construction in an organized way. The city is demostrating her power to (re-)build another whole mass of her equal size within the coming couple of years. In this way, the city pushes herself towards the boundary and EXPAND.

Expansion? Migration!

as the city expands, more agriculture lands will be taken, farmers are changing themselves

into tourism servants or find a big city to live their new lives as labours, at the same time, lots

of tourists comes to the city as marketing strategies promoted, some those from the big cities

even bought their weekend houses there because of the proverty price differences.

Enormous Migration is driving Enormous Urbanization.

2009 20122009 2012

New Urban Format

?Acute response Recovery Reconstruction

ACUTE RESPONSE RECOVERY

Econom

ical

Political

Sociol

ogical

Technical

RECOVERY RECONSTRUCTION

"China, unique amongst developing countries, is aggressively planning urban development at a super-regional scale using

Tokyo-Yokohama and the US eastern seabord as its templates ..... These new Chinese megalopolises may be only the first stage in the emergence of a continuous urban corridor stretching from Japan / North Korea to West Java. As it takes places over the

next century, this great dragon-like sprawl of cities will constitute the physical and demographic culmination of millennia of urban

evolution." (Davis, 2006, 6-7)

(Zeiderman, 2008, 25)

"The most important challenge to be met in European cities, as well as major cities throughout the world, is the articulation of the globally orientated economic functions (space and flows) on the

city with the locally rooted society and culture (space and places). The seperation between these two levels of our new reality

leads to structural urban schizophrenia that threatens our social equilibrium and quality of life." (Castells, 1992, 17-18)

Inter-disciplinary Redevelopment

TU DelftBerlage Institute

Tsinghua University TU Beijing

TaiwanUniversity

Tongji University

Southwest JiaotongUniversity (Sichuan)

Inter-university

SK P

rogra

m

SYNERGY

early 20 C1990s

2007

2008

2009

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N=

50

0,0

00

INH

.

UR

BA

N C

ON

STR

UC

TIO

N=

50

KM

2

GD

P G

RO

WTH

=1

0 B

illion

3 yr?5 yr?10 yr?

Strategicplanning Resources Scenarios

timecapacity

politicalcapacity

financialcapacity

technicalcapacity

networkcapacity

capacitybuilding

8 km0 2 4

SPACECentral government

Local government

Private parties

NGO

Inhabitants

Culture

Social

Technology

Economy

New Urban Paradigm

3 yr?5 yr?10 yr?

Strategicplanning Resources Scenarios

timecapacity

politicalcapacity

financialcapacity

technicalcapacity

networkcapacity

capacitybuilding

8 km0 2 4


Local government

Private parties

NGO

Inhabitants

Culture

Social

Technology

Economy

Multi-scalar approach

VISION

3 yr?5 yr?10 yr?

Critical pathanalysis

Participation

Handover

Coordination

Schedule forimplementation

Legal framework

Reconstruction options

Assessment, monitoringand evaluation

Relocate

Rebuild

Retrofit

Repair


Local government

Private parties

NGO

Inhabitants

Culture

Social

Technology

Economy

In-depth Implementation

VISION

3 yr?5 yr?10 yr?How to cope with the government as project developer?How to cope with urban acceleration due to the earthquake?

How to cope with the tension between agriculture, toerism and urbanization?

How to apply private public partnership?

How can the redevelopment process be fast-tracked?

How to ensure a sustainable attractive mix of functions?

How to come to a New Urban Paradigm and incorporate RE&H?

2009.11.25 BOSS presentation_Binder1.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 222009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 232009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 252009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 262009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 282009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 292009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 302009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 312009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 322009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 332009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 342009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 352009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 362009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 372009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 38

Binder1.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 22_bv.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 23.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 25.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 26.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 28.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 29.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 30_bv.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 31_bv.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 32_bv.pdf2009.11.25 BOSS presentation slide 33_bv.pdf

Documents

2009.12.09 sichuan fo_real_estate_presentation