2009 Sept 10SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt1 Computer Architecture & Organization Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,

2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 1

Computer Architecture & Organization

Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques, etc.

e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Control signals, interfaces, memory technology, etc.

e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture attributes visible to the programmer

Organization how features are implemented


What Should I already know re Computer Arch & Org ?

computer

keyboard

mouse

display

disk / optical

speakers

other ?

.

.

.

connected devicesPeripherals

printer

communication links

networktelephone

cablewireless

other ?

.

.

.

“Black Box” !


Function & Structure SYSC 2001 will look inside the black box !

• peripherals and commn links are outside black box

Will construct various models of ITBB components:

Function the operation of individual components as parts of the structure

Structure how components relate to each other

ITBB


Function

ALL computer functions are:

• Data PROCESSING

• Data STORAGE

• Data MOVEMENT

• CONTROL

NOTHING ELSE!

Data = Information

Coordinates How Information is Used

IMPORTANT SLIDE !


Functional view of Black Box

Operating Environmentsource/sink for information

MOVEMENT

CONTROL

PROCESSINGSTORAGE

connections to peripherals and commn

links

ITBB


Operations (1) Data movement

e.g. copy a file between disks


Operations (2) Storage

e.g. load a text file for editing


Operation (3) Processing from/to storage

e.g. compute an intermediate

result from some operands & save

for later use


Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O

e.g. compute and display a result

from some operands


Structure - Top Level ITBB

Computer

Main Memory

InputOutput

SystemsInterconnection

Peripherals

Communicationlines

CentralProcessing

Unit

Computer

What about Function?

More Black BoxesITBB!


Structure - The CPU

Computer Arithmeticand Logic Unit

ControlUnit

Internal CPUInterconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

SystemBus

CPU


DrillingDown

I(ITBB)!


Structure - The Control Unit

CPU

ControlMemory

Control Unit Registers and

Decoders

SequencingLogic

ControlUnit

ALU

Registers

InternalBus

Control Unit


Too deep for SYSC 2001


Brief History of Computer Evolution

Two phases:

1. before VLSI 1945 – 1978

• ENIAC

• IAS

• IBM

• PDP-8

2. VLSI 1978 present day

• microprocessors !

see text discussion

VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration


Growth in CPU Transistor Count

Moore’s Law

Pentium Evolution

PowerPC Evolution

Cell 234 M


Speeding Up the Processor

Pipelining

On board cache

On board L1 & L2 cache

Branch prediction

Data flow analysis

Speculative execution

we’ll see some of

these as the course

progresses


But Performance Mismatch!

Processor speed increased

Memory capacity increased

Memory speed lags behind (and increasing slower than) processor speed


DRAM and Processor Characteristics


Some Solutions

Increase number of bits retrieved at one time

• Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”

Change DRAM interface

• Cache

Reduce frequency of memory access

• More complex cache, and cache on chip

Increase interconnection bandwidth

• High speed buses

• Hierarchy of buses

Documents

2009 Sept 10SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt1 Computer Architecture & Organization Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,