2008 Social Stratification and Welfare Regimes for the Twenty-First Century_Revisiting the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

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Social Stratification and Welfare Regimes for the Twenty-first

Century: Revisiting The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

Lyle A. Scruggs

James P. Allan

World Politics, Volume 60, Number 4, July 2008, pp. 642-664 (Article)

Published by Cambridge University Press

DOI: 10.1353/wp.0.0020

For additional information about this article

Access Provided by Bristol University at 02/18/13 11:18PM GMT

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/wp/summary/v060/60.4.scruggs.html





Research Note

Social Stratiication

and Welare regimeS or the tWenty-irSt century

rvs The Three Worlds o

Welare Capitalism

B lyle a. ScruggS JameS P. allan*

IntroductIon

in s s pb, gøs esp-a-s’s Three Worlds o Welare Capitalism s v

pv ss w ss Ws ep v ps s.1 is s ss s v b x w s b s pv wss, s q s ss pvp s p. a j s s pp s s p spp s -s w ss Ws s. ts p,k v ps, s vs: s pss;s s ws ss x

s; s vp s w pss b ss sqs sp. W Three Worlds vv,wv, ws — s ss— p ss p ps p sps s

* S s s pp w w spp n S. W w k k l Kw, s World Politics , svws s s .

1 gøs esp-as, The Three Worlds o Welare Capitalism (P: P uvs Pss, 1990).

World Politics 60 (J 2008), 642–64



socIal stratIfIcatIon and welfare regImes 643

2 t sv s vws “ws w” , W as Jgss, “t Ws W m? a S a rp,” Journal o European Social Policy 12, . 2 (2002); esp-as, Social Foundations o Post-Industrial Economie s (nw yk: ox uvs Pss, 1999), sp p. 5. t b “ws” s b xp s. aps, s, xp, k css db m, “i- W S rs: t lks bw Ps, iss os,” Governance 5, . 1(1992). S ep, s, xp, mz , “t ‘S m’ W S ep,” Journal o European Social Policy 7, . 1 (1996); g B, “cs-s W Ss: a tw ds app,” Journal o Social Policy 26, . 3 (1997). os s ss s sps w sp ss Three Worlds . t s xsv s bw s

s z , xp, a o, “g S rs czsp,” Ameri-can Sociological Review 58, . 3 (1993); d Ssb, ., Gendering Welare States (l: S,1996); a S, “Wk W g eq: a nw tp,” s Ssb.o s s j s s/sss ps ( , -p, sk p, pb pss) s w ss. S, xp, gr, “c d: a dvp cq,” Policy and Politics 28, . 3 (2000); J. g, “d B: a cpv ass Wk-ij Ps,” Journal o European Social Policy 14, . 1 (2004); m Pw aBs, “W rs W mx,” European Journal o Political Research 43, . 1(2004). , sv v z pp v ps. Sm Sv, “ls avs mp rss cpv rs,” Compara-tive Social Research (gw, c.: jaI Pss, 2007); ax hks l Kw,

“Vs W cps,” Socio-economic Review 1, . 1 (2003).3 s s s ks Three Worlds p s s s p, s . J ms iii, “t Ws Pb op? Vs, V, e SP,” International Journal o Public Opinion Research 16, . 2 (2004); c J m, “rv- W rs: eps ip av S P,” World Politics 57(ob 2004); S Svs, “Ws W as rsb: a cps e Ws ns,” European Sociological Review 13, . 3 (1997); P Ps, “t nw Ps W S,” World Politics 48 ( J 1996); ev hb J d. Sps,Development and Crisis o the Welare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (c: uvs c Pss, 2001); d Swk , Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welare States (cb: cb uvs Pss, 2002); rb e. g, B h, rms, hk-J dv, The Real Worlds o Welare Capitalism (cb: cb uvs

Pss, 1999); e B m h, “W Ss S mb: hw e- S P m a css- ds ass bw opos dss,” Research in Social Stratifcation and Mobility 24, . 4 (2006).

4 i w ss s sss s s, esp-as ( .1 . 2, 74) s s s as gss (. 2) v s psz w w w s decommodiy b s ss z w ss.

w s. i ws, v s ws (p-p) w s .

W ss w s s b qs v ss, s vss b bb s ss pv s p -pv p .2 Bs s ss v sss bss s p, w bs s p- ps s w s w s.3

i s w v esp-as’s s ss b p, bk ss s b, pb vb .4 W s pv ss w ps, 1980 2000,



644 world polItIcs

w s v w s v . W spp sv s w s. ts s, b w ss p s w s , qs s Three Worlds p.5

t ps s ws. W b w sss ss s p w s . W x s s w s-, sk s s s pssb ps. W w w sss s v p ss ws ps Three Worlds . , w sss s ps ss pv ss s p v

s s.

themeanIng of socIal s tratIfIcatIon

m ssp w s s s s xps v ps s, s s s xps. ts s pszs w w s p ss s s. P ss

s ss v, s, z pps sp s s, b ws s 1990 bk esp- as b s s pv ws s: “[W] ss b q psv,b w s s s. o v ss, ss, vss. es w p s w q b s s.”6

i s w s s, , bs svpvs s s xpss -s w w ss w ss b “” “s.” i s w bf p-ps ss w esp-as’s “ws w.”

S p conservative w s s s p psv ss s s. w p sb b ps, s p “” s . ts,

5 S l Ss Js P. a, “W S d e oecd cs: a rp rvs,” Journal o European Social Policy 16, . 1 (2006); cBb, “d Ws W rvs,” Journal o European Social Policy 16, . 1 (2006).

6 esp-as (. 1), 58.




w svv w s v s b ss w s vs s xp, v s b ss- w ps s, -s ps , s s. i s w s vps— Bsk’s g, xp— s cs w ps psz s s.

Liberal w s sk pps. css bs s s ps s v s k vs b z p- b pxs s s b s. i s s, ss bs q, P’s s,

w b b s ss b -p w k.7 as P p , wv, b s ws pssv w “ks.” i s p, s pp s s p-s xsv w k ppss s s sks psb ss sp . lb w s v k v pv s s sks, v w -

s sb “-bs” qs s. t w s social democracy . lk s svv b ps, “ss s ws ws ps w s- s s . b vs, ws s s .”8 t s s s- p w s spp ss ps ps psz vss bss—ss ss s—k s ps s zsp.Pps pps ss s w s pp p Sws “pp’s ” s vk b sap P ab hss 1920s: “i pvsq, ss, p, pss. . . . [t] zs’ . . . ps bk w s bs w w v zs bw pv , s p, p.”9 ts, s w p s b q k ss w s ps .

7 K P, The Great Transormation (1944; Bs: B Pss, 2001).8 esp-as (. 1), 65.9 Q h h hk ms, Policy and Politics in Sweden: Principled Pragmatism

(Pp: tp uvs Pss 1987), 157.





t

a b l e 1

d I m e n s I o n s o f w e l

f a r e s t a t e s t r a t I f I c a t I o n

W e l a r e R e g i m e I n d i c a t o r

O r i g i n a l S o u r c e

( 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 )

C u r r e n t

S o u r c e

( 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 )

L a t e s t D a t a S o u r c e

D e f n i t i o n

c s v v

p s

s s a , 1 9 8 1

s s a 2 0 0 2

b p y s

p b

p s s s ( j

p s y )

– 1

0 . 3

s

I l o , 1 9 8 1

I l o , 1 9 8 1

P s &

W s , 2 0 0 6

( . 1 7 ) , I l o , 1 9 9 6

x p p s s

v

p y s s

p g d p

– 0 . 7

0 . 5

l b

s - s p

I l o , 1 9 8 1

I l o , 1 9 8 1

I l o 1 9 9 6

s

s p

p b

s x p

– 0 . 6

0 . 4

p v p s s

e s p - a s , 1 9 9 0

n / a

s

s p

p

s s

– 0 . 3

0 . 2

p v s p

o e c d , 1 9 8 5

h r s 2 0 0 4

h r s 2 0 0 4

s

s p

s p

– 0 . 9

– 0 . 1

S s

v v s s

s s I b

c w e d

v s k s s ,

p y , k - p

- s p s

– 0 . 6

0 . 7

v b f q y

s s I b

c w e d

v

b w b s

x b f s ( p s x )

s k s s , p y ,

- s p s

– 0 . 5

0 . 7

S o u r c e s : s s a : u . S . S S y a s

, S o c i a l S e c u r i t y P r o g r a m s t h r o u g h o u t t h e W o r l d ( W s : g p o , 1

9 8 1 , 2 0 0 2 ) ) ; I l o : i l b o z ,

T h e C o s t o S o c i a l S e c u r i t y ( g v : i

l b o z , 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 9 6 ) ) ; s s I b : S c z s p i s s e s p - a s (

. 1 ) ; o e c d : o e c d ,

M e a s u r i n g H e a l t h c a r e , 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 8 3 ( P s : o e c d , 1 9 8 5 ) ; c w e d : l y S s , C o m p a r a t i v e W e l a r e E n t i t l e m e n t s D a t a s e t , u v s y c , 2 0 0 4 ) ; h r s : e v y h b ,

c s r , J d . S p s , d v B y , J s B k f , C o m p a r a t i v e W

e l a r e S t a t e s D a t a S e t ( n w s u v s y , u v s y n c , d k

u v s y

i u v s y , 2 0 0 4 ) .



648 world polItIcs

v x ps (4), ss w s v vs v s (2), ss s v bw v ss (0). ts s s , s ss b s w s v p.

Bs p, s Three Worlds pps v considerably p . t s ws tb 1 sw, sz vs, ps - s bk: v w s sb. (Psp w v ps +1 –1 s v.)i ps w esp-as’s p -

ss, w s ps, b s w p s x vs b s.

conservatIve s tratIfIcatIon

corporatIsm

W s ps s p w w s s s b pv v-

s w p ps, w pspv s ( s sp) s -ss pss. ts s s b b s -p pb ps s. t ps v xp s b pp b bs s Social Security Pro-

grams throughout the World .12 t s s tb 2 pvs . t s s b s s s Three Worlds 1980; s s ps 1980; ps p w xs 2004.

t k s s ss w - v pss ep s, s s, i, as, s v v s pbps ss. o w s—i Jp— v bw w ps. i s w p b ss i sps sbsvs: s 1990s s ps ss’s

s s. o w, ss ss s vs w p s.

12 S S as, Social Security Programs throughout the World (Ws, d.c.:gv P o, 1981, 2004).





650 world polItIcs

i ss s x ss , w wesp-as’s .13 t ss sw pss b-s w s. a ss, s v x ss 2004 1980. a p- s v ps ps sss. n sps, s i Jp ss 4 2.g’s x s s b w , bs ss s bs p ps s.

etatIsm

t s tb 2 pss sw s pb ps ps (s p gdp) v

pb s wks.14 us p 1980, w sss s esp-as’s ss -v s.15

i p svv s x, w p Three Worlds .16 ts ss sw p-ss bs w vs tb 2. 1980s, as, ,B, g v pv s gdp pb s pss. Sv s—c, as,

nw Z—v s s. ov, s s s ss. t xps Sw Jp, wv pb pss s s ss Three Worlds . cp 2000 w 1980 , vsp ss b s, ss sv s.17 Sss as, nw, u K, w s g, i, i, Sw.

13 a s 0 s v w w s ss; s 2 s v b ss s w ss q v; , s 4 s v s

w v sv ps ss.14 1980s, w s ss oecd, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX 2004)

(Ps: oecd, 2004) s, i lb oz; w s Cost o Social Security (gv: Ilo, 1983). Vs s s v s ss w ss. W s oecd s u Ss 1980 bs Ilo ss pps s- s v p ps sp. W s Ilo’s s i 1980, bs oecd x pb s pss b ts. W s oecd’s s ns, bs x sb pss, s pp b s pss sw.

15 t s s Sw. t Ilo sw , ss jp pbsv ps xps bw 1970s 1980s Sw, b 1.2p 2.4 p gdp. W w bv , bs,

ss, Sw s v pb s wk.16 W s xps s 1 p ss gdp, s s z. Bw 1 2.1

p (sv), s s 2, x s 4 s ss xps 2.1 p.

17 t Ilo sv 1990s sp pbp pss. pb 2000, w p




conservatIve stratIfIcatIon Index

1980 b sv p sp-s bw ss s ps Three Worlds . B ps bw “s” “” ps, w ns u Ss sw ps bw “” “w” ps. t B p sp b b p s s: Bs v s 2 cps 4 es, 6( 8). S, p u Ss ss b s bk ss s ps.18 vs

“” “s” p, s s ss ps s: w v p s ps ps p Three Worlds . t s ns s w svpb p s, , s n s, v b s.

Our results or the late 1990s suggest a decline in conservative stratifca-tion among the key conservative welare states . tw s svv

s 1980s, i g, b ss s v . i-s pb s ps sp s xps w sv -s pp “svv” s 1980s.19 W wbks v v v sv sp, w ssp w s v ss ( xp, - pb/pv s wks s pbpss), w w s s s p “pvss” s wks v .

lIberal s tratIfIcatIon

prIvate health spendIng

d pv sp ss 1980, p tb 3, s w p Three Worlds (

rb Ps ew Ws, “cv Sv Ps Ss W,” WBk S P dsss Pp . 602 (2006). W s s Ilo ( 1989) s v pp.

18 W ps bs S S as’s s bw

sp ps ps sp ss v s v ps. (ts s s sb b sbs s ps, s s ss v s pb ps -ps, w s w s s.)

19 a p s pb s sp v svs’ pvss s ss s v pb s wk.



t

a b l e 3

l I b e r a l w e l f a r e

s t a t e s t r a t I f I c a t I o n

P r i v a t e H e a l t h S p e n d i n g

( % o H e a l t h S p e n d i n g )

M e a n s - T e s t e d P o o r

R e l i e

( % o T o t a l S o c i a l S p e n d i n g )

L i b e r a l S t r a t i f c a t i o n I n d e x b

E A

1 9 8 0

L a t e s t

E A

1 9 8 0

L a t e s t

E A

1 9 8 0

L a t e s t

a s

3 6 ( 4 )

3 7 ( 4 )

3 1 ( 4 )

3 . 3 ( 2 )

4 3 . 0 ( 4 )

4 9 . 0 ( 4 )

H i g h 1 2 c

1 2 a s

1 2 a s

a s

3 6 ( 4 )

3 1 ( 4 )

3 1 ( 4 )

2 . 8 ( 0 )

3 . 1 ( 0 )

3 . 4 ( 0 )

1 2 S w z .

1 2 c

1 2 c

B

1 3 ( 2 )

1 7 ( 2 )

2 8 ( 4 )

4 . 5 ( 2 )

2 . 9 ( 0 )

5 . 3 ( 0 )

1 2 u S a

1 2 u S a

1 2 u S a

c

2 6 ( 4 )

2 4 ( 4 )

2 9 ( 4 )

1 5 . 6 ( 4 )

2 0 . 2 ( 4 )

1 6 . 5 ( 4 )

1 0 a s

1 0

D e n m a r k

1 0

D e n m a r k

d k

1 5 ( 2 )

1 2 ( 2 )

1 7 ( 2 )

1 . 0 ( 0 )

1 2 . 7 ( 4 )

1 3 . 6 ( 4 )

1 0 J p

1 0 J p

1 0 J p

2 1 ( 4 )

2 1 ( 4 )

2 5 ( 4 )

1 . 9 ( 0 )

1 3 . 0 ( 4 )

1 2 . 7 ( 4 )

1 0 S w z .

1 0 S w z .

2 8 ( 4 )

2 1 ( 4 )

2 4 ( 4 )

1 1 . 2 ( 4 )

1 5 . 8 ( 4 )

1 0 . 5 ( 2 )

g y

2 0 ( 2 )

2 1 ( 4 )

2 5 ( 4 )

4 . 9 ( 2 )

4 . 1 ( 0 )

6 . 2 ( 0 )

M e d i u m 8

8

F i n l a n d

8

F i n l a n d

i

6 ( 0 )

1 9 ( 2 )

2 7 ( 4 )

5 . 9 ( 2 )

2 . 5 ( 0 )

3 . 3 ( 0 )

8 n .

8

8

N . Z e a l a n d

i y

1 2 ( 2 )

2 0 ( 2 )

2 7 ( 4 )

9 . 3 ( 4 )

3 . 4 ( 0 )

6 . 2 ( 0 )

6 d k

8 u K

8 u K

J p

2 8 ( 4 )

2 9 ( 4 )

2 2 ( 4 )

7 . 0 ( 2 )

1 1 . 9 ( 2 )

7 . 2 ( 2 )

6 g y

6 g y

6

n s

2 2 ( 4 )

3 1 ( 4 )

3 7 ( 4 )

6 . 9 ( 2 )

6 . 2 ( 0 )

2 . 8 ( 0 )

6 i y

6 n .

6 g y

n w Z

1 8 ( 2 )

1 2 ( 2 )

2 2 ( 4 )

2 . 3 ( 0 )

3 3 . 0 ( 4 )

2 7 . 9 ( 4 )

6 u K

6

N . Z e a l a n d

6

I r e l a n d

n w y

1 ( 0 )

1 5 ( 2 )

1 5 ( 2 )

2 . 1 ( 0 )

8 . 8 ( 2 )

1 8 . 1 ( 4 )

6 n .

S w

7 ( 0 )

7 ( 0 )

1 5 ( 2 )

1 . 1 ( 0 )

1 1 . 2 ( 2 )

1 2 . 0 ( 2 )

6

N o r w a y

S w z

3 5 ( 4 )

3 9 ( 4 )

4 4 ( 4 )

8 . 8 ( 4 )

8 . 4 ( 2 )

9 . 5 ( 2 )

u K

1 0 ( 2 )

1 1 ( 2 )

1 9 ( 2 )

1 . 0 ( 0 )

1 5 . 7 ( 4 )

1 5 . 9 ( 4 )

L o w 4

a s

4 a s

4 a s

u S a

( 4 )

5 4 ( 4 )

5 6 ( 4 )

1 8 . 2 ( 4 )

2 0 . 2 ( 4 )

1 9 . 7 ( 4 )

4 B

4 n w y

4 B

4

2 B

4

I t a l y

M e a n

1 9 . 6

2 3 . 3

2 7 . 4

6 . 0

1 3 . 1

1 3 . 3

2 n . Z

2 i

4 S w

S t a n d a r d

D e v i a t i o n

1 0 . 8

1 1 . 7

1 0 . 2

5 . 0

1 0 . 8

1 1 . 1

2 i

2

I t a l y

0 n w y

2 S w

0 S w

s o u r c e s : S

s t b 1 e s p - a s ( . 1 ) .

t b s s v s p

w s s ; s x s s . 2 0 2 1 .

b t

v b p v p s s p s s p

s s p ; w s e s p - a

s ’ s s s b p s . c s b

z b w e

s p - a s y s s .




xp, =0.91 s). hwv, v ss—, i, i, ns, nw— ss sb p. t s x sps nw i, w w 14 13 p p, spv. i ss, w w vs pv sp, b 5–7 p ps. ts, sp v , k s s s s v ss w “b” s. cs s s c nw Z— s p b w s—v w pv ss sp s v b w ss s b w ss. ts s, s, bs s s, p, v z

s.cp 1980 2000 sss sb “b-

z” vp sss v w-p. t v pv-- sp s 23.3 p 27.4 p. t s xp ss 5 ps bw 1980 2000, w, B nw Z, p b- ss. o as J-p, b pv “x pb-pv” sss 1980,

p decline 5 p ps 2000. i s, health care is clearly a sector with convergence around a still mostly public, but increasingly private, spending trajectory . , s s v sw b w ss sw pps pv v s svv ps.20 W w s s, s, s w w sv s b p v k p.

means- tested poor relIef

t s tb 3 p s-s ss s sp Three Worlds p. t s,Ilo’s Cost o Social Security , spp pbs s bs 1990s, s w w b x ss b 1989. t bw ss esp-as’s s v w.S n s, aps, u Kv sb s s bs s

20 i ss s x ss, w s s Three Worlds. P- v sp ss p 10 p s 0; ss bw 10 20 p s 2; pv sp ss 20 p s 4. (nb: p b s Three Worlds s below , w w u Ss !)



654 world polItIcs

b z. n s, ss pbb under-estimate s-s sp bs w “bs ps”sp s –s s v sb s sp -s spps bv vs ps s s.21

o s ss v s- bw “s-s” “” -s ps. tbs Three Worlds ss -s bs ks ( psb spp pss s) w x- s-s . hwv, s b-w s s s s p s, s ss b ss p-

p.22 i b s-s s s b, w s s s s-s b s b ss ss. o s sss p s bw w - ss pp ss xs ( s, s s) w ( s,w s).23

o s s ss k s

s sb w ws p Three Worlds . nw Z-, dk, , u K sb w ss. W xp ( pps J-p), s v s svv ws s sp pv s-s ps.

prIvate pensIons

d s pv pss ps s v .24 d k pb s s, wsp k vs pv Three Worlds s 1980

21 ix vs s-s ps w p p Three Worlds. s, w pp x vs nw Z as bp s v. nx, w s sz v ps s Three Worlds, –.6 +.4, w pp bs 6.7 15.6, spv.

22 t ss Three Worlds s p -s- pb psspps w s s-s sp n s u K- b w s u Ss c. i s pps -sbs ( xp, s sss ps) w x .

23 S, xp, css m (. 2).24 esp-as pvs xsv s ss s p pv ps p-

s , b s s vb; esp-as “t cps P rs: a i,” m r, gøs esp-as, l rw, s., Stag-nation and Renewal in Social Policy (ak, n.y.: m. e. Sp, 1987)). Ps s




s. W v s k v ks v sbs, w ssp pv s ss v, , s s s p.

lIberal stratIfIcatIon Index

t - s tb 3 pss b s -x 1980 s vb. Ss bw 0 12. (B s, svv sss s bw 0 8.) cp ss w ss Three Worlds 1980 sss sv s. s, ss v ss ss Three Worlds . S-, s ss v s s pvs

ss. t, s s b pv-s p. dk s sps k-bss s. i, s b w s p- ns. W s - u Ss c, s v s. mw, sv s— p, nw Z — s b 1980 pvs b ss.

Pps sk s p v .

t bw w ps sss welare states in the early twenty-frst century are more liberal than they had been just two de-cades earlier . o s w ws ss 1980, sxv ss s p. (o , ,sws b s v p.) ts s, s, ss w w ss v b “k pb” v s. i ss- s pv pss ps sp s ss s, s k v s w b . ov, s s -s s, vs sp ps, oecd w ss v bz s s.25

lxb i S, , w s p pv s s. hwv, ss lIs v ss b v s s,p ss b b ss.

25 S, xp, P Ps, Dismantling the Welare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics o Retrenchment (nw yk: cb uvs Pss, 1994); g g, Partisan Politics inthe Global Economy (cb: cb uvs Pss, 1998); d Swk, Global Capital,Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welare States (cb: cb uvs Pss, 2002); s css, The Future o the Welare State: Crisis Myths and Crisis Realities (nw yk: ox uvs Pss, 2004); P l, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century (nw yk: cb uvs Pss, 2004).



656 world polItIcs

socIalIsm

t ss s x Three Worlds ss w -ss. t s, “vss,” s p s v p

b v b p s, skss s-, pb pss. t s, “b q,” s (v-) s x p p, skss, pb ps ps. t - b s s w S czspis Pj.26 t cpv W es ds(cwed) s v p s-s s x. tb 4 pvs ; s cwed 2002. As was the case with welare state liberalism, our results dier considerably rom conventional wisdom regarding which countries score high

or their “socialist” welare program principles .

unIversalIsm

cwed ss s s s ps 1980 w vs ss Three Worlds . i ss -’s v v s v w 10 p w ws -p. cv s svv w ss

(sp as, B, , g, i, i, ns) u.K. ds v svv vss s ss pp w s b pvs p. cv s ( 20 p ) s: u.K., i, , B.27 o ss ss vss s ppb w p Three Worlds as c.28

i w p w s vss 2002 w 1980,

v s s s, ss- v- s p s w ps. uvss s

26 ts s s pb vb.27 i pps ss s s Three Worlds P , State, Economy ,

and Society in Western Europe, 1815–1975: A Data Handbook (k/c: cps V/S. Js Pss, 1983). rss u K Three Worlds v bs n is bs, s v. cv s i, , B p s , s ws p. cwed ss ss B. , cwed ss ss p b salarie non-salarie v b assurance maladie s s sss. ts s ps vss s ’s s. cwed ss s b ps s v pss ’s , s s svvs s p ps spps.

28 i s ss bs w s p s bv (sx-v) p ps. i c cwed ss p s bs sss c ss p s v.





658 world polItIcs

b w s, as Swz, -ss sb , i. as’s s w s s s-s ps. i Swz s s bz skss s ss sq p b pp ps pv skss s bs. i i sp s psp s b ss w vs w s.29

benefIt equalIty

B q, w Three Worlds , s p s v s x (psx) bs p-

, skss, ps s. o ss sss s-b q s ss vb pp . o ss w w 10 p sp Three Worlds v ss.

nb, s sps s v ss s b w s, p, c, uK, u Ss. t sp u Ss(63 p vss 22 p) s s . t u Ss

s skss p, s w ss s 0.30

hwv, s x bs s w ps s . o s s bs s bs b vp b S S as s ps b ps s s. p s, v s ps, s , pbs b 50 p v w, k sp b x p b bs . ev s u.S. pss w k x b b w s sb w k s q s w (.54), b s .22.

t q s c Three Worlds s s xpb w.c’s skss p s p s- ss, s q s w ps .

29 W s s x ss vss s standardized ps,s w s-s bs (. 19). t p w vss s s z=–.6, w p s s z=.7.

30 a w ss , , v skss ps. ts ps v s v s p s, b s wk s ss s , w s v p.




t s x ps s s bs ,bs ps b ws bw apw w s p’s s 1980 ( js bv s 1980 2002).

, q s u K s s s pv Three Worlds . es- bs b skss p s b/bs w bw v p wk’s ( apw ) w. ts, s x b s b p-s. t s- ps ss s 1970s v b bv s w, b p ws s w 1980. a ps w x bs

1979 w v pb ps apw wk w b .

cp s q bw 1980 2002pvs sb v w ss v bss s 1980s. h s xp- b .31 B q -b as, , i, ns s Swz-, u.K., u.S. o- nw s

v s q s.32

socIalIst stratIfIcatIon Index

t - s tb 4 pss b x 1980 2002 x pv Three Worlds. Our results challenge the conventional views that countries conventionally described as socialist score high on the socialist stratifcation index while other countries score low. s, w v v s s, Sw dk, s p ss 1980. -’s s s b s ; nw vs p . mw, c, “qss b” w s v vw, ss s-s s ss. t u K, w f- zsp b , s v x ss s x s 1980.

31 t s s bw 1980 2002 , w ps x b , s p s b vs. t p s s s p v s.

32 ix ss q w bs z-vs s Three Worlds . Ss bw z=–.5 ws 0, w s bv 0.7 w s 4.



660 world polItIcs

lk ss 2002, w sbs v -s v ssps b ss ps w s. s, s v -q p. tw , i B, v - s -vs sss. S, ns s p.

dIscussIon

t p ss pv ss pss -s s ps sv ss.i s ss, ss s w w ws p

Three Worlds 1980. B w v s sb v ps s s s b s w ss.

i s p b , k bs w psp q Three Worlds , ss s v v s ss; w v p ss s- s s. t w s

s ss s s bs b p bss Three Worlds p s vs, sp s s s v ss.

i s s p ss ps Three Worlds w, , sk sz s ps. i ps, s s , , ss: svv, b,ss. mv, w s, i nw Z,s p, s s -s w w. o , u K-, pp p . is ss w w ss (b ss) w . ts k s b f Three Worlds s sbsq vp w ss.33

33 a ss () w pbs ss s vbs sss w s x, b, ss, svv s (spv), +.55, –.62, .07 –.34, –.23, +.60. t s s, , ss w Three Worlds , bs bb w ss, w x ss ss b-sss p svs svv s s (v) v - w bs ss.





t a b l e 5

r e g I m e

c l u s t e r I n g b a s e d o n r e a n a

l y z e d s o c I a l s t r a t I f I c a t I o n

I n d I c e s

E a r l y 1 9 8 0 s

L a t e s t

C o n s e r v a t i v e

L i b e r a l

S o c i a l i s t

C o n s e r v a t i v e

L i b e r a l

S o c i a l i s t

h

8 a s

1 2 a s

8 U K

8 a s

1 2 a s

8 d k

8 F i n l a n d

1 2 c

6 C a n a d a

8 F i n l a n d

1 2 c

8 I r e l a n d

8

1 2 u S a

6 d k

8

1 2 u S a

6 B e

l g i u m

8 g y

1 0 D e n m

a r k

6 n .

1 0

D e n m a r k

6 C a n a d a

8 i y

1 0 J p

6 S w

1 0 J p

6 n w y

1 0 S w z .

1 0 S w z .

6 S w

6 U K

m

6 B

8 F i n l a n d

4 a s

6 B

8

F i n l a n d

4 a s

6 J a p a n

8

4 A u s t r i a

6 N o r w a y

8

N . Z e a l a n d

4 a s

4 n w y

8 u K

4 B

4 I t a l y

8 u K

4 F i

n l a n d

4 S w e d e n

6 g y

4 F r a n c e

4 G e r m a n y

6

4 g y

4 U S A

6 n

.

4 g y

4 J p

6 g y

4 n .

6 N . Z e a l a n d

4 I r e l a n d

4 U K

6

I r e l a n d

4 n . Z

4 n . Z

4 U S A

6 n .

4 N o r w a y

6

N o r w a y

4 S w z .

l w

2 d k

4 a s

2 F i n l a n d

2 a s

4 a s

2

2 i

4 i

2 i y

2 d k

4 B

2 i y

2 N e t h e r .

4 n w y

0 J p

2 i

4

I t a l y

2 J a p a n

2 u K

2 B

0 u s a

2 N e t h e r .

4 S w

2 S w

i t z .

0 a s

2 I t a l y

2 S w

0 u S a

0 c

2 S w

0 c

0 n . Z

0 n . Z

0 S w z .

0 S w z .

c s b p p e s p - a s

’ s s .




s s s. B s s v .

nw vs b x b ss x. mw, w ss ss 1980s—i B—s sss x 2002. ts, in 2002 most countries scoring highon the socialist dimension are not countries identifed as socialist in Three Worlds (or elsewhere). , 2002 ks k conservative/liberal b ss w s.

conclusIon

i s w v s ssss s -s p- ss k sp w s, p w sbsq s s b bs. as w xs x , w ss s ps sb ss p spp - w ps. s, s sz. P-ps , s v s ss s.

W w k s s, w pp sv “ws w”? o ss v svp ps wk. s, ss s qs pvs p ss p s w s-.37 S, p, ss s qss b p spp “w s,” s pps “w- ps.” t p ssp s ( s) Three Worlds s w s ps p w s b ss . o ss p wss b s , , b sbj sps.

t, ss ss s b s v ws s s 1980s. o , vz sk p s bsv s sw. o , s s sps (p bs, pss, sk p) b vs p b s s ppx f-

bs s s s pp . o f, s37 t p -n ss b bvs— xp, s xp vb

bss ss ss. B s pb pps s-n pss, s s s s b s s bs sss ss.



664 world polItIcs

w s ss p; p z x bs s s sp ps s s “sz” ws.

W v s sz s. W v w -ss s w sks s s w v z. B b w s ss k v ws . i v ws s , w w ss w -s .38

38 o v vw ss s fw ss spp v s. hwv, w w ps x. W s b s v x v ss vs z w . o ss b bj ss p p p.

Documents

2008 Social Stratification and Welfare Regimes for the Twenty-First Century_Revisiting the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism