IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 1

Uniform Titles;FRBR

University of California, BerkeleySchool of Information

IS 245: Organization of Information In Collections

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 2

Structure of AACRII

• Part II: Headings, Uniform Titles, and References– Chap 21: Choice of Access Points– Chap 22: Headings for persons– Chap 23: Geographic Names– Chap 24: Headings for Corporate Bodies – Chap 25: Uniform Titles– Chap 26: References

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 3

Corporate Bodies

• General Rule– Enter a corporate body directly under the

name by which it is commonly identified, except when the rules that follow provide for entering it under the name of a higher or related body or under the name of a government.

– Determine the name by which a corporate body is commonly identified from items issued by that body in its language, or, when this condition does not apply, from reference sources.

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Romanization

• If the name of the body is in a language written in a non-roman script, romanize the name according to the table for that language adopted by the cataloging agency.

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Variant forms of name

• If variant forms are found in items issued by the body, use the name as it appears in the chief sources of information

• If variant spellings, use the form resulting from official changes in orthography -- or the predominant spelling

• If variant names appear in the chief source of information, use the name that is presented formally. If no name is presented formally, or if they all are, use the predominant form of name. IF there is no predominant form, use a brief form (including an initialism or an acronym) that would differentiate the body from others with the same or similar brief names.

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Variant Names, Special Rules 24.3

• Language - use the form in the official language of the body (if there are more than one official languages and one of them is English choose the English form)

• If name appears in English on items issued by the body, use the English form

• If a body is frequently identified by a conventional form of name in reference sources in its own language, use the conventional name

• Ancient and International bodies -- if there is a “firmly established English form” use it

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 7

Variant Names, Special Rules (cont)

• Religious orders - A) conventional name in English, B) form in english-speaking countries, or C) name in the language of its country of origin

• Governments, use the conventional name of a government, unless the official name is in common use. The conventional name of a government is the geographic name of the area over which the government exercises jurisdiction.

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Addition, Omissions, and Modifications

• Names not conveying the idea of a corporate body -- add a general designation in English

• Names of countries, states, provinces -- add the name of the country, state, province, etc. in which it is located.

• Years (when same name used by two different bodies)

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 9

Omissions

• Omit an initial article unless the heading is to file under the article (e.g. a corporate name that begins with an article that is the first part of the name of a person or place).

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Governments

• Add the type of jurisdiction if needed

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Conferences

• Omit from the name of a conf. Indications of its number, frequency or years of convocation.

• Add number after name

• Add date after name

• Add location after name

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Subordinate and related bodies• Enter subordinate bodies directly under their own name

unless its name is one of the following types– A name containing a term that by definition implies that the body

is part of another– A name containing a word that normally implies administrative

subordination, provided that the name of the higher body is required to identify it.

– A name that is general in nature or that does no more than indicate a geographic, chronological or numbered or lettered subdivision of the parent body

– A name that does not convey the idea of a corporate body– A name of a university faculty, school etc that simply indicates a

field of study– A name that includes the entire name of higher body.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 13

Uniform Titles

• Uniform titles are the means for bringing together all catalog entries for a work when various manifestations (editions, translations, etc) have appeared under various titles.

• Need to use Uniform titles varies with the catalog and even with the particular work.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 14

Uniform Titles -- When?

• Base the decision to use a Uniform Title on:– How well the work is known– How many manifestations of the work are

involved– Whether the main entry is under title.– Whether the work was originally in another

language– The extent to which the catalog is used for

research purposes.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 15

General Rule 25.2

• When the manifestations (other than revised editions) of a work appear under various titles, select one title as the uniform title as instructed in 25.3-25.4

• Use a uniform title if– 1) The work has appeared under different titles proper– OR 2) the title proper needs the addition of other

elements to organize the file– OR 3) the title used as the main or added entry

heading for a work needs to be distinguished from the main or added entry heading for another work

– OR 4) the title of the work is obscured by the wording of the title proper

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 16

Format

• Inclose the uniform title in square brackets and give it before the title proper. If the work is entered under title, give the uniform title as the heading with square brackets.

• MARC Main Entry uniform titles go into 130 -- and are in 130 in authority records. Otherwise, uniform titles go into 240 -- which are listed as 100s in authority records

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 17

Not Uniform Title

• Do not use a uniform title for a manifestation of a work in the same language that is a revision or updating of the original work. Relate editions not connected by uniform titles by giving the title of the earlier edition in a note in the entry for the later edition.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 18

Works after 1500

• Use a title or form of the title in the original language by which a work created after 1500 has become known through use in manifestations of the work or in reference sources.

• If no title in the original language is established as being the one by which the work is best known, or in case of doubt, use the title proper of the original edition.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 19

1500+ cont.

• Omit from such titles (title proper of original ed.) – Introductory phrases (e.g. Here beginneth the

tale of …)– Statements of responsibility that are part of

the title proper, if such an omission is permissible grammatically and the statement is not essential to the meaning of the title.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 20

25.3C

• If there is simultaneous publication under different titles in same language use the title of the edition published in the country of the cataloging agency.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 21

Works Before 1500

• Use the title most frequently found in– Modern editions– early editions– manuscript copies

• Classical and Byzantine Greek– Use the well-established English title for such

a work -- or the Latin title if there is no established English title

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 22

Before 1500 cont.

• Anonymous works written neither in Greek nor in roman script.– If the original language of an anonymous work

created before 1501 is not Greek or in a roman script, use an established title in English, if there is one.

– Otherwise -- transliterate

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 23

Additions

• Phrases (play, etc.)

• Language

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 24

Collective titles

• Works, etc.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 25

Credits

• The following slides are adapted from presentations by– Dr. Barbara Tillett (Library of Congress)– Don Thornbury (RBSC Technical Services)– Kate Harcourt (Columbia University)

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 26

Milestones: 19th and 20th centuries

• Panizzi (1841)

• Cutter (1876)

• ALA rules, 1883-1941

• Paris principles (1961)

• AACR (1967)

• ISBD (1971- )

• AACR2 (1978- )

• FRBR (1998)

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 27

21st century: AACR3

• In 2001, JSC decided that FRBR terminology should be incorporated into AACR. Since that time, rule revisions have been proposed to ensure that FRBR terms will be used in AACR. This will require introduction of new terms as well as redefinition of existing usage.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 28

Development of FRBR

• Impetus 1990• 1) economic realities faced by libraries and the need to

reduce the cost of cataloging; 2) importance of meeting user needs; 3) addressing the various types of material and the various contexts within which bibliographic records are used

• Aim of the project• produce a framework that would provide a clear,

precisely stated, and commonly shared understanding of what it is that the bibliographic record aims to provide information about, and what it is that we expect the record to achieve in terms of answering user needs

• Drafting began 1995; published 1998• http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 29

FRBR methodology

• “The methodology used in this study is based on an entity analysis technique that is used in the development of conceptual models for relational database systems. Although the study is not intended to serve directly as a basis for the design of bibliographic databases, the technique was chosen as the basis for the methodology because it provides a structured approach to the analysis of data requirements that facilitates the processes of definition and delineation that were set out in the terms of reference for the study.” (2.3)

Translation: We need to figure out what things we’re talking about in cataloging, what there is to say about them, and how they relate to one another.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 30

FRBR entities: 3 types

• Products of intellectual or artistic endeavor that are named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation, and item. – Aggregate and Component entities: anthology, series,

archival fond … [et al.]; chapter, article … [et al.]

• Entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products: person and corporate body.

• Subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavour: the above entities, plus concept, object, event, and place.

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 31

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item

• A “distinct intellectual or artistic creation.”

• An abstract entity: can be hard to define and delineate.

• Attributes: title, form, date … [et al.]

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 32

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item

• The “intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.”

• Reflects distinctions in intellectual or artistic content between one realization and another of the same work.

• Attributes: title, form, date, language, sequencing pattern (serial), type of score (musical notation), medium of performance (musical notation or recorded sound) … [et al.]

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 33

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item

• The “physical embodiment of an expression of a work;” “all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.”

• Can be a set of items that result from a single act of production, or unique productions such as manuscripts, original oil paintings, etc.

• Attributes: title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, place and date of publication/distribution, publisher/distributor, series statement, foliation (hand-printed book), publication status (serial), playing speed (sound recording), reduction ratio (microform), mode of access (remote access electronic resource) … [et al.]

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 34

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item

• A “single exemplar of a manifestation.”

• Often a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph), but can be more than one (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.)

• Attributes: item identifier, provenance, marks/inscriptions, condition … [et al.]

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 35

Entity relationships

• Relationships are “the vehicle for depicting links between one entity and another, and thus as the means of assisting the user to ‘navigate’ the universe that is represented in a bibliography, catalogue, or bibliographic database.”

• Many kinds of relationships among entities: realization, embodiment, equivalence, whole-to-part, part-to-part … [et al.]

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 36

Group 1

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

is realized through

is embodied in

is exemplified by

recursive

one

many

FRBR

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 37

Group 2Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

many

Person

Corporate Body

is owned by

is produced by

is realized by

is created by

FRBR

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 38

Group 3

many

FRBR

Work

has as subject

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Person

Corporate Body

Work

Concept

Object

Event

Place

has as subject

has as subject

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 39

FRBR Entity Levels

Work:

Expression:

Manifestation:

The Play

Orig.Text

Transl. CriticalEdition

The Movie

Orig.Version

Paper PDF HTML

Item: Copy 1Autographed

Copy 2

Family of works

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 40

Entity relationships: Work … Item

Homērou Odysseia

English translation by

Rodney Merrill: The odyssey

English translation byJohn Ogilby: Homer his

Odysses

Modern Greek translation

by I. Polylas: Homērou Odysseia

Electronic version: EEBO, 1999- (

http://wwwlib.umi.com/eebo/image/43589

)

Print: London, 1669 (Wing H2555, 358 p.)

Microform: UMI, 1982 (positive, b&w)

(Film) 0419.922 1334:1(Ex) 2681.333.669f; Bound with Homer, his Iliads.

1669

...... many expressions of the work ... many expressions of the work ...

Three manifestations of the expressionThree manifestations of the expression

ItemItem ItemItem

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 41

FRBR and MARC

• In LC’s action plan for bibliographic control of web resources (2001):– Enhance MARC 21 to support display of hierarchical

relationships among records for a work, its expressions and its manifestations (based on the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR))

• MARC to FRBR: 83 pages of element mapping (ca. 2600 data elements in MARC)

• FRBR to MARC: 74 pages of element mapping

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 42

MARC000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William

Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5

NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5

NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822.852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 43

MARC: FRBR mapping000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 1 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 1 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William

Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5

NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5

NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822. 852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800

Field data: Work Expression Manifestation Item Record

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 44

“FRBERIZING” AACR2

• A new interest in cataloging

• Rule revision

• AACR3

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 45

“FRBERIZING” A RULE

• 1.5A3 If an item is available in different formats (e.g., as text and microfilm; as sound disc and sound tape reel), give the physical description of the format in hand)

• 1.5A3 If manifestations of a work are available in different formats…

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 46

“FRBERIZING” RELATIONSHIPS

• Collocation

• When is a work or an expression a new work or expression?

• Relators

• Authority Control in AACR3

IS 257 – Fall 2007 2007.02.21 - SLIDE 47

EQUIVALENT

Cataloging Rulescut-off point

Same work New work

DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE

Parody

Revis ion

Translat ion

Crit icism

Variations or versions

Editions SummaryAbstractDigest

Annotated edition

Expurgatededition

DramatizationNovelizat ion

Free translation

Imitations

Evaluation

Review

Casebook

Commentary

Abridgededition

Arrangement

ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated

edition

Sl ight modifications Adaptat ions

Change of genre

Original

Same style o r thematic content

Microformreproduction

Copy

Exactreproduction

Facsimile

Reprint

Simultaneous“publication”

Same Expression New Expression

Work

New Work B. TillettDec. 2001