2007 Brangus Journal

1BRANGUSThe future lies in the quality of the progeny

Inhoud ContentsUit die President se kantoor 2Raad/Council 2006/2007 6Die beoordeling van slagosse op ‘n kompetisie 8Was is die verskil tussen indekse en BTWs? 10Belangrike datums 12Genetic improvement through artifi cial insemination 14Brangus kursusse 18Production licks for growing stud bulls 20Facts about fat bulls 22Die belang van kwantitatiewe Loci en DNA toetsing daarvoor 24Interpreting accuracy 28Embrio-oorplasing 28Brangus stats 30KI Bulle 36Privaat KI bulle 52Veiling uitstlae 59Brangus teeldoelwitte/Brangus breeding goals 60Waarom Brangus? 64Brangus - The South African tenderizer 64Nasionale skou 66Aanbevole praktyke om die maksimumvoordeel uit u Breedplan-ontleding te kry 68Nasionale skou - foto’s 69An assesment of the eff ect of temperament in cattle 70Oos-Kaap boeredag 75Inheritance of colour in Brangus cattle 77Ledelys 80Sire summary 88

Aldupré OBCBaumeister 58BKB Louwid 35Bluebird 53Bottelgat 46Bruljant 40 & 41Classifi eds 76Delport Brangus Boerdery 54 & 55Drumond Brangus 73East Cape Brangus Club members 45Eco 71Elandspruit 31Fertilitas 39FNB 9Genootskap aanteelveiling 65Jagtdrift 51Keeversfontein 29Klipfontein 4Lokus Brangus 58Malherbe & Roberts 13Meadow 23MJB Brangus stoete 48 & 49Mount Olive 37Nasionale Brangusveiling 63Nico Smith IFCOos-Kaap Brangus Klub 44Rayvor 19Ruddskaal 26SAVET 7Semex 17Sentraal Brangus Klub 57Senwes 79Smith Brangus 53T-Bar-X 3Tetaan 11Unistel 25V5 Brangus 33 & IBCVan Wyk veehanteringstoerusting 5WBF Red Brangus 47Woodview 53Xseed 73

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2 BRANGUS Die toekoms lê in die kwaliteit van die nageslag

Hierdie is na alle waarskynlikheid my laaste brief uit die President se kantoor en daarom wyk ek ietwat af van die tradisionele jaarlikse bedankings en wat daarmee saamgaan.

Elkeen wat die wel en wee van ons Brangus Ras op die hart dra, weet bui-tendien van al die klub veilings, vergaderings en Namibië Skou en Veiling. Almal weet ook van die moeite wat gedoen is om heffings te verhaal, die bydraes van Raadslede en die kantoor se groot poging.

Die Breedplan en Keuring-kursusse het ‘n groot inset van ons Ras-direkteur geverg en het uiteraard ons lede se kennisvlakke verhoog en ons verder afgerond om beeste sinvol te evalueer. Voortvloeiend daaruit natuurlik groter insig in die verwagting van die mark en voorbereiding van die diere vir die veilings en skoue.

Al die verskillende skoue bly belangrik en slegs topgehalte behoort by ons Nasionale Skou te Harrismith en Nampo vertoon te word. Ook as ons in Pretoria en Pietermaritsburg wil deelneem moet ons altyd gehalte diere vertoon. Dit is immers ter bevordering van die ras in die algemeen.

Innige dank en erkenning aan die kantoor, raadslede, klubs, alle lede van die genootskap, die afslaers, goeie vriende van die Brangus, Khaya Ibub-hezi en Pringles Inn.

U as lede weet hoe kosbaar u kudde is en hoe belangrik u deelname aan die bedrywighede van die genootskap is.

Voortvloeiend hieruit die volgende om aan te herkou:

Every farmer should investigate themselves retrospectively and decide

which etiquette is applicable?

Some members keep their organization strong,While others join and just belong,

Some dig right in, some serve with pride,Some go along just for the ride,

Some volunteer to do their share, While some sit back and just don’t care.

On meeting days some always show,But then - there are those who never go.

Some always pay the due ahead,Some get behind for months instead,

Some do their best,Some build, some make

Some never give, but always take.Some lag behind, some let things go,

Some never help their organization grow.Some drag, same pull.Some don’t, some do.

Which of these are you?

Uit die President

s e k a n t o o r



Met erkenning aan “Perspektiewe oor BEESBOERDERY in Suid-Afrika” - 2de Uitgawe - Andre Mentz.

Teel en bemark slegs die beste diere in u eie belang as teler en ook in die belang van die genootskap en die ras.

Die volgende aanhaling is dalk op ons almal as telers van toepassing:

‘Take care of our reputation as Brangus Breeder!!! It is your most valuable asset!!!’

Die toekoms van ons ras is verseker as elkeen sy/haar deel doen.

Statistieke:

TELERS BEDANKINGS DIERE GETALLEJaar 2005 - 2006 115 14 12312Jaar 2006 - 2007 125 9 14332

Baie welkom aan ons Nuwe Lede. Geniet die ras en trek voordeel uit die groei en ontwikkeling. Aan alle ou lede rig ons die uitnodiging om weer aan te sluit. Koop weer Brangusse, u weet dit is ‘n goeie belegging vir die toekoms.

Groete en sterkte aan almal.

Tienie Bekker



Raa

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MJ Bekker (Tienie) President Vrystaat 083 262 4021 Posbus 2329, Welkom, 9460 057 352 2010

AK Hellberg (Arthur) Visie-President + Promosie Natal 082 886 0091 Posbus 25, Glencoe, 2930 034 393 2810

F Naude (Ferdi) Breedplan + Genoplasma Vrystaat 082 490 5678 Posbus 932, Welkom, 9460 057 353 1701

JF Henning (Tatties) 082 893 1632 Posbus 202, Vryheid, 3100 034 952 1646

J du Plessis (Johan) Admin + Konstitusie Vrystaat 082 929 5136 Posbus 115, Hoopstad, 9479 053 444 1926

EC Meyer (Reinet) Vrystaat 082 923 2639 Ellenberger 70, Wilgehof, BFN, 9301 051 522 2511

CDH Sparks (Christopher) Vrystaat 083 701 0029 PO Box 752, Harrismith, 9880 058 622 2939

AJ van Wyk (Rian) Finansies Mpumalanga 083 645 4434 Posbus 1089, Ermelo, 2350 017 819 3628

R Morgan (Robbie) Skou + Veilings + Kommersiël Oos-Kaap 046 684 0793 Posbus 118, Adelaide, 5760



‘n Eenvoudige en kort agtergrond om die ste-deling ‘n begrip te gee van die verskillende aspekte van die beoordelingsproses. Veral die keuse van die voerkalf word baie kortliks bespre-ek- hieroor kan ‘n hele artikel geskryf word.

Die Voerkalf

Suksesvolle deelname aan ‘n slagoskompetisie begin by die keuse van ‘n voerkalf.

‘n Voerkalf sal òf ‘n suiwer geteelde vleisbees òf ‘n baster van twee of meer beesrasse wees. As dit ‘n suiwer geteelde kalf is, kan die keuse tussen bv. Bonsmara, Simbra, Angus of Brangus wees. Kruisdiere kan uit bv. Brahman/Charolais, Simmentaler/Limousin, of Drakensberger/Angus kruisings of enige kruising tussen van die ander omtrent 26 vleisbeesrasse kom. Die ideale gewig van die kalf voor die begin van die voerproses is tussen 200 en 220 kilogram op ‘n ouderdom van omtrent 9 maande. Die kalf moet onthoring en kan gekastreer wees en nog nie permanente tande gesny het nie.

Die kalf behoort goed bespierd te wees. Daar moet min “duiwelsgreep” (geknyp agter die skouerblaaie) wees, die bors moet ook nie oorontwikkel wees nie, en hoofsaaklik uit vel bestaan. Die rug, vanaf agter die skouer tot die heupe moet breed en goed bespierd wees.

Eienskappe van ‘n goeie voerkalf is goeie sprong van rib, maar nie boepens nie, ‘n breë agterkwart met goeie bespiering en ontwikkeling in die binne -en buite dye, asook goeie lengte tussen die heupe en sitbene.

‘n Rustige geaardheid is verder ‘n belangrike punt: beeste wat baklei en maklik skrik, se gewigstoename is swakker, en dié tipe bees is geneig om die hele kraal aan te steek wat be-tref swak temperament.

Beoordeling van die gevoerde Slagbees

Die beoordelaars gemoeid met “op die hoef” beoordeling, gebruik meesal subjektiewe metodes wat hoofsaaklik gegrond is op onder-vinding.

Aan die haak word gradering d.m.v. objektiewe wetenskaplike metodes gedoen.

Jan de Jong

Die beoordeling van slagosseop ‘n kompetisie

Die karkas word geplaas op grond van ‘n pun-testelsel. Sekere kriteria word gebruik om punte toe te ken. Dié kan ook as maatstaf vir op die hoef beoordeling gebruik word. Karkasgewig is een maatstaf: die lewende bees slag tussen 57% en 62% uit, dus behoort die ideale slagbees tus-sen 320 en 450 kilogram op die hoef te weeg om maksimum punte te behaal.

Maksimum punte vir gewig (10) word behaal vir karkasse tussen 190 en 280 kilogram warm gewig, soos aangedui in die tabel. Punte word afgetrek vir afwykings.

Karkasmassa (kg) Punte

< 170,0 0170,1 - 180,0 2180,1 - 190,0 6190,1 - 280,0 10280,1 - 290,0 6290,1 – 300 2>300,0 0

Vetbedekking is ook belangrik, en die karkas behaal maksimum punte as dit tussen 2+ en 3- uitslag. Afwykings vanaf die vetkodes word minder punte toegeken.

Boudgedeelte (5), Voorkwartgedeelte (5) en Ruggedeelte (5)

Vetkode Boud en voorkwart Ruggedeelte1+ 1 22- 2 32 3 42+ 5 53- 5 53 3 43+ 2 34- 1 2

Bouvorm van die karkas is natuurlik belangrik, en tot 15 punte word daarvoor toegeken. Op die hoef is bouvorm en afronding die twee belangrik-ste kriteria waarna gekyk word, en teen afwyk-ings daarvan word sterk gediskrimineer.



Verder word beeste in gewigsgroepe verdeel, asook volgens ‘n aantal norme wat nie wetens-kaplik met aan die haak beoordeling saamloop nie. Na die plasing van ‘n klas beeste word dit van die beoordelaars verwag om redes vir hulle plasings te gee. Dit is juis dié redes wat die proses vir die toeskouer interessant en leersaam maak.

‘n Oorontwikkelde bors, wat swaar en prominent vertoon, dui op oorvoeding, omdat die bors hoofsaaklik uit vet bestaan. Baie plooie in die voorkwart is een van die eienskappe wat ‘n lae uitslagpersentasie aandui.

Agter die blaaie moet “duiwelsgreep” nie voorkom nie, terwyl die voorarm prominent moet uitstaan. Die voorarm is ‘n plek wat bespiering toon. Omdat vleis uit spiere bestaan, is dié eien-skap een van die belangrikste by op die hoef beoordeling.

Daar behoort ‘n redelike vet verspreiding oor die skouerblaaie (m.a.w die voorkwart) te wees, maar ‘n konsentrasie van vet oor die skouer (of ‘n tekort) sal duidelik op die karkas opgemerk word. ‘n Te dun vetverspreiding word as “kaal” beskryf. So ‘n karkas vertoon “blou” aan die haak.

Oor die ribbes moet vet ook egalig vertoon, kolle vet word maklik raakgesien.

Vanaf die skof tot die heupe moet die rug breed en platterig wees. Dié gedeelte bestaan uit die belangrike oogspiere. Vanaf die heupe tot die sitbene is afstand belangrik en hoe minder “dak-kigheid” vanaf die stertwortel tot die buitedye, hoe beter.

Die buitedye moet prominent wees en so laag moontlik strek. Die binnedye behoort ook goed

gevul te wees, met die vleis so laag moontlik ge-dra. Die gesegde “vol in die broek” beskryf die ideaal. Die boude moet ook goed gevul wees, met bespiering tot laag gedra. Lang spiere tot na aan die hakke dra meer vleis as ‘n kort maar oorontwikkelde ronde spier wat soos ‘n vark se boud lyk.

Omdat bespiering die beste aanduiding is van potensiële vleisopbrengs, word goed gelet op tekens daarvan by die bees se voorarm, oor die rug en in die boud. Goeie lengte tussen heup en sitbene, in verhouding tot die totale beeslengte, dui op ‘n hoë uitslagpersentasie. Verder moet die bees as geheel goeie balans toon. ‘n Bees met lang bene, groot bors, groot pens en swak ontwikkelde agterkwart en swak bespiering, is ‘n “wasty” bees met ‘n swak uitslagpersentasie.

Tekens van oormatige vetheid word oor die ribbes gesien. Die lies moet gevul word sonder om ‘n knop te vorm as die bees stap. Vetaan-paksels langs die stertwortel en kolle vet oor die buiteboud is ook onwenslik.

Die duurste snitte van die bees vorm ‘n “pistool“, dws, van die middelpunt van die rug agtertoe, en vanaf die heupe vertikaal af tot die hakke. Hierdie gedeelte bestaan uit van die beste (en duurste snitte) vleis en daar word redelike klem op dié gedeelte van die karkas gelê.

Dié kort opsomming van die beoordeling van slagbeeste, sal hopelik help om die misterie daaromheen uit die weg te ruim.

Let wel: SAMIC se graderingstandaarde het onlangs verander, maar die nuwe vetheidstan-daarde is nog nie beskikbaar nie.

‘n Indeks word slegs op ‘n binne-kudde kontemporêre groepbasis gebruik, waar 100 as die gemiddelde van die groep geneem word, en dit is nie ‘n genetiese maatstaf nie. Indekse kan slegs vir binne-kudde- of tropvergelykings gebruik word in ‘n bepaalde seisoen.

BTWs het ses belangrike voordele wat nie deur indekse in ag geneem word nie

(i) BTWs is genetiese maatstawwe.

(ii) BTWs maak vergelykings tussen diere wat in verskillende seisoene en jare gebore is moontlik.

(iii) BTWs maak voorsiening vir die feit dat sekere vaars met beter koeie gepaar word.

(iv) BTWs hou rekening met genetiese verandering in die kudde oor tyd.

(v) BTWs inkorporeer ook genetiese inligting van alle verwantes en ander gekorreleerde eien-skappe.

(vi) BTWs hou rekening met die hoeveelheid prestasierekords wat beskikbaar is vir elke dier.

Seleksie op grond van BTWs bied daarom baie vinniger vordering as indekse.

(Extrak uit Breedplan Gebruikers Handleiding)

Wat is die verskil tuen indekse en BTWs?



datums vir 2007BELANGRIKE

15 – 18 Mei Nampo Bothaville22 Mei John Baxter Veiling by New Amalfi om 11h0025 Mei – 03 Junie Royal Skou29 Mei 08h00 Keuring 13h00 Registrasie Algemene Jaarvergadering Brangus Verkopers & Borge Braai om19h00 Te Khaya Ibhubesi, Parys30 Mei Brangus Promosie Veiling Khaya Ibubesi, Parys, 11h00 BKB Louwid 13 Julie Natal Brangus Klub Veiling, Dundee 40 Bulle & 50 Vroulike diere, Vleissentraal07 Augustus 08h00 Keuring, Bergville Kompleks, Harrismith 13h30 Registrasie Spesiale Algemene Jaarvergadering

08 Augustus 10h00 Nasionale Skou, 19h00 Brangus Dinee en Prysuitdeling, Bergville Kompleks, Harrismith

09 Augustus 11h00 Brangus Nasionale Veiling, Bergville kompleks, Harrismith BKB Louwid16 Augustus Martin Campher, Keeversfontein Veiling, Ladysmith22 Aug – 02 Sept Pretoria Skou29 Aug – 01 Sept Mega Week31 Augustus Hilton Green (Middledale) Production Sale06 September Wes-Vrystaat Brangus Klub Veiling, Kimberley13 September Paul Carshagen Veiling, Reitz14 September Oos-Kaap Brangus Klub Veiling, Tarkastad18 September Schalk van Oudtshoorn – Elandspruit Produksieveiling, Amsterdam26 September Vryheid Bulveiling01 – 05 Oktober Windhoek Skou en Veiling – Namibië10 Oktober Roberts & Malherbe Produksieveiling, Hertzogville22 Oktober Sentraal Brangus Klub Veiling, te Maselspoort – diere aankoms23 Oktober Sentraal Brangus Klub Veiling – diere word gekeur24 Oktober Sentraal Brangus Boeredag, te Maselspoort om 10h00 Verkoper en Borge Braai om 18h0025 Oktober Sentraal Brangus Klub Veiling, te Maselspoort om 11h00



through

“The ro l e o f Semex i n t he bee f p roduc t i on c ha i n ”Myles Immerkar, Semex Alliance International Beef Manager

Genetic improvement

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION


One common and reasonable goal of beef producers everywhere is the goal of producing low-cost, highly profitable cattle that yield high quality products. Through ge-netic improvement and artificial

insemination we can help the farmer achieve these goals.

There are many tools and resources in the industry that can help achieve these goals. However the challenge each cow-calf producer faces is how to best balance genetics, new technologies and his individual environment to meet the market de-mands for his product. To meet these demands, the producer must also understand the food chain, and how he fits into the larger picture.

Segment Participants Inventory / Products

Seedstock 120,000 breeders Approx. 80 breeds & a handful of AI studs 10 breeds most critical 5 breeds provide 60% of the genetics Products (females, bulls, semen)

Cow-Calf 814,000 beef herds 33.1 million beef cows 97,500 dairy herds 9.1 million dairy cows 29 million feeder calves produced

Feedlot 1,800 feeding companies 14 million head capacity > 1,000 head capacity 23 million cattle marketed

Packer 795 plants 34.8 million head harvested 27.1 million lbs of beef

Each of the above play an important factor in the food chain and getting the beef product to the mar-ketplace. As a cow-calf producer, your goal is to meet the needs of the feedlot, while being efficient in your given environment. A seed stock producer must provide the cow-calf producer with the tools to achieve their goals and objectives. As a global genetics company, Semex takes pride in the impor-tance of our role as a supplier of genetics to both the seed stock and the cow-calf producer.

The quickest and most rapid way to achieve genetic improvement is through artificial insemination (AI). This technology gives the breeder the opportunity to select the sires of his progeny from the best-proven sires from around the world. Of course, the success of this technology is dependant on many factors including genetic selection, environment, and the needs of the marketplace and ultimately return on investment.

Semex has always emphasized the importance of balanced breeding, as it allows the producer to meet marketplace demands while still using leading edge genetics. Importantly, each producer must select breeding goals, bulls and their traits based

Table 1: Overview of the US Beef IndustrySource: Field & Taylor, 2002

on marketplace demands and what will yield the greatest return on their genetic investment. To do this, producers need to evaluate their finished product and its market value versus cost of production. Un-derstanding the traits that yield their desired return will dictate their genetic selection process.

How much is produced?The amount produced, and therefore profitability, is most often determined by the shear number of pounds sent to market. This amount is heavily influ-enced by performance indicators such as yearling weight and weaning weight. Also key to profitability is the number of calves produced per cow; this can be measured by calving ease and calf survival rates. Fertility and stay ability genetic evaluations provide the information on the cow’s ability to have a calf each and every year, essential in the profitability quest. When using artificial insemination breeders can use all of these numbers as selection criteria, as they are readily available in Semex’s genetic evalu-ations.

What does it cost to produce?The traits that impact cost of production include maintenance cost (cost to get to mature weight), cow longevity, calving difficulty, fleshing ability and feed efficiency, as well as convenience traits such as disposition, pigmentation and polled. The ability to maintain a low cost of production within the herd is a key component to the herd’s productivity and profitability.

Myles Immerkar


What influences market value?The traits that affect the product’s value are often retail yield, marbling, rib eye area (REA), back fat and carcass weight. Various markets have selected branded products that give producers the opportu-nity to get premium prices based upon production criteria. The ability to meet these specified parameters offers greater return.

Profitability therefore is determined by the market val-ue less the farmer’s cost of production. This balancing act is based upon environment and geography, mak-ing the beef industry a unique industry. Identifying the needs for your environment and marketplace direct your decision when choosing a breed for your operation. Each breed has its unique strengths, and with AI you have the ability to not only select the breed of your choice but also the sires within that breed that fulfill your needs and market require-ments. It is of greater importance to select the right bull within the breed than the breed itself, as bulls within a breed will offer greater genetic diversity than most breeds offer between themselves. The ability to choose from sires offered via AI removes the guessing game, as it provides breeders with the evaluations for the important production traits, making breeding decision easier with less risk.

AI continues to be the greatest tool for genetic im-provement the beef industry has. The ability to se-lect genetics for individual traits with high proven accuracy has given producers around the world unfounded reliability. In addition, AI increases yield while lowering production costs at a much faster pace than is possible through natural breeding.

This improvement has been evident over time as between 1970 and 1990; each breed in North America has seen considerable improvement in the performance of their genetics through the extensive use of AI. This increased performance has been criti-cal to the profitability of many beef operations.

Through AI, breeders now have the ability to select from sires and breeds that have been proven in nu-merous production systems from varying climates and environments, increasing reliability and confi-dence.

Table 2: Average Birth Weight and Yearling Weight By Breed from 1970 to 1990

Source: MARC

Breed Birth Birth Yearling Yearling Weight Weight Weight Weight 1970 1990 1970 1990

Hereford 36 kg 41 kg 475 kg 619.5 kgAngus 36 kg 38 kg 475 kg 625 kgSimmental 40 kg 42 kg 519 kg 632 kgGelbvieh 41 kg 40 kg 507 kg 613 kgLimousin 42 kg 40 kg 470 kg 594 kgCharolais 39 kg 43 kg 519.5 kg 623 kg

Through Semex’s global network of more than 120 countries, we supply genetics to the beef industry that have been measured and evaluated in different climates, environments, management techniques and marketing systems. Our ability to select these genetics from premier breeders around the world, and then supply these superior bloodlines to the rest of the world is a role we take very seriously. We provide breeders with strict genetic evaluations and performance evaluations, removing the un-certainties from genetic selection. Additionally, our role in the beef industry goes beyond selecting and marketing genetics, if understood that the condi-tions and markets in each country are unique and a one-size-fits-all mentality does not fit. This under-standing is essential in our genetic selection and recommendations at all levels, as this understand-ing is the only way to make genetic progress.

The beef industry is truly unique in that every producer is faced with their own climate conditions, goals and objectives. In the ever increasing competitive marketplace, the breeders that have the ability to adapt their operation to changing climate and environmental conditions, and the always changing needs of the marketplace and consume while keeping profitability in check are the breeders that will sustain longevity and have an impact on the next generation. Semex will continue to provide breeders with the tools to select the best genetics possible, leading the beef industry with the most highly sought after genetics possible.



Brangus kursusseKursusseNatal

Natal Klub Beoordeling kursus, wat plaas gevind het by Martin Campher, Keeversfontein, 18 mense het hierdie kursus begewoon.

Wes-Vrystaat

Wes-Vrystaat Beoordeling Kursus was gehou op 07 – 08 Nov 06 by Dries Delport te Boshof. 24 Mense het hierdie kursus bygewoon waarvan 3 uit Namibia gekom het.

Die Sentraal klub het ook ‘n Breedplan kursus gehad by Tienie Bekker en 8 mense het die kursus bygewoon.

Sentraal Klub

MpumalangaMpumalanga het ook ‘n Breedplan kursus gehad die 17 Jan 2007 te Ermelo by Louis Botha.

Oos-KaapBeoordeling en Breedplan kursus, gehou 20 & 21 Februarie, te Mclear. 18 Mense het die dag bygewoon.



f o r g r o w i n g s t u d b u l l sPRODUCTION LICKS

Jurie Naude: Meadow Feeds

There is a growing demand for bulls that are in condition for mating by two years of age, but which is also adapted to extensive con-ditions. Getting bulls to the desired weight for mating becomes a challenge, when the use of grain, needs to be limited, for

adaptation purposes. This implies that these bulls must reach the desired condition without extensive use of high energy rations containing mostly grain. These are a few options on how to get there:

Firstly we need to determine the goal weight at two years, and then plan around that as to how to get to that weight. A feasible weight at two years with-out intensive feedlot feeding is probably between 650 – 700kg. This implies that we need to add be-tween 420 and 470kg in 450days (If you wean at end of April at 230kg, and the auction is in August). This is an average daily gain of roughly 1kg/animal/day over 450 days.

This is where a fodder flow plan comes in place. The growth achievable on a production lick depends on the type of roughage an animal is fed. For in-stance: gaining 1,5–1,7 kg/day on Beefbooster 18 is very much achievable on green summerveld and/or pastures during the winter. But to get 500g growth/animal/day on dry winterveld is not as easy. Animals will probably grow between 600 – 900g/day on silage with Beefbooster 18 during the win-ter, and also on maize stalks with bufferlick.


The fi rst step then will be to determine how long you can feed animals on Beef-booster 18. Meadow Beefbooster 18 is an 18% protein ready mixed production lick. Of the 180g protein, only 39,3% is derived from NPN sources, meaning that 60,7% of the total protein is from natural protein sources. It contains Lasalocid – Na which can lead to a 22% gain in growth effi ciency on high quality roughage as well as Zinc Bacitracin. The energy levels in only 6,7 MJME/kg which means that the animal gains maximum carcass growth, as opposed to depositing fat.

If the summer is 165 days long (November – mid April), with an average growth of 1,3kg/animal/day, that takes care of roughly 214kg growth. This leaves us with a defi cit of 236kg and two winter periods to get that (May – October; fi rst year (180 days), and Mid April – September (165 days)). In other words: 345 days to gain 236kg equals an average gain of 700g/day. To achieve this with a production lick is a tight order.

The fi rst option is to give these bulls access to either irrigated pastures or oats for a period of average 90 days every winter, on Beefbooster 18. This will yield an ad-ditional 115kg (ADG of 1,3) per season which will get the animals to the desired weight without expecting great gain from winterveld (165 days on a lick). A recom-mended production lick for additional growth: lambing lick.

Second option will be either to put these bulls on maize crop residue with a pro-duction lick like Bufferlick, or feed them maize silage on veld with Beefbooster 18. In both cases growth should be between 600 – 900g/day. To get the same growth, this must be done for 150 days per dry season. Again: for the rest of the period, look at lambing lick. Bufferlick is a production lick that has been specifi -cally developed for the growth of animals on maize crop residue and the preven-tion of acidosis while grazing maize crop residue. It contains 26% protein of which 60.15% is derived from NPN sources (39,85% natural protein), and Lacalocid, a growth stimulant also used in Beefbooster 18.

The third option will be to give all young bulls a production lick with a high natural protein content (lambing lick @1kg/animal/day), aim at moderate growth during the winter months, and put them in a feedlot, for a limited time (75 days)with reduced energy levels and higher natural protein content. Such a ration will look like this:

Hitech feedlot 50 concentrate: 100kg

Multimix concentrate: 50kg (a natural protein concentrate 40%)

Chop / maize: 850kg

Roughage: ad lib

In order for the animals to adapt well on veld after the auction, it is important that the period of feeding animals in a feedlot ends at least six weeks before the sale. During the last month in the feedlot it might be considered to add 50kg of cotton seed instead of Multimix concentrate (helps with the appearance of the hide).

The last six weeks before the auction, animals must be fed in smaller camps on grazing, with ad lib. Hay and, if possible, silage – supplemented with Supreme 20 at 2kg/day.

Supreme 20 is a ready mixed production lick with 20% protein (84,1% from NPN), no growth stimulants and an energy value of 8 MJME/kg.

Jurie Naude


“The fat bulls in our tests showed a reduction of 50% sperm reserves, half as many motile sperm, one third as many normal sperm and eleven times less servic-es.” (Coulter).

“High energy rations fed to young bulls in order to achieve rapid growth rates or fatten the bull for a show does adversely affect reproductive character-istics of the bull.” (Richardson).

“Bulls fed high gaining rations often lay down fat in the scrotum, and this results in lower fertility. The testes normally maintain a temperature four to six degrees cooler than body temperature. If fat deposits de-velop in the neck of the scrotum, the countercurrent

heat exchange, where warm blood from the body is cooled by the blood in the testes, is disrupted. Sperm production is not normal at higher temperatures and results in impaired reproductive traits.” (Pruitt).

“Overfat bulls have decreased fertility and decreased stamina for mounting and seeking cows in heat. A Canadian study reported that feeding high energy diets to young bulls damaged their sperm producing ability to the extent that several bulls in the study were sterile.” (Nelson).

“Overfat young bulls that are infertile (too much fat deposited in the scrotum interferes with sperm pro-duction and viability).” (Thomas).

Facts about fat bulls(Simmentaler joernaal 2007)



Inleiding

Diereteelt manipuleer lank reeds gene deur seleksie van diere wat die beste presteer.

Ouers is geselekteer vir sekere ekonomies belan-grike eienskappe en estetiese eienskappe in op-eenvolgende generasies. Hierdie konvensionele teelstrategieë het ‘n drastiese toename in produks-iedoeltreffendheid oor tyd teweeg gebring. Die frekwensie van gunstige eienskappe is vermeerder en dié van ongunstige eienskappe verminder. Moderne tegnologie maak die opspoor en gebruik van ekonomies belangrike eienskappe by vleis- en melkbeeste vandag veel meer betroubaar. Hi-erdie oorerflike eienskappe kan deur DNA tegnolo-gie reeds vroeg na geboorte, selfs voorgeboorte op embrio stadium, opgespoor en bepaal word. Hoewel hierdie tegnologie nog in sy kinderskoene staan, moet telers nou reeds die besluit neem om hierdie tegnologie te gebruik en hoe om dit te ge-bruik.

Oorerflike eienskappe

Oorerflike eienskappe kan in twee breë katogorieë gesien word nl. enkelgeen eienskappe en die sogenaamde kwantitatiewe eienskappe wat bepaal word deur kwantitatiewe loci (K+L). Enkel-geen eienskappe word deur enkel gene bepaal en is hoofsaaklik siekteverwant bv. Pompe se siekte, kritiese ruggraat afwykings en BLAD. Kwantitatiewe eienskappe is meesal van ekonomiese en este-tiese belang. Hierdie eienskappe word beïnvloed deur verskeie gene wat elk ‘n additiewe bydra tot die variasie van die eienskap maak. Hulle word as ‘n groep kwantitatiewe loci genoem en word ge-meet op ‘n aaneenlopende skaal.

& DNA TOETSING DAARVOORDie belang van Kwantitatiewe Loci

DNA toetse vir beide enkelgeen eienskappe en K+L is reeds kommersieël beskikbaar en verander die paradigma deur produsente toe te laat om die genetiese potensiaal van hul diere vroeg en akkuraat te takseer sodat hulle bestuur kan word.

DNA toetse vir kwantitatiewe eienskappe

Sowat vier jaar gelede was daar geen kommersiële toetse vir kwantitatitewe eienskappe en kwantita-tiewe loci beskikbaar nie. Vandag is daar verskeie gepatenteerde DNA toetse vir hierdie ekonomies en estetiese belangrike eienskappe beskikbaar. Veral vleissmaak en -gehalte, velkleur, voeromset-ting en melkvolume en -gehalte word deur hierdie toetse geteiken. Verskeie toetse is reeds beskikbaar om hierdie eienskappe te bepaal en slegs enkeles sluit in:

(i) GeneStar Marmering

Die genestar toete toets vir variante van die tiro-globuliengeen wat geassosieer word met hoër marmering. Daar word vir vier variante in die geen getoets en die resultate word as ‘n ster-gradering van 0 tot 8 sterre weergee.

(ii) GeneStar Sagtheidstoetse:

Hierdie toetse toets vir variasie in die Cal-pastatin- en Calpaingeen en meet die spesi-fieke variante binne hierdie twee gene wat tot die graad van sagtheid van vleis bydra. Ook hier word resultate as ‘n stergradering van 0 tot 8 sterre uitgedruk.

(iii) Tru-Tenderness toetse vir vleissagtheid:

Hierdie toetse maak gebruik van 11 verskillende unieke DNA merkers wat elk met vleissagtheid geassosieer word. Hulle kumulatiewe effek verk-

Deur Dr Munro Marx, Unistel



laar ‘n groot gedeelte van die variasie van hi-erdie komplekse metaboliese eienskap.

(iv) Ingenity Leptien toetse:

Die leptien geen speel ‘n rol by die reguler-ing van voerinname, energiebalans, melk-produksie, vleismarmering en vrugbaarheid. Dus kan kennis oor die dier se Leptingenotipe help met die strategiese bestuur van teel, voed-ing en bestuur. Resultate word weergee deur ‘n genotipe van tt, tc en cc. Die tt genotipe word geassosieer met ‘n toename in vetneerlegging en beter vleisgradering. Die cc genotipe word geassosieer met maer vleis en ‘n afname in vet-neerlegging. Die tc genotype is intermediêr tot die vorige twee.

(v) Ingenity Component Marker toetse:

Die Component Marker toetse identifiseer ‘n koei se potensiaal vir die produksie van melk-komponente. Die natuurlike variasie van ‘n geen wat die metaboliese pad van proteïen-sintese reguleer, word bepaal en uitgedruk as ‘n genotipe nl CC, Cc en cc. Die voorkoms van hierdie genotipes mag grootliks varieer tussen melkbeesrasse. Daar is ‘n groot verskil in melk-produksie (-135), vet (12) en proteïen (15) tussen die CC en cc genotype.

Die ekonomiese gebruik van kwantitatiewe loci toetse in teling

Die hoofaanwending van toetse om die kwantita-tiewe loci genotipe van teeldiere te bepaal, lê in die seleksieprosedure wat ‘n teler wil volg en die spesifieke eienskap waarvoor geselekteer en geteel wil word. DNA toetse moet gesien word as ‘n rev-olusionêre werktuig wat produsente in staat stel om vroeë teelbesluite te neem wat die akkuraatheid van seleksie verhoog en die ouderdom van diere waaroor besluite gemaak word, verminder. Diere met ‘n hoër potensiaal vir getoetste kenmerke tes-ame met ander seleksie kriteria, soos bou en kleur, kan identifiseer word. So word die ekonomiese waarde van die kudde dan verhoog.

Voordele van DNA toetsing

1. Bekende genotipes van ouerdiere maak die voospelling van die nageslag se genotipe veel meer akkuraat.

2. Kwantitatiewe kenmerke word bepaal deur ver-skeie geen-interaksies en hierdie effek kan net gemeet word deur toetsing.

3. Die korrekte kombinasie van kwantitatiewe loci kan slegs met DNA toetsing geselekteer word en dit het ‘n direkte invloed op die ekonomiese waarde van die nageslag aangaande vleisge-halte, melkproduksie en voeromset.

4. Met seleksie vir die korrekte genotipes by teeld-iere, veral bulle, kan die frekwensie van voordeli-

ge genotipes binne die kudde vinnig verbeter word.

5. Diere met ‘n hoë potensiaal om nageslag met ekonomies voordelige eienskappe te teel, sal teen ‘n premie aangekoop moet word.

Opsommend

Beter marmering en sagtheid by karkasse lei direk tot beter gradering. Dit het voordelige ekonomiese implikasies. Verbeterde melkvolume en gehalte produksie het nie net vir melkboere ekonomiese voordele nie, maar by vleisbeestelers kan melkge-halte direk ‘n invloed hê op die prestasie van kalw-ers.

Die sleutel van hierdie voordele lê daarin dat ge-netiese inligting omtrent voordelige eienskappe wat duur is om te meet, koste-effektief geneties bepaal kan word. Dit is in die hele seleksieproses van kardinale belang dat die genetiese samestell-ing van ‘n kudde bekend is. Die inligting word deur DNA toetsing, prestasietoetsing en seleksie vir fisiese kenmerke verky.

DNA toetsing stel dus stoettelers sowel as kommer-siële produsente in staat om ingeligte besluite om-trent kruising en bestuur te maak.



What is Accuracy?

By definition, an EBV is an estimate of an animal’s true breeding value. The “ac-curacy” figure produced with each EBV provides a measure of the stability of the EBV and gives an indication of the amount of information that has been used in the calculation of that EBV. The higher the accuracy the lower the likelihood of change in the animal’s EBV as more information is analysed for that animal, it’s progeny or it’s relatives.

How is Accuracy Reported?

Accuracy figures are reported as a percentage (%) between 0 – 99.

In most cases where an EBV is presented, the accuracy of the EBV will be reported in either the column immediately following the EBV or the row beneath the EBV.

How do I interpret Accuracy?

The following guide may be useful for interpreting accuracy:

less than 50% accuracy - the EBVs are preliminary. EBVs in this range will have been calculated based on very little information. These EBVs could change sub-stantially as more direct performance information becomes available on the ani-mal.

50-74% accuracy - the EBVs are of medium accuracy. EBVs in this range will usu-ally have been calculated based on the animal’s own performance and some limited pedigree information.

75-90% accuracy - the EBVs are of medium-high accuracy. EBVs in this range will usually have been calculated based on the animal’s own performance coupled with the performance for a small number of the animal’s progeny.

more than 90% accuracy - the EBVs are a high accuracy estimate of the ani-mal’s true breeding value. It is unlikely that EBVs will change considerably with ad-dition of more progeny data.

Although the accuracy of an EBV should be considered, animals should be com-pared on EBVs regardless of accuracy. Where two animals have the same EBV however, the animal with the higher accuracy would normally be used more heavily than the bull with the lower accuracy because the results can be pre-dicted with more confidence.

Remember, all information that is known about an animal and its relatives is considered in the calculation of its EBVs. Subsequently, the EBV will be the best estimate available of an animal’s genetic merit, regardless of accuracy.

For more information regarding accuracy, please contact staff at BREEDPLAN.

Interpreting Accuracy

‘n Unieke kenmerk van BREEDPLAN is dat dit EO-kal-wers kan insluit in ontledings. Die volgende praktyke word aanbeveel om te verseker dat the teelwaardes (BTW’s) die akuraatste kan wees:• die ontvanger ‘n koei is wat in u kudde geteel is;• die ontvanger tot dieselfde ras as die EO-kalf be-

hoort;• die ontvanger ten minste een kalf op natuurlike

wyse grootgemaak het, en hierdie kalf prestasie-aangeteken is in u kudde;

EMBRIO-OORPLASING (EO)• ontvangermoeders in ‘n EO-program ewe oud

is of (ten minste) geboortejare vir die ontvangers verskaf is;

• embrios van verskillende vaars en moeders in dieselfde program ingeplant is (i.e. spoel ‘n paar koeie of gebruik bevrore embrios);

• u GENOOTSKAP in kennis stel of gesplete embrios ingeplant is en die operasie geslaagd was.

(Ekstrak uit Breedplan Gebruikers Handleiding)


1. Aktiewe lede 126;2. Streeksverdeling van telers: Noordwes 2; Vrystaat 48; Namibië 6; Mpumalan-

ga 17; Gauteng + Limpopo 10; Noord-Kaap 12; Wes/Oos-Kaap 8; KwaZulu Natal 23;

3. Dieretal in besit van aktiewe lede 12117 (8224 vroulik en 3893 manlik);4. Gemiddelde kudde grootte: 65 vroulike diere;5. Ouderdoms verdeling van vroulik: 40% onder 2 jaar, 35% van twee tot vyf

jaar, 10% ses tot 8 jaar, 2% ouer as 8 jaar;6. Seleksie: net 4 van elke 10 bulle word geregistreer7. Breedplan prestasietoetsing: 74% van alle telers met 88% van alle diere;8. Gemiddelde gewig van Brangus in SA en Namibie (tabel) GEM Geboorte 31.1 Speen 220 400-dae 295 600-dae 391 Volwasse koeie gewig 491 Koei/kalf speen verhouding 44.8% Ouderdom eerste kalwing 32.2 Interkalf periode 32.2 Skrotum omvang 33.2cm9. Teeldoelwit: Sien bladsy 6010. Stambome, teelwaardes, kontak inligting van telers en menigte ander

gegewens van 126 telers an 150 000 Brangus diere, is vrylik en gratis beskik-baar by www.brangus.org.za

Brangus Stats

BRANGUS Die toekoms lê in die kwaliteit van die nageslag30







KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsBruljant C03 8

Elandspruit 02 319



KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsFE0453

Sundance





KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsT-X 02 13

V5 02 50 Thickset

Tank

5 Ster sagtheid van vleis. Tantieme van R100 per registrasie

not recomendedfor heifers


KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsLabor 8L

Wiljada 02 5








KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsV5 02 77 Performer Extra

V5 03 26 Thickset



KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsPRIVAAT





KI Bulle

AI Bulls

AI BullsPRIVAAT




Vei

lin

g u

itsl

ae


‘n Ras sonder teeldoelwitte is rigtingloos en verlore. Die Raad, telers en kenners het op ‘n Bosberaad te Parys ‘n profiel opgestel van hoe die ideale Bran-gus; visueel eienskappe (Liniere stelsel 1-9 met 5 as ideal) en volgens BLUP teelwaardes lyk. Dit is ‘n goed gebalanseerde kombinasie van funksionele eien-skappe en teelwaardes van ekonomiese belangrike eienskappe wat gebaseer is op:

• Behoeftes van die komersiële vleisbeesboer• Die bestaande rasstandarde;• Om die goeie eienskappe waarvoor die Brangus

bekend is verder uit te bou en om enige nega-tiewe eienskappe aan te spreek

A breed without a breeding goal lacks direction and is lost. At a THINK TANK in Parys the Brangus Board, prominent breeders and consultants developed a profile of the ideal Brangus using visual (linear system 1-9 with 5 ) and breeding values of economically important traits based on:

• Requirement of commercial beef cattle producers;• The breed standards;• To further improve the positive traits the Brangus is

already known for and to address any negative traits that is hampering the further expansion of the breed

Brangus TeeldoelwitteB R A N G U S B R E E D I N G G O A L S

The South African Brangus is described as a breed that:

§ Polled§ Is adaptable (reproduces regularly) under a wide

range of conditions§ Has light birth weights§ Produces Medium frame cows that are - Effi-

cient - weans more than 45% of cow weight- have good mothering ability and - above average milk

§ Produces calves with high weaning weight and good feed conversion ratios

§ Has excellent meat quality§ Docile breed


Die Brangus teeldoelwit word as volg uiteengesit:

The Brangus breeding goals are as follows:

A. Functional traits that must be evaluated by breeder at weaning / Funksionele eienskappe wat deur die teler moet geëvalueer word by speen.

1. Makheid/Docility

2. Skede lengte / Sheath length

3. Skede opening / Sheath opening

Makheids punt ⁄Docility ScoreMakheidDocility

Stiller as gemiddeld maar ietwat rusteloos, mag koppig tydens hantering wees, mag probeer om uit die drukgang te retireer, trek terug aan kopklem, swiep stert ietwat, verlaat drukgang pront.

quieter than average but slightly restless, may be stubborn during handling, may try to back out of crush, pulls back on headgate, some flicking of tail, exits crush promptly.

Tipiese temperament, hanteerbaar maar senuagtig en ongeduldig, matige graad van worsteling, beweging en swiep van stert, druk en pluk aan kopklem, verlaat drukgang baie lewendig.

typical temperament, manageable but nervous and impatient, a moderate amount of struggling, movement and tail flicking, repeated pushing and pulling on headgate, exits crush briskly.

Skrikkerig en buite beheer, wil en worstel hewig, mag bulk en skuim om bek, swiep stert deurgaans, ontlas en urineer tydens hantering, hardloop waansinnig met omheinings langs en mag spring wanneer individueel ingehok, vertoon ‘n lang “vlug” –afstand en storm uit die drukgang.

jumpy and out of control, quivers and struggles violently, may bellow and froth at mouth, continuous tail flicking, defecates and urinates during handling, frantically runs fenceline and may jump when penned individually, exhibits long flight distance and exits crush wildly.

Dieselfde simptome as by klassifikasie 4, maar met aggressiwiteit daarby, angstig, uiters onrustig en gejaagd, spring en bulk terwyl in drukgang, verlaat drukgang waansinnig en mag aanvalsgedrag vertoon wanneer alleen hanteer word.

may be similar to score 4 but with added aggressive behaviour, fearful, extreme agitation, continuous movement which may include jumping and bellowing while in crush, exits crush frantically and may exhibit attack behaviour when handled alone.

1. Mak ⁄ Docile

2. Rusteloos ⁄ Restless

3. Senuagtig ⁄ Nervous

4. Tempera- menteel (Wild) ⁄ Flighty (wild)

5. Aggressief ⁄ Aggressive

goeie geaardheid, sag, maklik hanteerbaar, staan en beweeg stadig met hantering, onversteurd, bestendig, ietwat dooierig, pluk nie aan kopklem wanneer in drukgang, verlaat drukgang kalm.mild disposition, gentle and easily handled, stands and moves slowly during handling, undisturbed, settled, somewhat dull, does not pull on headgate when in crush, exits crush calmly.

9 Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, no prolaps visible;

6 Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, prolaps of less than 2 cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

5 Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, prolaps of less than 5 cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

3 Sheath opening shows skin folds, opening is not fully closed, prolaps of less than 7 cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

1 Sheath opening shows no skin folds, open-ing is always open, pronounced prolaps constantly hangs out


B. Functional traits that must be evaluated at inspection / Funksionele eienskappe wat by keuring moet geëvalueer word (18-36 ma/mo).

1. Voorbene / Front legs2. Agterbene - syaansig / Read legs (side view)3. Agterbene - agteraansig / Rear legs (rear view)4. Koot gewrigte / Pastern

C. Ander eienskappe wat tydens keuring geëvalueer word/ Other traits that are evaluated during in-spection

1. Horings/horns; scurs; knoppies; polled/poenskop2. Kleur / Colour3. Bespiering / Muscling4. Geslagtelike ontwikkeling / Sexual development5. Algehele indruk / General appearance6. Genetiese defekte / Genetic defects7. Haar kleed / Coat 8. Tipe / Type (Brahman - Angus)

D. Reproduction / Reproduksie Heifers must calf before 40 months and should then calve every year days (Maximum 540 days)/ Verse moet voor 40 maande kalf en daarna elke jaar (Maximum 540 dae)

E. Breeding values and linear score goals /Teelaarde en lineêr punt doelwitte

Birth Weight 200-Day 600-Day MCW 200-Day Scrotal Docility Sheath Sheath (kg) Weight Weight (kg) Milk Size (cm) (Score) Lenght Opening (kg) (kg) (kg) (Score) (Score)

Top 1% -1.5 +20 +37 +43 +7 +1.4

Top 5% -0.5 +16 +31 +34 +5 +0.8

Top 10% -0.1 +15 +28 +30 +4 +0.6 9 9

Top 20% +0.4 +13 +25 +26 +3 +0.4 8 8

Top 30% +0.7 +12 +23 +24 +3 +0.3 7 7

Top 40% +0.9 +11 +21 +22 +2 +0.2 6 6

Breed Avg +1.0 +10 +20 +21 +2 +0.1 5 5 5

Top 60% +1.2 +9 +19 +20 +2 +0.1 4 4 4

Top 70% +1.4 +9 +18 +18 +1 +0.0 3 3 3

Top 80% +1.6 +7 +16 +16 +1 -0.1 2 2 2

Top 90% +2.1 +6 +13 +12 -0 -0.3 1 1 1

Top 95% +2.6 +4 +10 +9 -1 -0.5

Top 99% +3.7 +1 +5 +1 -3 -1.0

In green the ideal EBVs and linear scores for the Brangus of tomorrow


64 Die toekoms lê in die kwaliteit van die nageslag

• Word teler van ’n ras wat sy ledetal in die laaste 3 jaar verdubel het;

• Professionele veekundige adviesdiens tydens jaarlikse kuddebesoek deur geakrediteerde rasa-dviseur.

• Koop diere (met behulp van rasadviseur) en/of begin deur u eie Brangus tipe vroulike dier (Brah-manXAngus) vir opname as Appendix A(F1) of B(F2) aan te bied;

• Groot genepoel beskikbaar – werelwyd is die An-gus die grootste vleisbees ras en die Brahman die mees talryke ras in die tropies gebiede.

• Kombinasie van twee uitstekende rasse: vrug-baarheid (aanpasbaarheid), vleiskwaliteit, klein kalfi es (31kg), bogemidelde speengewig (217kg), koeie medium raam (480kg) – Brangus- “die nat-uurlike kurwe knakker”

• “South African Tenderizer” Scientifi c results show that 98% of all Brangus Carcasses are tender to extremely tender;

• Teel poenskop;• Doelgerigte praktiese teelprogramme met ‘n

oop kuddeboek benadering• Kies kombinasie wat vir jou die beste werk in

jou omgewing (vanaf 3/16 Angus tot 3/16 Brah-man);

• Meerbulparing kan vir teling van A (F1) en B (F2) gebruik word;

• Ras kenners keur dier voor registrasie op die plaas. Seleksie gebaseer op voorkoms en prestasie;

• Deelname aan die wereld se mees gevorderde vleisbees prestasietoetsstelsel (30 mil.vleisbeeste van 37 rasse in 13 lande);

• Stambome, prestasie records en vele meer van all Brangusse gratis beskikbaar aan almal by www.brangus.org.za;

• Vaste fooie vir kuddes met meer as 500 koeie (koste per dier neem af soos kudde bo 500 koe-ie vergroot);

Brangus?Brangus?



Swart Bulleklas 1 minus 18 mnde

Eerste RVW053 Tweede - Derde - klas 2 18 - 24 mnde Eerste MM04367 Tweede L04762 Derde MM04298 klas 3 25 - 30 mnde Eerste FE0447 Tweede BM048 Derde C0424 klas 4 Jnr Kampioen MM04367 Res Jnr Kampioen FE0447 klas 5 31 - 36 mnde Eerste TX0312 Tweede DD031 Derde L03707 klas 6 37 - 42 mnde Eerste CFH03150 Tweede CFH03162 Derde MBB03195 klas 7 42 plus mnde Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 8 Snr Kampioen TX0312 Res Snr Kampioen CFH03150 klas 9 Groot Kampioen Bul MM04367

9 Augustus 2006 te Harrismith

Swart Vroulike Diereklas 10 minus 18 mnde Eerste RVW0584 Tweede CFH05475 Derde - klas 11 18+ mnde (Oop) Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 12 18+ mnde (Dragtig) Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 13 Jnr Kampioen RVW0584 Res Jnr Kampioen CFH05475 klas 14 31 - 36 mnde Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 15 37 - 42 mnde Eerste ABC005 Tweede - Derde - klas 16 42 plus mnde Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 17 Snr Kampioen ABC005 Res Snr Kampioen - klas 18 Groot Kampioen Koei ABC005

Nasionale SkouNet diere wat op die Nasionale Veiling verkoop word, word geskou.


Rooi Bulleklas 21 minus 18 mnde Eerste V50528 Tweede - Derde - klas 22 18 - 24 mnde Eerste NS04146 Tweede MJB0412 Derde BM0458 klas 23 25 - 30 mnde Eerste L04739 Tweede D04825 Derde NS04143 klas 24 Jnr Kampioen L04739 Res Jnr Kampioen NS04146 klas 25 31 - 36 mnde Eerste KB0327 Tweede KB0332 Derde TX0318 klas 26 37 - 42 mnde Eerste L03654 Tweede TX034 Derde - klas 27 42 plus mnde Eerste D01599 Tweede KB99127 Derde V50260 klas 28 Snr Kampioen D01599 Res Snr Kampioen KB0327 Klas 29 Groot Kampioen Bul D01599

Rooi Vroulike Diereklas 30 minus 18 mnde Eerste CFH0579 Tweede CFH05376 Derde RVW057 klas 31 18+ mnde (Oop) Eerste - Tweede L04758 Derde WD048 klas 32 18+ mnde (Dragtig) Eerste B0453 Tweede V50469 Derde RR042 klas 33 Jnr Kampioen CFH0579 CFH05376 Res Jnr Kampioen klas 34 31 - 36 mnde Eerste D03719 Tweede L03656 Derde - klas 35 37 - 42 mnde Eerste - Tweede - Derde - klas 36 42 plus mnde Eerste V5977 Tweede - Derde - klas 37 Snr Kampioen V5977 Res Snr Kampioen D03719Klas 38 Groot Kampioen Koei V5977

Dankie aan ons hoofborge:


GROEPE

klas 39 Veilings Bulle Eerste B0428, NS04164, NS04144, NS04143 Tweede JJR0413, JJR0416, JJR0465,JJR0497 Derde CFH03549, CFH03569, CFH03222, CFH03332 klas 40 Veilings Vroulike diere Eerste CFH0564, CFH0579, CFH05142, CFH05376 Tweede - Derde - klas 41 Bul & Vroulike diere Eerste V50260 & V5977 Tweede V50511 & V50469 Derde CFH03549 & CFH05376

OPPERSTE KAMPIOENE

Opperste Kampioen Bul D01599Opperste Kampioen Koei ABC005

Klas 42 BREEDPLAN KAMPIOEN BUL

Eerste FE0447 Tweede RVW053 Derde NS04146

• Maak voorsiening vir ‘n kort kalfseisoen. Dit vermeerder die aantal kalwers in elke groep en ver-minder die aantal groepe gebaseer op kalfouderdom.

• Weeg kalwers voordat hulle by bestuursgroepe ingedeel word (bv. merk, voeding).• Weeg alle kalwers van dieselfde geslag op dieselfde dag.• Beplan KI-programme om met natuurlike paring saam te val, of sluit ‘n vaar uit natuurlike dekking

in die KI-program in.• Gebruik meer as een KI-vaar in u KI-program.• Dra sorg dat soveel vaars as moontlik in elke bestuursgroep verteenwoordig is.• Moenie alle vaars in een jaar vervang nie.• Elke bestuursgroep moet net enersbehandelde diere insluit.• Hou koeie in groepe so groot as wat prakties is.• Moenie dieselfde koeigroeperings oor baie jare hou nie (i.e. herverdeel u koeie van jaar tot

jaar).

Groepeer slegs eners-behandelde kalwers.Hou groepe so groot as moontlik.

Behou genetiese diversiteit in elke groep.

om die maksimum voordeel uit u Breedplan-ontleding te kryAANBEVOLE PRAKTYKE

ABC005: Snr & Opperste kampioen swart koeiEienaar: R van Wyk

RVW0584: Junior kampioen swart versEienaar: R van Wyk

CFH03150: Res Senior kampioen swart bulEienaar: S van Oudtshoorn

D01599: Snr & Opperste kampioen rooi bulEienaar: Delport Boerdery

RVW053: Kampioen swart bul jonger as 18 maandeEienaar: R van Wyk

Junior kampioen rooi bulEienaar: Delport Boerdery

CFH0579: Junior kampioen rooi versEienaar: S van Oudtshoorn

TX0312: Senior kampioen swart bulEienaar: J Baxter

NA

SIO

NA

LE S

KOU

200

6

The future lies in the quality of the progeny BRANGUS 69


Cattle that remain calm during handling in squeeze chutes have higher average daily gains than cattle that become agitated when restrained in a squeeze chute. This article will summarize some of the research the author and her students have done on temperament. Temperament was assessed on a 4 point scale while the animals were held in a squeeze chute.

1. Calm no movement2. Restless shifting3. Squirming continuous shaking of the squeeze

chute4. Rearing, twisting, continuous violent struggle

Another good measure of temperament is record-ing speed when cattle exit from a squeeze chute. Exit speed can be recorded by two methods. The first is a police radar unit that is used for measur-ing speeding cars and the second is recording the animal’s gait. Gait can be recorded as walk, trot, run, or jump. Gait scoring is very objective because the different gaits are very distinct.

Both Bos Taurus (European/English) cattle and Bos indicus (Brahman cross) cattle that became agi-tated during handling had significantly lower weight gains (Voisinet et al., 1997a). Calm animals had 14% to 10% higher weight gain. After these cattle were processed, their meat quality was measured. In the Brahman cross group, the animals that be-came excited and agitated in the squeeze chute had more borderline dark cutters and tougher meat. The calmest animals that stood still in the squeeze had Warner Bratzler Shear Force measure-ments that averaged 2.86 kg and the cattle that cattle that struggled violently during restraint had tougher meat that averaged 3.63 kg (Voisinet et al., 1997b). Forty percent of the agitated cattle had shear force measurements that were over 3.9 kg which is the threshold value for acceptability in food service establishments. Hiefers became more agitated in the squeeze chute than steers (Voisinet et al., 1997a).

Update on Cattle Temperament Testing (August 2003)

Since Voisenet et al. (1997) was published, re-searchers have conducted further studies on the relationship between cattle temperament and performance. Burrows and Dillon (1997) and Fell et al. (1999) used radar speed cameras to measure

the speed of cattle exiting a squeeze chute. Cat-tle with faster exit speeds had lower weight gains, more sickness, and more dark cutting meat.

Measuring the speed of cattle exiting a squeeze chute may be a less subjective and more accu-rate measurement of temperament than chute score where an observer assigns a score to the de-gree of agitation in the squeeze chute. Lanier et al. (2002) used both chute score and exit speed score to determine if cattle that had thin foreleg bones were more excitable. Exit speed scores were assigned for walk, trot, canter, or jump after exiting. The standard horse gaits were used and were assigned numbers of 1, 2, 3, or 4. This is less subjective than chute scores and no equipment is required. Cattle with thin foreleg bones exited at a faster gait. Chute score showed no significant differneces due to higher variability. Research by Baker et al. (2003) indicated that exit speed score is more accurate than chute score. They timed the speed of cattle movement between two laser sen-sors which were spaced 1.83 M (6 ft.) apart in front of the squeeze chute. Heifers exited faster than steers and high speeders had lower weight gains. R.D. Randel at Texas A&M University explained that for beef calves, chute score and exit score will both work. Chute scoring becomes much less ac-curate for old tame cows that are accustomed to the squeeze chute. For these animals, exit speed score is recommended. The use of laser sensors would be impractical on many ranches and more practical alternatives are the radar camera or sim-ple gait scoring of walk, trot, canter, or jump. Both methods are less subjective than chute scores. An-other way to improve chute score accuracy is to use four ratings as shown in this paper instead of five. When cattle are being temperament scored, the same people should move all of the cattle into the chute. Calm quiet handling is essential for accurate temperament scores. Yelling or exces-sive use of electric prods will distort temperament scores.

Experience Versus Genetics

Both an animal’s genetics and its previous experi-ences with handling will affect how it will react dur-ing handling. In one study Grandin (1993) assessed the temperament of bulls when they were handled in a squeeze chute four times at 30 day intervals. The same four point rating scale was used. The

Assessment of temperament in cattle and its effect on weight gain and meat quality and other recent research on hairwhorls, coat color, bone thickness,

and fertilityTemple Grandin, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171



temperament scores were stable over time for the calmest and the most agitated animals. Animals with middle ranking scores of 2 or 3 were more vari-able.

Temperament scoring will probably be more ac-curate for detecting genetic differences in animals when it is done in a novel environment. Cattle that are quietly handled every day in a squeeze chute will often become accustomed to it and learning will cause their temperament score to decrease. Therefore if bulls are being scored for tempera-ment it would be best to score them the first time they are handled in the squeeze chute. They should also be scored whenever they are handled. Unless they are handled very frequently in the squeeze chute, learning is less likely to affect the scores of either the most agitated or the calmest animals. Littlefield et all., 2001, found that cattle became easier to handle when they were carefully and qui-etly handled in a squeeze chute every day for eight days. The wildest most excitable animals remained in the back of the group and were the last animals to move through the squeeze chutes.

Ranchers have observed that some cattle may be calm at the home ranch and then become highly agitated and crash into a fence at an auction. Ani-mals that have flighty, excitable genetics may act calm at home where they are with familiar people, but may become highly agitated when they are suddenly driven into a novel environment such as an auction ring. Cattle with calmer genetics will usually behave in a relatively calm manner both at the home ranch and in a novel environment such as an auction. For more information on how new experiences affect behavior refer to (Gran-din 1997, 1998, 2000). The genetic effects on an animal’s reactivity and agitation are more likely to be exhibited when the animal is tested in a novel unfamiliar place.

Sensitivity to Stimuli and Temperament

Lanier et al. (2000) reported that one of the fac-tors which is part of an animal’s temperament is sensitivity to high pitched intermittent noise and rapid movement. Cattle were observed at cattle auctions in two different states. When each animal entered the ring it was rated for temperament. A rating of 1 stood still or walked, a rating of 2, trotted, a rating of 3 moved faster than a trot and a rating of 4 charged the fence or tried to jump out.

The cattle that flinched when the ringman swung his arm and “yipped” to take a bid were more likely to have a higher temperament score. What this means is that sensitivity to high pitched noise and rapid movement is one of the factors which comprises the temperament of an animal. Cattle that become agitated in an auction ring are more sensitive to certain stimuli. These animals appear to be more aware of what is going on in their environ-

ment. Observations by both the author and ranch-ers indicate that cattle that have the tendency to become easily agitated are the first animals to raise their heads and point their ears and eyes to-wards new sights and sounds.

Hairwhorls, Physical Traits, and Temperament

Two studies have shown that the position of the spi-ral hairwhorl on the forehead of cattle is related to their temperament score both in the squeeze chute and in the auction ring. A total of 1500 cattle were observed while they were being handled at a commercial feedlot. Cattle with a spiral hairwhorl above the eyes were more likely to become agi-tated in the squeeze chute than cattle with spiral hairwhorl below the eyes (Grandin et al., 1995). Fig-ure 1 shows an animal with a low hairwhirl. Lanier et al. (2000) found that cattle with a hairwhorl above the eyes were also more likely to become agitated in the auction ring. There were no purebred Brah-man or zebu cattle in these studies. Some of the cattle were Brahman crosses and the others were either English or European breeds. Purebred brah-mans are one breed that does not have a spiral hairwhorl on the forehead. Even in the English/Eu-ropean cattle about 22% had no hairwhorl. Cattle with no hairwhorl also become more agitated than cattle with normal spiral whorl (Lanier et al., 2000). Lanier et al., 2002, found that fine boned cattle with slender front foreleg bones were more flighty and ran out of the squeeze chute faster than cattle with thicker foreleg bones. The foreleg bone was 9% wider in the calmer animals. The cattle in this experiment were crossbreds of English and Euro-pean beef breeds. The body weight of the animal had no effect on temperatment scores. In another experiment, temperament and coat coloration in Holstein dairy cows was related. Rose et al (2002), found that Holsteins with mostly white heads were more flighty. Animals with large amounts of black coloration on their heads were calmer.

Tips on Temperament Selection

There is a need to select cattle and other animals to have a calm temperament. However over se-lection for any single physical or behavioral trait can cause problems (Grandin, 1998). It is probably a bad idea to select for the absolute most calm animals. Doing this might cause problems. For ex-ample, the Holstein dairy cow is very calm but she is a poor mother. Over selection for the calmest might cause a loss of other beneficial traits such as mothering ability or motivation to forage long distances on a pasture. A good approach to tem-perament selection is to cull the highly excitable animals that become highly agitated during han-dling. Cattle that kick, rear, jump fences or struggle violently during handling are dangerous and dif-ficult to handle. These animals also cause other cattle in a herd to become excited. They definitely should be culled.



A good principle when selecting for temperament is to cull the animals that rate a 4 and get rid of the “crazy” cattle. One also has to be careful not to cull a good animal that becomes highly agitated because the one in front of it was rearing or strug-gling.

Hairwhorls and Fertility

Cattle with abnormal asymetrical facial hairwhorls may also be less fertile. Meola et al (2002) found that Black Angus bulls with a perfect round spiral whorl on the forehead had a higher percentage of animals that passed the breeding soundness exam.

Bulls with an abnormal asymetrical forehead hair pattern that had an elongated epicenter that looked like a crooked line, were more likely to fail the breeding soundness exam.

Figure 1: Perfect spiral hairwhorl with a round epi-center that is located below the eyes. Cattle with hairwhorls above the top of the eyes are more ex-citable. Cattle with hairwhorls below the eyes are calmer. Bulls with perfect round hairwhorls with a round epicenter may be more fertile.

Bulls were sorted into two groups. Animals with per-fect round spirals with round epicenters and bulls with a single crooked line that was longer than the width of their eyes. Eighty three percent of the bulls with perfect round spirals passed the breeding soundess exam and only 50% of the bulls with a long crooked line passed.

References and Further Reading

Baker, J.E., Randel, R.D., and Long, C.R. Breed type and gender effects on chute exit velocity and chute temperament score in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci., 81:120 (Supl. 1) (Abstract).

Burrows, H.M. and Dillon, R.D. 1997. Relationship between tem-perament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits in Bos indicus crossbreds. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 37:407-411.

Fell, L.R. Colditz, I.G., Walker, K.H., and Watson, D.L. 1999. Asso-ciations between temperament, performance, and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 39:795-802.

Grandin, T. 1993. Behavioral agitation is persistent over time. Appl. Anim. Behaviour Sci. 36:1-9.

Grandin, T., M.J. Deesing, J.J. Struthers and A.M. Swinker. 1995. Cattle with hairwhorls above the eyes are more behaviorally

Figure 2: Abnormal, asymetrical hair pattern with an elongated epicenter that is longer than the width of the eyes. Bulls with abnormal hairwhorl pat-terns like this may be less fertile.


agitated during restraint. Appl. Anim. Behaviour Sci. 46:117-123.

Grandin, T., 1997. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J. Anim. Sci. 75:249-257.

Grandin, T. 1998. (Editor) Genetics and the Behavior of Domes-tic Animals, Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Grandin, T. 2000 (Editor) Livestock Handling and Transport, 2nd Edition, CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom.

Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin, R.D. Green, and K. McGee. 2000. The relationship between reaction to sudden intermittent move-ments and sounds and temperament. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1467-1474.

Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin. 2002. The relationship between Bos Tau-rus feedlot cattle temperament and foreleg bone measure-ments. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Vol. 53:97-98.

Littlefi eld V., Grandin, T., and Lanier, J.L. 2001. Quiet handling of

heifers reduces aversion to restraint. Journal of Animal Science, 79:277, (Supl. 1))(Abstract).

Meola, M., Grandin, T., Burns, P.D., and Mortimes, R.G. 2002. Quality of spermatozoal morphology in Angus yearling bulls may be related to hairwhorl shape. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, 53:124-126.

Rose, S., Grandin, T., and Wailes, W.R. 2002. The relationship between Holstein head coloration and temperament. Animal Sciences Research Report. Colorado State University. pp. 147-148.

Voisinet, B.D., T. Grandin, S.F. O’Connor, J.D. Tatum and M.J. Deesing. 1997b.Bos indicus cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tough meat and a higher incidence of borderline dark cutters, Meat Sci. 46:367-377.

Voisinet, B.D., T. Grandin, J.D. Tatum, S.F. O’Connor and J.J. Struthers. 1997a. Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable tempera-ments. J. Anim. Sci. 75:892-896.

OOS-KAAPboeredag‘n Boeredag is gehou op 26 April te Winterberge, en is deur meer as 80 boere bygewoon.

Robbie Morgan in action



Coat colour in Brangus cattle is important from an economic standpoint. The Brangus breed in South Africa portrays a variety of colours, ranging from black to red (with all possible shades in between). Brindle genes also occur within the population.

There are a number of sets of genes that deter-mine colour of cattle.

The most common gene sets are:

• Basic Coat Colour • Brindle• Dilution of basic colour • Dun

in Brangus CattleINHERITANCE OF COLOUR

Paul Lubout - Brangus

Red ee Red (Wild) BlackRed ee ee eE+ eE Red Red (Wild) Black

Red Wild eE+ E+EE+E+ Red Wild E+E+ Black Red Wild

Black Ee EE+ EEEE Black Black Black

Figure 1: Breeding chart for predicting coat colour of calves from parental matings.

Locus Locus Allele Mode of inheritanceSymbol name symbol Allele name/description relative to wild type Breed distributionE Extension ED Dominant black/uniformly Dominant Holstein, Angus, ect. black at birthE Extension E+ Brown-black with darker - Jersey, Brown Swiss, Brahman extremities, bulls are darker than Cows and calves are born a reddish brown (wild type)E Extension e Red/red without any dark pigmentation Recessive to ED and E+ Hereford, Red Angus, Guernsey Simmental and other red breedsBr Brindle BR Brindle/alternating stripes black Dominant to lack of brindling Most solid red ad black breeds and red pimentationDc Charolais Dc Charolais dilution/heterozygotes: Nearly completely dominant Charolais Dilution strong dilution of black to light grey, red to light cream; homozygotes are white or nearly whiteDs Simmental Ds Simmental dilution/heterozygotes: Incompletely dominant Simmental, Scottish Highland, Dilution moderat dilution of black to light grey, red to light red; homozygotes are lighter Murrey grey, some GelbviehDn Dun Dn Dun/removal of red pigmentaion Incompletely dominant Brown Swiss, Brahman, Chianina with a reduced effect upon black pigment

Table 1: Mutants influencing the colour of cattle.

This article outlines the potential inheritance of coat colour in Brangus cattle in South Africa.

Basic Colour Genes (DNA test available)

There are three forms of the gene controlling basic coat colour

E Black Gene.

E+ Red animal with black on the head and neck and hind quarter (Wild gene). Can vary according to sex, bulls are darker than cows

e Red Gene

Every animal carries Two Genes for Basic Coat Co-lour.

• Where both are the same genes, the animal is Homozygous for that gene and will breed true, for that gene, as it can only pass on one of that type to its progeny. (eg EE = Homozygous for Black)

• Where both are different genes, the animal is Heterozygous for that gene and will, not breed true. for either gene. It can pass either type of gene to its progeny. (eg Ee or EE+ = Heterozy-gous for Black and Heterozygous for Red)

The Black Gene is Dominant over the Wild Gene (E+) and Red Gene(e) and the Wild gene (E+) is dominant over the Red Gene(e)

Brindle Genes (DNA test available)


There are two forms of the gene controlling brindle colour (alternating stripes of black and red pig-mentation).

Br Brindle Gene . Dominates, causing the coat co-lour to be brindle.

br Non Brindle Gene . Recessive form of the gene. Does not brindle coat colour.

Every animal carries Two Genes for Brindle colour .

• Br Br - Animal is Brindle. Homozygous for Brindle• Br br - Animal is Brindle. Heterozygous for Brindle• br br - Animal is not Brindle (Homozygous for

solid colour)

Animals carrying the black gene (EE or Ee) suppress the development of the red colour and thus all ani-mals that carry the dominant Brindle gene (Br Br or Br br) are black.

Dilution Gene (Simmetal)

There are two forms of the gene controlling dilution of coat colour

Ds Dilution Gene. Dominates, causing the coat colour to be diluted.

ds Non Dilution Gene. It is an incomplete domi-nant gene. Does not dilute coat colour

Every animal carries Two of the Dilution Genes. It is known that there are additional modifying genes that cause further variations in colour shades.

Dun Gene

There are two forms of the gene controlling dun coat colour

Ds Dun Gene . Dominates, causing the coat co-lour to be diluted.

ds Non Dun Gene. It is an incomplete dominant gene. Does not dilute coat colour

Every animal carries Two of the Dun Genes.

See attached illustrations for explanation on inheri-tance

Base colour Brindle (Br) Dilution (Ds) Dun (Dn) EEbrbrdsds (Black) EEbrbrdsdsdndn Black EEbrbr EEbrbrdsDs (Dark grey) EEbrbrdsDsdndn Dark Grey Black EEbrbrDsDs (Light grey) EEbrbrDsDsdndn Light Grey

EEBrbrdsds (Black) EEBrbrdsdsdndn BlackEE EEBrbr EEBrbrdsDs (Dark grey) EEBrbrdsDsdndn Dark GreyBlack Black EEBrbrDsDs (Light grey) EEBrbrDsDsdndn Light Grey

EEBrBrdsdS (Black) EEBrBrdsdsdndn Black EEBrBr EEBrBrdsDs (Dark grey) EEBrBrdsdsdndn Dark Grey Black EEBrBrDsDs (Light grey) EEBrBrDsDsdndn Light Grey

E+E+brbrdsds (Dark red-wild gene) E+E+brbrdsdsdndn (Dark chocolate red wild gene) E+E+brbr E+E+brbrdsDs (Red-wild gene) E+E+brbrdsDsdndn (Chocolate red Red (wild gene) wild gene) E+E+brbrDsDs (Light red wild gene) E+E+brbrDsDsdndn (Light chocolate red wild gene)

E+E+Brbrdsds (Dark red brindle wild gene) E+E+Brbrdsdsdndn (Dark chocolate red brindle wild gene)E+E+ E+E+Brbr E+E+BrbrdsDs (Red brindel wild gene) E+E+BrbrdsDsdndn (Chocolate redRed with Red Brindle brindle wild gene)dark (Wild gene) E+E+BrbrDsDs (Light red brindle wild gene) E+E+BrbrDsDsdndn (Light chocolateextremities red brindle wild gene)(Wild gene) E+E+BrBrdsdS (Dark red brindle wild gene) E+E+BrBrdsdsdndn (Dark chocolate red brindle wild gene) E+E+BrBr E+E+BrBrdsDs (Red brindel wild gene) E+E+BrBrdsDsdndn (Chocolate red Red brindle wild gene) (Wild gene) E+E+BrBrDsDs (Light red brindle wild gene) E+E+BrBrDsDsdndn (Light chocolate red wild gene)


NOTE. Modifying genes can still cause futher shadings of red

eebrbrdsds (dark red) eebrbrdsdsdndn (dark chocolate red) eeBrbr eebrbrdsDs (red) eebrbrdsDsdndn (chocolate red) Red eebrbrDsDs (light red) eeBrbrdsdsdndn (light chocolate red)

eeBrbrdsds (dark red brindle) eeBrbrdsdsdndn (dark chocolate brindle red)ee eeBrbr eeBrbrdsDs (red brindle) eeBrbrdsDsdndn (chocolate brindle red)red red brindle eeBrbrDsDs (light brindle) eeBrbrDsDsdndn (light chocolate brindle red)

eeBrBrdsds (dark red brindle) eeBrBrdsdsdndn (dark chocolate brindle red) eeBrBr eeBrBrdsDs (red brindle) eeBrBrdsDsdndn (chocolate brindle red) red brindle eeBrBrDsDs (light red brindle) eeBrBrDsDsdndn (light chocolate brindle red)

Base colour Brindle (Br) Dilution (Ds) Dun (Dn)


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Documents

2007 Brangus Journal