©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions SMOKE Modeling System Zac Adelman and Andy Holland Carolina Environmental

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program

Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel EmissionsEmissions

SMOKE Modeling SMOKE Modeling SystemSystem

Zac Adelman and Andy HollandCarolina Environmental Program

http://smoke-model.org http://www.cmascenter.org


Training OverviewTraining Overview

Emissions processing basics

SMOKE basics Running SMOKE Overview lab SMOKE programs SMOKE problem

solving

Area sources lab Biogenics lab Point sources lab Mobile sources

lab Merge lab Quality assurance

lab


Overall GoalOverall Goal

Emissions inventory– Usually annual data (i.e. tons/yr)– Reported by source

(may be county or coordinate)

– By inventory pollutant

(CO, NOx, VOC,,,)

Air quality model input– Hourly– Gridded– By model species– May be 3-D file

(layered)


Source CategoriesSource Categories

Point source characteristics– Country, state, and county (FIPS)– Latitude and longitude– Plant, point, stack, segment, and source

category code (SCC)– Ex: power plants, furniture refinishers

Area source characteristics– Country, state, and county– Source category code (SCC)– Ex: residential heating, lawnmowers,

vehicular road dust (unpaved road)


Source CategoriesSource Categories Mobile (on-road) source characteristics

– Country, state, and county– Road type (e.g. rural interstate, urban local)– Vehicle type (e.g. light/heavy duty gasoline

vehicles)– Optional link coordinates ( road segment within a

county)– Ex: gasoline and diesel vehicles on freeways

Biogenic source characteristics– Gridded land use– Ex: crops, corn, soybean, conifer forests, wetlands


DefinitionsDefinitions

Inventory pollutant: A compound or group of compounds defined for record-keeping and regulatory purposes (e.g. CO, NOx, VOC, PM10, PM2.5)

Species: A compound or group of compounds defined as part of the estimation of air chemistry in an air quality model (AQM) (e.g. CO, NO, NO2, PAR, TOL, OLE)



Chemical mechanism: A parameterized representation of coupled chemical reactions (e.g. CB4, RADM2)

Speciation: Convert the inventory pollutant data to the species needed by the AQM (e.g. VOC gets split into PAR, OLE, XYL, TOL, ISOP, and more)



Map projection: The mathematical 2-d representation of the spherical surface of the Earth

Model grid: A 2-d region based on a map projection; defined by starting coordinates, number of columns and rows, and the physical size of the grid cells


Model Grid ExamplesModel Grid Examples



Spatial allocation: Convert the source spatial extent to the grid cell resolution needed by the air quality model

Gridding surrogates: A dataset used to spatially allocate the emissions to the grid cells; developed from data at a finer resolution than the emissions (e.g. population, housing, airports, roads)



Model layers: Vertical spatial divisions of the atmosphere defined by an air quality model; used to model variations in the atmosphere at different vertical positions

Plume rise: The rising of exhaust from point sources due to the velocity and temperature of the exhaust gases



Elevated source: A point source in which emissions extend beyond the first model layer due to plume rise

Plume-in-grid: A special treatment of elevated sources in which the plume rise is modeled with extra detail by the AQM



Temporal allocation: Convert the annual or daily inventory data to the hourly data needed by the AQM

Profile data: Factors used for converting inventory emissions data to AQM data

Cross-reference: A dataset used to match sources in the inventory with profile data


Area EmissionsArea EmissionsProcessingProcessing

Import data Spatial allocation Speciation Temporal allocation Growth (to a future or past year)

and controls


Point EmissionsPoint EmissionsProcessingProcessing

Import, speciation, temporal allocation, growth/controls, plus…

No surrogates needed for spatial allocation May have day- and hour-specific emissions Determine elevated and PinG sources Special processing for elevated and PinG

sources– CMAQ: Create 3-d emissions files and optional

PinG files– CAMx: Create 2-d emissions files and special

elevated (PinG optional) files


Mobile EmissionsMobile EmissionsProcessingProcessing

Same steps as area emissions processing, plus…

May start with VMT instead of emissions– Create emission factors using MOBILE6

with meteorology and speed data– Emissions = emission factors x VMT

Spatial allocation may include county base link sources


Mobile EmissionsMobile EmissionsProcessingProcessing

Emission factors from MOBILE6 depend on emissions process (e.g. start exhaust, running exhaust, running evaporative, hot soak)

Temporal allocation and speciation can depend on emissions process

Use this approach only for on-road mobile sources (nonroad mobile and vehicular road dust are processed as area sources)


Biogenic EmissionsBiogenic EmissionsProcessingProcessing

BEIS3 emissions model About 230 land use types (for BELD3 data) Estimate winter and summer emission

factors of the different land use types for the modeling time period.

Adjusted by temperature and solar radiation If land use is county-based, need to

spatially allocate to grid cells (BEIS2 only)


MergingMerging

Combine independent import, gridding, speciation, temporal allocation, and other steps for a single source category to create model-ready files

Combine multiple source categories into a single data set, called model-ready output for the AQM

Output correct units, species, time steps, grid, and file format for the AQM


Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance Compare emission totals from emissions

processor with inventory totals (by state, county, SCC, etc.)

Compare emission totals after each stage of processing

Ensure that input file formats are correct Ensure that no errors occurred during

processing Compare emissions between states and

counties

Documents

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions SMOKE Modeling System Zac Adelman and Andy Holland Carolina Environmental