2004 Globalization of Export Controls-A Speaker Perspective1 Regulators Look at Strategic Trade Controls in a New Era Introduction by Nineta Bãrbulescu

2004 Globalization of Export Controls-A Speaker Perspective

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Regulators Look at Regulators Look at Strategic Trade Controls Strategic Trade Controls

in a New Erain a New Era

Introduction by Introduction by Nineta BNineta BãrbulescuãrbulescuHead of Romania National Agency for Head of Romania National Agency for

Export ControlsExport Controls

- Prepared for the 17th Annual Conference Globalization of Export Controls London, November 15-17, 2004


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Working HypothesisWorking Hypothesis

1.1. The level of technology used by the The level of technology used by the terroriststerrorists

( revisit details on September 11, 2001, NY ( revisit details on September 11, 2001, NY and March 11, 2004 Madrid terrorist and March 11, 2004 Madrid terrorist attacks)attacks)

2.2. TOP TOP 10 T10 Trends of globalization on export rends of globalization on export controlscontrols

3.3. What’s next ?What’s next ?


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The

Lev

el o

f Te

chno

logy

New York 20 01Ba li, Kenya 200 2

Mad rid , S pain 20 04Besla n, Russia 20 04

Moscow2002

London 2003

U S 2002

Oregon 1984Tokyo 1995

Mijloacele terorismului

ExplosivesSALW

Toxic ChemicalsBW (Salmonella)

Sarin

BW(anthrax)

WMD

The level of technology used by the The level of technology used by the terroriststerrorists


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TOP 10 TOP 10 Trends of Globalization of Export Trends of Globalization of Export

ControlsControls1.1. Export controls topics identified on the agenda of various Export controls topics identified on the agenda of various international organizationsinternational organizations UN PoA for combating illicit trafficking of SALW in all its aspects or UN PoA for combating illicit trafficking of SALW in all its aspects or

UNSCR 1540/2004; EU (COARM and EC Regulation 1334/2000), UNSCR 1540/2004; EU (COARM and EC Regulation 1334/2000), OSCE (Document on SALW); SECI (Task Force on combating illicit OSCE (Document on SALW); SECI (Task Force on combating illicit trafficking with SALW);trafficking with SALW);

Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan on SALWStability Pact Regional Implementation Plan on SALW2.2. Export controls as a Export controls as a new entrynew entry on high level political agenda on high level political agenda

G 8 Summit- France initiative for an G 8 Summit- France initiative for an International Code of International Code of Transparency and Responsibilities for arms tradeTransparency and Responsibilities for arms trade

3.3. A more visible contribution to reshaping global security A more visible contribution to reshaping global security architecture architecture Expansion of export controls regimes (see REGIONAL table)Expansion of export controls regimes (see REGIONAL table) The Proliferation Security Initiative The Proliferation Security Initiative Global fight against terrorismGlobal fight against terrorism Regional mechanisms (such as Border Defense Initiative proposed by Regional mechanisms (such as Border Defense Initiative proposed by

Romania)Romania)4.4. Crystallization of new packages of issuesCrystallization of new packages of issues

SALW, brokering activities, MANPADS, transparency on arms SALW, brokering activities, MANPADS, transparency on arms transfers, stockpiles management, destruction programstransfers, stockpiles management, destruction programs

5.5. New conceptsNew concepts ITT, catch all procedure, no undercut policy, non -state actors, extreme ITT, catch all procedure, no undercut policy, non -state actors, extreme

vigilancevigilance


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TOP 10 Trends of Globalization on TOP 10 Trends of Globalization on Export ControlsExport Controls

6.6. Expanding the export controls scopeExpanding the export controls scope- brokers, producers, transportersbrokers, producers, transporters- international transit and transshipmentinternational transit and transshipment

7.7. Harmonization of export controls practicesHarmonization of export controls practices– Common list of items and technologies subject of end user control, catch all Common list of items and technologies subject of end user control, catch all

control, ITTcontrol, ITT– minimum standards for effectiveness of export controls, pre -undercut minimum standards for effectiveness of export controls, pre -undercut

consultationsconsultations– common EUC requirements, reporting and transparency mechanisms common EUC requirements, reporting and transparency mechanisms

8.8. New toolsNew tools - Memorandum of understanding, best practices guidelines, elements for effective Memorandum of understanding, best practices guidelines, elements for effective

legislation, peer review mechanism within EUlegislation, peer review mechanism within EU- Regional reporting mechanismsRegional reporting mechanisms- Donors and end -users of assistance ( South-Eastern Europe and Asia)Donors and end -users of assistance ( South-Eastern Europe and Asia)

9.9. Creating of a distinct Creating of a distinct soft international lawsoft international law - A visible foreign policy commitment doubled by stronger domestic inter-agency - A visible foreign policy commitment doubled by stronger domestic inter-agency

regulatory systemsregulatory systems10.10. Recognizing the contribution of export controls to the fight against Recognizing the contribution of export controls to the fight against

terrorism terrorism viavia new counterterrorism competencies new counterterrorism competencies- G 8 Action Plan on Non proliferationG 8 Action Plan on Non proliferation- 2002 Amendment to Initial Elements of WA2002 Amendment to Initial Elements of WA- EU Action Plan or OPCW Universality Action Plan and ImplementationEU Action Plan or OPCW Universality Action Plan and Implementation- NATO Civil Emergency Action Plan and the Partnership Action Plan on TerrorismNATO Civil Emergency Action Plan and the Partnership Action Plan on Terrorism


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Export Controls Regimes Export Controls Regimes ExpansionExpansion

EXPORT EXPORT CONTROLS CONTROLS REGIMESREGIMES

19991999 20042004 EnlargementEnlargement

NSGNSG 3535 4444 EU Commission= observerEU Commission= observer

New entries: 2000 (Belarus Cyprus New entries: 2000 (Belarus Cyprus Slovenia Turkey)Slovenia Turkey)

2002 (Kazakhstan) and2002 (Kazakhstan) and

2004 (China Estonia Lithuania Malta)2004 (China Estonia Lithuania Malta)

Zangger ComZangger Com.. 3434 3535 EU Commission= observer EU Commission= observer

New entry 2000 SloveniaNew entry 2000 Slovenia

Australia GroupAustralia Group 3030 3838 EU Commission= observer EU Commission= observer

New entries 2000 (Cyprus Turkey) 2001 New entries 2000 (Cyprus Turkey) 2001 (Bulgaria) (Bulgaria)

2004 (Estonia Latvia Lithuania Malta 2004 (Estonia Latvia Lithuania Malta Slovenia)Slovenia)

Wassenaar Wassenaar ArrangementArrangement

3333 Still 33Still 33

EU EU 1515 2525 COARM & EC Regulation 1334COARM & EC Regulation 1334

HCOCHCOC - - 115115


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Export Controls in Central and Export Controls in Central and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

MTCRMTCR


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What’s Next ?What’s Next ?1.1. Convergence of foreign policies strategiesConvergence of foreign policies strategies – regional basis – regional basis

– See e.g. Basic Principles for an EU Strategy against See e.g. Basic Principles for an EU Strategy against proliferation of WMDproliferation of WMD

2.2. Modernizing the basic concepts of arms control, use of Modernizing the basic concepts of arms control, use of force and non proliferationforce and non proliferation– Lethal conventional arms approached as WMDLethal conventional arms approached as WMD– Transfers Transfers – Business and security, private and publicBusiness and security, private and public

3.3. Tremendous developments of asymmetric threatsTremendous developments of asymmetric threats - Consequences of North Korea withdrawn from NPT, Iran - Consequences of North Korea withdrawn from NPT, Iran

nuclear programme, Irak security, Afghanistan developments nuclear programme, Irak security, Afghanistan developments a s o.a s o.

4.4. Enlarging the scope of harmonization of national practicesEnlarging the scope of harmonization of national practices– principles of arms exportsprinciples of arms exports– criteria for transfers with predictable consequencescriteria for transfers with predictable consequences– establishing and enforcing transparencyestablishing and enforcing transparency– contribution to antiterrorism fightcontribution to antiterrorism fight

5.5. Creating of voluntary monitoring and verification Creating of voluntary monitoring and verification mechanisms for export controlsmechanisms for export controls

6.6. The enlargement of export controls community (the Euro - The enlargement of export controls community (the Euro - Atlantisation process)Atlantisation process)


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Documents

2004 Globalization of Export Controls-A Speaker Perspective1 Regulators Look at Strategic Trade Controls in a New Era Introduction by Nineta Bãrbulescu