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2003
George R. WiggansGeorge R. WiggansAnimal Improvement Programs LaboratoryAgricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, [email protected]
USDA Dairy Goat Genetic USDA Dairy Goat Genetic Evaluation ProgramEvaluation Program
ADGA 2003 (2) G.R. Wiggans200
3
USDA Dairy Goat EvaluationsUSDA Dairy Goat Evaluations
Evaluations for milk, fat, protein, and type
Yield evaluations in July Type evaluations in December
Evaluations provided to ADGA, DRPC, and publicly via the Internet
ADGA 2003 (3) G.R. Wiggans200
3
Data FlowData Flow
FARM
COMPONENT TEST LAB
DRPC
CenterData Sent to AIPL
DRMS – NC DailyDHI-Provo – UT DailyAgri-Tech – CA 2x/weekAgSource – WI WeeklyLangston - OK Monthly
AIPL
ADGA
INTERNET
Milk Data collected monthly
DHIA
ADGA 2003 (4) G.R. Wiggans200
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Does Contributing Data from Test Does Contributing Data from Test Day Nearest June 30Day Nearest June 30thth, 2003 , 2003
By Processing Center
Center Herds Does Percent of Does
DRMS 142 2529 35.0
DHI-Provo 162 2449 33.8
Agri-Tech 21 835 11.5
AgSource 26 727 10.0
Langston 90 694 9.6
Total 441 7234
ADGA 2003 (5) G.R. Wiggans200
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Alpine Milk ProductionAlpine Milk ProductionLactation CurveLactation Curve
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
DIM
Mil
k
Lactation 1
Lactation 2
Lactation 3
ADGA 2003 (6) G.R. Wiggans200
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Alpine Fat PercentageAlpine Fat PercentageLactation CurveLactation Curve
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
10 30 50 70 90 110130
150170
190210
230250
270290
DIM
Fat
Per
cen
tag
e
Lactation 1
Lactation 2
Lactation 3
ADGA 2003 (7) G.R. Wiggans200
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Alpine Protein PercentageAlpine Protein PercentageLactation CurveLactation Curve
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
10 30 50 70 90 110130
150170
190210
230250
270290
DIM
Pro
tein
Per
cen
tag
e
Lactation 1
Lactation 2
Lactation 3
ADGA 2003 (8) G.R. Wiggans200
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3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
10 30 50 70 90 110130
150170
190210
230250
270290
DIM
Mil
k
Alpine and Nubian Milk Production Alpine and Nubian Milk Production
Second LactationSecond Lactation
Alpine Nubian
ADGA 2003 (9) G.R. Wiggans200
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Nubian Fat and Protein PercentageNubian Fat and Protein PercentageSecond LactationSecond Lactation
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
10 30 50 70 90 110130
150170
190210
230250
270290
DIM
Co
mp
on
ent
Per
cen
tag
es
Fat Protein
ADGA 2003 (10) G.R. Wiggans200
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Genetic Improvement ProgramGenetic Improvement Program
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
Genetic improvement programs only change genotype
Heritability is the portion of total variation due to genetics
Rate of genetic improvement determined by generation interval selection intensity heritability
ADGA 2003 (11) G.R. Wiggans200
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Factors Affecting Value of DataFactors Affecting Value of Data
Completeness of ID and parentage reporting
Years herd on test
Size of herd
Frequency of testing and component determination
ADGA 2003 (12) G.R. Wiggans200
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Evaluation CalculationEvaluation Calculation
Goal predict productivity of progeny
Method separate genetic component from other factors
influencing evaluated traits
All relationships are considered bucks receive evaluations from the records on their
female relatives
ADGA 2003 (13) G.R. Wiggans200
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Yield Evaluation ModelYield Evaluation Model
MODEL: y = hys + hs + pe + a + e
y = yield of milk, fat, or protein during a lactation
hys = herd-year-season- accounts for environmental effects common to does
kidding in the same herd in the same season
hs = herd-sire- effect common to daughters of a buck in the same herd
pe = permanent environment- effect common to all a doe's lactations that is not genetic
a = animal genetic effect (breeding value)
e = unexplained residual
ADGA 2003 (14) G.R. Wiggans200
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Index of Yield EvaluationsIndex of Yield Evaluations
Milk-Fat-Protein Dollars (MFP$) combines evaluations into a single number
MFP$ = (0.010 PTAM) +
(1.15 PTAF) + (2.55 PTAP)
ADGA 2003 (15) G.R. Wiggans200
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Breeding Value Trend for MilkBreeding Value Trend for Milk
-100.0
-50.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.019
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Year
Bre
edin
g V
alu
e (M
ilk)
Alpine
Oberhasli
LaMancha
Nubian
Saanen
Toggenburg
ADGA 2003 (16) G.R. Wiggans200
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Breeding Value Trend for FatBreeding Value Trend for Fat
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.019
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Year
Bre
edin
g V
alu
e (F
at)
Alpine
Oberhasli
LaMancha
Nubian
Saanen
Toggenburg
ADGA 2003 (17) G.R. Wiggans200
3
Breeding Value Trend for ProteinBreeding Value Trend for Protein
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.019
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Year
Bre
edin
g V
alu
e (P
rote
in)
Alpine
Oberhasli
LaMancha
Nubian
Saanen
Toggenburg
ADGA 2003 (18) G.R. Wiggans200
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Type TraitsType Traits
Measure of similarity to ideal
Final Score (overall assessment)scored 50-99
Linear traits (13 defined traits)scored 1-50
ADGA 2003 (19) G.R. Wiggans200
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Linear TraitsLinear Traits
Stature - Height at withers
Strength - Width and depth of chest, width of muzzle
Dairyness - Sharpness and flatness of bone, etc.
Teat diameter - Measured at base
Rear Legs - Angle of the hock, side view
ADGA 2003 (20) G.R. Wiggans200
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Linear TraitsLinear Traits
Rump Angle - Angle from hips to pins
Rump Width - Width of pelvis
Fore Udder Attachment - Strength of attachment
Rear Udder Height - Distance from vulva to top of udder
ADGA 2003 (21) G.R. Wiggans200
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Linear TraitsLinear Traits
Rear Udder Arch - Width and shape of rear udder attachment
Udder Depth - Measured relative to hocks
Medial Suspensory Ligament - Measure of udder cleft
Teat Placement - Distance between teats
ADGA 2003 (22) G.R. Wiggans200
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Type Evaluation ModelType Evaluation Model
MODEL: y = h + a + p + e
y = adjusted type record
h = herd appraisal date
a = animal genetic effect (breeding value)
p = permanent environment- effect common to all a doe's lactations that is not genetic
e = unexplained residual
Multi-trait evaluation allows scores from one trait to affect the evaluation of another trait through the genetic correlations among the traits.
ADGA 2003 (23) G.R. Wiggans200
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Recent Type Appraisal DataRecent Type Appraisal Data
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Alpine 1293 1050 1072 1341 1038
Nubian 1393 1286 1319 1299 1081
Toggenburg 592 587 473 672 474
LaMancha 875 635 719 667 627
Saanen 426 459 389 659 502
Oberhasli 370 216 254 323 301
Experimental 253 198 191 269 210
ADGA 2003 (24) G.R. Wiggans200
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Type Trait Genetic Correlations Type Trait Genetic Correlations
Final Score Strength Dairyness
Fore Udder Attachment
Final Score 1.00 .30 -.15 .66
Strength .30 1.00 -.51 .15
Dairyness -.15 -.51 1.00 -.16
F. Udder Att. .66 .15 -.16 1.00
ADGA 2003 (25) G.R. Wiggans200
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Breeding Value Trend for TypeBreeding Value Trend for Type
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
2000
Year
Tre
nd
Bre
eed
ing
Val
ue Final Score
Stature
Fore UdderAttachment
ADGA 2003 (26) G.R. Wiggans200
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Accuracy of EvaluationsAccuracy of Evaluations
Number of does kidding in same hysmore records better estimate of hys effect
Number of bucks with daughters having records in same hysmore direct comparisons better ranking of
bucks
Number of lactation records
Number of daughters
Completeness of pedigree data
ADGA 2003 (27) G.R. Wiggans200
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Selection is a Continuous Decision Selection is a Continuous Decision Making ProcessMaking Process
Which does to breed
Which bucks to use
Which specific matings
Avoiding inbreeding
Correction of faults
Which kids to raise
Which kids to breed
Which does to milk
ADGA 2003 (28) G.R. Wiggans200
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Selection is a Continuous Decision Selection is a Continuous Decision Making ProcessMaking Process
The greatest impact on progress is from
selection of bucks
ADGA 2003 (29) G.R. Wiggans200
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Program for Genetic ImprovementProgram for Genetic Improvement
Dairy cattle program based on:
Artificial insemination (AI) Allows for many progeny from superior males Allows semen to be used in geographically diverse
locations
Progeny testing (PT) Use young males to get a representative group of
daughters Wait until those daughters are milking Based on the evaluations, return the best males to
heavy use
ADGA 2003 (30) G.R. Wiggans200
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Dairy Cattle Improvement ProgramDairy Cattle Improvement Program
About 1 in 10 PT bulls become active
Bulls remain active only a few years
Young bulls waiting for daughter records are not active
Intensive selection program
ADGA 2003 (31) G.R. Wiggans200
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Steps to Increase Rate of Steps to Increase Rate of Improvement in GoatsImprovement in Goats
Employ AI to use better bucks in more herds
Focus on larger herds to improve accuracy
Identify young bucks for PT
ADGA 2003 (32) G.R. Wiggans200
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Alternative to Waiting for PTAlternative to Waiting for PT
Use young bucks for most breedings
Replace bucks quickly
Bank semen of young bucks
Use frozen semen from superior proven bucks as sires of next generation of young bucks
ADGA 2003 (33) G.R. Wiggans200
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AIPL Web ServicesAIPL Web Services
http://aipl.arsusda.gov/query/public/tdb.shtml#GoatsTBL
Queries provide display of: pedigree information yield records herd test characteristics genetic evaluations of does & bucks
yield Type
Access information using: ID number animal name herd code
http://aipl.arsusda.gov/cgi-bin/general/Qpublic/do.Q.cgi?qname=shgoat&single
http://aipl.arsusda.gov/cgi-bin/general/Qpublic/do.Q.cgi?qname=getbuck&single
http://aipl.arsusda.gov/cgi-bin/general/Qpublic/do.Q.cgi?qname=goatherderr&single
http://aipl.arsusda.gov/cgi-bin/general/Qpublic/do.Q.cgi?qname=shgprog&single
ADGA 2003 (43) G.R. Wiggans200
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Recent ChangesRecent Changes
New web query for accessing data by animal name
Yield data since 1998 extracted from the master file each run incorporates corrections, deletions,
and ID changes
Standardized yields back to 1974 available
ADGA 2003 (44) G.R. Wiggans200
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Possible EnhancementsPossible Enhancements
Add evaluations for more traits Productive Life Somatic Cell Score Daughter Pregnancy Rate
Switch to test day model Provides better accounting for environment Accounts for genetic differences in shape
of lactation curve