2002 IAEA 1

MED process diagram

2002 IAEA 2

Principle of a Reverse Osmosis process (RO)

2002 IAEA 3

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Very popular (40% of overall desalted water)Very popular (40% of overall desalted water)

Reverse Osmosis: separation of salty and pure Reverse Osmosis: separation of salty and pure water by semipermeable membraneswater by semipermeable membranes

Total energy of ~ 4 kWh/mTotal energy of ~ 4 kWh/m33 required for high required for high pressure pumps: 50 to 80 bar (800-1,180 psi) for pressure pumps: 50 to 80 bar (800-1,180 psi) for seawaterseawater

Pre-treatment and post-treatment needed: Pre-treatment and post-treatment needed: suspended solids and microorganismssuspended solids and microorganisms

Hollow fiber andHollow fiber and spiral woundspiral wound membrane typesmembrane types

2002 IAEA 4

Coupling between NP and DP: general considerations SelectionSelection ofof proper technologyproper technology RequiredRequired product quality and amount:product quality and amount: power-to-water power-to-water

ratioratio Safety:Safety: mainly dependent of nuclear plant, the design mainly dependent of nuclear plant, the design

of coupling technology, and transient interactions of coupling technology, and transient interactions between the two plantsbetween the two plants

SpecificSpecific national requirementsnational requirements Commitment ofCommitment of governmentgovernment is crucial (especially for is crucial (especially for

financial reasons)financial reasons) Site selectionSite selection In-depthIn-depth feasibility studiesfeasibility studies

2002 IAEA 5

Nuclear power reactor + MSF

2002 IAEA 6

Nuclear power reactor + MSF + RO

2002 IAEA 7

Nuclear power reactor + MED

2002 IAEA 8

DEEPDEEP developed by IAEAdeveloped by IAEA

Provides:Provides: CCost of water and power ost of water and power Cost comparison of several options Cost comparison of several options

(fossil/nuclear)(fossil/nuclear) Power consumption for water and nuclearPower consumption for water and nuclear

Desalination Economic Evaluation Program

March 2000 IAEA - T. Konishi 9

Region 2(South East Asia/Red Sea /North Africa)

Region 2

0.30

0.80

1.30

1.80

2.30

60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05 60000 2E+05

Water Plant Size (m3/d)

Water Cost ($/m3)

MSF pro-f

MSF pro-n

MED pro-f

MED Pro-n

RO pro-f

RO pro-n

2002 IAEA 10

DEEP economic study: main findings

Demonstrated competitiveness of nuclear power for Demonstrated competitiveness of nuclear power for desalination compared with fossil-fueled energy desalination compared with fossil-fueled energy sourcessources

Desalination costs range: $0.40 – 1.90 / mDesalination costs range: $0.40 – 1.90 / m33

MSF costs systematically higher than RO or MEDMSF costs systematically higher than RO or MED

RO economically favorable for less stringent RO economically favorable for less stringent drinking standardsdrinking standards

Costs higher with smaller reactorsCosts higher with smaller reactors

RO and MED costs are, in general, comparableRO and MED costs are, in general, comparable

2002 IAEA 11

Plant namePlant name Reactor Reactor TypeType

Gross Gross Power Power (MWe)(MWe)

Desalination Desalination ProcessProcess

Water Water CapacityCapacity

mm33/d/d

Ikata-1,2 (Japan)Ikata-1,2 (Japan) PWRPWR 2x5662x566 MSFMSF 20002000

Ikata-3 (Japan)Ikata-3 (Japan) PWRPWR 890890 RORO11 20002000

Ohi-1,2 (Japan)Ohi-1,2 (Japan) PWRPWR 2x11752x1175 MSFMSF 39003900

Ohi-3,4 (Japan)Ohi-3,4 (Japan) PWRPWR 2x11802x1180 RORO 26002600

Genkai-4 (Japan)Genkai-4 (Japan) PWRPWR 11801180 RORO 10001000

Genkai-3,4 (Japan)Genkai-3,4 (Japan) PWRPWR 2x11802x1180 MEDMED 10001000

Takahama-3,4 (Japan)Takahama-3,4 (Japan) PWRPWR 2x8702x870 MEDMED 10001000

Kashiwazaki (Japan)Kashiwazaki (Japan) BWRBWR 11001100 MSFMSF22 10001000

BN-350 (Kazakhstan)BN-350 (Kazakhstan) LMRLMR 150150

(till 1999)(till 1999)

MSF&MEDMSF&MED 8000080000

Table 1. EXPERIENCE IN NUCLER DESLINATION PLANTS