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Structure of Matter: Three states ofmatter; atom, molecule, element &

compound; atomic structure; types ofbond; periodic table

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Solids, Liquids and Gases

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Matter is anything that occupies space and hasmass.

All substances can be classified into 3 states of

matter: solid, liquid and gas.

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Solids Liquids Gases

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape.Takes the shape ofthe container

No fixed shape.Takes the shape ofthe container

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume.Takes the volume ofthe container

Compressibility Incompressible Very slightlycompressible;negligible

Very compressible

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1.Solids with particles in repeating geometricpatterns are crystals. Those with particlesarranged randomly are amorphous.

1.Plasma1.Hot, ionized gas particles.2.Electrically charged.3.Most common state in universe.

4.E.g. Stars, Sun ,TVs , etc

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The Kinetic Theory was proposed to explain thecharacteristics of the three states of matter. Itstates that all matter is made up of extremely

small particles that are in constant motion. Theseparticles can be atoms, ions or molecules.

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SOLID LIQUID GAS

Diagrammaticrepresentation

Packing betweenparticles

Particles are veryclosely packed in anorderly arrangement

Particles are closepacked in adisorderlyarrangement

Particles are far apartin a disorderlyarrangement

Forces of attractionbetween particles

Very strong forces ofattraction betweenparticles

Strong forces ofattraction betweenparticles

Weak forces ofattraction betweenparticles.

Movement ofparticles

Particles can onlyvibrate and rotateabout fixed position

Particles can moveand exchangepartners throughout

the liquid

Particles are inrandom motion

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Energy determines the state!

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MELTINGtakes place when the particle of a solidabsorb enough energy to overcome the forcesholding them in a fixed position and move. They

rearrange themselves to form a liquid.

FREEZING is the reverse process of melting. Atfreezing point the liquid particles will lose energy

when they rearrange to form back the solidstructure.

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BOILING & EVAPORATIONare both physicalprocesses that change a liquid into a gas. Theliquid absorbs heat energy during these changes

in state.

CONDENSATION is the reverse of boiling. Thegas particle will lose energy when cooled and

rearrange themselves back into a liquid structure.

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SUBLIMATIONtakes place when a solid changes into agas directly, without going through the liquid state.

Example: solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), iodine crystals

and mothballs.

Deposition is a process in which gas transforms intosolid (also known as desublimation). The reverse ofdeposition is sublimation.

One example of deposition is the process by which, insub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to icewithout first becoming a liquid. This is how snow forms inclouds, as well as frost and hoar frost on the ground.

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Atom is the basic building block of matter. Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles: protons,

neutrons and electrons. A

toms are electrically neutral. The number of protonsis equal to the number of electrons. The atomic number (protonnumber) is defined as

the number of protons in an atom. It also gives thenumber of electrons in the atom.

The massnumber (nucleonnumber) is defined asthe number of protons an neutrons in the atomMass number

(nucleon number)

Proton number(atomic number)

Symbol of the element

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Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together.

Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms. It is asubstance which cannot be separated into anythingsimpler by chemical means

Example: Helium, Hydrogen and Iron

A compound is made up of two or more of elements

chemically combined together. Examples: Hydrogen Chloride, HCl and Water, H2O

A mixture is made up of two or more elements orcompounds physically combined together but not

chemically combined. The components can be separatedeasil from one form to another usin methods such as