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20th Century Policies
“New Deal” Indian
Indian Reorganization ActTime Period: 1934-
early 1940s• In 1934, the Indian
Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) was passed as part of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs
• Roosevelt appoint Indian advocate, John Collier, as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to execute the Indian Reorganization Act
Purpose of the IRAThe Indian Reorganization Act
(IRA) ended & reversed the Dawes Act by:
1. Returning communal land to tribes;2. Encouraging the self-government of
tribes (create tribal councils & constitutions); and,
3. Restored the management of tribal lands to the tribe
• The IRA, like other New Deal programs, lost momentum due to the onset of World War II.
The Navajo Code Talkers
Navajo Code TalkersThe Navajo Code
Talkers were a group of Navajo
Marines who transmitted
military messages in the Navajo language,
during World War II
Navajo Code Talkers
The Code Talkers used words in the
Navajo language that could not be
broken by the Japanese, during the war in the
Pacific.
Some examples: •"besh- lo" (iron fish) meant "submarine“
•"dah-he- tih-hi" (hummingbird) meant "fighter plane"
•"debeh-li-zine" (black street) meant "squad"
Bush presents one of the Congressional Gold Medals to a
former Navajo code talker
Flag being raised on the island of Iwo
Jima during World War II
Ira Hayes, Pima, was one of the
flag raisers
Relocation
Purpose of Relocation• Time Period: 1948- 1979• The Bureau of Indian Affairs
encouraged Indians to migrate to urban areas
• By 1960, a total of 33,466 Indians had been relocated.
• Government relocation provided: Job placement Job training (vocational skills) Counseling Transportation Subsistence funds until the first
paycheck
Effects of Relocation• More Native Americans live in
urban areas today than on reservations
• Pow wows were created as a way for diverse tribes to come together to celebrate their Indian heritage
• Some brought skills learned back to reservations/tribal communities (Ex. Lumbees in Baltimore & Detroit)
NEW:Watch PBSRelocation videos (2)
& view interactive map
Termination
Purpose of TerminationTime Period: 1953- 1970• The policy hoped to terminate the
responsibility that the federal government had with Native American tribes.
• The hope was to pass laws to end the existence of Indian tribes.
• The government argued that Native Americans should be treated exactly as all other citizens
• Congress wanted to work toward the withdrawal of all federal support and responsibility for Native American affairs.
Effects of Termination• Services (healthcare & education) were
withdrawn from about 11,500 Native Americans
• 1.5 million acres of land were taken from tribes
• Tribes/members became dependent on welfare• “Red Power,” led by AIM (American Indian
Movement) arose to protest this policy1. Occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay
from 1969-19712. Trail of Broken Treaties occupation of the BIA in
Washington, DC in 19723. 71-day Siege at Wounded Knee in 1973
Occupation of Alcatraz
Occupation of the
BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of
Indian Affairs)
Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
1973 Siege at Wounded Knee
Mary Brave Bird
(Mary Moore/Mary Crow Dog)
Leonard Crow Dog
Self-Determination
Self-DeterminationTime Period: 1970-
Present• President Nixon
ended the termination policy and ushered in the current policy called Self-Determination
Purpose of Self-Determination• This policy recognizes the
sovereignty of tribes• Self-determination
emphasizes self-government & tribal administration of its affairs including healthcare, education, housing, law enforcement, and welfare
Effects of Self-Determination• Tribes have gained back
rights to land, water, and hunting/fishing sites
• Religious & sacred sites have been returned
• Tribes are finally recognized by the government as SOVEREIGN!