• 20 million people suffer from it (250,000 hip fractures a year)

• Decreased bone mass• Increased susceptibility to fracture• Hormones effect osteoblast production• Afflicts entire skeletal system

• Body build (shorter females at greater risk)• Weight (adipose produces estrone)• Smoking (decreases estrogen levels)• Calcium deficiency or malabsorption• Vitamin D deficiency• Exercise (sedentary more at risk)• Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone,

tetracycline)• Premature menopause• Family history

• Accelerated remodeling of bone tissue– Osteoclast resorption

massive– Osteoblast formation

extensive• Irregular thickening and

softening of bones• Greatly increased

vascularity, especially in skull, pelvis, and extremities

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• Temporomandibular joint disease• Often caused by trauma to jaw joints,

genetics, or dental procedures• Symptoms include facial pain, headaches,

grinding of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing difficulties

• Not well defined in medical community

• Repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the epidural space of he spinal area

• Produces almost pain-free awake state throughout labor and birth

• Freedom from pain during labor and birth

• Does not produce drowsiness

• Little medication reaches baby

• May provide extra confidence

• May slow labor• Must remain in bed • IV required• Frequent monitoring required• Catheterization required• Probable forcep delivery• Can interfere with maternal-infant bonding• Totally dependant on hospital staff• Extremely rare, serious risks to spine

• Exaggeration of the thoracic curve

• Tuberculosis of spine- – vertebral bodies partially collapse

• Degeneration of discs• Rickets (lack of vitamin C)• Poor posture• Advanced osteoporosis

• Exaggeration of the lumbar curve

• Result of increased weight gain– Pregnancy or

extreme obesity• Poor posture• Rickets• Tuberculosis of

spine

• Lateral bending of the vertebral column

• Congenital malformed vertebrae (birth defect)

• Chronic sciatica (pain down leg)

• Paralysis of muscles on one side of backbone

• Poor posture• One leg shorter than

other

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• median nerve which runs through wrist to hand becomes compressed

• involves narrow bony passage in wrist called carpal tunnel, through which nine tendons and median nerve must pass

• Bones composing arch of foot held by ligaments and tendons

• Weakened ligaments and tendons causes arch to “fall”

• Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened tissue, and genetic disposition

• Deformity of great toe– Lateral division of proximal phalanx

• Can be inherited or caused by tight fitting shoes

Testicular tumor “face”