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Chito P. Medina, Ph.D.National Coordinator, MASIPAGhttp://www.masipag.orgNGO representative., National Organic Agriculture Board (NOAB)
Sustainable Agriculture Practices and How Farmer-to- Farmer Network Works
2
The new hunting ground is not the best…
Low supply
Yield decline
Climate Change
Market speculation / Futures
High Demand
Hunger
Poverty
Injustice and
Misery
High Prices
Land conversion
Peak Oil
Land grabbing
GMOs
BIGAS(Rice) Conference, 1985
Failure of Green Revolution:
• Loss of local varieties• More inputs, higher
costs• More pests, new
biotypes• Infertile soils• Degraded environment• Poisoning
>>Farmers “forgot how to grow rice” = Farmers’ greater indebtedness,
rural poverty
The Beginnings: Farmers
Victims of social injustice
Complained of the direct effects and impacts of the green revolution
Pushed the implementation of an alternative farming system
Willingness to participate, help, and lead
MASIPAG Magsasaka at Siyentipiko para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura (Farmer-Scientist Partnership for Development):
organized in 1986 as partnership between farmers , scientists and NGOs as alternative approach to the Green revolution
Goal: Empower resource-poor farmers through access and control of production resources (seeds, technology, land)
Farmer-Scientist Partnership: The MASIPAG Experience
Partners:• Farmers, through their organizations
(wealth of experience)• Non-Government Organizations
(organizing skills)• Scientists
(experimentation skills)
Empowerment of farmers through:
• Farmers’ control of seeds• Farmers’ control of technology• Farmers’ control of other resources• Shared leadership in organizations• Mastery in technology generation• Articulation of needs and pursuit of
aspirations
Strategies
Diversified-Integrated Farming System (DIFS)
Farmer-developed / adapted technology
Network Strengthening Local Processing and
Marketing Advocacy
Programs
Collection, Identification, Maintenance, Multiplication and Evaluation (CIMME)
Breeding (Rice, Corn, Livestock)
Soil Fertility ManagementAlternative Pest
Management (APM)
Strategic Role of Farmers’ Organization
Effective coordination, multiplier
Planning and decision making
Mutual support Ensure diffusion
of benefits
Sustainability of activities
MASIPAG Farmers’ Organizations (PO)
Luzon: 90 POsNueva Ecija: 8, Pangasinan: 9, Zambales: 7,
Camarines Sur: 16, Occidental Mindoro: 1, Nueva Viscaya: 11, Isabela: 6, Cagayan: 2, Quezon: 7, Pampanga: 1; Rizal: 1; Abra: 2; Kalinga/Apayao: 3; Laguna: 1; Palawan: 4, Ilocos Norte: 1, Albay: 1, La Union: 1
Visayas: 174 POsNegros Occidental: 95, Iloïlo: 18, Antique: 13,
Aklan: 12, Leyte: 7, Bohol: 1; Capiz: 12; Southern Leyte: 16; E. Samar: 2; N. Samar: 6
Mindanao: 390 POsAgusan del Norte: 34; Agusan Sur: 35; Bukidnon:
26; Compostela Valley: 1; Davao City: 39; Davao Norte: 29; Davao Oriental: 16; Davao del Sur: 9; Lanao del Norte: 11; Lanao del Sur: 4; Maguindanao: 10; Misamis Occidental: 18; Misamis oriental: 14; North Cotabato: 16; Saranggani: 2; South Cotabato: 6; Sultan Kudarat: 11; Surigao Norte: 7; Surigao Sur: 13; Zamboanga del Norte: 24; Zamboanga Sibugay: 15; Zamboanga del Sur: 50
Masipag in 49 Provinces
Members Undergo the Following Process:
Organizing
Sustainable Agriculture orientation
Establish a trial farm-monitor agronomic characters-conduct field day-select locally adapted
Thematic trainingsDiffusion between farmers and
between POs
Training: Level 1
- Basic orientation on Sustainable Agric.
(Global, national, and local situation of food and agriculture,
the green and gene revolutions, Masipag as an alternative)
Level 2
- Soil Fertility Management (SFM)- Breeding (rice, corn, chicken)- Alternative Pest Management (APM)- Diversified and Integrated Farming System (DIFS)- Masipag Farmer Guarantee System (MFGS)
Level 3 (Trainor’s training)
Diffusion through People’s Organizations
Farmers / LGU
Trial Farm
Observe / Characterize
Organization
Training
New Technology
New Selection
Field Day /Advocacy
Interested
Orientation
Increased Yield, Improved Income
Breeding
Locally Adapted Variety
Organize
Other Farmers
Experiment
A. Seed Conservation and Diffusion
1. Farmers collect rice varieties (CIMME)>Collection, Identification, Multiplication, Maintenance, Evaluation)
2. Farmers organize and given SA orientation3. Establish a trial farm (laboratory cum seed bank)
-monitor agronomic characters-conduct field day-select locally adapted
4. Farmers’ training5. Do Breeding and further selection6. Diffusion of seeds and knowledge among farmers
Collection, development and use of TRVs:
1,105 Traditional Rice Varieties collected 1,085 Masipag rice developed506 Farmer-bred selections75 Native corn varieties6 native chicken gene pool
Masipag Rice conservation and Seed support system
NationalBack-up Farm
2,160 rice varieties & Selections
Regional (2), Provincial (9)
Back-up farms
300 to 1,200 rice varieties & selections
PO-managed Trial farms (223)
At least 50 varieties per TF
Verification farms
6 to 24 varieties
Farm ProductionAt least 3 varieties
B. Rice Breeding by Farmers
67 farmer-breeders
506 rice developed
C. Role of Farmer- managed Trial Farm
Farmers’ laboratory Develop site-specific varieties
Develop site-specific technology
Seed bank Creative organizing Advocacy
Luzon (83):Nueva Ecija: 8, Pangasinan: 2, Zambales:1, Camarines Sur: 13, Occidental Mindoro: 10, Nueva Viscaya: 9, Isabela: 18, Cagayan: 1, Quezon: 14, Pampanga: 1; Antipolo: 2; Abra: 2, Ilocos Norte: 1, La Union: 1
Visayas (81):Negros Occidental: 29, Negros Oriental: 1, Iloïlo: 10, Antique: 17, Aklan: 1, Cebu: 2, Leyte: 10, Bohol: 1; Capiz: 5; Eastern Samar: 5
Mindanao (61):North Cotabato: 5, Agusan del Norte: 1; Davao City: 1, Davao del Sur: 1; Lanao Norte: 2, Zamboanga del Sur: 3, Zamboanga del Norte: 15; Misamis Oriental: 1, Bukidnon: 6; Compostela Valley: 1; Maguindanao: 3; South Cotabato: 3; Sultan Kudarat: 2; Surigao del Norte: 5; Zamboanga Sibugay: 11
Farmer-Managed Trial Farms in 49 Provinces
Cagayan – Elon-elon, Ag 5, M8-3-1, M35-1-1, M45-1, M69-4-1
Locally Adapted MASIPAG Rice and TRVs Kalinga – Onay
Nueva Vizcaya – Pinili, Hinomay, Valentino, Ag 19, M11-20, M3-6, M109, M5-6, M45, M90, M11-20SG, M5-1, M30-1, M135-1, M19, 102
Nueva Ecija - Wag-wag Aga, Senador, AG5, AG10, Abra white, C22, M115-R, M146-1, M4-3-1, M45-1, M21-2-B2, M104-2R, M108-1R, M35-4-1, M69-2-2, M5-BD-2, M130-3, M48-1-1, M11-5-1, M86-3-1, M21, M11, M69, M5B2, M30, M45, M36-4-2, M4-3-1
Aurora – Elon-elon, Camoros, Sampaguita, Wag-wag Aga, Palawan, Raminad, Londan-honay, Galo, Ag 5, Ag 17, Kadali, Ag 27, White Borong, Fortuna, M21, M6-11-1, M3, M4, M35
Laguna – Wag-wag Aga, Sampaguita, BS Nagkarlan, Africa, M5-AS, M8-2-1, M62-1-2, M45, M5-B-2, M13-1-1, M13-1-1B, M36-4-1, M30-10-1B, M4-3-1, M3-2-1, M10-2-1
Quezon – AG17, AG5, M41, M35, M12-21
Camarines Sur – AG24, Elon-elon, M5-A, M48, M70, M102, M103, M106, M107, M110, M112, M128, M131, M143
Agusan del Norte- Palay Damo, AG5, AG10, Sta. Maria, San pablo, Carandang, Bengawan, Jap 1, Tapol 1, India, M5-AS, M117, M11-20-1, M11-20-B2, M4-4B, M5C, MC14-2R, M87-W, M6-14-1-1
Surigao del Sur – San Pablo, M2-1-1, M5-BD, M13-2-1B, M3-4-1, M93-1
Davao del Norte – AG5, Layong Mabilog, Cicadiz, Sampaguita, Milagrosa, Hinumay, Malagkit, Tinangi, Bogret, Camoros, San Pablo, Red Wag-wag, Wag-wag Aga, M35, 4-11-90, M21-4-1, M58, M50, M59, M75-1, M4-4-B2
Davao del Sur – AG5, M117-3, M15-12-1, M117, M95-5, M5-AS
Pangasinan – Lamyung, Bulik, Mogen, Cinamon, , Pandan, Sampaguita, Parirutong, India, Resco, Imp. Milagrosa, C22, M45, M3-4-1-2, M69-2-1, M120-4, M10-2-2-5, M44-3, M4-B1, M5-B1, M40-2-2, M44-1, M140-2, M8-3-1
Oriental Mindoro – Elon-elon, Ka Luis, AG5, GV3, M13, XO, M97, M11, M45-1
Aklan – Imp. Camoros, M45-1, M15-12-1, M11-5-1, M31-37-B4, M21-b1-1, M76-4-1, M2-1-1, M5-CS, M125-2, M140-1, M13-2-1B, M5-A1, M11-5-1, M36-2-1
Antique – AG5, AG10, 16-70D, San Pablo, Minantika, Red Rice, M5-BD, M5-CS, M21-B3, M21-B1-1, M21-37-B4, M36-1, M36-3, M36-4-1, M62-1-1, M104-2, M139-2
Negros Occidental – Wag-wag, AG10, AG5, Binangan, Dinorado, Fortuna, Imp. Borong, Imp. Milagrosa, Inuwak, Macan, Red Borong, Sampaguita, White Borong, Zambales, 2R-IN, 90D-42, 90D-43, 90D-44 Bugana Rice, GL1-8-1, GL4-5-5, GL4-9, M10-2-1, M104-1R, M11-20-1, M117-1R, M127-3, M13-2, M133-1, M139-1, M15-12-1, M20-1, M21-37-B4, M22-2-1, M36-1, M36-4-1, M4-4B, M5-BD, M50-1-1, M50-2, M5-AS, M62-1-1, M62-1-2, M6-6, M69-3-1, M8-2-1, M8-3-1, M90-2, M90-LG, MV4-4, Mv4-8
Zamboanga del Sur – White Bengawan, Red Elon-elon, Red Wag-wag, AG5, AG17, C35, M101-1-1, M112-4, M115-6, M76-3-1, M8-1-1-2, M86-4-1, M97-2-1, M35-1-4-1, M97-ES, M5-AS, M15-12
Lanao del Norte – Ala, Wag-wag Aga, Sulig, Hinumay, AG5, M15-12-1, M19, M68, M91, M86-4-1, M109, M117-1-1R, M108-1R, M36-2, M86-4-1, M8-3-1
North Cotabato – C21, Moguama Africa, Nagdami, Vahari, Vadani, BS Nagkarlan, Maligaya Rice, Pinitumpo, AG5, Puro-puro, San pablo, Tinagi, M35-1-2-1, M67-2-1, M5-BD, M26-4-1, M115-1A, M108-1R, M5-C3, M5-CS, M4-4B, M36-4-1, M14-1-1, M11-6-1, M123-2, M129-1, M10-2-2-5, M11-20-1, M11-6-1, M30-10-1B, M36-4, M-AS, M5-B2, M94-4-1,, M11-6-1, M126-1-2, M13-21B, M131-1, M146-1, 21-2-B2, M15-12-1
South Cotabato – San Pablo, AG5, M2, M3-1-1, M5-CS
Bukidnon – Lubang, C18, Senador, Wag-wag Aga, Bengawan Puti, red Elon-elon, Red Borong, AG24, Bogret, Makagina, Mamintana, Pungko, Sologanon, SP Red, Sta. Maria, Sto. Niño, Sulig, AG5, Maligaya Rice, AG10, Puro-puro, Red Binato, M5-BD, C11-4, Dong Red, M76-1, M94, M15-12-1, M3-4-1, M35-3-1, M51-1-1, M51-2, M5-C, M70-1W, M75-1, M86-1, M90-LG, M93-1
Iloilo - Kagingi, Imp. Camoros, Malido, Lubang, Inuwak, red Borong, M15-12-1R, M10-2-1
Capiz – Libtong Mal, Milagrosa, Kadidit, Ag 23, M16-3, M115-1R, M114-4
Zambales -, Fortuna, Pandan, Japanese 3, C21, M45, M11R
Bohol - Melobina, Maragay, Ag 5, Magsanaya, M148-1, SKK
Characteristic / Adaptation
Traditional rice varieties
Masipag rice
High tillering capacity - 42
Good ratooning ability - 24
Low fertility soils 12 36
Drought tolerance 8 9
Saltwater tolerance 7 12
Flooding tolerance 1 7
Pest/disease resistance 6 17
Red / Black/Violet 152 79
Number of Traditional Rice Varieties (TRVs) and Masipag rice with desired characteristics.
RESULTS:
Flood tolerant – M116-2, M115-1R, M160-1, M45-1, PBB 401
Flood tolerant – JDC 3 , JDC8, Dalagang Bukid
Salt water tolerant – Jasmine, Kanoni, Elon-elon, Makaginga, Binulawan
Drought tolerant – Elon-elon, San Vicente, Palawan, M160-1
Drought tolerant – M4-3-1, Hinumay
Salt Water tolerant– Loreto, Binulungan, M115-1R, M45-1
Drought tolerant – Red Borong, Zambales MLD 4-1
Legends: Farmer-bred lines Traditional rice varieties MASIPAG Selections
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
Calabanga, Cam Sur
Bato, Cam Sur
Sta. Josefa, Agusan del Sur
Malng, North Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat, Saranggani
Alimodian, Iloilo Libagon, Southern Leyte Drought tolerant – M148-2, M394-1, M51-2, M177-3, M74-1
Batbatngon, Leyte Drought tolerantt – Senador, HubanibPatnongon, Antique
Drought tolerant – M6-14-1R
Climate Change-ready varieties
Green manure
Compost,Vermicompost
Soi
l Fer
tility
Man
agem
ent
D. Soil Fertility Management
Fermented Plant Juice,Fish Amino Acid,Indigenous microorganisms
Soil fertility
E. Alternative Pest Management
Farm Management Practices• Soil nutrient management• Method and time of planting Crop and Varietal
• Water management Diversification• Crop rotation
Maintain Insect Pest,Pathogen, Ecological
Weed Balance
Technology Development by Farmers
F. Diversified and Integrated Farming System (DIFS)
• Diversification is insurance against stochastic events> 3-5 varieties of rice per farmer> Diversification in time (crop rotation)> Diversification in space (vertical space,
horizontal space)> Diversification by use > Diversified and Integrated Farming System (DIFS) = a farm plan is needed
DIFS: more sources, more food, more income
DIFS and multifunctionality
• Maintain stock resources in the Farm
Livestock: Bank in the backyard !
Ducks: Natural pest control
G. Poultry Gene Pool and Development
Nine PO managed chicken gene pool
No Regrets Adaptation to Climate change:
Cultivation of survival crops:• Tuber crops are food insurance
(sweet potato, cassava, taro, yam)• Resilient crops (banana)• Sturdy crops (coconut)
> non-traditional food crops and animals• Drought tolerant (sorghum, pigeon pea)
Carabao driven rotary used in rice farming by Abraham of Sultan Kudarat
H. Farmer-developed and Adapted technologies
Pangi leaves used as botanical pest control by Doming of Zamboanga del Sur
Organic farming for rural development
• Organic farming: use resources within the farm
> Green Manuring (biofertilizers)> Crop and animal wastes
(as organic fertilizers)> Vermicomposting> Companion crops
>>> reduces farmers’ economic exposure to risks (less production costs)
34
Reduce vulnerability through farmer-based adaptive strategies
• Diversification> 3-5 varieties of rice per farmer> Diversified and Integrated Farming Systems> Tuber crops (food insurance)> non-traditional food crops and animals> Green Manuring (biofertilizers)> Livestock (bank in the backyard)> Medicinal plants (pharmacy in the backyard)
I. Local marketing of organic products
MASIPAG Farmers’ Guarantee System:• Organic standards• Internal quality control• Product and market development• Processing facilities• Management capacity bldg.
J. Advocacy• Advocacy against development
aggression: -GMOs, patenting of life, corporate control -Mining -Aerial spraying -Land grabbing and land conversion -Biofuels• Advocacy in favor of:
- agrarian reform - susag/organic ag and food security
>> practical work is our best advocacy
Improved Income:Net agricultural income per hectare, 2007 (Pesos)
Masipag Organic
Masipag In Conversion
Chemical Faming
Luzon 24,412** 18,991** 13,403**
Visayas 22,868** 16,039** 13,728**
Mindanao Average
23,715ns
23,599***17,362ns
17,457***19,588ns
15,643***
** = highly significant differences*** = very highly significant differencesNs = no significant difference
MASIPAG, after 26 years:
As organization and network: 635 Peoples Organizations; 35,000+
farmers 60 Non-Government Organizations 15 Scientist-partners 67 farmer rice breeders; 12 corn breeders 100+ volunteer farmer-trainers
On-farm research resources 223 PO-managed trial farms +10 back-up 9 PO-managed native chicken gene pools
Active in 49 provinces
Summary MASIPAG works on:
• Farmers’ Empowerment • Biodiversity conservation• Sustainable agriculture and farming• Organic production and marketing• Food security and Poverty alleviation• Coping mechanism to climate change
>> Not Green or Gene revolution but “Farmer revolution”
>> A partnership, a network, a philosophy and a way of life
Some Lessons in Participatory Research
Agricultural problems have technological as well as non-technological solutions
Certain degree of trust and confidence building as well as leveling-off is needed
R & D should be farmer-centered, not project-, discipline-, scientist-, agency-, or NGO-centered
Need-driven, not fund driven
Some Lessons in Participatory Research
Farmers’ counterparting and no dole-outs should be observed
Sense of ownership by the farmers should be inculcated
Organization has multiplier and sustainability effect
Change and development should only be as fast as the farmers can assimilate
Source: Barefoot Guide to Organizations
The paths are not to be found, but made And the activity of making them Changes both the maker and the
destination.John Schaar
Wanderer, your footsteps are on the road, Wanderer, there is no road, The road is made by walking.
Antonio Machado
Thank you for your attention.