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Sistem Otot 2
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Sistem Otot
Otot yang terletak di bahagian median badan. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari: otot kepala dan leher otot spine (tulang belakang/tulang punggung)
Otot yang bersambung dengan otot aksial. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari: otot bahu dan tangan otot kaki
Pandangan Depan Pandangan Belakang
Frontalis
Korugator supersili
Obikularis okuli
Levator labi superioris
Zigomatikus major
Masseter
Risorius
Levator anguli oris
Platisma
Depresor anguli oris
Sternokleidomastoid
Omohioid
Trapezius
7
Frontalis
• Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis
• Insertion: Skin over forehead
• Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead
Epicranial Aponeurosis
8
Occipitalis
• Origin: Occipital and temporal bones
• Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis
• Action: Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
9
Orbicularis Oculi
• Origin: Medial orbital margin and zygomatic bone
• Insertion: Skin surrounding eye
• Action: Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead
10
Temporalis
• Origin: Temporal fossa
• Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible
• Action: Elevates and retracts mandible
11
Masseter
• Origin: Zygomatic process and arch
• Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible
• Action: Elevates mandible
12
Orbicularis Oris
• Origin: By muscular skips to surround muscles
• Insertion: Muscles interlace to surround mouth
• Action: Closes and purses lips
13
• Origin: Zygomatic arch
• Insertion: Corner of mouth
• Action: Elevates corner of mouth
Zygomaticus Major
14
• Origin: Fascia of masseter
• Insertion: Corner of mouth
• Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally
Risorius
16
• Origin: Medial tip of suprascapular notch
• Insertion: Body of
hyoid bone
• Action: Depresses hyoid bone
Omohyoid
17
• Origin: Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle
• Insertion: Hyoid bone
• Action: Depresses hyoid bone
Sternohyoid
18
• Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
• Insertion: Hyoid bone • Action: Elevates hyoid
bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible
Mylohyoid
19
• Origin: Lower border of mandible near midline
• Insertion: Intermediate tendon
• Action: Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses mandible
DigastricAnterior Belly
20
• Origin: Mastoid notch of temporal bone
• Insertion: Intermediate tendon
• Action: Moves hyoid bone back
DigastricPosterior Belly
21
• Origin: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle
• Insertion: Mastoid process
• Action: Rotates head to opposite side, extends head, and flexes vertebral column
Sternocleidomastoid
Deep Muscles of the Back and Neck
25
Trapezius
• Origin: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line and spinous process of C7-T12
• Insertion: Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion process, lateral third of clavicle
• Action: Elevates, adducts, and depresses scapula
26
Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium
• Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus
• Action: Extends, rotates humerus medially, draws shoulder down and backward
27
• Origin: Transverse processes of C1-4
• Insertion: Superior angle spine of scapula
• Action: Elevates scapula
Levator Scapula
28
• Origin: Spinous process of T1-5 and supraspinous ligament
• Insertion: Medial border below spine of scapula
• Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation
Rhomboid Major
29
• Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1
• Insertion: Medial border of scapula at base of spine
• Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation
Rhomboid Minor
30
• Origin: Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs
• Insertion: Anterior lip of medial border of scapula
• Action: Holds scapula to chest wall, medially rotates scapula in abducting or extending humerus
Serratus Anterior
31
• Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
• Insertion: Angles of the ribs. Spinous & Transverse processes of vertebrae
• Action: Extension of vertebral column
Erector Spinae
32
• Origin: Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium
• Insertion: Lower border of 12th rib, transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae
• Action: Depresses rib cage inferiorly and laterally flexes trunk
Quadratus Lumborum
33
• Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6
• Insertion: 1st rib • Action: Elevates 1st
rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck
Scalenes Anterior
34
• Origin: Transverse processes of C2-C7
• Insertion: 1st rib • Action: Elevates 1st
rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck
Scalenes Middle
35
• Origin: Transverse processes of C4-C6
• Insertion: 2nd rib • Action: Elevates 2nd
rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck
Scalenes Posterior
37
• Origin: Inferior border of rib above
• Insertion: Superior border of rib below
• Action: Elevates rib cage during inspiration
External Intercostal
38
• Origin: Superior border of rib below
• Insertion: Inferior border of rib above
• Action: Depresses rib cage during expiration
Internal Intercostal
39
Pectoralis Major
• Origin: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
• Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus
• Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, draws body upward in climbing
40
• Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5
• Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
• Action: Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs
Pectoralis Minor
42
• Origin: Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis
• Insertion: Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7
• Action: Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column
Rectus Abdominus
43
• Origin: External surface of lower 8 ribs
• Insertion: Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba
• Action: Compresses abdomen, contralaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column
External Abdominal Oblique
44
• Origin: Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
• Insertion: Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis
• Action: Compresses abdomen, ipsilaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column
Internal Abdominal Oblique
45
• Origin: Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
• Insertion: Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis
• Action: Compresses abdomen
Transverse Abdominis
47
• Origin: Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx
• Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
• Action: Principal extensor and lateral rotator of femur
Gluteus Maximus
48
• Origin: Middle portion of ilium Insertion: Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur
• Action: Abducts femur, stabilizes contralateral hip while standing on one leg
Gluteus Medius
49
• Origin: Pelvic surface of sacrum
• Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
• Action: Rotates femur laterally
Piriformis
50
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Greater
trochanter and shaft of femur
• Action: Rotates thigh laterally
Quadratus Femoris
51
• Origin: Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus
• Action: Flexes trunk and flexes and laterally rotates thigh
Psoas Major
52
• Origin: Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum
• Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major
• Action: Flexes and laterally rotates femur
Iliacus
Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm
Muscles of the Shoulder and Back
Otot Tangan
58
• Origin: Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula
• Insertion: Deltoid tubercle of humerus
• Action: Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, and internal and external rotation
Deltoid
59
• Origin: Supraspinous fossa
• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action: Abducts humerus
Supraspinatus
60
• Origin: Infraspinous fossa
• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates humerus laterally
Infraspinatus
61
• Origin: Axillary border of scapula
• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates humerus laterally
Teres Minor
62
• Origin: Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula
• Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus
• Action: Extends, adduction and medial rotates humerus.
Teres Major
63
• Origin: Subscapular fossa
• Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates humerus medially
Subscapularis
64
• Origin: Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;Short head, coracoid process scapula
• Insertion: Radial tuberosity of the radius
• Action: Flexes radius and humerus, and supinates forearm
Biceps Brachii
Short Head Long
Head
65
• Origin: Coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion: Middle third of humerus
• Action: Flexes and adducts humerus
Coracobrachialis
66
• Origin: Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus; Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus
• Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
• Action: Extends humerus and ulna
Triceps Brachii Long Head
Lateral Head
67
• Origin: Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus
• Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna
• Action: Flexes ulna
Brachialis
68
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna
• Action: Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint in extension
Anconeus
70
• Origin: Scaphoid and trapezium
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of thumb
• Action: Abducts thumb and aids in flexion
Palm
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
71
• Origin: Trapezium • Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of thumb • Action: Flexes thumb
PalmPalm
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
72
• Origin: Hook of hamate
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
• Action: Flexes fifth digit
PalmPalm
Flexor Digiti Minimi
73
• Origin: Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
• Action: Abducts fifth digit
PalmPalm
Abductor Digiti Minimi
75
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
• Insertion: Middle portion of radius
• Action: Pronates and flexes forearm
Pronator Teres
Anterior, Superficial Layer
76
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Base of second metacarpal
• Action: Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Anterior, Superficial Layer
77
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
• Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis
• Action: Weak flexion of wrist, tenses skin of palm
Palmaris Longus
Anterior, Superficial Layer
78
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna
• Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal
• Action: Flexes and adducts wrist
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Anterior, Superficial Layer
79
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
• Insertion: Middle phalanges of fingers
• Action: Flexes fingers and wrist
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Anterior, Middle Layer
80
• Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanges of fingers
• Action: Flexes fingers and wrist
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Anterior, Deepest Layer
81
• Origin: Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna
• Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb
• Action: Flexes thumb and wrist
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Anterior, Deepest Layer
83
• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge
• Insertion: Styloid process of radius
• Action: Flexes forearm
Brachioradialis
Posterior, Superficial Layer
84
• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
• Insertion: Second metacarpal
• Action: Extends and abducts hand
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Posterior, Superficial Layer
85
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Third metacarpal
• Action: Extends and abducts hand
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Posterior, Superficial Layer
86
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons
• Action: Extends fingers and hand
Extensor Digitorum
Posterior, Superficial Layer
87
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
• Insertion: Fifth metacarpal
• Action: Extends and adducts hand
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Posterior, Superficial Layer
88
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Extensor expansion of little finger
• Action: Extends 5th digit and hand
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Posterior, Middle Layer
89
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna
• Insertion: Lateral surface and posterior border of radius
• Action: Supinates forearm
Supinator
Posterior, Deepest Layer
90
• Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: First metacarpal
• Action: Abducts thumb and hand
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Posterior, Deepest Layer
91
• Origin: Middle third of radius and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
• Action: Extends thumb
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Posterior, Deepest Layer
92
• Origin: Middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
• Action: Extends thumb
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Posterior, Deepest Layer
Muscles of the Leg
Muscles of the Leg
9-63
Muscles of the Leg
Otot Kaki
99
• Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity;Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
• Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
• Action: Extends femur and flexes leg
Biceps Femoris
Long Head
Short Head
100
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Medial condyle
of tibia • Action: Extends femur
and flexes leg
Semitendinosus
101
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Medial
condyle of tibia • Action: Extends femur
and flexes leg
Semimembranosus
103
• Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
• Insertion: Medial margin of tibial tuberosity
• Action: Flexes both femur and tibia
Sartorius
104
• Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum
• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
• Action: Extends tibia and flexes femur
Rectus Femoris
105
• Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
• Action: Extends tibia
Vastus Lateralis
106
• Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
• Action: Extends tibia
Vastus Medialis
107
• Origin: Upper shaft of femur
• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
• Action: Extends tibia
Vastus Intermedius
109
• Origin: Inferior pubic ramus
• Insertion: Upper part of linea aspera
• Action: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur
Adductor Brevis
110
• Origin: Between pubic rami near symphysis
• Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera
• Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur
Adductor Longus
111
• Origin: Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity
• Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
• Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially rotates femur
Adductor Magnus
112
• Origin: Inferior pubis near symphysis
• Insertion: Upper portion of tibia
• Action: Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia
Gracilis
114
Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Origin: Iliac crest • Insertion: Iliotibial tract • Action: Flexes thigh,
stabilizes knee
115
• Origin: Superior ramus of pubis
• Insertion: Just inferior to the lesser trochanter
• Action: Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh
Pectineus
117
• Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of femur
• Insertion: With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
• Action: Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot
Gastrocnemius
Superficial
118
• Origin: Upper third of fibula and soleal line of tibia
• Insertion: With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
• Action: Flexes foot
Soleus
Second Layer
119
• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
• Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
• Action: Weakly assists gastroc in plantar flexing ankle and flexing knee
Plantaris
Second Layer
121
• Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle
• Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles
• Action: Flexes and unlocks knee joint
Popliteus
Second Layer
122
• Origin: Interosseous membrane and tibia and fibula on either side
• Insertion: Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4
• Action: Adducts and inverts foot and aids in plantar flexion
Tibialis Posterior
ThirdLayer
123
• Origin: Middle half of tibia • Insertion: By four tendons
into distal phalanges of lateral four toes
• Action: Flexes lateral four toes
Flexor Digitorum Longus
ThirdLayer
124
• Origin: Distal two-thirds of fibula
• Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe
• Action: Flexes great toe
Flexor Hallucis Longus
ThirdLayer
126
• Origin: Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal
• Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Tibialis Anterior
127
• Origin: Middle half of fibula and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe
• Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Tendon
128
• Origin: Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula, & interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four lateral toes by extensor expansion
• Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes
Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendon
130
• Origin: Upper two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septa
• Insertion: Plantar base of first metatarsal and first cuneiform and
• Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
Fibularis Longus
131
• Origin: Lower two-thirds of fibula
• Insertion: Plantar base of fifth metatarsal
• Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
Fibularis Brevis
133
• Origin: Dorsal surface of calcaneus
• Insertion: By four tendons into extensor expansion
• Action: Extends toes
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
134
• Origin: Medial surface of calcaneus
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of great toe
• Action: Extends toes
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
NAMA OTOT FUNGSI-FUNGSI
Oksiput-frontalis otot mengerut dahi
Obikularis-okuli mengelilingi kelopak mata dan bertindak sebagai otot penutup mata
Obikularis-oris mengelilingi bibir, menutup mulut
Buksinator otot utama di bahagian pipi, digunakan pada masa menghisap dan mengunyah
NAMA OTOT FUNGSI-FUNGSI
Temporalis dan Maseter
membantu tindakan otot buksinator pada masa mengunyah
Plastima menarik rahang bawah, iaitu membuka mulut dan membantu pada masa mengunyah
Sternokleidomastoid menarik kepala ke sisi dan mengangguk kepala
Trapezius otot segitiga yang besar di belakang leher, bahu dan bahagian atas di belakang dada. Membantu dalam gerakan sendi bahu.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Deltoid di atas bahu, mengangkat lengan ke arah luar dari sisi badan.
Bisep dan Brakialis di hadapan lengan atas , membengkok sendi siku
Trisep di belakang lengan atas, menjulur sendi siku
Otot lengan bawah beberapa kumpulan otot terletak di bahagian depan dan belakang lengan bawah dan di bahagian tapak tangan dan jari. Semua otot ini menjalankan gerak-geri di sendi siku, pergelangan tangan dan jari.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Pektoralis Major
otot besar di hadapan dada, membengkok lengan atas ke hadapan dada
Pektoralis Minor
di bawah otot pektoralis major, menarik bahu ke bawah
Serratus anterior
di sebelah rusuk ke arah tulang belikat, menarik bahu ke hadapan
Latisimus Dorsi
dari belakang dada ke bahagian atas tulang pangkal lengan
menurun lengan ke sisi badan selepas lengan telah diangkat, memutar /memusing lengan atas ke dalam
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsiInterkosta (Dalam dan Luar)- antara tulang rusuk
Bilangan otot interkosta ialah 11 pasang dan dibahagikan kepada otot interkosta dalam dan luar. Otot ini terjalar dari pinggir bawah pada satu tulang rusuk ke pinggir atas tulang rusuk yang di bawahnya. Ia terdiri daripada dua lapisan dan fiber otot interkosta dalam berselang-seli dengan fiber otot interkosta luar.
Fiber otot interkosta dalam terjalar ke bawah dan ke belakang, manakala fiber otot interkosta luar pula terjalar ke bawah dan ke hadapan.
Otot ini adalah otot penting dalam gerakan bernafas. Tindakan otot interkosta luar: menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar dan meluaskan ruang toreks pada masa menarik nafas. Tindakan otot interkosta dalam: setengah daripadanya
menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar (dan meluaskan ruang toreks), manakala fiber yang lain daripadanya menarik rusuk ke hala dalam toreks dan mengecilkan ruang toreks pada masa menghembus nafas.
Dinding depan di bahagian abdomen terbina daripada otot-otot yang berikut. Semua otot ini adalah otot berpasangan dan membantu dalam proses bernafas.
Nama Otot Lokasi Otot1. Rektus Abdominis (Otot Lurus) Tendon dari punca permulaannya berasal
dari cuaran xifoid di tulang dada dan tendon lekatannya terlekat di pinggir atas di sendi ari-ari. Otot ini dilitupi oleh sarung berfiber yang tebal yang dikenali sebagai sarung rektus. Otot rektus abdominis dari sebelah kiri abdomen menjalar selari dengan pasangannya di sebelah kanan dan terpisah dari pasangannya oleh satu lapisan tisu berfiber yang dikenali sebagai linea alba(garisan putih) yang terletak di pertengahan abdomen.
2. Otot Eksterna Oblikus (Otot Serong Luar)
Fiber dari otot ini bermula dari lapan tulang rusuk yang bawah, menjalar ke arah bawah dan hadapan, dan tamat sebagai bentuk kipas dan terlekat di tempat berikut:-Kepada sarung berfiber otot rektus abdominis-Kepada puncak tulang ari-ari-Kepada bahagian pertengahan depan di puncak tulang ilium-Ligamen inguinal@ligamen Poupart ialah sebahagian daripada tendon lekatan otot ini---ligamen ini terletak dari rabung atas depan di tulang ilium ke puncak tulang ari-ari.
3. Otot Interna Oblikus (Otot Serong Dalam)
Kebanyakan fiber otot ini bermula dari puncak ilium dan tamat sebagai punca lekatan di sarung berfiber otot rektus dan tulang rusuk yang bawah.
4. Transversa Abdominis (Otot Melintang)
Otot ini terdapat di lapisan bawah sekali di antara otot yang membina dinding depan abdomen.
Fibernya bermula dari rawan rusuk yang di bawah, ruas tulang pinggang, puncak ilium dan ligamen inguina, melintang ke arah pasangannya di pertengahan abdomen.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Iliopsoas Terdiri daripada dua otot belakang yang bermula dari tulang ilium dan vertebra pinggang.
Kedua-dua otot ini terlekat di gembul kecil di tulang paha.
Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi paha serta memutar paha ke sisi dalamnya.
Kuadratus Lumborum
Bermula dari puncak ilium dan terlekat di tulang rusuk kedua belas.
Permukaan belakang buah pinggang terletak di atas otot kuadratus lumborum.
Otot ini membengkok badan ke sebelah sisinya.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot Gluteus Maksima Melunjurkan sendi paha setelah sendi ini dibengkokkan, ia juga memutar paha ke sisi luar.
Otot Gluteus Medius Mengangkat paha ke hala luar
Otot Gluteus Minimus Mengangkat paha (abduksi) ke hala luar serta memutar paha ke sisi dalam (medial rotation)
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsiOtot kuadrisep ekstensor (otot empat akar) yang terdiri daripada empat otot, iaitu:-Rektus femoris-Vastus medialis-Vastus lateralis-Vastus intermedialis
Otot-otot ini melunjurkan sendi lutut setelah lutut dibengkokkan
Otot sartorius Menyerong dari sisi luar dari atas paha ke sisi dalam di bahagian lutut.
Otot ini membengkok sendi lutut sertamembengkok, mengangkat dan memutar sendi paha ke luar.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot hamstring terdiri dari 3 otot, iaitu:-Bisep femoris-Semi-membranosa-Semi- tendinosa
Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi lutut serta melunjurkan sendi paha.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot aduktor terdiri daripada 3 otot, iaitu:-Aduktor longus-Brevis-Magnus
Otot-otot ini mengangkat paha ke hala dalam.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot tibialis anterior Membengkokkan sendi pergelangan kaki ke atas.
Otot Ekstensor Digitorium Longus Membengkokkan jari-jari kaki ke atas.
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot Gastronemius dan Otot Soleus
Tendon lekatan dari otot ini bersatu di bawah lalu membentuk tendon keting(tendon achilles) dan puncanya terlekat di tulang tumit
Membengkokkan sendi lutut dan membengkokkan tapak kaki ke bawah
Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi
Otot Peroneus terdiri daripada tiga otot Menarik tapak kaki ke hala sisi luar
Umur (tahun)
Perkembangan Psikomotor ( Motor kasar ----- Motor halus )
Lahir - 2 Bayi mula menunjukkan autonomi dan kekuatan melalui pergerakkan seperti memusingkan badan, merangkak dan berjalan. Ini adalah hasil perkembangan psikomotor yang melibatkan otot-otot kasar (leher, kaki, tangan dan kaki).
Perkembangan otot-otot halus (jari tangan) yang membolehkan bayi mencapai, menggengam dan mengkoordinasi antara mata dan tangan mula kelihatan.
Di akhir tahun kedua, bayi sudah boleh melakukan aktiviti yang kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa langkah seperti memegang pensil krayon dan melukis.
2 Menaiki tangga dengan bantuan. Memegang objek-objek besar seperti bola dan memanipulasi
objek-objek kecil seperti krayon.
3 Melambung bola. Menunggang basikal roda tiga.
4 Melompat dan berlari. Menaiki dan menurun tangga tanpa bantuan.
5 Menggunakan kasut roda. Menulis huruf-huruf dan perkataan-perkataan yang mudah.
6 Memukul, menampal, mengikat tali kasut, dan membutan baju.
7 - 12 Otot mata dan tangan mencapai koordinasi yang lebih baik membolehkan kanak-kanak menulis dengan lebih kemas.
Belajar membaca, mengira dan melakukan aktiviti permainan. Belajar bermain alat-alat muzik seperti piano dan biola. Menjahit, mengait, membina model…… Belajar gimnastik, berenang, tenis dan olahraga. Kanak-kanak lelaki lebih cenderung kepada permainan lasak
misalnya permainan bola sepak di padang.
12 - 15 Otot-otot bertambah kuat. Pertambahan koordinasi.