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2
Objectives Explain how to implement green
fleets Learn about incentives for
converting to natural gas fleets Learn about the availability and
cost of natural gas Identify the advantages of using
natural gas Understand how to safely handle
natural gas
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Why use green fleets? Reduce operating costs Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions Improve corporate image
Greening of Fleets
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How to Implement Natural Gas Get buy-in Create long-term objectives Avoid setting reduction goals in
absolute numbers Anticipate obstacles Move slowly Improve vehicle use Track and report progress
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Natural gas = hydrocarbon fuel; mostly methane
Natural gas is a fossil fuel Natural gas has a higher
flammability than conventional gasoline
Natural gas has a lower volumetric energy density compared to liquid fuels
Natural Gas Fleets
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How is Natural Gas Formed? Fossil fuel – nonrenewable
Decay of organic matter over time Coal, oil, stand-alone wells
Biogas – renewable Landfills Agriculture
Stored as CNG or LNG
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CNG Natural gas is compressed and
stored as a gas Stable method of containment 3000-3600 psi
Figure 1 (left): Factory available Honda Civic CNG passenger car. Source: NAFTC. Figure 2 (right): Corresponding CNG trunk-mounted tank. Source: NAFTC.
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LNG Natural gas is cooled
below -260°F
Stored at lower pressures If released, LNG will
quickly evaporate Considered a cryogenic
liquid Storage tanks are called
dewars Figure 3: Cutaway of LNG tank showing dual walls and
insulation. Source: NAFTC.
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Incentives Partnership initiatives and pooled resources Financial subsidiaries Informational tools
Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
Clean Cities Program
Incentives for Using Natural Gas in Fleets
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Tax Incentives Tax incentives for natural gas
fuel, vehicles, and infrastructure have been provided through federal law
In addition to federal incentives, 25 states currently offer to help in the development of the market
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Federal Grant Funding Federal government = largest grant
provider U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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State Grant Funding State Energy Office (SEO) National Association of State Energy
Officials directory Alternative Fuels Data Center map
To find state-specific information, visitwww.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state
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Incentives for Natural Gas Production Recently doubled estimates of U.S.
natural gas reserves Expanded drilling options available Cleaner burning domestically produced
gas State incentives for increased production Local biomass projects Use of renewable biogas over natural gas
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Currently, there are 300,000 miles of natural gas pipelines in U.S.
Most public fueling stations are CNG because fleets using LNG have dedicated infrastructure
Consumption has increased 145% nationwide since 2005
Natural Gas Availability and Cost
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Figure 4: Natural Gas fueling stations by state. AFDC.
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Research shows the cost of diesel fuel is projected to increase at a linear rate of 5.6% per year
Increase in natural gas = 1.6% per year
Figure 5: EIA Fuel Price Projections. Source: EIA.
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Figure 6: Cost comparison - diesel, gasoline, & compressed natural gas. Source: AFDC.
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Natural gas price depends upon: Cost of production Demand for natural gas 87% domestically produced
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Reduced greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions
Reduced long term operating costs
Domestically produced Higher compression ratios
Natural Gas Advantages
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Things to Consider Limited vehicle availability and
initial cost Shorter driving range Limited public fueling stations
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Performance Conversions have similar
performance May sacrifice some power
Dedicated and purposed built may have better performance
Can utilize higher compression ratio for increased engine efficiency
Natural Gas Performance and Safety
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Natural Gas Performance Summary
• Similar vehicle performance• High octane rating• Cleaner exhaust emissions• Fuel tank size can be large• Limited vehicle fueling stations
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Safety NGVs have excellent safety
record: Integrity of the NGV’s fuel storage
and delivery system Properties of the fuel itself
Natural gas is highly flammable Excellent for combustion Should be handled with same care
given to other combustible fuels
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Safety Natural gas cylinders are much
thicker and stronger than gasoline or diesel tanks
The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and U.S. DOT identify hazards with diamond placards
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Tanks CNG
Produced to meet reliability and performance standards
3 year or 36,000 mile tank inspections LNG
Visual inspection for corrosion
Label
Figure 7: Example of LNG tank label. Source: NAFTC.
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NFPA Placards and Specifications Four colored diamonds within outer
diamond Inner diamonds dictate health, fire,
reactivity, and other hazard information
Different diamonds for different substances
Figure 8 (left): NFPA hazard placard for CNG. Source: NFPA.
Figure 9 (right): NFPA 704 hazard placard for LNG. Source: NFPA.
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U.S. DOT Placards and Specifications Help identify what fuel is being
transported Different placards for different forms
of fuel Proper officials should be contacted
to ensure correct placards are displayed
Figure 10 (left): CNG transport placard for UN 1971. Source: U.S. DOT. Figure 11: LNG transport placard
UN 1972. Source: U.S. DOT.
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Natural Gas Safety Summary• NGVs must meet stringent
safety codes• Safe and durable storage tanks• Tank inspections• Exposure causes minimal
injury
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1. True or False: The price of natural gas based on a gasoline gallon equivalent is typically lower than gasoline.
2. What are the two forms of natural gas storage?
3. True or False: Fueling stations for natural gas are located in nearly all locations of conventional fuel stations.
4. Natural gas engines can utilize higher __________ due to its higher ___________ rating.
5. True or False: Natural gas vehicles require periodic fuel tank inspections.
Test Your Knowledge