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MK.NUTAN S1 1

Nitrogen

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Introduction

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limitingnutrients for crop production in the orld.

N is the nutrient element !pplied in the l!rgest"u!ntity for most !nnu!l crops (#u$er !ndThompson% &'').

Systems of !griculture th!t rely he!ily on soilresere to meet the N re"uirements of pl!ntsc!nnot long $e effectie in producing highyields of crops (Steenson% 1*+&).

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Cycle in SoilPlant Systems

The cycle of ! nutrient in the soil,pl!nt system c!n $edefined !s !ddition% tr!nsform!tion% !nd upt!e $ypl!nts% loss from the soil,pl!nt system% !nd

immo$ili!tion. The nitrogen cycle in the soil,pl!nt system is ery

dyn!mic !nd comple/ due to inolement of clim!tic%soil% !nd pl!nt f!ctors.

Knoledge of the nutrient cycle in the soil,pl!nt system

is !n import!nt !spect of underst!nding the !!il!$ilityof N to pl!nts !nd !dopting m!n!gement pr!ctices tom!/imie its upt!e !nd use efficiency (0!geri! !nd!lig!r% &''2!)

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The m!in inputsources of N to thesoil,pl!nt system!re chemic!lfertiliers% org!nicm!nures% !nd

$iologic!l N&fi/!tion.

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Role of Low-Molecular-Weight

Organic Nitrogen Comounds

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MK.NUTAN S1 3

#u$ung!n e$utuh!n unsur N deng!n

pertum$uh!n d!n omposisiny! d!l!mt!n!m!n 4 K!ndung!n N d!l!m t!n!m!n untu

pertum$uh!n optimum & , 25 $er!t ering

il! ur!ng d!ri is!r!n terse$ut 4

,6ertum$uh!n terh!m$!t d!n senescen n!mp!

le$ih !!l

,il! le$ih d!ri is!r!n terse$ut 4 ter7!diperu$!h!n morphologi d!n mengh!m$!t

senescen

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MK.NUTAN S1

6eng!ruh Nitrogen p!d! 6erem$!ng!n

Tum$uh!n 8fe menguntung!n

, 9i!nt!r! N%6%K.% nitrogen mempuny!i efe p!ling

cep!t d!n menon7ol., Mul!-mul! mening!t!n pertum$uh!n di !t!s t!n!h

d!n mem$eri!n !rn! hi7!u p!d! d!un

, Merup!!n peng!tur penting penggun!!n !lium%

fosfor dll., T!n!m!n y!ng meng!l!mi eur!ng!n !!n tum$uh

erdil d!n memilii sistem per!!r!n ter$!t!s

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+

6em$eri!n erle$ih!n, 9i!nt!r! N%6%K.% Nitrogenl!h s!tu-s!tuny! unsur y!ng

meng!i$!t!n erus!!n p!d! t!n!m!n tertentu 7i!di$eri!n $erle$ih!n

, 9!un $er!rn! hi7!u tu!% lun!% $!ny! $er!ir

,Nitrogen d!p!t mengh!m$!t !tu m!s!% !ren!pening!t!n pertum$uh!n eget!tif y!ng $erle$ih!n

, 9!p!t melem!h!n $!t!ng d!n mening!t!n eh!mp!!n

, Menurun!n u!li!ts $u!h, 9!p!t mengur!ngi et!h!n!n terh!d!p peny!it

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MK.NUTAN S1 *

Nitrogen $erfungsi se$!g!i unsur penyusun moleulprotein d!n hlorofil% sehingg! penyedi!!n N y!ngcuup !!n dit!nd!i deng!n pertum$uh!n eget!tify!ng le$!t deng!n !rn! hi7!u gel!p

6enyedi!!n N y!ng $erle$ih d!p!t memperp!n7!ngm!s! eget!tif d!n menund! pem!s!!n t!n!m!n.

Unsur N d!l!m t!n!m!n s!ng!t mo$il y!ng $er!rti Nd!ri s!tu $!gi!n t!n!m!n d!p!t pind!h e $!gi!n l!in

(retr!nslo!si) demii!n 7ug! protein

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:nfluence of N !pplic!tion

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Assimil!tion

#:;#8< 6=ANTS synthesie their org!nicmolecul!r components out of inorg!nic nutrientso$t!ined from their surroundings.

This incorpor!tion of miner!l nutrients into org!nicsu$st!nces such !s pigments% enyme cof!ctors%lipids% nucleic !cids% !nd !mino !cids is termednutrient assimilation

Assimil!tion of some nutrients>p!rticul!rlynitrogen !nd sulfur> re"uires ! comple/ series of$iochemic!l re!ctions th!t !re !mong the mostenergy-re"uiring re!ctions in liing org!nisms

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Assimil!tion of Nitrogen

Nitrate and ammonium are the ma!or sources ofinorg!nic nitrogen t!en up $y the roots of higher pl!nts.

Most of the ammonium h!s to $e incorpor!ted into

organic comounds in the roots% here!s nitrateisre!dily mo"ile in the #ylem and can also "e stored inthe $acuoles of roots% shoots% and storage organs

Nitr!te !ccumul!tion in !cuoles c!n $e of consider!$leimport!nce for c!tion-!nion $!l!nce% for osmoregul!tion%

p!rticul!rly in so-c!lled ?nitrophilic@ species such !sChenopodium album and Urtica dioica, !nd for the"u!lity of eget!$le !nd for!ge pl!nts

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MK.NUTAN S1 1

Model of !mmonium !ssimil!tion in

roots

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The !ssimil!tion of !mmonium

The princip!l steps in the !ssimil!tion of !mmonium ionssupplied to the roots !re upt!e into the root cells !ndincorpor!tion into !mino !cids !nd !mides ith !simult!neous rele!se of protons for ch!rge compens!tion

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The synthesis of

!mide

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MK.NUTAN S1 13

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MK.NUTAN S1

enh &''

1

Model of !mmonium !ssimil!tion in

shoots

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MK.NUTAN S1 &'

Asmil!si d!n redusi Nitr!t

B!lur redusi NC-p!d! t!n!m!ntinggiDrend!h

6!d! $e$er!p! $!terisec!r! !n!ero$%

mem!nf!!t!n nitr!t se$!g!i penerim!eletron sehingg! mengh!sil!n N& d!nNo/ (denitrifi!si)

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' &1

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MK.NUTAN S1 &&

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MK.NUTAN S1 &

Sif!t-sif!t 4

8nim omples

M &''.'''

Terd!p!t elompo prosteti 0A9% sitorom%moli$denum

Terd!p!t p!d! sitopl!sm!

Memerlu!n NA9# d!n NA9p# se$!g!i donor

eletron #!lf life h!ny! $e$er!p! 7!m

Buml!h le$ih ecil d!l!m t!n!m!n

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MK.NUTAN S1 &E

6roses peny!tu!n NC-d!n N#EFdeng!n

seny!! org!ni mel!lui $e$er!p! 4

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Schem!tic represent!tion of the se"uence

of nitr!te !ssimil!tion in le!f cells

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Model of !mmoni! !ssimil!tion p!th!ys (1%&)

;lut!mine synthet!se-glut!m!te synth!se p!th!y% ith

lo N# supply (1) !nd ith high N# supply (&). ()

;lut!m!te dehydrogen!se p!th!y. ;C;AT%

;lut!mine-o/oglut!r!te !minotr!nsfer!se

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MK.NUTAN S1

enh &''

&*

Model of !mmoni! !ssimil!tion p!th!ys (1%&) glut!mine synthesie

glut!m!te synthesis p!th!y% ith long N# supply (1) !nd ith #:8N

N# supply (&) () glut!m!te dehydrogen!se p!th!y. ;og!t (glut!mine-

o/oglut!m!te !minotr!nsfer!se

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MK.NUTAN S1 1

=o molecul!r eight org!nic nitrogen

compounds hich !re import!nt stor!ge !nd

long dist!nce tr!nsport formsHompounds 6l!nt f!mily

;lut!mine% !sp!r!gine ;r!mine!e

;lut!mine

Asp!r!gine 0!g!ce!e

Arginine% glut!mine

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MK.NUTAN S1 &

All!ntoin (ureide) d!n $et!ine

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MK.NUTAN S1

8ffect of !mmonium !nd pot!ssium supply

!nd root groth !nd root putrescine content in

pe! pl!nts

&reatment 'ry weight ofthe roots (g)

Putrescine

(mol*g dw)Nitrogen suly

(NO+-*N,.)

Potassium

suly

/00 1 0 . 2. /+ 0%3

-2. //+ /0%+

40 1 40 .2. 56 674-2. 80 4074

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2

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MK.NUTAN S1 3

Time course of nitr!te content in spin!ch le!es

during the light period from *.'' to 1+.''

Time of d!y Honcentr!tion of nitr!te N (mgDgfresh t)

=e!f $l!de 6etiole+ 4 ' &&+%& +'.&

* 4 ' 133.3 &2.1

14' 1''.+ 2E3.'14' *1.' 2'E.'

1+4' 1'3.E 2+.&

light

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Nitrogen Supply, Plant Growth, and

Plant Composition

Schem!tic represent!tion of the effect of incre!sing

leels of nitrogen supply to the roots during e!rly

groth st!ges on the root !nd shoot groth of cere!l

pl!nts.

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Interaction with Other Nutrients

!l!nced supply of essenti!l nutrients is one of themost import!nt f!ctors in incre!sing yields of !nnu!lcrops

Nitrogen h!s positie inter!ctions ith 6 !nd K in croppl!nts.

The incre!sing N r!te incre!ses upt!e of 6% K% H!% !ndMg in ! "u!dr!tic f!shion in dry $e!n pl!nts

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MK.NUTAN S1 E2

9!un y!ng tu! !!n meng!l!mi hlorosis

pert!m! !ren! N d!ri d!un ini ditr!nslo!si

e titi tum$uh untu pem$entu!n $!gi!nt!n!m!n y!ng $!ru

Khlorosis dimul!i d!ri u7ung d!un d!n

$erem$!ng p!d! tul!ng d!un e !r!h$!t!ng. Sed!ng tepi d!un tet!p hi7!u sel!m!

!tu tertentu

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MK.NUTAN S1 E

;e7!l! umum p!d! se$!gi!n

$es!r t!n!m!n =!7u pertum$uh!n menurun

T!n!m!n men7!di erdil

!t!ng urus% perc!$!ng!n terh!m$!t 6ertum$uh!n !!r terpeng!ruh r!sio

rootDshoot mening!t

Klorosis terse$!r h!mpir mer!t! diseluruhd!un

Nerosis men7!di !g! terl!m$!t

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MK.NUTAN S1 E*

Untu t!n!m!n sere!li! 4

,Tillering y!ng 7ele

,Buml!h rongolDlu!s menurun

,Buml!h $i7iDtongol menurun

,i7i le$ih ecil!ndung!n protein

mening!t !ren! menurunny! impor

!r$ohidr!t e d!l!m $i7i sel!m! t!h!ppengisi!n $i7i

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Liming 9cid Soils

Actiities of most of the $enefici!l

microorg!nisms th!t !re inoled in the

process of miner!li!tion of N !nd$iologic!l nitrogen fi/!tion !re inhi$ited

under !cidic conditions

=iming improes !ctiities of such$enefici!l microorg!nisms !nd improes N

use efficiency in crop pl!nts

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2E

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 22

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2

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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2*

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MK.NUTAN S1

An!lisis d!un menun7u!n nutrisi p!d!

is!r!n y!ng tep!t tet!pi tid! d!p!t

menun7u!n se$u!h eseim$!ng!n Kis!r!n pem$eri!n nutrisi y!ng tid!

seim$!ng% p!d! 7enis nutrisi y!ng le$ih

rend!h semestiny! diting!t!n

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MK.NUTAN S1 3

!rn! $u!h 4 p!d! t!n!m!n y!ng sud!h$er$u!h% perem$!ng!n !rn! !!n

tertund! s!!t ting!t N tert!lu tinggi Bi! f!tor l!in tid! $erm!s!l!h% present!se

!rn! mer!h $erur!ng seit!r 25 seti!ppening!t!n leel N d!un '%15

6enguning!n p!d! !pel ;olden deliciousmenun7u!n h!l y!ng s!m!

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MK.NUTAN S1

Uur!n u!h d!n ting!t eer!s!n 4Uur!n sec!r! umum mening!t deng!nmening!tny! N% (!s!l!n tid! $erle$ih!n)tet!pi h!l ini $er!i$!t p!d! ur!ng er!sny!$u!h

L!riet!s soft y!ng dim!sud!n untu $u!hseg!r memilii N ur!ng optimum

di$!nding!n 7i! $u!h er!s y!ngdiperuntu!n se$!g!i $u!h $!h!n $!uol!h!n

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MK.NUTAN S1 +&

:ndi!tor untu menet!p!n st!tus N

No Inde=s N rendah N Normal N tinggi1 6ertum$uh!n tun!s termin!l

T!n!m!n$er$u!h

T!n!m!n tid!$er$u!h

& Uur!n d!un Kecil% tipis Sed!ng es!r% te$!l d!n$i!s!ny! mengerutp!d! pucu

!rn! d!un #i7!u mud! !t!uhi7!u euning!ny!ng mer!t!

#i7!u norm!l #i7!u s!ng!t gel!p

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No Inde=s N rendah N Normal N tinggi

Uur!n $u!h

+ !rn! $u!h

$!gi!n !t!s

er!rn!

cer!hDt!7!m

Norm!l er!rn! us!m

* !rn! $u!h$!gi!n !t!s

er!rn!uning le$ihcep!t

Norm!l #i7!u e uningehi7!u!n

1' Kem!t!ng!n

$u!h

Hep!tDle$ih !!l Norm!l Terl!m$!t 2 , 1'

h!ri