2nd 9 weeks Study Guide

Dec. 15

1.

• What happens during respiration?• To release energy from glucose

2.

• What happens in the mitochondria during respiration?

• Energy is released

3.

• Define fermentation.• Energy being released without oxygen.

4.

• Why is water important for a cell?• Most chemical reactions in cells require water.

5.

• Define diffusion.• Molecules move from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration.

6.

• Define osmosis.• Diffusion of water molecules through a

selectively permeable membrane.

7.

• What is passive transport?• Movement of materials through a cell without

using energy.

8.

• What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

• Cell membrane pinches into 2 new daughter cells.

9.

• What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?

• A cell plate is formed in the middle of each cell.

10.

• What forms around the chromatids during mitosis?

• 2 new nuclei

11.• Draw metaphase

12.• Write the correct order of the cell cycle

beginning with interphase. You will need to know what each phase looks like. Highlight your diagrams.

• Interphase• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase

13.

• What does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment state?

• Alleles are inherited by chance or random.

14.

• What does Mendel’s Law of Dominance state?• If a dominant allele is present then it will

cover up or mask the recessive.

15.

• What is each rung of the DNA ladder made of?• Pairs of nitrogen bases

16.

• What are genes?• Factors that control traits.

17.

• Calculate the probability as a ratio of offspring of 2 hybrid parents.

T t

T TT Tt

t Tt tt

Dominate: 3 in 4Recessive: 1 in 4

18.

• Know how to calculate probability as percent of offspring of 2 homozygous animals.

B B

b Bb Bb

b Bb Bb

Dominant: 100%

19.

• What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

• Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

20.

• What happens during meiosis?• Chromosome pairs separate and are

distributed into new sex cells.

21.

• When sex cells combine, each one contributes how many?

• ½ the number of chromosomes in body cells.

22.

• How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

• 46 or 23 pairs

23.

• How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

• 23

24.

• Where does protein synthesis take place?• On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

25.

• Amino Acids in protein synthesis

26.

• What determines the order of amino acids being formed?

• The order of bases along a gene.

27.

• What does messenger RNA do?• Copies coded message from DNA and carries it

into cytoplasm.

28.

• What does transfer RNA do?• Carries amino acids and adds them to the

growing protein.

29.

• In protein synthesis, what does A-G-U-C-G pair with?

• U-C-A-G-C

30.

• Define alleles.• Different forms of genes.

31.

• 2 identical alleles are• homozygous

32.

• 2 different alleles are • Heterozygous.

33.

• Many genes joined together form• Chromosomes.

34.

• Why does height in humans have a variety of phenotypes?

• Height is controlled by at least 4 genes.

35.

• Which traits can be altered by the environment?

• Height, weight

36.

• What factors can affect a person’s height?• Both genes and environmental factors.

37.

• Why do genetic engineers need to know how to sequence DNA bases?

• To produce proteins.

38.

• How is it possible for adults with Down Syndrome to find work?

• They receive education and job training.

39.

• Draw a pedigree showing individuals with children.

Parents

40.

• How would you know if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked?

• Males would not be shown as carriers.