2 Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly; G-9 T/cha 2.pdf · ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F 23 Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly; 2 gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;. Gtpapd; epy g;gug;gstpy;

23,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F

Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly;

2

gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;.

Gtpapd; epyg;gug;gstpy; Vwj;jho 1/3 gq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;s Mrpahtpd;

gug;gsT 43.6 kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; MFk;. jiu Nkw;gug;gpy;

,j;jifa gue;j gFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s Mrpah gy;tifj; jiuj;Njhw;w

mk;rq;fisAk;> fhyepiyfisAk;> ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l kdpj

eltbf;iffs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ngsjpf

kw;Wk; khdpl #oypd; ,ay;G> mjd; khw;wKWk; gz;Gfs;> nrad;Kiwfs;

vd;gd gw;wp tpupthf Muha;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,g;gue;j msT gpuNjrj;ijf; nfhz;l Mrpah cyfg; glj;jpy;

mike;Js;s rhu;G ,lj;jpid ,g;NghJ fhzyhk;.

Njrg;glk; 2.1

Mrpahtpd; miktplk;

24 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F

Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; rhu;G uPjpapyhd miktplj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

� tlf;fpy; - Ml;bf; rKj;jpuk;

� njw;fpy; - ,e;J rKj;jpuk;

� fpof;fpy; - gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;

� Nkw;fpy; - INuhg;ghf; fz;lKk;> nrq;flYk;

vy;iyfshf mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;. Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,id

mtjhdpj;J mg;gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.

jdp miktplj;jpw;Nfw;g Mrpah kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F

� tlf;Nf - tl mfyhq;F 800 tiuAk;

� njw;Nf - njd; mfyhq;F 100 tiuAk;

� nel;lhq;F fpof;F 250 - 1800 tiuAk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thW gue;jpUg;gjhy; fpof;F miuf;Nfhsk; KOtJk; Mrpahf; fz;lk;

gutpAs;sijf; fhzyhk;. INuhg;ghtpypUe;J A+uy; kiyj; njhlupdhYk;

Mgpupf;f fz;lj;jpypUe;J nrq;flypdhYk; Mrpah gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpahtpd; jdp miktplKk; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fSk;

Njrg;glk; 2.2


nraw;ghL

1. Njrg;glg;Gj;jfj;jpd; JizNahL cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy;Mrpahitf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf mjd; vy;iyfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.mjd; jdp miktplj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; mfyhq;F>nel;lhq;Ffisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

2. Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpd; gug;gstpid Vida fz;lq;fSld; xg;gpl;L

ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;j %d;W tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

cyfpd; kpfg;Guhjd epyj;jpzpTfspy; xd;whd Mrpag;gpuhe;jpak;

cyfpd; kpfg;gue;j fz;lkhFk;. ,J Vida fz;lq;fis tpl

(Kidg;ghd) jdpj;Jtkhd ngsjPf> khdplg;gz;Gfs; gytw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. cyfpd; Guhjd kdpj ehfupfq;fshd A+gpuB]; -

ijfpwp];> ,e;J ntsp> Fthq;Nfh Nghd;w ehfupfq;fs; ,q;Fjhd;

fhzg;gl;ld. ngsj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpwp];jtk;> nfhd;gpA+rpa];>

\pd;Nuh Mfpa rkaq;fspd; jhafKk; ,JNt. kpfg;Guhjd ePu;ts

ehfupfq;fSf;F cupa kPAau; ePupay; njhopDl;gk; Njhd;wpa ,yq;if>

,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfSk; ,q;NfNa mike;Js;sd.

Mrpahtpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gila ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fSk; efuq;fSk;

Njrg;glk; 2.3


cyfpd; kpf cau;e;j kiyr;rpfukhd

vtnu];l ; (8848m) ; > cyfpd ;

kpfj;jho;e;j epyg;gFjpahd rhf;fly;

(fly; kl;lj;jp;ypUe;J 8399m fPo;)

vd;gdTk; ,g ;g puNjrj ;j pNyNa

mike;Js;sd.

Mrpag ;g puhe ;j paj ;ij

INuhg;ghTld; xd;whf ,izf;Fk;

NghJ A+Nu\pah (Eurasia) vd mio-

f;fg;gLk; gue;j epyj;jpzpitf;

nfhz;l fpof;Fg; gFjp mikfpwJ> Mrpahtpd; kiyj;njhlu;fs;>

fhyepiy> fyhrhuk; Mfpa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L MW tyaq;fis ehk;

,dk; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. mjid glk; 2.4 ,y; mtjhdpf;f.

� tl Mrpah

� njd; Mrpah

� fpof;F Mrpah

� kj;jpaMrpah

� njd;fpof;F Mrpah

� kj;jpa fpof;F my;yJ njd;Nkw;F Mrpah vd;gdthFk;.

cU 2.1

vtnu];l ; rpfuk;

Njrg;glk; 2.4

Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; gy;NtW tyaq;fs;


tl Mrpah

• irgPupah rkntsp Je;jpuhg;

gpuNjrk; ,jw;FupadthFk;.

• gue;j rkntspg;gFjpahFk;.

• Xg;> nadrp> yPdh> m%u; Mfpa

ejpfs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;

• ijf;fh vdg;gLk; Crpapiyf;

fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• mupkuj;njhopy;> ehNlhb tpyq;F

Ntshz;ik vd;gd ,lk;ng-

Wfpd;wd.

• rdr;nrwpT Fiwe;j tyak;

njd; Mrpah

• ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> ghfp];jhd;>

G + l ; l hd ; > gq ;fshNj\ ; >

Neghsk;> khiyjPT Mfpa

ehLfs; ,jw;Fupad.

• ,kakiyj;njhlu;> Riykhd;

,e;JF\; kiyj;njhlu;> gPJW-

jhyfhiy Mfpa kiyfis-

Ak; ,e;Jfq;if rkntsp>

N`hl;ld;rkntsp> jf;fz

gPlG+kp vd;gtw;iwAk; nfhz;-

Ls;sd.

• ,e;J> fq;if> eu;kjh> jg;jp>

gpukGj;jpuh> kfhtyp> epy;ts

fq ;if Mf pa ej pfs ;

gha;fpd;wd.

• mad tyaf;fhLfs;> fhzg;g-

Lfpd;wd.

• ney;> NfhJik> gUj;jp> Njapiy

Nghd;w gapu;fisAk;> gy;NtW

ifj;njhopy;fisAk; fhzyhk;.

• rdj ;njhif nrwpT kpf ;f

tyakhFk;.

fpof;F Mrpah

• [g;ghd; jPTfs;> jha;thd;>

njd;nfhupah> rPdh vd;gd

gpujhd ehLfshFk;.

• cau; gPlG+kpfs;> rkntspfs;

cs;sd.

• ahq;\p> \pf;fpahq;> Fthq;Nfh

vd;gd Kf;fpa MWfshFk;.

• ney;> NfhJik Nghd;w gapu;fis

gapupLk; tptrha eltbf;iffs;

Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;sd.

• Kd;dzpf;ifj;njhopy; ehLf-

isf; nfhz;lJ. Nkhl;lhu;

thfdq;fs;> fg;gy;fs;> kpd;dpay;

cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

• rdj;njhif nrwpthd tyak;.

njd; fpof;F Mrpah

• kpad;khu ; > ,e;NjhNdrpah>

jha;yhe;J> kNyrpah> fk;g+r;-

rpah> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfs;

mlq;Ffpd;wd. gyjPTfSk;

cs;sd.

• kiyj;njhlu;fSk; mtw;Wf;F

,ilapyhd rkntspfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• kPdk;> kPf;nfhq;> ry;tPd;> Iuhtjp

Nghd;w ejpfs; Kf;fpakhdit.

• mad tya kiof;fhLfSk;

gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhLfSk; cs;sd.

• new;gapu;r;nra;if> ngau;r;rpg;-

gapu;r;nra;if vd;gd gpujhd-

khdit.

• nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs;

kpd;dpay; rhu;; cgfuzq;fs;

vd;gd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.


• rdj ;njhif nrw pthd

tyakhFk;.

kj;jpa Mrpah

• jPngj; gPlG+kp> nkhq;Nfhypah>

u pahd ;\d ; > frf] ;jhd ; >

rPdhtpd; Nkw;F gFjp vd;gd

,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

• kiyfshy; #og;gl;l cau;e;j

gPlG+kpfs;> rkntspfs; cs;sd.

• Nfhgp> jf;ykhfd; Nghd;w ghiy-

tdq;fs; cs;sd.

• jhuPk;> ahq;rp> Fthq;Nfh Mfpa

ejpfs; cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lq;fshf

,Ug;gJld; rPu;jhupah> mKlhupah

Nghd;w cz;zhl;L Vupfspy;

fyf;Fk; ejpfSk; cs;sd.

• tuz;l ghiytdf; fhyepiy>

njg;G (];nugP];) Gy;ntsp

vd;gtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

• ehNlhb tpyq;F Ntshz;ik

eilngWfpwJ.

njd;Nkw;F Mrpah

• muhgpah> <uhd;> <uhf;> JUf;fp

Mfpa ehLfs; ,q;F cs;sd.

• kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfs; vd;gd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhFu]; kiy>

fhf;fr];kiy vd;gd Kf;fpa-

khdit. muhgpa gPlG+kp> <uhd;

gPlG+kp> mdNlhypad; gPlG+kp

vd;gd ,jDs; mlq;Fk;.

• A+gpuB]; ijfpwp]; ejpfs;

gha;fpd;wd.

• tuz;l ghiytdg;gz;Gfs;

cs;sd.

• fd pa vz ;nza ; Kf ;f pa

tUkhdk; ngWk; topahFk;.

ghiytdg; gRQ;Nrhiyfspy;

(Oasis) NguPe;J jpuhl;ir Nghd;w

gokuq;fs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 2.2

cau;kiyg;gpuNjrKk; gPlG+kpfSk;

k


2. khztu;fis MW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ,t;tyaq;fspd; gy;NtW

jfty;fs; mlq;fpa rpW ifNaL xd;wpidj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.

Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf jiuj;Njhw;wk;

Mrpag;gpuhe;jpakhdJ mjw;F xg;ghd NtW fz;lq;fspy; ,y;yhj

msTf;Fg; gy;NtW ,aw;ifg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.

,t;thwhd gy;tifik nfhz;l Mrpahtpd; ngsjpfj;jiuj;Njhw;wk;

gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;F Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,id mtjhdpf;Ff.

Mrpa tyaj;jpd ; tlgFjpr ; rkntsp xU jdpj ;Jtkhd

jiuj;Njhw;wg; gz;ghFk;. ngUkstpyhd MWfs; flypy; rq;fkpg;gJ

,g;gpuNjrj;jpyhFk;. ,t;tl gpuNjrk;. Mz;L KOtJk; gdpahy;

%lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ePu;gha;e;J nry;tjpy; Vw;gLk; jil fhuzkhf

tlgFjpr; rkntspfspd; rpy gpuNjrq;fs; Nrw;W epyq;fshfp cs;sd.

,it tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jilahf mikfpd;wd.

ngupa irgPupag; Gifapujg; ghij ,jD}lhfr; nry;tjhy;; mijr;

Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs; XusT Kd;Ndw;wkile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;

,g;gFjp nghJthf rdj;njhif kpff;Fiwe;j gpuNjrkhFk;. ghjfkhd

fhyepiy epyTtJld; Fspu ;fhyepiyf;F ,irthf;fKila

v];fpNkhtNu ,q;F tho;fpd;wdu;. (cU 2.3)

Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s kpfg;gioa kiyj;njhlu;fSk;

Nkl;Lepyq;fSk; ,d;DNkhu; rpwg;ghd ngsjpf jiuj;Njhw;wkhFk;. gkPu;

Kbr;ir ikakhf nfhz;L fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;fpYk; ez;bdJ fhy;fs;

tpupe;jpUg;gJ Nghy gue;J nry;Yk; kiyj;njhlu;fs; Mrpahtpd;

KJnfYk;ngd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kiyfs; Nkw;Fg; Gwj;jpy;

mdl;Nlhypad; gPl G+kp tiuAk; fpof;Fg; Gwkhf rPdh> fpof;fpe;jpa

nraw;ghL

1. gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+u;j;jp nra;f

tyak; cupagpuNjrq;fs;

jiuj;Njhw;wk;

MWfs; nghUshjhueltbf;iffs;

tl Mrpah

njd; Mrpah

fpof;F Mrpah

kj;jpa Mrpah

njd;fpof;F Mrpah

njd;Nkw;F Mrpah


jPTfs; tiuAk; gue;jpUg;gij Njrg;glk; 2.2 njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

,kakiy> fhuf;Nfhuk;> ,e;JF\; Mfpa kiyj;njhlu;fis Mrpahtpd;

jiuj;Njhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; Njrg;glk; 2.2 ,y; ,dq;fhz;f.

KOikahfg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJMrpahtpd; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fs;

• fuL KulhdJk; Fj;jhdJkhd jd;ikahy;

kf;fs; trpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhditad;W.

• ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs; gy cs;sd.

• my;igd; tif Gy;ntspfs; cs;sd.

• tptrha eltbf;iffs; eilngWtjpy;iy

• (Kd;Ndw;wkilahj) ehfupfkw;w goq;Fb

kf;fl;$l;lj;jpdu; tho;fpd;wdu;.

• gdpr;rWf;fy;> kiyNawy; Mfpa

nghOJNghf;F eltbf;iffs;

Kf;fpakhdit. (cU 2.4)

,k;kiyfSf;fpilapy; gPlG+kpfs;> ghiy

tdq;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nropg;gw;w Gy;

epyq;fs;> kzy; nrwpe;j ghiy tdq;fs;>

gPlG+kpfs; cs;s ,t;tyaj;jpy; rdj;njhif

FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; <uhd;

gPlG+kp> jf;fz gPlG+kp Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tus;

jhdpaq;fs; gapu; nra;ag;gLtJld; eLj;ju mstpyhd

rdj;njhifAk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

,khya kiyj;njhlu;

cyfpd; Gtpr;rupjtpay;

Rtu;f;fkhFk;.

cU 2.4

kiyNaWgtH

Fspu; fhyepiyAk;> v];fpNkhtupd; ,f;S ,y;yKk;

cU 2.3


nraw;ghL

1. i. Mrpag;glj;ij tiue;J Njrg;glg;Gj;jfj;jpd; JizNahL

mq;Fs;s cau; gpuNjrq;fSf;F epwk; jPl;Lf.

ii. ,kakiyg; gpuNjrq;fspUe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfisf; Fwpj;Jg;

ngaupLf.

2. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; mike;Js;s kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfis ,dq;fz;L

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

cyfpd; Guhjd ehfupfq;fs; gytw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Mrpahtpd;

Mw;Wr;rkntspfshf rpe;J> Fthq;Nfh> A+gpub]; ijfpwp]; Mfpa

ejpfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Mw;Wr; rkntspfs; gy

njd; Mrpahtpy; mike;Js;sd. mit fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. Njrg;glk;

2.2>2.4 Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;J ,e;j Mw;Wr; rkntspfspd;

miktplj;ijf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

• fq;if ejp

• Fthq;Nfh ejp

• Xg; ejp

• rpf;fpahq; ejp

• kPdk; ejp

• yPdh ejp

• rpe;J ejp

• A+gpub]; ejp

• ijfpwp]; ejp

• ahq;rp ejp

• kPnfhq; ejp

• nadprp ejp

• Iuhtjp ejp

• mKu; ejp

,e;j MWfs; ngUkstpy; vg;NghJk; nts;sg;ngUf;fpw;F cl;gL-

tdthf cs;sd. ,jdhy; nropg;ghd kz;iz cila rkntspfs;

cUthfpAs;sd. nts;sg;ngUf;fpdhy; tptrha epyq;fSk; kdpj

tho;f;ifAk; mopTf;Fl;gLk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ghupa

jLg;gizfs; %yk; nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$bajhapUg;gjhy;

rdj;njhif nrwpTs;s ,lkhfkhwpAs;sJ.

• njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; kPdk;> kPf;nfhq;>

ry;tPd;> Iuhtjp Mfpa Mw;Wr;

rkntspfspd; mz;ikapy; new;-

gapu;r;nra;if gutpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• new;gapu;r;nra;ifia tpl fUk;G>

NfhJik> ghu;yp Nghd;w gapu;fSk;

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.

• rdr;nrwpT $ba gpuNjrkhFk;.

• mjdhy; tptrha epyq;fs; Jz;lhlg;gLjy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

rPdhtpd; Jauk;/Gyk;gy;

vd;w ngauhy;

Fthq;Nfh ejp

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


,f;fly;fSk; VupfSk; gy;NtW tiffspy; kdpjDf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

• kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;F Kf;fpak; tha;e;jJ [g;ghd;

fliyr; #oTs;s gpuNjrk; Kf;fpa kPd;gpbj;jskhFk;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. Kf;fpa

flw;ghijfs; mike;Js;sd.

• KUiff;fw;ghiw> Kj;J vd;gd ngwg;gLk;.

• tq;fhs tpupFlh> muGf;fly; vd;gtw;iwr; #oTs;s

,lq;fspy; vz;nza; tsk; cs;sJ.

• fly; tsk; mDgtpf;Fk; NghJ fLk;Nghl;b

Vw;gLtJld; Nkhjy;fSk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

fly;

Mrpa tyaj;jpy; Mw;Wr;rkntspfspd; mz;ikapy; gy efuq;fs;

mike;Js;sd. cjhuzk; gP[pq;> n`hq;nfhq;> uq;$d;> lhf;fh

Mrpa gpuNjrj;jpy; VupfSk;> fly;fSk; mjpfstpy; cs;sd. ,it

gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; kdpjDf;F gad;gLfpd;wd.

ml;ltiz 2.1

Vupfs; fly;fs;

[g;ghd; fly;

mugpf;fly;

rPdf;fly;

me;jkhd; fly;

kQ;rl; fly;

Vuy;

igfhy; Vup

ghy;fh]; Vup

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

Mrpahtpd; kpf ePskhd

ejp ahq;rpf;fpahq;.


nraw;ghL

fh f ] ]; tp l f; fh na f Nfh

uh fh e; g kP u; Nrh jp ny d gp

r; q; R iy kh d; [ a; , rP rp

rp F th q; Nfh l; lh a e; d yp

V u y; k; kp y; n[ a J f; iy

f dp d rh m R ir y; F f k

q; kP m U d; ig u gP \; l a

if nfh gP [p q; A+ fh n` up y; k

f A+ gp u B ]; jp y; uh ah ,

1. gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fs; mlq;fpa khjpup xd;iw cq;fs; mg;gpahrg;

Gj;jfj;jpy; gpujp nra;f. ,f;fl;lq;fSf;Fs; kiwe;Js;s jiuj;-

Njhw;w mk;rq;fs; efuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ngau;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J

milahskpLq;fs;.

2. cyfg; Gwtup;g;glj;jpy; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapy;

ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l Mrpahtpy; cs;s fly;fs;> Vupfs;> ejpfs;>

kiyj;njhlu;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

Mrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; fhyepiy

Mrpahtpd; fhyepiygw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhFj;J Muzp jdJ

ghlrhiy rQ;rpiff;F vOjpa fl;Liu fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyfpYs;s midj;Jf; fhyepiyg;gz;GfSk; Mrpa tyaj;jpy;

gutpf;fhzg;gLfpwd. Vnddpy; kj;jpaNfhL njhlf;fk; KidTg; gpuNjrk;

tiu ,t;tyak; gue;J fhzg;gLtjhyhFk; ,q;F xU Gwj;jpy; gdpf;fl;b

tz;bfspy; kf;fs; gpuahzk; nra;Ak; NghJ ,d;ndhU Gwj;J kf;fs;

ghiytdj;jpd; kj;jpapy; xl;lfj;jpd; KJfpy; gpuahzk; nra;tu;. vdpDk;

jPTfSf;F mz;ikapYk; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspYk; twz;l fhyepiy

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s jpwe;j epyq;fspd; ngUk;gFjp

ghiytd ghiytdq;fshFk;.


Mrpahtpy; epyTk; fhyepiyia vspikahf fhl;Lk; Njrg;glk;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpatyaj;jpy;

gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiy rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

gdpg; ghiytdk; tuz;l ghiytdk;

cU 2.5 cU 2.6

Mrpahtpd; fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fs;

madtya fhyepiy

,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy

tuz;l fhyepiy

Fspuhd fhyepiy

kiyf; fhyepiy

Je;jpuh fhyepiy

Njrg;glk; 2.5


Njrg;glk; 2.5,w;Nfw;g Mrpa tyaj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhyepiy tiff-

shfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

1. mad tyaf; fhyepiy

2. tuz;l fhyepiy

3. ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy

4. Fspuhd ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy

5. Je;jpuh kw;Wk; kiyg;gpuNjrf; fhyepiy

mad tya <uf;fhyepiy

cU 2.7

mad tyaf; fhyepiy

� ,jpy; gy tiffs; cs;sd. (madtya

<uf; fhyepiy> gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyepiymadtya ghiytdf;fhyepiy)

� madtya <uf; fhyepiy> madtya

gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy;Mz;L KOtJk; gutyhf mjpf ntg;gKk;kioAk; fhzg;gLk;.

� xt;nthU NtWghl;Lf;FNkw;g kio> ntg;gk;

vd;gd $bAk; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

� madtya gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiy epyTk;

gpuNjrq;fs; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhditahFk;.

� njw;F> njd;fpof;F> J}u fpof;F Mrpa

tyaj;jpy; madtya gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhy-epiyiaf; fhzyhk;. ngsjpf #oy;nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;Js;sjhy; rdr;-nrwpTs;s gpuNjrkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.cU 2.7 ,y; madtya <uf; fhyepiyf;Fcupa ,yq;ifapd; rpq;fuh[h fhl;bd; xUgFjpNa fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tuz;l fhyepiy

� njd;Nkw;F Mrpah> kj;jpa Mrpah Mfpa

gFjpfspy; tuz;l fhyepiyiaf; fhzyhk;.

� njd;Nkw;F Mrpa tyaj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gk;;epyTk;.

cU 2.8

ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik

cU 2.7


� kj;jpa Mrpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fspu;

mjpfk;. ,jdhy; rdr;nrwpTk; Fiwthfcs;sJ.

� kdpj eltbf;iffspy; ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik Kf;fpak;; ngWfpwJ. cU2.8 ,y; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; tpyq;FNtshz;ik fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. XusTkio ngwf ;$ba gpuNjrq;fspy ;NfhJik> ghu;yp> Nghd;w tus; jhdpatiffs;> gog;gapu;fs; vd;gd nra;ifgz;zg;gLfpd;wd.

,ilntg;g tyaf; fhyepiy

� ,jpy; gy tiffs; cs;sd.kj;jpa

jiuf; fly; fhyepiy ,ilntg;g

tyag; ghiytdf; fhyepiy vd;gd

Kf;fpakhdit

� ,iyAjpu;fhyj;jpy; kioAk; Nfhilapy;

twl;rpAk; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; fhyepiy

apd; Kf;fpa gz;GfshFk;.

� ,f;fhyepiy kdpjupd; tho;f;iff;F

kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. Mrpahtpy;

kj;jpa jiuf; fliyr; #oTs;s

gpuNjrq;fs; ,jw;FupadthFk;.

� ,g;gpuNjrk; mg;gps;> jpuhl;ir Nghd;w

gog;gapu;r; nra;iff;Fk; mtw;wpd; Vw;W-

kjpf;Fk; Gfo; kpf;fit. (cU2.9)

� ,ilntg;g tyag; ghiytdf;fhyepiy

jpngj;gPlG+kp> Nfhgp ghiytdk; Nghd;w

gpuNjrq;fspy; gutpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jht-

uq;fspd; tsu;r;rp kpff; FiwthFk;. rdr;

nrwpT Fiwthd gpuNjrkhFk;. ,Uk;G>

nrk;G> nts;sp Mfpa fdpa tsq;fs;

cs;s ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;.

cU 2.10

Fspuhdfhywpiy

gog;gapu;r; nra;if epyk;

cU 2.9

Fspuhd fhyepiy

� tl Mrpah> irgpuPah> tl[g;ghd; vd;gd ,jw;F cupadthFk;.

� mjpf Fspuhdjhy; kdpj tho;f;iff;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjd;W.

� Crpapiyf; fhl;by; mupkuf;ifj;njhopy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. cU 2.10

,idg; ghUq;fs;.


Je;jpuh kw;Wk; kiyg;gpuNjr fhyepiy

� Mz;bd; ngUk;gFjp gdpahy;

%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

� ghrp jtpu NtW jhtug;Nghu;it

vJTk; ,y;iy (cU 2.11).

� kdpj tho;f;iff;Fg; ghjfkhdit.

nraw;ghL

1. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; %d;W fhyepiy tiffspd;

ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; fhyepiyg;gz;Gfs; ,t;tpuz;bid tpsf;Ff.

3. ePq;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; epyTtjhf fUjf;$ba fhyepiy

tifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf. mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; %d;wpidj; jUf.

,aw;if tsq;fs;

Gtpapy; kdpjdpd; jiyaPbd;wp ,aw;ifahf cUthdit ,aw;if

tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. Mrpah ,j;jifa tsq;fs; gy epuk;gg;ngw;wjhFk;.

,t;tsq;fspilNa fhLfs;> fdpa vz;nza; ,t;tsq;fSs;;> ,aw;if

thA> rKj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpak; tha;e;jdthFk;. fhl;L tskhdJ

%d;W gpujhd gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

cU 2.11

kiyg;gpuNjfk;

Mrpah gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhLfSk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfSk;

fhLfs; mike;Js;s ,lk; jhtu tif gad;fs;

• mupkuk; ngWjy;

• vupnghUshfg;

gad;gLj;jy;

• kl;ghJfhg;G

• #oy; moF

• rkepiyia

ghJfhj;jy;

• epyf;fPo; ePu;

Nrkpg;igg;

ghJfhj;jy;.

• ifj;njhopYf;F

%yg;nghUshfg;

gad;gLj;jy;.

tl Mrpah(u\;ah)

irgPupah

kQ;rl; igd;

nrk;igd;

ntz;igd;

lf;y];Ngu;

(fUq;fhyp)

kNfhfdp

Njf;F

re;jd kuk;

nghf;];T+l;

,e;jpah

kNyrpah

,e;NjhNdrpah

gpypg;igd; jPTfs;

,yq;if

kpad;khu;

3. mad tyak;

1. Crpapiy

2. ,iyAjpu;

ml;ltiz 2.1


u\ ;aht py ; mu pkuq ;fs py ;

ngUkstpyhdit tPLfs;

fl;Ltjw;Fk; tPl;Lg;ghtidf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vw;Wkjpf;F

20% kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;-

gLfpwJ. cU 2.12 ,y; tPl;Lg;

ghtidf;F tpwF nfhz;L

nry;Yk; kf;fl; $l;lk; fhl;lg;-

gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 2.12

tPl;Lj ;NjitfSf;fhf tpwF Nrfupj;jy;

fdpavz;nza;

� Mrpa tyaj;jpy; kj;jpafpof;F gpuhe;jpak; fdpa

vz;nzapdhy; mgptpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila

Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;l gFjpahFk;.

� kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpakhdJ fdpa

vz;nzapdhy; ngWk; tUkhdj;jpd; fhuzkhf

Kd;du; xU NghJk; ,y;yhj msTf;F mgptpUj;jp

fz;Ls;sJ.

� vz;nza; tpiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

xngf; (OPEC) mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;

cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jy; mjD}lhfr; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

� ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,e;jpah> Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy;

vz;nza; tay;fs ; fhzg ;gLf pd ;wd.

tay;fSf;F mz;ikapNyNa ,aw;if thA

tsq;fs; cs;sd.

� ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpapy;gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfNs <Lgl;Ls;sd vd;gJKf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. vz;nzapdhy; me;epanryhtzp fpilj;j NghJk; tUkhdg;gq;fPl;by; ngUksT rkkpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,jdhy; kdpj tsmgptpUj;jp kpfj;jho;e;j

kl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.


nraw;ghL

1. Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; gpypg;]; Njrg;glg; Gj;jfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

Mrpah gpuNjrj;jpd; Kf;fpa vz;nza; tay;fs;> ,aw;ifthA cs;s

,lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

rKj;jpu tsk;

Mrpag; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa flw;fiuNahuk; 62>800 fpNyhkPw;wuhFk;

(39>000iky;). ,t;tyaj;jpw;Fupa fly;fs;> rKj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

ePq;fs; Vohk;; tFg;gpy;; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. Mrpa tyaj;jpd; rKj;jpu tsk;

gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J> kPd;gpb>

Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs; vd;gd ,tw;Ws; gpujhdkhditahFk;.

cyfpd; gpujhd kPd;gpbj;jsq;fspy; xd;whd tlgRgpf; kPd;gpbj;jsk;

Mrpahtpy; Ig;ghidr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ. ,J cyfpy; ghupa

mstpyhd kPd; ,dg;ngUf;fikakhFk; ; rKj;jpu tsq;fisg;

ngWtjw;F ehLfspilNa jw;nghOJ fLk; Nghl;b ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

rKj;jpuq;fspdhy; ngWk; gad;fs;

nraw;ghL

KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; ePu;g;Nghf;Ftuj;J ,aw;if moF

fdpa vz;nza; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;

cU 2.13


rKj;jpuq;fspypUe;J ngwf;$ba gad;fs; mlq;fpa ifNaL xd;iwj;

jahupf;Ff.

khdpl epyj;Njhw;wk;

Kd;du; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb cyfpd; gue;j epyj;jpzpit nfhz;l Mrpah

tyaj;jpd; ngsjpfg; gy;tifik khdpl epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; Kidg;ghd

NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xd;Wf;nfhd;W

NtWgl;l kdpj tu;f;fk;> gy;tiff;fyhrhuk;> gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk;

khWgLk; tptrha eltbf;iffs;> ifj;njhopy;fs; Mfpa Kf;fpa kdpj

eltbf;iffspD}lhf ,g;gy;tifikia ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

cU 2.14> 2.15 vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mrpa tyaj;jpy; thOk; ,uz;L kdpj

tu;f;fj;jpdu; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fspd; guk;giug; gz;Gfs; gpd;tUk;

ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkhq;nfhypau;

cU 2.14

Nfhf;Nfrpau;

cU 2.15

� fLk; fWg;Gepw Kul;L jiykapu;

� nghd;dpw my;yJ kQ;rs; epwj;Njhy;

� jl;ilahd Kfk;

� jl;ilahd %f;F

� fLk;fgpy epw nky;ypa fz;fs;

� RUz;l fz;zpikfs;

� ruhrup caukhd kw;Wk; Fl;ilahd kdpju;

rPdh

[g;ghd;

kNyrpah

nfhupah

nkhq;fnyhapl;


Mrpahtpd; xt;nthU tyaj;ijAk; mtjhdpj;jhy; kdpj

tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy; njspthd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtij cU 2.16

,id mtjhdpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. fhyepiy kw;Wk; #oy;

fhuzpfSf;F mikaNt khdpltu;f ;fj;jpd; cly; mk;rq;fs;

NtWgLtijf; fhzyhk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s khdpl tu;f;fq;f-

NshL kyha; kf;fs; $l;lj;Jld; fyg;G Vw;gLtjhy; ,t;tyaq;fspy;

gy;tif fyg;gpd kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fspilNa

K];ypk;> rPdu;> [g;ghdpau;> nfhupau;> mNugpau; Mfpa kf;fl;

$l;lj;jpdiu cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.

nraw;ghL

Mrpa tya ehLfspy; thOk; gy;NtW ,dj;jtu;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;

tpjj;jpyhd glq;fspd; njhFg;NgL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

� ,sQ;rptg ;G Kjy; fLk;fgpyepwk ;

tiuahd Njhy;

� fWg;G my;yJ nghd;dpw jiykapu;

� $upa %f;F

� fz;zpikfspy ; RUf;fk ; ngupJk ;

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

� jhil vYk;G fd;d vYk;G Kd;

js;sg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

mNugpah

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

ghfp];jhd;

,e;jpah

nfhf;firl;

cU 2.16

,yq;ifau; mNugpau; ,e;jpau; rPdu;

Mrpa tyaj;jpd; gy;NtW ehl;ltu;fs;


fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

r%fj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; nkhop> Milazpfs;> czTtiffs;>

fiyak;rq;fs;> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> rl;lk;> gof;ftof;fk;> xOf;fju;kk;>

ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpa midj;Jf; $WfSk; fyhrhuk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. kf;fs;

r%fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba rfy eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd

rf;jpNa fyhrhukhFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;gjw;F gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs; fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw thrpj;J fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtdtw;iw

tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

mwpT> ek;gpf;iffs;> fiyfs;> rl;lk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpOkpa

elj;ijfs;> fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; kdpjd; r%fj;jpy; thOk; xUtd; vd;w

uPjpapy; ngw;Ws;s gof;fq;fs; Mw;wy;fs; vd;gd fyhrhuk; MFk;.

(<.gp. nlapyu;)

,yf;fpak; tuyhW fiyfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F mbg;gil cupikahf

cs;sit fyhrhuk; MFk;.

(gpuG Ngu;wd;l; u]y;)

r%fk; vd;w uPjpapy; FwpaPLfshf cilikahf;fg;gl;L guk;giuahff;

ifaspf;fg;gl;l midj;J elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspdJk; $l;Lg; ngaNu

fyhrhukhFk;.

(rhs;]; V vy;Tl;)

fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW $WfisAk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;-

Ls;s tupg;glj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

fyhrhuf; $Wfs;

cU 2.17

ek;gpf;iffs;> topghLfs;>

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpOkpa

elj;ijfs;

nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> rl;lk;

fiy mk;rk;> czT ghd tiffs;>

Milazpfs;

fyhrhuk;


r%fj;jpd; %yk; guk;giu guk;giuahff; ifaspf;fg;gLk; fyhrhuf;

$WfSf;FNfw;g fyhrhuj;jpd; epiyj;jpUg;G jq;fpAs;sJ. fyhrhu

jd;ikfs; khWtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gy cs;sd.

cU 2.17 ,id mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;f

fyhrhu khw;wq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj VJthd fhuzpfs;

,dq;fs;

nkhop

rkak;

Gtpapay; miktplk;

gpuhe;jpa jdpj;Jtk;

fhyepiy

tho;thjhu topfs;

kdpj tu;f;fk;

f y h r h ukhw;wq;fSf;fhd

g p u j h df h u z p f s ;

cU 2.18

midj;Jf; fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd mk;rq;fs;

nkhop> Milazpfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>

rkak; > ey;nyhOf;ftpjpfs; >

jpUkzk;> njhopy; fiyak;rq;fs;>

ifj;njhopy;fs;> gof;ftof;;fq;fs;

rk;gpujhaq;fs;

jkpou;> K];ypk;fs;> rpq;fs-

tu;fs;> kyhau;fs; Mfpa gy;NtW

,dj;jtupd; fyhrhuj;jpw;Nfw;g

mtu;fspd; Milazpfs;> czT>

ghdq;fs;> rkag;gof;ftof;fq;fs;

vd;gdTk; gy;tifg;gl;ldthFk;.

,jw;Nfw;g ve;jnthU ehl;bYk;

gy;NtW ,dj;jtUk; rkaj;jtUk;;

tho ;tjdhy ; xd ;Wf ;nfhd ;W

NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fSk; cUthfp

As;sd. kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; thOk;-

ngsj;j tpfhiu ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;

cU 2.19

fpwp];jt Njthyak; ,];yhkpa gs;spthry;


NghJ gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fSf;fpilapYk; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gLtjw;F

,lKz;L. cU 2:19 ,y; rka topghl;Lj; jyq;fs; rpytw;iw ghu;f;fyhk;.

nraw;ghL

fyhrhuq;fs; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd $Wfs; cs;slq;fpa

vz;zf;fUg;glnkhd;iw cUthf;Ff.

cyf kuGupikfs;

ahjhapDk; xU fyhrhuj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j Guhjd nry;tk; cyf

kuGupikfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; vl;lhk; tFg;gpy;

fw;Ws;sjd;gb cyf kuGupikfs;; ,U tifg;gl;ldthFk;

� njhl;Lzuf;$bait - rPdg;ngUQ;Rtu;> rpfpupah> jh[;k`hy;

� njhl;LzuKbahjit - gof;ftof;fq;fs;> eldk;> nkhop ,yf;fpak;.

,e;j cyf kuGupikfs;> topghl;blq;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f

,lq;fs;> ,aw;ifaofpdhy; rpwg;gplk; ngWk; ,lq;fs;> ghJfhg;gpw;Fupa

,lq;fs; vdg; gy tpjq;fspy; kdpjDf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wdthf

cs;sd. ,jidnahl;b Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpailtjhy;

tUkhdk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F me;j ehLfSf;F topNaw;gLfpwJ.

Mrpag; gpuhe;jpak; cyfpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fis tpl rpwg;ghd

jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,e;j fyhrhu kuGupikfSk; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpAs;sd.

cU 2.20 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; cyf

fyhrhu kughf rPfpupah fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J

,aw;ifahf mike;j vr;rf;Fd;W MFk;.

,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G fhuzkhf

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nfhl;ilahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpdhy; mJ cyf

kuGupikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW cyf

kuGupikahf;fg ;gl ;l gy ,lq;fs;

Mrpahg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fSld; ,ize;j cyf

kuGupik-fs; gy cs;sd. Njrg;glk; 2:6y;

,tw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.

rpfpupah

cU 2.20


nraw;ghL

1. Mrpa tyaj;jpy; fhzf;$ba cyfkuGupikfs; cs;s ,lq;fspd;

ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liu xd;iw

jahupf;Ff. glq;fisAk; Nrfupf;Ff.

2. ,yq;ifapy; cyf kuGupikfs; vdf;fUjg;gLk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspd;

ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;L mitgw;wp RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs; vOJf.

cyf fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

Njrg;glk; 2.6

N[hu;jhd;

kf;fh

,yq;if

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

Mf;uh

yhNth];;;;;

`pNuhrpkh

nkhq;Nfhypah

fk;G+r;rpah

rPdh

ghkpad; rpiy

Xfhd; gs;sj;jhf;F rPdg;ngUQ;Rtu;

f/gh gs;spthry;rkhjhd Qhgfhu;j;jk;

yhNth]; Gj;ju; rpiy

mq;Nfhu;Fl;lk; nghf;FzNahu;jhd; ngl;uh

jh[;kfhy;; ;; ;

fk;G+r;rpah


tptrhak;

gue;j epyg;gug;gpidAk; gy;NtWgl;l fhyepiyiaAk; nfhz;l

Mrpah gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tptrhaj;jpYk; gy;tifj; jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;.

,jid Njrg;glk; 2.7 %yk; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

1. ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r; nra;if

2. ehNlhb tpyq;F Ntshz;ik

3. Efu;Tg; gapu;r;nra;if

4. tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;; nra;if

Njrg;glk; 2.7

Mrpahtpd; tptrhag; gpuNjrq;fs;

tu;j;jfg; gapu;nra;if

Efu;Tg; gapu;r;nra;if

ehNlhb ke;ij tsu;g;G

ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r; nra;if

ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if

Mrpahtpy; jw;NghJ eilngWk; Guhjd tptrha Kiwahff;

fUjg;gLk; ngau;r;rpg;gapu;r;nra;ifKiw ,d;W mUfp tUfpwJ.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; ,t;tptrha Kiw vQ;rpAs;sJ.


ngau;r;rp gapu;nra;iff;fhf fhLfs; my;yJ gw;iw epyq;fs;

rtd;dhg;Gy;epyq;fs; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. epiyaw;w

kiotPo;r ;r p> NtW tptrha eltbf ;iffis ,e;e pyq ;fspy ;

Nkw;nfhs;sKbahik> ,q;F thOk; kf;fspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk;

MfpadNt ,j;jifa tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;Fk; epyTtjw;Fk;

fhuzq;fshFk;.

Njrg;glk; 2.7 ,y; Mrpahtpd; ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if gutpAs;s

gpuNjrq;fisf; fhzyhk;. fhl;Lepyq;fSf;Fj; jPapl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;-

gLk ; ngau ;r ;r p gapu ;nra ;ifapy ; tptrhaepyj ;j pd ; tsj;ij

ghJfhg ;gjw ;F ,ilapilNa epyj ;ij khw ;Wk ; eltbf ;if

,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,jdhy; njhlu;e;J ,lk; ngWk; fhlopg;gpypUe;J

#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;> kz;fOtpr; nry;yg;gLtijj; jLj;jy;> capu;g;

gy;tifikiag; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fis Kjd;ikahf

nfhz;L murhq ;fj ;j pdhy ; gy ;NtW jLg ;G eltbf ;iffs ;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t;tifr; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; mjpfupf;Fk; rdj;njhiff;Ff;

fhzpfis toq;Fjy;> ngau;r;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fis epiyahd

tptrha epyq;fshf khw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;whYk;; nfhz;L ngau;r;rpg;

gapu ;r ;nra;iff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epyq;fs; gbg;gbahff;

Fiwtile;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;epyq;fis epiyahd tptrha

epyq;fshf khw;Wtjpy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfs; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpAs;sd vdyhk;.

� murpd; nfhs;if

� tptrhaj;Jld; $ba tdtsh;g;G.

� ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

� gris kw;Wk; tptrha ,urhad Kiwfisg;gad;gLj;jy;

� ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jg; goFjy;

� tu;j;jfg; gapu;r; nra;ifapy; <LgLjy;

ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ik

kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; njg;Gg; Gy;ntspapy; ,Ue;J gRgpf; flw;fiu-

Nahug;gpuNjrk; tiuAs;s gFjpfspy; ,ilapilNa ehNlhb tpyq;F

Ntshz;ik ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

tpyq;F Ntshz;ikahdJ tuz;l ghiytdj;ij vy;iyahff;

nfhz;lgpuNjrq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. mq;F kio tPo;r;rpahdJ 500kpy;yp

kPw;wUf;Fk; FiwthdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. MtpahjYk; mjpfstpy;


,lk;ngWfpwJ.

,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; Fl;ilahd

Gw;fs;> gw;iw kw;Wk; Fl;ilahd

jhtuq;fs; vd;gdNt ngUkstpy;

cs;sd.

kiyg;gFjpfspy; gapu; nra;a

Kbahj ,lq;fspy; tpyq;FNtshz;ik

,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,e;epyq;fspy; ML>

nrk;kwpahL Mfpa tpyq;fpdq;fs;

tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tyaj;jpy;

gRikahd epyq;fspYk; mit Nghd;w ngsjpf #oy; cs;s

tyaq;fspYk; epiyahd tptrhak; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

Mrpah tyaj;jpd; tlf;Nf Je;jpuh gpuNjrq;fspy; ngsjpf

#oYf;Nfw;g mjpf Fspiuj;jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff;$ba fupG JUtkhd;

Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ehNlhb tpyq;FNtshz;ikia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tptrhapfs;

Muk;gfhyj;j py ; Mapuf ;fzf;fhd fpNyhk Pw ;wu ; J}uj ;j pw ;F

fhy;eilahfr; nrd;wdu; #oy; khw;wq;fs;> Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa kdpj

eltbf;iffs; vd;gd fhuzkhf ,d;W ,t;Ntshz;ik Kiw

eilngWk; ,lq;fs; Fiwtile;J tUfpd;wd. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

� NghJkhd kio ngWk; gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyahd gapu;r;nra;ifapy;;

<LgLjy;

� epr;rakw;w kiotPo;r;rp

� ngu pa irg Pu pad ; Gifapujg ;ghijapd ; ,UkUq;f pYk ;

tpyq;FNtshz;ikf;fhf mikf;fg ;gl ;Ls;s epyq;fspy;

epiyahd gapu;r; nra;if nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

� tul;rpiaj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba jhdpaq;fs; gapu; nra;ag;gLjy;

� epiyahd trpg;gplq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murhq;fk; MjuT

toq;Fjy;.

Efu;Tg;gapu;r; nra;if

kdpju;fspd; Efu;Tj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; gapu;

nra;ifapy; my;yJ tpyq;F Ntshz;ikapy; <LgLjy; ,jd; fPo;

cU 2.21

Ml;L ke;ij


mlq;Fk;. ney;> jhdpaq;fs;> fha;fwp> gog;gapu;fs;> gUj;jp Mfpad

gapu;r; nra;ifapy; Kf;fpak; ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. jw;NghJ Efu;Tg;gapu;r;;

nra;ifapy; gy khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;WtUfpd;wd.

� tptrha epyq;fs; etPdkag;gLj;jg;gLjy;

� tu;j;jfkag; Nghf;fpid nfhz;bUj;jy;

� cau; rpwg;gpay;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;

� Gjpa gapu; tiffis mwpKfk; nra;jy;

,t;tptrha Kiwfs; Mrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpfr; #oYf;F

nghUj;jkhdnjhd;whFk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy; cs;s Mw;Wr; rkntspfs;>

tz;lw; rkntspfs;> mjpf kiotPo;r;rp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;

epyq;fspy; new;gapu;r; nra;if eilngWfpwJ. mWtilf;fhyj;jpy; 270c

ntg;gk; new;gapu;r; nra;iff;F cfe;jjhFk;. kdpj NjitfSf;Nfw;g

nghUj;jkhd <uypg;Gs;s rupTg;gFjpfspy; gbf;fl;Lg;gapu;r; nra;if

Kiwapy; new;gapu;r; nra;if ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

nraw;ghL

1 Mrpa tyaj;jpy; nrwpthd Efu;Tg;gapu;r; nra;if guTtjpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ngsjpf khdpl fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.

tu;j;jfg; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if

Mrpahtpy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if gutpAs;s gpuNjrq;fshf

njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F tyaq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

INuhg;gpau;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if

,d;Wk; me;j ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

Mrpa ehLfspd; ngsjpfr; #oy; nghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jikahYk;

INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,t;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F ngUksT Nfs;tp

,Ue;jikapdhYk; INuhg;gpau;fshy; ,g;gapu;r;nra;if mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs;:

� Kjdpiy cw;gj;jpfs; re;ijf;F mDg;gg;gLjy;.

� vg;NghJk; tpiyj;jsk;gy;fSf;F cl;gLjy;.

� md;dpa nryhtzp tPo;r;rp miljy; fhuzkhf tptrha

cs;sPLfspd; gad;ghLfs; Fiwtiljy;.


� Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gh; vd;gdtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfSf;F

gpujpaPLfs; fhzg;gLjy; gotiffs; (ghk; vz;nza;> nraw;if

,wg;gu;>)

� gapu;fs; goikahdit vd;gjhy; mWtil Fiwtiljy;.

,j;jifa gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk; tUkhdj;ijmjpfupg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

� Njapiy Nghd;w tu ;j ;jfg ;gapu ; nra;if my;yJ NtW

gapu;r;nra;iffspy; rPtNdhgha gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fg;

gapu;fs; gy;tifikg;gLj;jypd; fPo; ,wg;gu; njd;idg; gapu;r; nra;if

epyq;fspy; thioAk; nfhf;Nfh gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fspy; ntw;wpiy

kpsF Nghd;w gapu;fisSk; gapupLjy;.

� ghuk;gupa nghUl;fSf;F gjpyhf mjpf ngWkjp tha;e;j

nghUl;fis re;ijf;F mDg;Gjy; c-k; tdpyh Njapiy

gRe;Njapiy (Green tea) fl;bj;Njapiy

� tptrhak; njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpfspd; ngWNgWfisg; gad;gLj;jy;

(c-k; Gjpa tpij tiffs;> grisfs;.)

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if

njd;id nfhf;Nfh

cU 2.22

,wg;gu; Njapiy

Nfhg;gp


� re;ijf;F cw;gj;jpia mDg;Gk; NghJ tpNrl nghjpaply;

Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;

� Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf

KbTg;nghUl;fis jahupj;jy;

(c-k; lau; bA+g;> ghjzpfs;> tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;)

mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; tptrha eltbf;iffis nrwpthf;Fjy;

%yk; XuyF epyj;jpypUe;J ngwf;$ba mWtil miltpid mjpfupf;f

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePu; toq;fYf;fhf jFe;j ePu;g;

ghrdKiwia Vw;gLj;jy;.

� tptrha MNyhridr; Nritfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

� fhg;GWjp Nritia Vw;gLj;jy;

� mjpf tpisr;ry; ngwf;$ba tpijfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

� tptrha cs;sPLfis khdpakhf toq;Fjy;

,e;eltbf;iffSf;fhf tptrha Muha;r;rpfs; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;

gzpfs; kpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;.

nraw;;ghL

1. Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tptrhak; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;

vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Fwpg;NgL xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

ifj;njhopy;

gioa fhye;njhl;Nl Mrpa tya ehLfs;

ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy; tpUj;jpaile;j kl;lj;jpy;

tpsq;fpd vd;gJ Guhjd ehfupfq;fspy; fz;nlLf;-

fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; %yk; njspthfpAs;sd.

� ,e;J ntsp ehfupfj;jpy; ntz;fyk; nts;sp

fspkz; Mfpatw;iwg ; gad;gLj;j pa

ifj;njhopy;fs; epytpd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs;

cs;sd. cjhuzk; eld khjpd; cUtk;.

� A+gpuB]; ijfpwp]; kf;fs; ntz;fyj;jpd;

gad;ghl;il mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.

� Fthq;Nfh rkntsp kf;fs; myq;fhu kl;ghz;-

lq;fis mOj;jkhf;fp Nfhyq;fs; ,l;ldu;.

eld khJ

cU 2.23


,t;tplaq;fs; %yk; Mrpa ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy; gw;wpa mwpT

Gjpanjhd;wy;y vd;gJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,f;ifj;njhopy;fs;

midj;jpw;Fk; ngsjpf #oypy; cs;s ,Uk;G> nrk;G> nts;sp> fspkz;

Mfpa tsq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpypUe;J Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy;

cs;s ngsjpf #oYf;Nfw;g kdpj eltbf;iffs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gJ

ep&gzkhfpd;wJ.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; md;whl NjitfSf;Fk; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;Fk;

Vw;gifj;njhopy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lNghjpYk; ,d;W-

tu;j;jfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLjy; Mrpa tya ehLfspd; nfhs;iffshf cs;sd.

,jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfshf cs;s rpy tplaq;fs; fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;sd.

� ,Uk;G> jq;fk;> nts;sp> jfuk; Mfpa ,aw;if tsq;fs;

fhzg;gLjy;.

� fdpa vz;nza;> ,aw;if thA Nghd;w vupnghUs; tsq;fs;

ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLjy;.

� Nju;r;rpAw;Nwhu; Copak; vspjhf fpl;Ljy;.

� muRfSk; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L fk;gdpfSk; KjyPL nra;J

ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy;.

jw;NghJ ,j;jifa tplaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vy;yh ehLfSk;-

ifj;njhopiy mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd.

,t;thW Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; ifj;njhopy;fs; ehl;Lf;FehL gpuNjrj;jpw;F

gpuNjrk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rPd kl;ghz;lk;

cU 2.25

NghiuAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; nrJf;fy;gyif

cU 2.24


,f;ifj;njhopy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gk;rq;fshtd :

� ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpapy; ,wf;Fkjpg; gpujpaPLfSf;F Kd;Dupik

toq;Fjy;.

� nfhupah> jha;thd;> rpq;fg;G+u; Mfpa ehLfs; nghUj;Jk; ifj;-

njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy;

� rpwg;Gf; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;. cjhuzk;

,e;jpahtpy; jhNkhju;> [g;ghdpy; Nlhf;fpNah> NfhNg Nghd;w

ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs;.

� Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nghd;w ehLfs; ghuf;ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Kjyplk;

mspg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;> epjp trjpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

KbahjpUj;jy; Mrpa tyaf;ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Ff; jilahf

cs;sd. epjp tsk;> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; vd;gdtw;iw vspjpy;

ngwf;$ba ehLfs; NjrpauPjpapy; %yg; nghUl;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gpDk;

gykhd ifj;njhopy; mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wpfz;Ls;sd.

cjhuzkhf [g;ghdpy; tsk; ,y;yhjpUe;jNghJk; epjp tsk;> etPd

njhopDl;gk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Copak; vd;gtw;wpy; kpf Kd;Ndw;wk;

miljy; %ykhf mJ ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sJ. Mrpa

tya ehLfspd; Copa tsk;> re;ij tsk; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J gad;-

ngWtjw;fhf gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; <u;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rPdh> ,yq;if> gq;fshNj\;

Mfpa ehLfs; ntspehl;Lr; re;-

ijfSf;fhf Milfis cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;-

Js;sd. ,tw;Wf;fhd re;ijfshf

If ;f pa mnku pf ;fh > If ;f pa

,uhr;rpak;> N[u;kdp Nghd;w mgptp-

Uj;jpaile;j ehLfs; tpsq;F-

fpd;wd.

Milf;ifj;njhopy;

cU 2.26


Mrpahtpd; ifj;njhopy;fSk; mtw;wpy; <LgLk;Kf;fpa ehLfSk;

nghUj;;Jk;

ifj;;njhopy;fs;

fg;gy;Mrpahtpd;

ifj;njhopy;fs;

Nkhl;lhu;

thfdk;

u\;ah> [g;ghd;

njd;nfhupah>

jha;yhe;J>

,e;jpah

,yj;jpudpay;

ifj;njhopy;

Jzptif

Milfs;

Mfha

tpkhdf;

ifj;njhopy;

jha;thd;> kNyrpah

njd;nfhupah> [g;ghd;

n`hq;nfhq;

,e;jpah

[g;ghd;> rPdh

,e;jpah> rPdh

gq;fshNj\;>

,yq;if

u\;ah> [g;ghd;> rPdh

,e;jpah> kNyrpah

njd;nfhupah

[g;ghd;>

njd;nfhupah>

,e;jpah>

jha;yhe;J>

kNyrpah

cU 2:27

nraw;ghL

1 Mrpa tya Njrg;glj;jpy; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fspy; <LgLk;

gpuNjrq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfs;

1980 jrhg;jq;fspy; Jupj ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fs;shd njd;nfhupah>

jha;yhe;J> kNyrpah> n`hq;nfhq;> rpq;fg;G+u; Mfpad Gjpa ifj;njhopy;

ehLfs; vdg; ngau; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j ehLfspy; Jupj ifj;njhopy;

tsu;r;rp Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

� Copak;> re;ij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;fs;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

� ntspehl;L %yg;nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jy;

� gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; ,f;ifj;njhopYf;fhf ngUkstpy; KjyPL

nra;jikAk; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gupkhw;wq;fSk;.


Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfspy; fzpdp kw;Wk; NtW ,yj;jpudpay;

fUtpfis nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jdthFk;.

cjhuzkhf:- IBM fzpdp cw;gj;jpiaf; $wyhk;. ,f;fzpdpapy;

tpirg;gyif - rpq;fg;G+u;

mr;Rg; nghwp - [g;ghd;

nkd;nghUs; - mnkupf;fh

nghUj;jy; - jha;thd; %yk;

ngwg;gLfpwJ

Mrpahtpy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ehLfis

tpl rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTk; ,jDs;

mlq;Ffpd;wd ,e;jpah rPdh ,];Nuy;

Nghd;wehLfs; jpwe;j nghUshjhutu;j;jff;

nfhs;ifahy; ntspehl;L %yjdj;ij ngw;W

ngUksT Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fis

Muk ;g pj ;Js ;sd. Fiwe ;jsT %yg ;

nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cr;r msT

gad;jUk; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;jNy

Gjpa ifj;njhopy; ehLfspd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

,g; nghUs;fSf;fhd re;ij MrpahtpNy

,Ug;gjhy; mjpf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;ld. Fiwe;j tpiyapy; nghUl;fis toq;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;

mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspYk; mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

khdpl ngsjpf nraw;ghLfspdhy; Mrpa ehLfspy;Vw;gLk; ngsjpf khdpl rthy;fs;.

cU 2.28 ,y; nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l rpy

jiyg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j nra;jpfshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU

tplak; ahnjdpy; gy rthy;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjhFk;. Mrpa

tyaj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ,e;j rthy;fis vg;NghJk; kf;fs;

vjpu;Nehf;fNtz;ba epiy cs;sJ ,j;jifa rthy;fshtd:-

� rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G. � tWik.

� murpay; cWjpapd;ik. � ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;

� czTf;fhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;. epyg;gad;ghl;Lld;

njhlu;Ggly;.

� rdj;njhifapy; KjpNahu;njhif � epyg;gad;ghl;Lld;

mjpfup;j;jy;. njhlh;Gila gpur;rpidfs;

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

Mrpahtpd; cwq;Fk;

,uhl;rrd; vd rPdh

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

rpq;fg;G+h;> njd;nfhupah>

jha;thd;> n`hq;nfhq;

vd;gd Mrpahtpd; ehd;F

rpWj;ijfs; vdg;

ngau; ngw;W

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.


nraw;ghL

Mrpa tya ehLfs; vjpu; Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; gw;wp nra;jpg;gj;jpup-iffspypUe;J ehshe;jk; ntsptUk; tplaq;fis Nrfupj;J jftw;

njhFg;nghd;wpidj; jahupf;Ff.

khdpl kw;Wk; ngsjpf nrad;Kiwfspd; tpisthf ,j;jifa

rthy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. khdpl nrad;Kiwfshy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fs;

rpytw;Wf;Fj; jPh;T fhz KbAk; vdpDk; ngsjpf nrad;Kiwfshy;

Vw;gLk; rthy;fisj; jtph;f;f KbahjpUg;gpDk;

mtw;wpD}lhf tpisaf;$ba jPq;Ffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

KbAk;. ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehLfs;

gy;NtW eltbf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. c+k;

[g;ghdpau; GtpeLf;fj;Jf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba

tPLfisf; fl;Ljy;> Fthq;Nfh nts;sr ;

rkntspfspy; ePu; ngUf;nfLg;gijj; jtpu;g;

gjw;Fj; jLg;gizfs; fl;baik.

Mrpa tya kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fNeupLk; Kw;Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fs;

fhuzkhfg; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; vOe;Js;sd. mit ml;ltiz

2.2,y; RUf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

gq;fshNj\py; nts

;sg;ngUf;fpd;

fhuzkhf 3000 ,w;F

k; Nkw;gl;l kf;f

s;

jkJ nrhe;j ,

Ug;gplq;fis ,oe

;jdu;

mfjpfis Vw;wpr; nrd

;w g]; kPJ

Ky;iyj;jPtpy; jhf;F

jy;

[g;ghdpy; Gtp

eLf;fk;

,yq;ifapd; r

dj;njhifapy;

tUlh tUlk;

mjpfupj;Jr;

nry;Yk; KjpNahu; njhif

,yq;ifapd; f

pupf;nfl; mzpapdu;

kPJ gaq;futh

jpfs; jhf;Fjy

;

Jupjkhf mjpfupj;J

nry;Yk;

czT tpiyfs;

ehshe;jk; mjpfupj;J

nry;Yk;

tWik

cU 2.28

rthy;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpj;jiyg;Gfs;

cq;fs;mwpTf;F

cyfpd; mjpFbalHj;jp

kpf;f tyaq;fs;

,uz;L Mrpahtpy;

cs;sd


Mrpa ehLfs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs;

rthy;fs;

� czTg;gw;whf;Fiw.

� epyg;gw;whf;Fiw.

� Rfhjhug;gpur;rpid.

� rKfg; gpur;rpidfs;.

� #oy; khriljy;.

� Ntiyapd;ik.

� czT toq;fypy; cWjpapd;ik.

� epahakhd tpjj;jpy; gfpug;glhik.

� mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; czit murpay; MAjkhf

gad;gLj;jy;.

� tpiyfs; Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;yy;.

� Nfs;tpf;F rkkhf cw;gj;jpia ngwKbahik.

� tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;F KjyPL nra;a Kbahik.

� fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,of;fg;gLjy;;.

� Fiwe;jsT fy;tp> gapw;rpapd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy;

njhopy; ngWtjpy; rpukk;.

� etPd njhopDl;gq;fis ifahSk; Mw;wypd;ik.

� r%fj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

� fhzp Jz;lhf;fg;gLtjhy; tptrha epyq;fs; rpwpjhFjy;.

� ghuk;gupa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� cs;sPLfspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jy;.

� etPd njhopDl;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfs;

,d;ik.

� epy cupik gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs;.

� epyj;ij tpisjpwd; kpf;fjhf vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp

ke;jfjpapy; epfOjy;.

� jq;fpapUg;Nghu; njhif mjpfupj;jy;.

� eyd;Gup eltbf;iffSf;fhf $Ljy; gzk; xJf;fNeupLjy;.

� KjpNahu; ,y;yq;fs; elhj;Jk; epiyAz;lhjy;;.

� KjpNahu; ghJfhg;ig epiwNtw;Wk; r%fk; kw;Wk;

rl;luPjpahd nfhs;iffs; tYtpoj;jy;.

� Gjpa KjyPLfspy; Cf;fkpd;ik.

� cWjpahd muRf; nfhs;iffs; ,d;ik.

� rka my;yJ goq;Fbfspd; fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gLjy;.

� rpWghd;ikapdu; vOr;rp ngWjy;.

� mgptpUj;jp ghjpf;fg;gLjy;.

� ehLfs; gFjpfshf gpupe;J Rahl;rpia NfhUjy;.

� ,uhZtk; murpay; mjpfhuk; ngWjy;.

� rdj;njhifapy; Fwpg;gpl;lgFjpapdu; ,lk;ngaUjy;.

rdj;njhif

mjpfupg;;;;G

czTf;fhg;ig

cWjpg;gLj;jy

epyg;gad;ghL

gw;wpa

gpur;rpidfs;

tWik

murpay;

cWjpapd;ik

Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

KjpNahu; njhif

mjpfupj;jy;

,optsthd tho;f;if

kl;lj;ijNaDk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s Kbahik

tWikahFk;.


,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fs;

ml;ltiz 2.2

rthy;fs;

� nrhj;Jf;fs; mopTWjy;

� capu;r; Nrjk; Vw;gLjy;

� gapu;epyq;fs; kz;tsk; vd;gdmopTWjy;

� fhLfs; mopTWjy;

� Neha;fs; Vw;gLjy;

� cw;gj;jp Fiwtiljy;

� ehshe;j eltbf;iffs; jilg;gLjy;

� cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; jilg;gLjy;

� tho;thjhu topfs; mw;Wg;NghFjy;

� mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shNdhu; ,lk; ngaUjy;

Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

nraw;ghL

1. ahjhapDk; Mrpa ehnlhd;wpy; tWikfhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s

gpur;rpidfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

2. KjpNahu; njhif mjpfupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

3. murpay; cWjpapd;ikahy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

%d;wpidj; jUf.

rthy;fis ,optsthf;f vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kaw;rpfs;

Mrpa tyaj;jpy; cs;s ehLfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ,j;jifa

rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F jdpj;J xU ehlhf vijAk; nra;jy;

,ayhJ. ,jdhy; tyak; vd;w uPjpapy; ,e;ehLfs; mikg;Gfshf

,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; gy mikg;Gfs; Mrpa

tyaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rhu;f; (SAARC) Mrpahd; (ASEAN)

gpk;];nuf; (BIMSTEC) vngf; (APEC) vd;gd ,j;jifa mikg;GfshFk;.

,it ,t;tyaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

Kaw;rpfs; gw;wp ,dp Muha;Nthk;.

rhu;f; mikg;G

tya mikg;G vd;w tifapy; rhu;f; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

gythFk;. ,e;Nehf;fq;fspilNa Mrpa tya rthy;fis ntw;wp

nfhs;tjpy; Kf;fpak; ngWk; Nehf;fq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.


� njd;dhrpa ehLfspilNa $l;L ek;gpf;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

kw;Wk; tYg;ngwr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� gaq;futhjj;ij xopj;jy; kw;Wk; murpay; cWjpapd;ikiag;

Nghf;Fjy; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; tyaj;jpd; nghJg; gpur;rpidfspd;

NghJ ru;tNjruPjpapy; tyakl;l mbg;gilapy; Kd;tUjy;.

� czTf;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rhu;f; tptrha epiyak; kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;ghd czTf;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; gq;fshNj\py; mikj;jy;.

� gaq;futhjj;ij xopg;gjw;F muR kl;lj;jpy; jiytu;fs;

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. gaq;futhjj;ij jtpu;g;gjw;fhd

cld;gbf;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

� njd; Mrpa ehLfspd; tWikia xopj;jy;.

� nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;> Rfhjhug;gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T

fhZjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf [g;ghd;> rhu;f; ntspehl;L epjpak;

njd; Mrpah mgptpUj;jp epjpak; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; [g;ghd; epjp

kw;Wk; nghUs; cjtpfis toq;Fjy;.

� tu;j;jfk; njhlu;gpy; vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfis ,optsthf;Fjy;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf rhu;f; mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 2.29

rhu;f; mikg;gpd; cWg;G ehLfs;

,yq;if

,e;jpah

ghfp];jhd; gq;fshNj\;

khiyjPTfs;

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

G+l;lhd;Neghsk;

rhu;f;


1. njd;Mrpa Kd;Dhpik tu ;j ;jf cld;bf ;ifia eil-

Kiwg;gLj;jy; (SAPTA)

2. njd; Mrpa Rje;jpu tu;j;jf miog;gpid Vw;gLj;jy; (SAFTA)

2008 Mk; Mz;L rhu;f; kfhehl;Lf;fhf ,yq;iff;F tUifje;j mur jiytu;fs;

cU 2.30

nraw;ghL

1. E}yfj;jpidg;gad;gLj;jpAk; nra;jpjhs;> fl;Liufis gad;gLj;jpAk;

Mrpupaupd; cjtpNahLk; rhu;f; mikg;gpdhy; ,yq;if ngw;Ws;s

Nritfisg;gl;baw; gLj;Jf.

2. rhu;f; tya nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;gpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nehf;fq;fs;

epiwNtw;wg;gLk; epiwNtw;wg;glhJ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thjk; xd;iw

elj;Jf.

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G (ASEAN)))))

1967 Mf];l; khjj;jpy; jha;yhe;jpYs;s ghq;nfhf; efupy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

Mrpahd; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fspilNa NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fs; Neubahf

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

� tyaj;jpd; rkhjhdk; ];jpuj;jd;ik vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;j

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� ,aw;if mopTfspd; NghJ md;dpNahd;dpa cjtpfs; toq;Fjy;.

� nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;FjYk; tu;j;jfj;ij

Nkk;gLj;jYk;.

� czTf;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd


tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mgptpUj;jp td mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F

epArpyhe;J Mjuitg; ngWjy;> kw;Wk; kPd;gpb mgptpUj;jpf;F

fdlhtpd; cjtpiag; ngWjy;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;duhd vr;rupf;ifia toq;fy;.

njupTnra;ag;gl;l njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspy; ,lu;njhlu;ghly;

Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fis mikj;jy;.

Mrpahd; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopDl;g FOf;fis mikj;jy;.

� tu ;j ;jfk ; njhlu ;ghd rthy;fis ntw;w p nfhs;tjw ;F

me;ehLfSf;F epthuzk; mspf ;Fk ; tifapyhd Rq;f

tupf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

cU 2.31

Mrpahd; mikg;gpd; jw;Nghija cWg;G ehLfs;

jha;yhe;J rpq;fg;G+u;

kNyrpah

gpypg;igd;];

fk;G+r;rpah

tpal;dhk;

kpad;khu;G&iz

yhNth];

,e;NjhNdrpah

nraw;ghL

1. Mrpahd; mikg;G tya mikg;G vd;w uPjpapy; nghUshjhu

r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffis

tpsf;Ff.

ASEAN

SUMMIT


gpk;];nlf; mikg;G

1997 ,y; jha;yhe;J> kpad;khu;> ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfs;

,ize;J ,e;j mikg;gpid Muk;gpj;jd. 2004Mk; Mz;by; G+l;lhd;>

Neghsk; vd;gd Nru;e;Jnfhz;lJld; gy;Jiw njhopDl;g kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu njhlu;GfSf;fhd tq;fhs tpupFlh tya mikg;ghf

,J ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cU 2.32

gpk;];nlf; mikg;gpd; cWg;G ehLfs;

1997

,e;jpah

kpad;khu;gq;fshNj\;

,yq;if

jha;yhe;J

Neghsk;

G+l;lhd;

tyaj;jpd; nghUshjhu r%f xj;Jiog;G ,zf;fg;;ghL vd;gtw;iw

tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,e;j mikg;gpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jDhlhf

tyaj;jpd; ngsjpf khdpl rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; nraw;-

ghLfis Muha;Nthk;.

� gaq;futhjj;ij xLf;Fjy; kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

� ,aw;if mopTfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F thdpiy mtjhd

epiyaq;fis mikj;jy; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

� tu;j;jfk;> KjyPL Mfpa eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

� gz;lq;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fjy; njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffis

Nkk;gLj;jy;


� Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs;> kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs;> tptrhaj;ij

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

� tWikia xopg;gjw;F xd;wpize;J nghJthd nfhs;ifiag;

gpd;gw;Wjy;

� capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;F eltbf;iffs; vLj;jy;.

� #oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mopT vd;gtw;iw Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;

tq;fhs tpupFlhTf;F mz;ikapYs;s ehLfSf;F ,j;jifa

xUq;fpizg;G njd;MrpahTld; njd;fpof;F Mrpahit ,izf;Fk;

tYthd ghykhFk; vd 2008 ,y; ,lk;ngw;w kfhehl;by; ,g;jpfh

m`kl; nrsj;up (IFTICA AHAMED CHOWDHURI) (gq;fshNj\; ru;tNjr

tptfhu MNyhrfh;) mtu;fs; $wpAs;shu; njd; fpof;F Mrpa tyaj;jpd;

1.3 kpy;ypad; mstpyhd kf;fs; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;gLtij tpl xU

$iuapd; fPNo nfhz;Ltug;gl;L tyaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;wpw;Fj;

jPu;T fhz;gjpy; ,e;j mikg;G ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.

xg;gil

gpk;];nlf; mikg;G jhgpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L> gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;>

Nehf;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> ,yq;if ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cjtpfs;

Mfpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa rpW ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff

Mrpa gRgpf; tya nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G mikg;G (APEC)

mT];jpNuypahtpd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j nwhNgl;N`hf; (ROBET HAWKE)

vd;gtupd; MNyhridf;Nfw;g 1989 etk;gu; khjj;jpy; Mrpa gRgpf;

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G mikg;G jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; [g;ghd;>

mT];jpNuypah> fdlh> If;fpa mnkupf;fh muRfs;> epA+rpyhe;JNghd;w

mgptpUj;jpaile;jehLfSk; Nru;e;jpUg;gJ rpwg;ghd mk;rkhFk;. Mrpa

tyaj;Jf;F ntspNa cs;s ehlhd nkf;rpf;NfhTk; ,jw;F cupj;jhd-

jhFk;.

,e;j mikg;Gk; tya mikg;G vd;w tifapy; gyNehf;fq;fis

nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mrpa tya ehl;L kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fis

ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; Neubahf

gq;fspg;G nra;tdthFk;.


� tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd rthy;fis ,optsthf;Ftjw;F tyaj;jpy;

KjyPL kw;Wk; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

� Mrpa gRgpf; tya ,izg;gpdhy; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;ig

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy; (2010 Mk; Mz;by;

tyaj;jpy; ghupa Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak; jhgpj;jy;)

� tWik xopg;Gf;F cupa kdpjts mgptpUj;jpf;fhf njhopypd;ikf;F

cjtp> Ntiyaw;NwhUf;F epthuzk; toq;Fjy;> fhg;GWjp Kiw

Muk;gpj;jy;.

� Nfhskakhjypd; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;F

tyaehLfs; xd;W Nru;e;J jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

� ,e;j mikg;gpd; %yk; Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F

cjTk; Kfkhf tya ehLfspilNa mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J>

nfhs;Sjy; njhopDl;g xj;Jiog;G toq;Fjy;> cyf tq;fp

epjpapypUe;J nghUshjhu cjtpfisg; ngWjy;

,e;j xj;Jiog;gpdhy; tya ehLfspd; tWikia 50% msT

Fiwf;f Kbe;jnjdTk; 1989 njhlq;fp 2007 tiu Njwpa Njrpa

cw;gj;jp ,Uklq;fhfp cs;sJ vdTk; 1987 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu

nghUl;fSf;;F tpjpf;fg;gLk; 17% msthd Rq;ftup 5% khf Fiwe;-

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Documents

2 Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly; G-9 T/cha 2.pdf · ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F 23 Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ngsjpf> khdpl Rw;whly; 2 gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;. Gtpapd; epy g;gug;gstpy;