2. City Life and Rise of Labor (Website)

7/30/2019 2. City Life and Rise of Labor (Website)

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City Life


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Tenement Housing

Urban Poor live in Tenements:

low cost apartment buildings denselypacked with residents


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Tenement Housing


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Problems: Tenement Housing

Poor sanitation (open sewers)

Poor air quality (coal heat)

Rapid spread of contagious diseases

Cholera, TB, Typhoid, Malaria, YellowFever, etc.

Risk of FIRE


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Great Chicago Fire (1871)


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Great Chicago Fire (1871)

18,000 buildings burn

100,000 homeless

250 die

$2 billion damage(2012 dollars)


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Workforce Changes


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Women in the Workforce

Low wages mean one person cannotsupport family ($2-$3 per day)

Women enter industrial workforce:

Excluded from skilled or high paying jobs

Paid less than men for similar work

Operate simple machines Piecework

Garment work is popular

Also clerical 2700% increase by 1910


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Child Labor

Children work out of NECESSITY

Expected to pay for own basic needs

and help support siblings

2 million children under age 15 work

No time for education


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Why Hire Children?

Value small bodies to fit in smallplaces (Mining)

Value small hands for intricate work(Sewing)

Pay less than Adults!!


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Mining


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Factory Work


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Coal Mining


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Working Conditions


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Working Conditions Difficult

Long hours (12 hr days common) Poor pay ($2-$3 per day for men)

No job security

Work is repetitious and monotonous

Frederick Taylors Principles of ScientificManagement

Increase efficiency via division of labor

Workers lose focus


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Working Conditions Difficult

Workplaces very dangerous

Speed valued over worker safety

675 US workers killed per week No benefits to family if worker dies

Sweatshops: Dimly lit, poorly ventilatedfactories


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Workers who complain are simplyfired and replaced.

Workers Complain at Own Peril


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Rise of Organized Labor


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Workers band together to makedemands of employers as a group.

Harder to replaceALL experiencedworkers than ONE worker who seeksreform

Form Labor Unions

Workers Unite


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Noble Order of the Knights of Labor


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Uriah S. Stephens1869

Terrence V. Powderly1879


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Open to all workers (skilled and unskilled)

Peaked at 700,000 members in 1885

Included women and African-Americans

Claimed not to want strikes

Political/Public Awareness Boycotts

Biggest victory came via strike



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SW RR cuts worker pay

KoL organizes strike

Gains:

Old wages back in place

30 day notificationbefore wage cuts

Time and a half pay forovertime

1885 Southwestern Railroad Strike

Jay GouldOwner Southwestern RR
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jay_Gould.jpg


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1. 8 hour work day

2. Equal Pay regardless of Race or

Gender3. Improved Working Conditions

4. Limits on Child Labor

5. End to Prison Contract Labor

Knights of Labor: 5 Goals


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Series of Failed Strikes after 1885 SW RRstrike never achieved goals

Public turns against them afterHaymarketRiot.

Basically gone by 1890.

Demise of Knights of Labor


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Haymarket Riot


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Lead up to Riot

May 1, 1886 - National protest for 8 hourwork day

Strikes follow, including ChicagoMcCormick Reaper Factory (KoL)

May 3, 1886 police break up fightsbetween strikers and scabs


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May 4, 1886


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May 4, 1886

Knights of Labor prominent in organizing rally

Anarchists join workers in Haymarket Square

When speeches begin to advocate disobeying laws,police step in to disperse crowd

Bomb thrown into police ranks

Police and crowd open fire on each other


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May 4, 1886


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Aftermath

7 Police die 60 wounded

4 protesters die 70 wounded

8 anarchists put on trial 7 sentenced to death

Public Relations disaster for KoL:

People view them as radical and violent

Associate KoL with anarchists

Craft members flea to AF of L


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American Federation of Labor


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AF of L

Founded in 1886 bySamuel Gompers

Only White Males

Only skilled workers incertain crafts

Only major early union to

survive into 20th

Century

8 million members by1955


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AF of L

Favored Collective Bargaining:

Unions negotiating with employer to setterms for all workers

Only strike:

after collective bargaining fails; if union has money to support

workers.


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1. 8 hour work day

2. Higher pay

3. Improved Working Conditions

4. END of Child Labor

5. Limits on Immigration

6. Injury Benefits

AF of L: 6 Goals


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Industrial Workers of the World


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IWW a.k.a. Wobblies

Big Bill Haywood Eugene V. Debs
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Eugene_V._Debs,_bw_photo_portrait,_1897.jpg


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Congress of Industrial Organizations


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C I O

Founded in 1938 byJohn L. Lewis

All workers - skilled or

unskilled - in a given industry

Autoworkers, Steelworkers,etc.

Goals are higher pay andfringe benefits

6 million members by 1955

AFL CIO ( )


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AFL-CIO (1955)

AF of L and CIOMerge

Total 14 million

members


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Reactions to Unions

Management Opposition


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Management Opposition

Refuse Recognition/Bargaining

Blacklists

Yellow-dog contracts

Lockouts

Scabs

Pinkertons

Injunctions


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Strikes


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1877 R il d St ik


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1877 Railroad Strike

US in depression starting 1873

RRs cut wages to $1 per day

Baltimore and Ohio RR (B&O) cutswages again on July 14, 1877

others follow suit

Strikes break out across nation (all

RRs)

1877 R il d St ik Pitt b h


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1877 Railroad Strike - Pittsburgh

Pennsylvania RR workers riot inPittsburgh

National Guard troops brought in

to put down riots



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President Hayes sends in federaltroops to put down riots

Sets pro-management precedent

that feds will side against labor


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1892 Homestead Strike

1892 H t d St ik


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Henry Clay Frick

Amalgamated Association ofIron and Steel Workers (AA)represents 800 of 3800workers

CBA Expires

Frick proposes wagereductions says will bargainfor 29 days and then cease torecognize union

No agreement reached -LOCKOUT


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14 hour battle

3 Pinkertons 9 workers die

Pinkertons surrender

Governor calls in State Militia to put down workerrevolt

All strikers blacklisted replacement workers hired

Union-Free until 1930s (US Steel)


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1894 Pullman Strike

1894 Pullman Strike


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1894 Pullman Strike

George Pullman

Maker of RR sleeping cars

IL workers live in company

town

Wages cut rents and costsof goods NOT cut.

140,000 American Railway

Union workers refuse towork on trains pullingPullman cars

1894 Pullman Strike


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1894 Pullman Strike

Shutdown of Western RRs stops delivery

of US Mail

Attorney General uses Sherman AntitrustAct to get injunction forcing strikers backto work

Federal troops sent to force workers toobey


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1902 Coal Strike(Turning Point)

1902 Coal Strike


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1902 Coal Strike

United Mine Workers strike for better wages

and shorter hours

President TR fears coal shortage for winter

Heating Fuel

Threatens to take over coal fields with Army ifsides do not submit to binding arbitration

Neutral stance by Federal Govt

Documents

2. City Life and Rise of Labor (Website)