2 CHAPTER 1 (BM).doc

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NAME: 1 CLASS: DATE: ..

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS (PENGENALAN KEPADA FIZIK)

1.1. Understnd!n" P#$s!%s (&e'#'! F!!)

o explain what physics is

o recognize the physics in eery!ay o"#ects an! nat$ral pheno%ena

1. &n physics' we st$!y nt*r+ ,#en-'en' s$ch as the er$ption o( olcano' rain (all' (or%ation o( rain"ow an!

the ,r-,ert!es o( %atter' s$ch as length' te%perat$re' ol$%e an! strength o( a s$"stance.

). There are %any (iel!s o( st$!y in physics' incl$!ing -r%es nd '-t!-n/ #et/ +!"#t/ 0es/ e+e%tr!%!t$ nd

e+e%tr-'"net!s'/ e+e%tr-n!%san! n*%+er ,#$s!%s

P#$s!%s: St$!y o( all nat$ral pheno%enon

*hysics is a "ranch o( science centre! on the st$!y o( %atter' energy' an! the connection "etween the%.


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2*nt!t$ N*'er!%+

+*e

Stndrd *n!t

NAME: ) CLASS: DATE: ..

E3er%!se 1

1.4 Understnd!n" 5se 2*nt!t!es nd Der!ed 2*nt!t!es

(Memahami Kuantiti Asas dan Kuantiti Terbitan) explain what "ase +$antities an! !erie! +$antities are

list "ase +$antities an! their $nits

list so%e !erie! +$antities an! their $nits.

express +$antities $sing pre(ixes.

express +$antities $sing scienti(ic notation

express !erie! +$antities as well as their $nits in ter%s o( "ase +$antities an! "ase $nits.

sole pro"le%s inoling conersion o( $nits

1.4. P#$s!%+ 2*nt!t$

1. A physical +$antity is a 6*nt!t$ t#t %n 7e 'es*red. Exa%ple: Len"t#/ 0e!"#t/ s,eed/ te',ert*re..

N-te: Loyalty' "ea$ty an! wis!o% are NOTphysical +$antities "eca$se they cannot "e state! in the (or% o(

%agnit$!e an! $nit ,%nn-t"e %eas$re!-.

). nit is stndrd +*e' which is $se! in %eas$ring a physical +$antity./. &n the process o( %eas$re%ent' n*'er!%+ +*eo( a +$antity is co%pare! with the stndrd *n!t o( the

+$antity.

Exa%ple: length 0 )./ %

Think!

Can sincerity, beauty and

intelligence be considered

physical quantities?


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o Note that the physical +$antities s$ch as wi!th' thic5ness' height' !istance' !isplace%ent' peri%eter' ra!i$s an!

!ia%eter are e+$ialent to+en"t#.1.4.4 S%!ent!!% N-tt!-ns nd Pre!3es

1. 6or a ery large or s%all al$e o( a +$antity' it is %ore conenient to express it in ter%s o( s%!ent!!% n-tt!-n

(stndrd -r') -r ,re!3 so that the al$es are easier to "e rea!' recor!e! an! co%pare.

Standard form (scientific notation)

). The general (or% o( a al$e in scienti(ic notation is written as:

A 3 18n

7here' A is a n$%"er in the range o( 1 9 A 18an! n is an integer.

/. The r$les when writing a n$%"er in stan!ar! (or% is that (irst yo$ write !own a

n$%"er "etween 1 an! 18' an! then yo$ write x 18 ,to the power o( a n$%"er-.

Examples:,a- 3/ 888 % 0 .3 x 189 %

,"- 9388 s 0 9.3 x 18/ s

,c- 8.888) g 0 ). x 18; g

Prefixes

Notes:

7hen writing $nits $sing pre(ixes' a pre(ix %$st "e written in (ront o( the $nit witho$t spacing.Examples:

,a- ./ c% 0 ;.< 3 18=4%

,"- )98 %% 0 ).9 x 18)%% 0 ).9 x 18)x 18;/%

0 4.> 3 18=1%

,c- 8.8// 5% 0 /./ x 18

;)

5%


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0 /./ x 18;)x 18/ %

0 @ 3 18=1A,c- 8.883 >s 0 3.8 x 18;/>s

0 3.8 x 18;/x 18;=s ,%icro 018;= -

0 B.8 3 18=?s

1. Conert the $nit o( area in %)to c%)

1 % 0 188 c%

1 %) 0 ,188 c%-)

0 18 888 c%)

0 1 x 18c%)

). Conert the $nit o( ol$%e in %%/to %/

1 %% 0 8.881

0 1 x 18;/%

1 %%/0 ,1 x 18;/% -/

0 1 x 18;


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(pK)

1.< Understnd!n" S%+r nd e%t-r 2*nt!t!es

,Me%aha%i 2$antiti s5alar !an e5tor-

!e(ine scalar an! ector +$antities

gie exa%ples o( scalar an! ector +$antities.

1. Except "ase an! !erie! +$antities' physical +$antities can also "e classi(ie! as either s%+r or e%t-r

+$antities.

). A scalar +$antity has '"n!t*de only.

Exa%ple: Distance o( 9 %/. A ector +$antity has "oth '"n!t*de nd d!re%t!-n.

Exa%ple: Displace%ent o( 9 % towar!s west.

S%+r 2*nt!t!es e%t-r 2*nt!t!es

Distance Displace%ent

Spee! @elocity

Ti%e Acceleration

Mass 7eight

Te%perat$re Mo%ent$%

Energy 6orce

*ower *ress$re

Density &%p$lseLength' area' ol$%e

Define

Scalar &

Vector

quantitie

s

Scalar quantities are quantities that have magnitude but no

direction.

Vector quantities are quantities that have magnitude and

direction.

Give examples of scalar and vector quantities
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1.. &es*r!n" Instr*'ents (A+t Pen"**rn)

Meas$re physical +$antities $sing appropriate instr$%ents

Explain acc$racy an! consistency

Explain sensitiity

Explain types o( experi%ental error

se appropriate techni+$es to re!$ce errors

Acc$racy' Consistency (Pre%!s!-n) an! Sensitiity in %eas$re%ent Errors

Example 1

6ig$re 1..1 shows the res$lt (or (o$r shooters A' B' C an! D in a to$rna%ent. Eery shooter shot (ie ti%es.

Ta"le 1

Sens!t!!t$

1. Sensitiity o( a %eas$ring instr$%ent is !e(ine! as its a"ility to dete%t s'++ %#n"e in the +$antity

"eing %eas$re!.). A sensitie %eas$ring instr$%ent

,a- has a scale with s%aller !iisions.

,"- Can respon! +$ic5ly to s%all ariations in the physical +$antity %eas$re!.Example: Sensitiity o( r$lers o( !i((erent size o( scale !iisions:

Shooter Consistency Acc$racy

A H!"# L-0

B L-0 H!"#

C H!"# H!"#D L-0 L-0

6ig$re 1


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$ler sensitie to 8.> c% $ler sensitie to 8.1 c%.

&es*r!n" P#$s!%+ 2*nt!t!es *s!n" A,,r-,r!te Instr*'ent

Us!n" A,,r-,r!te Instr*'ent t- &es*re

1. 7e (re+$ently nee! to %a5e %eas$re%ents (or physical +$antities "y $sing stan!ar! %eas$ring instr$%ents.). Choosing an appropriate instr$%ent to %eas$re a physical +$antity is i%portant to ens$re that the %eas$re%ents

are acc$rate.

Meas$ring &nstr$%ent 6$ll range scale S%allest scale !iision

1. Meas$re%ent o( length,a- Meas$ring tape

,"- Metre r$ler

,c- @ernier caliper,!- Micro%eter screw ga$ge

8 to (ew %etres

8 to 1 %etre

8 to 1) c%8 to )9 %%

8.) c%

8.1 c%

8.81 c%8.81 %%

). Meas$re%ent o( ti%e

,a- Analog$e stopwatch

,"- Digital stopwatch

8 /8 or 8;19 %in$tes

8 approxi%ately < ho$rs

8.) s F 8.1 s

8.81 s

/. Meas$re%ent o( te%perat$re

,a- Merc$ry ther%o%eter,"- Merc$ry ther%o%eter

; 18oC to 118oC; 18oC to /=8oC

1oC)oC

. Meas$re%ent o( %ass,a- Leer "alance

,"- Triple "ea% "alance

8 to 1888 g

8 to approxi%ately 988 g

1 g

8.1 g

9. Meas$re%ent o( c$rrent,a- A%%eter

,"- Millia%%eter

8 to 9.8 A

8 to 98 %A

8.8) A

8 %A

ActiityF*e5a 1 ,han!o$t-


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,A- &nstr$%ents %eas$ring length1. Metre $le

6ig$re 9

). @ernier Calipers

The sa%e wire is %eas$re! "y a ernier caliper. The rea!ing is as (ollows:

6ig$re =

/. Micro%eter Screw ?a$geThe !ia%eter o( the wire is %eas$re! "y a %icro%eter screw ga$ge. The rea!ing is as (ollows:

6ig$re 3

$ler A $ler B

Sensitiity %ore lessAcc$racy 8.1 c% 8.9 c%

Length o( wire . c% .< c%

Sensitiity %o!erate

Acc$racy 8.81 c%

Length o( wire .3 c%

Sensitiity GighAcc$racy 8.881 c% or 8.81 %%

Dia%eter o( wire =.9 %% 4 8.)) %%0 =.3) %%

9

8 9 18

)8

)98 9

wire

) / 918 $ler A

) / 981 $ler B


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Exercise:1 7rite !own the rea!ings shown "y the (ollowing

,a-

,"-

,c-

,!-

). ,a- The (ollowing !iagra% shows the scale o( a ernier calliper when the #aws are close!.

Hero error 0

,"- The (ollowing !iagra% shows the scale o( the sa%e ernier calliper when there are 8 pieces o(car!"oar! "etween the #aws.

8 9 18

8 1

8 9 18

= 3

8 9 18

9 =

8 9 18

8 1

Answer: ..

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

ea!ing shown 0

Correcte! rea!ing 0 0


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A%t*+ red!n" Red!n" ten Zer- err-r

6or exa%ple' i( the rea!ing ta5en is =.)) %%

&( the zero error is 48.81 %%' %t*+ red!n"0 =.)) 8.81 0 =.)1 %%

&( the zero error is ;8.81 %%' %t*+ red!n"0 =.)) ,;8.81- 0 =.)/ %%


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Exercise:

1. 7rite !own the rea!ings shown "y the (ollowing %icro%eter screw ga$ges.

,a- ,"-

Answer: . Answer:..

,c- ,!-

Answer: Answer:.

). ,a- Deter%ine the rea!ings o( the (ollowing %icro%eter screw ga$ges.

Hero error 0 .. %% Hero error 0 .. %%

,"- Deter%ine the rea!ings o( the (ollowing %icro%eter screw ga$ges.

)9

/88 9

40

5 10 15 45

8 8

9

9

8

8

9

8

8 8 9

19

)8

/8

/98 9

Hero error 0 ea!ing shown 0 ..

0

Correcte! rea!ing 0..

0 .

9

188


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Err-rs !n &es*re'ents

S$ste't!% Err-r Rnd-' Err-r

Ca$se! "y:

i. Error in instr$%ents

ii. Error in cali"ration

Ca$se! "y:

i. S$rro$n!ings (actors' s$ch as

te%perat$re an! win!

ii. Carelessness o( the o"serer

Exa%ple

i. Zer- err-r

Exa%ple

i. Pr++3 err-rii. Error in %-*nt!n"

Cn"e re!$ce! or oerco%e Cn"e re!$ce!

7ay o( correction

i. Ta5e the error into acco$nt

7ays o( correction

i. Ta5e seeral rea!ings an!

calc$late the aerage al$e.


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1.> S%!ent!!% Inest!"t!-n

&!enti(y aria"les in a gien sit$ation

&!enti(y a +$eation s$ita"le (or scienti(ic inestigation

6or% a hypothesis

Design an! carry o$t a si%ple experi%ent to test the hypothesis

ecor! an! present !ata in a s$ita"le (or%

&nterpret !ata to !raw a concl$sion 7rite a report o( the inestigation

Clone o( S*M Try Exa% o( the *era5 State year )88/: *aper / F Section BF I$estion )Notes: M@ ;%anip$late! aria"le @;respon!ing aria"le C; constant

Twot0!n 7r-t#ers' Micheal an! Jac5son' o( thes'e s!e' are swinging happily on the swings at aplaygro$n! as shown in the (ig$re a"oe.

Goweer' ther-,esthat is hol!ing the swing where Micheal is sitting is+-n"er t#n Jac5sonKs. An!'Micheal notices that his swing iss0!n"!n" s+-0er than his "rother' Jac5son.

sing this in(or%ation

,a- %a5e a s$ita"le in(erence' 1 %ar5

,"- state one appropriate hypothesis that co$l! "e inestigate!' 1 %ar5,c- !escri"e how yo$ wo$l! !esign an experi%ent to test yo$r hypothesis $sing a7-7/ str!n"s an! other

apparat$s.

&n yo$r !escription' state clearly the (ollowing:,i- ai% o( the experi%ent

,ii- aria"les in the experi%ent

,iii- list o( apparat$s an! %aterials,i- arrange%ent o( the apparat$s

,- the proce!$re o( the experi%ent' which incl$!es the %etho! o( controlling the %anip$late!

aria"le an! the %etho! o( %eas$ring the respon!ing aria"le.,i- the way yo$ wo$l! ta"$late the !ata

,ii- the way yo$ wo$l! analyze the !ata 18 %ar5s

2eywor!s to in!icate

the '*st=*se=

,,rt*s nd

#!nt!n" -n t#e

Pend*+*'

e3,er!'ent

2eywor!s to in!icateC

is 'ss

2eywor!s to in!icate& !s +en"t#

2eywor!s to in!icate R

!s t!'e - '!n"

%-',+ete s0!n"


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). Exa%ple : A si%ple pen!$l$%,a- &n(erence : 7hen the length o( a si%ple pen!$l$% increases' the perio! o( oscillation also increases. FF

The perio! o( pen!$l$% is a((ecte! "y the length o( the threa!.

,"- Gypothesis : The longer the length o( a si%ple pen!$l$%' the longer will "e the perio! o( oscillationFF

,c- Ai% : To (in! the relationship "etween the length o( a si%ple pen!$l$% an! the perio! o( oscillation.

,!- @aria"le : ,i- Manip$late! aria"le : Length' l

(ii) espon!ing aria"le : *erio!' T.

(iii) 6ixe! aria"le : Mass o( pen!$l$% "o"' %

,e- Materials : etort stan!' pen!$l$% "o"' threa!' %etre r$le' stop watch.

,(- 6ig$re

,g- *roce!$re : ,i- Set $p the apparat$s as shown in 6ig$re a"oe.FF A s%all "rass or "o" was attache! to

the threa!. The threa! was hel! "y a cla%p o( a the retort stan!.

,ii- The length o( the threa! ' l was %eas$re! "y a %etre r$le' starting with


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Notes :

; Sy%"ols an! their respectie $nits sho$l! "e written in the ta"le

; A rea!ings o( length o( string sho$l! "e written in one !eci%al place. This is "eca$se the %etre r$le $se! to %eas$re

the length o( string can %eas$re acc$racy to 8.1 c%

; All sets o( rea!ings recor!e! %$st "e consistent. 6or exa%ple' all rea!ing ti%e ta5en' t are recor!e! in one !eci%al

place.

Aerage al$es (or t are ta5en to %ini%ize errorsO &( the ti%e ta5en (or )8 oscillations is /.1 s'

O Then the perio! o( oscillation' T 0)8

t0

)8

1./:0 1.


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2 CHAPTER 1 (BM).doc